FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a

REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 HOUSE RULE # 1
• Report to your class on
time. Instructors will
not accept trainees who
are late without any
clearance from the
Training Manager.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 HOUSE RULE #2
Wear the appropriate attire The
following are NOT permitted:
√ Sleeveless shirts (for men)
√ Shorts / jogging pants
√ Sandals / Slippers

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 HOUSE RULE #3
3. When inside the classrooms, observe the
following:
 Listen attentively to the instructor and
participate actively in the activities.
 Set your cell phone into silent mode. Only
emergency calls are allowed. Please ask
permission from the instructor, then go out
and answer the call.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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  Do not operate any equipment without
permission from the instructor.
 Do not eat [inside the classroom]. Break time
will be allotted for your convenience.
 Do not smoke. You can smoke during break
time at the smoking area.
 Do not litter. Throw your trash in the garbage
bins.
 Do not write on walls, chairs, tables, neither
should you stick gums on them.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 • Show respect to your fellow trainees, to the officers
and staff, and do not use abusive language or
actions.
• Alcohol, Drugs, and Deadly Weapons are
absolutely prohibited within FEMFI premises.
Anybody caught in possession of the above items
will be turned over to the police at once.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Observe Silence in
order NOT to disturb
the on-going training.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 • In using FEMFI facilities such as comfort rooms,
always observe cleanliness.
• Always attend to your personal belongings, as
FEMFI will not be responsible for your personal
items

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 HOUSERULE #4
• Deal only with Authorized FEMFI
Officers and not with unscrupulous
individuals. FEMFI will not
responsible for illegal transactions
made by you with unauthorized
persons.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 HOUSERULE #5
Training will be placed on hold, trainees will be reported to
the shipping company and training fees will be
forfeited if any of the following will be committed:
 Sending representative in lieu of his/her attendance in
the training class.
 Offering money or anything of value to any fraudulent
individual within and outside the FEMFI organization in
order to pass the assessment or anything related to the
ease in the acquisition of Training Certificates.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 HOUSE RULE #6

• Please inform the

management immediately of
any unusual incident you have
observed during your stay with
FEMFI.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 TOPICS:
• Course Introduction
• Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
• Hazards associated with tanker operations
• Hazards Controls
• Safe working practices and procedures
• Practical Works
✓ MSDS

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• Explain the requirements in Reg V/I-2 and Sec A-V/1-2
od the STCW Convention
• Use MSDS to identify the hazard control measure in a
given cargo
• Identify the hazards associated with gas tanker
operations
• State the hazard control associated with gas tanker
• State the precautions to be taken when entering
enclosed space

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 REGULATION
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Take precaution to prevent hazards

Material Safety Data

Sheet (MSDS)

Hazards associated with

tanker operations

Hazards controls

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Apply Occupational Health and Safety
Precautions and Measures

Safe working practices and procedures in accordance with

legislation and industry guidelines and personal shipboard
safety relevant to liquefied gas tanker

Safety equipment and protective devices

First aid with reference to a Material Safety Data Sheet

(MSDS)

Gas-measuring instruments and similar equipment

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Contribute to the safe operation of
liquefied gas tanker

Introduction to liquefied gas tankers

Tanker safety culture and safety

management

Physical properties of liquefied gases

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
Cargo operations
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Respond to Emergencies
Emergency procedures including
emergency shutdown

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Take precautions to prevent pollution of the
environment from the release of liquefied gases

Effects of pollution on human and marine life

Shipboard procedures to prevent pollution

Measures to be taken in the event of spillage

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Carry out fire-fighting operations

Firefighting Operations

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 MSDS
• A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a
document that contains information on the
potential hazards (health, fire, reactivity and
environmental) and how to work safely with
the chemical product.
• It is an essential starting point for the
development of a complete health and safety
program.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 MSDS
• It also contains information on the use,
storage, handling and emergency procedures
all related to the hazards of the material.
• The MSDS contains much more information
about the material than the label.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 MSDS
• MSDSs are prepared by the supplier or
manufacturer of the material.
• It is intended to tell what the hazards of the
product are, how to use the product safely,
what to expect if the recommendations are
not followed, what to do if accidents occur,
how to recognize symptoms of overexposure,
and what to do if such incidents occur.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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 PRACTICAL WORKS:

• Material
Safety Data
Sheet
• MSDS

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Hazards Associated with Tanker Operations
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Health
hazards

Sources of Environmental
ignition hazards

Hazards
Associated
with Tanker
Operations
Explosion
and Reactivity
flammability hazards
hazards

Corrosion
hazards

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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 Electrostatic
hazards

