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THE CALCULATION OF SOME FUNCTION LIMITS
By Marian Ursărescu – Romania
ABSTRACT: Within this article we’ll try to calculate several types of function limits.
1. Calculate:
− ⋅ ⋅ …⋅
, ∈ ℕ∗
→

Demonstration:
We’ll note:
− ⋅ ⋅ …⋅
=
→

First let’s find :

= lim → = lim → = , using lim → =1

We want to obtain a recurrent relation for .

Therefore, we’ll start with :
1 − cos ⋅ cos 2 ⋅ … ⋅ cos( + 1)
= lim
→

We’ll inset the term of :

1 − cos ⋅ … ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ … ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ … ⋅ cos( + 1)
= lim
→

1 − cos ⋅ … ⋅ cos ⋅ … ⋅ cos (1 − cos( + 1) )

= lim + lim
→ →
⋅…⋅ ( ( ) )
= + lim → (1)

( ) ( )
lim → = lim → = (2)
( )
According to (1) and (2) ⇒ = + , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗ ⇒

− =
2
If = 2 then − =

= 3 then − =
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… … … … … … … … … … … ….

= then − =

−−−−−−−−−−−−−
1 2 ( + 1)(2 + 1)
= + + ⋯+ = ⇒
2 2 2 12
( + 1)(2 + 1)
= , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗
12
In order to be rigorous, we’ll demonstrate this formula using the mathematical induction:
⋅ ⋅
( 1) : = = true.
( )( )
We consider ( ): = to be true

We demonstrate:
( )( )( )
( + 1): = true

( + 1) ( + 1)(2 + 1) ( + 1)
= + = + =
2 12 2
( + 1) ( + 1)
= ( 2 + 1) + 6( + 1 ) = (2 + + 6 + 6 ) =
12 12
( + 1)(2 + 7 + 6) ( + 1)( + 2)(2 + 3)
= =
12 12
Following the same steps, we can calculate the next limits:
⋅ ⋅…⋅
1) → , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗
√ …√
2) → , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗
II. Let’s pass now to another type of function limits, rather similar to the previous one:
! −( − 1)( − 1) … ( − 1)
lim , ∈ ℕ∗
→

! −( − )( − )…( − )
=
→

We’ll take out the common factor ! :

−1 −1 −1
! 1 − 2 …
= lim
→
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⋅ …
= ! lim → (1)

…
We note = lim →

We’ll calculate this limit using the previous method:

−1
1− − +1
= lim = lim =
→ →

1− 1 −1 1
lim = − lim =−
→ 2 2 → 2
( )
−1 −1
1− … (
+ 1)
= lim =
→
( )
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1
1− … + … … (
+ 1)
= lim =
→
( )
… … ( )
= lim → + lim → = (2)

lim → = 1 (3)

( + 1) − ( )
+1 ( + 1) − ( ) ⋅ ( + 1)
lim = lim
→ ( + 1) → 2( + 1)
( ) ( ) ( )
= lim → = − lim → =− (4)
( ) ( )
So, = + lim → … ( )

According to (3) and (4) we have:

( + 1)
= −
2
( )
− =− and − = − , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗

If = 2 then − =−

= 3 then − =−

………………………………
= then − =−
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−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
1 2 ( + 1)
= − − …− = −
2 2 2 4
1 2 ( + 1)
= − − …− = −
2 2 2 4
( )
=− , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗ (5) which we demonstrate using the induction

According to (1) and (5) we have:

( + 1)
=− ⋅ !
4
The following limits are based on the same idea:
! ⋅ ⋅…⋅
1. → , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗
! ⋅ ⋅…⋅
2. → , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗
! ( )⋅ ( )⋅…⋅ ( )
3. → , ∀ ∈ ℕ∗

where =
III. Let’s demonstrate now another type of limits, totally different from the others:
Calculate:
−
, ∀ ∈ ℕ ∗, ≥
→

By Maria Elena Panaitopol

We note = lim →

We can’t use directly L’ Hôpital’s theorem. Therefore, we’ll insert :

sin − + − sin
= lim =
→

= lim → + lim → (1)

sin − cos ⋅ −
= lim = lim =
→ → ( + 2)
cos −1 − sin ⋅ − sin ⋅
= lim = lim = lim =
+2 → +2 → 2 +2 → 2
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= ( )
lim → sin ⋅ = 0 (2)

− sin ( ⋅ sin ) − ( + sin + ⋯ + sin )

= lim = lim
→ →

⋯
= lim → ⋅ = (3)
− sin 1 − cos sin 1
lim = lim = lim =
→ → 3 → 6 6
+ sin + ⋯ + sin sin sin
= lim = lim 1 + + =
→ →

From (1), (2) and (3) =

We can use this idea to calculate the following limits:

( ) ( ( ))
1. → , ≥ ,∀ ∈ ℕ

2. → , ∀ ∈ ℕ, ≥
Bibliography
1.Romanian Mathematical Magazine-Interactive Journal-www.ssmrmh.ro
2.Mihaly Bencze,Daniel Sitaru,Marian Ursărescu:”Olympic Mathematical Energy”-Studis-
Publishing House-Iași-2018
3. Maths Review collection (Mathematical Gazzete)
4.Daniel Sitaru,Marian Ursărescu:”Ice Math-Contests Problems”-Studis-Publishing House-
Iasi-2019
5.Daniel Sitaru,Marian Ursărescu:”Calculus Marathon”-Studis-Publishing House-Iasi-2018