Pressure Toxicity
hazards hazards
Hazards
Associated
with Tanker
Operations

Vapour
Extremely low
leaks and
temperatures
clouds

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 HEALTH HAZARDS
• Inert gases are nonflammable, not oxidizing
and nontoxic.
• Inert gases can cause severe health injury or
death at high concentrations by displacing
oxygen in the air.
• If the oxygen level falls too low, individuals in
the area or entering the area can lose
consciousness or die from asphyxiation.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 HEALTH HAZARDS
ASPHYXIA:
• A condition arising when the body is deprived of
oxygen, causing unconsciousness or death; suffocation.
• Oxygen deficiency in an enclosed space can occur with
any of the following conditions:
 When large quantities of cargo vapour are present.
 When large quantities of inert gas or nitrogen are
present,
 Where rusting of internal tank surfaces has taken
place.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
• There is always the possibility of the presence
of gas in the atmosphere, particularly:
during loading and discharging of liquefied
gases
when the ship is gassing-up or being gas-freed
when a pipeline or cargo pump is opened up
for maintenance in compressor rooms within
ballast tanks and void spaces and double
bottom tanks adjacent to cargo tanks.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
• A potentially significant environmental and safety
hazard from LNG shipping is related to rapid
phase transition that can occur when LNG is
accidentally spilled onto water at a very fast rate.
• The heat transfer from water to spilled LNG
causes LNG to instantly convert from its liquid
phase to its gaseous phase.
• The large amount of energy released during a
rapid phase trsnsition can cause a physical
explosion with no combustion or chemical
reaction.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
• In windy conditions vapours rapidly disperse
(that is to say they dilute, to below LFL or TLV).
• Where there is little air movement, there is a
greater danger of flammable or toxic mixtures
accumulating and possibly being drawn into
machinery spaces or the accommodation.
• Many cargo vapours are heavier than air and
will accumulate in bilges and other low areas .
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 REACTIVITY HAZARDS
• Some vigorously reactive gases include
acetylene, 1,3-butadiene, vinyl chloride, and
vinyl methyl ether.
• Some high purity compressed gases are
chemically unstable. Vinyl gases, if exposed to
elevated temperature, pressure, or
mechanical shock, can undergo
polymerization or decomposition.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 REACTIVITY HAZARDS
• Uncontrolled polymeric reactions can become
violent, resulting in fire or explosion.
• Some reactive gases are mixed with
polymerization inhibitors to prevent the
hazardous reactions.
• Some cargoes can react with air to form unstable
oxygen compounds which could cause an
explosion.
• Certain cargoes can react dangerously with one
another.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 CORROSION HAZARDS
• Corrosive gases and vapors are hazardous to all
parts of the body; certain organs (e.g. the eyes
and the respiratory tract) are particularly
sensitive.
• The magnitude of the effect is related to the
solubility of the material in the body fluids.
• Highly soluble gases (e.g. ammonia, hydrogen
chloride) cause severe nose and throat irritation,
while substances of lower solubility (e.g. nitrogen
dioxide, phosgene, sulfur dioxide) can penetrate
deep into the lungs.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 EXPLOSION AND FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS
• Each flammable gas has a specific flammable
range.
• For a gas to be flammable its concentration in air
should be between its lower flammable limit
(LFL) and its upper flammable limit (UFL).
• For example, hydrogen’s LFL in air at atmospheric
pressure and temperature is 4% and its UFL is
75%. This means that hydrogen can be ignited
when its concentration in air is between 4% and
75%.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 EXPLOSION AND FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS
• The flammable range of any gas is widened in
the presence of oxidizing gases such as oxygen
or chlorine and by higher temperatures and
pressures.
• For a flammable gas within its flammable
range in air or an oxidizing agent to ignite, an
ignition source usually needs to be present.
• Ignition sources can include such things as
open flames, sparks, and hot surfaces.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 EXPLOSION AND FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS
• Flashback can occur with flammable
compressed gases that are heavier than air.
• If a cylinder leaks in a poorly ventilated area,
such gases can settle and collect in sewers,
pits, trenches, or low areas in workspaces.
• The gas trail can spread very far from the
cylinder and if it contacts an ignition source,
the fire produced can flash back to the
cylinder.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 SOURCES OF IGNITION
• Fuel can be solid or
liquid and when heated
it will give off
flammable vapours.
• Fuel can also be a gas
which will start to burn
when its ignition
temperature is reached.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 SOURCES OF IGNITION
• Heat can be transferred by:
Radiation (e.g. from a heating appliance,
flames, spark or explosion)
Conduction (e.g. through steel bulkheads)
Convection (e.g. via gases, liquids or hot air
circulated through vent trunking)

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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 ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS
• Static electricity can cause sparks capable of
ignition a flammable gas.
• Presence of hydrocarbons in the tanks can be
dangerous. If the tank atmosphere contains
flue gas, which have small particulate matter
containing small electrostatic charge, there is
a possibility of an electrostatic ignition when
the oxygen content of the tank rises due to
ingress of air.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS
• If the cargo system is electrically unbounded
to the ship hulls, static electricity could be
generated by:
Flow of liquid through pipes
Flow of liquid / vapour mixtures through spray
nozzle
Flow of a vapour containing particles (e.g.
rust) through piping
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 TOXICITY HAZARDS
• Toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause
damage to living tissue, including impairment
of the nervous system.
• Illness or, in extreme cases, death may occur
when a dangerous gas or liquid is breathed,
taken orally or absorbed through the skin.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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 TOXICITY HAZARDS
• Some cargoes are toxic and can cause a
temporary or permanent such as irritation, tissue
damage or impairment of faculties. Such hazards
may result from skin or open-wound contact,
inhalation or ingestion

• Chemical burns can be caused by; ammonia,

chlorine, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide and
certain other chemical gases.
•
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
• The length of exposure.
• Whether contact is by inhalation, ingestion or
through the skin.
• The stress of the person, and
• The toxicity of the product.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
TLV-TWA:
• This is known as the Time Weighted Average.
• It is the concentration of vapour-in-air which
may be experienced for an eight-hour day or
40-hour week throughout a person's working
life.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
TLV-STEL:
• This is known as the Short Term Exposure
Limit.
• It is the maximum concentration of vapour-in-
air allowable for a period of up to 15 minutes
provided there are no more than four
exposures per day and at least one hour
between each.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
TLV-C:
• This is what is known as the Ceiling
concentration of the vapour-in-air which
should never be exceeded.
• Only those substances which are
predominantly fastacting are given a TLV-C.
• Of the main liquefied gases only the more
toxic products, such as ammonia and chlorine,
have been ascribed such a figure.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 VAPOUR LEAKS AND CLOUDS
• If there is no immediate ignition of an LNG spill, a
vapour cloud may form.
• The vapour cloud is long, thin, cigar shaped and,
under certain meteorological conditions, may
travel a considerable distance before its
concentration falls below the lower flammable
limit.
• This concentrate is important, for the cloud ignite
and burn, with the flame travelling back towards
the originating pool.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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 VAPOUR LEAKS AND CLOUDS
• The major danger from an LNG vapour cloud
occurs when it is ignited.
• The heat from such a fire is a major problem.
A deflagration (simple burning) is probably
fatal to those within the cloud and outside but
is not a major threat to those beyond the
cloud, though there will be burns from
thermal radiations.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 EXTREMELY LOW TEMPERATURES
• Many cargoes are either shipped at low
temperatures or are at low temperatures during
some stage of cargo operations.
• Direct contact with cold liquid or vapour or
uninsulated pipes and equipment can cause cold
burns or frostbite. Inhalation of cold vapour can
permanently damage certain organs (e.g. lungs).
• Ice of frost may build up on uninsulated
equipment under certain ambient conditions and
this may act as insulation.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 EXTREMELY LOW TEMPERATURES
FROSBITE:
• The extreme coldness of some liquefied gases
is, in itself, a significant hazard. If the skin is
exposed to severe cold, the tissue becomes
frozen.
• For fully pressurised gases, while containment
systems will normally be at or near ambient
temperature, liquid leaks will quickly flash to
the fully refrigerated temperature.
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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 EXTREMELY LOW TEMPERATURES
BRITTLE FRACTURE:
• Most metals and alloys become stronger but
less ductile at low temperatures (i.e. the
tensile and yield strengths increase but the
material becomes brittle and the impact
resistance decreases) because the reduction in
temperature changes the material's crystal
structure.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 PRESSURE HAZARDS
• All compressed gases are hazardous because
of the high pressures inside the cylinders.
• Even at a relatively low pressure, gas can flow
rapidly from an open or leaking cylinder.
• Damaged cylinders can become
rockets/missiles or pinwheels resulting in
severe injury and property damage.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 PRESSURE HAZARDS
• An unsecured or uncapped cylinder can
become a cause of a major accident in the lab.
If an unsecured cylinder is knocked over and
the cylinder valve breaks, the gas can escape
at a velocity of a missile.
• A poorly controlled release of a compressed
gas in chemical reactors can also cause vessels
to burst, create leaks in equipment or piping,
or produce run-away reactions.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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 HAZARD CONTROLS
Inerting, drying Importance of
and monitoring Atmospheric
cargo
techniques control
compatibility

Anti-static Cargo
Gas testing
Measures inhibition

Ventilation Segregation

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 INERTING
• The term 'inerting' generally refers to the
replacement of air or cargo vapour by inert gas
before loading or gasfreeing respectively, to
prevent the formation of flammable mixtures.
• Inert gas means a gas (e.g. nitrogen) or mixture of
gases, containing insufficient oxygen to support
combustion.
• The purpose of inerting is to prevent the
formation of explosive vapour/air mixtures
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 INERTING
• Inert gas has an important role in maintaining
safety aboard a gas carrier and the inert gas
system should be kept in good working order.
• Regardless of frequency of use it should be
tested regularly to prevent deterioration and
enable any faults to be detected and rectified.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 INERTING
• When inerting a tank which has been
ventilated with air, the oxygen content should
be checked regularly.
• The oxygen content after inerting should
never exceed 5% by volume, and should
normally be in the order of 2% to allow for
uneven distribution.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 INERTING
• When inerting a tank which has contained
cargo vapour, the process should be continued
until the cargo vapour concentration is
sufficiently low to prevent formation of
flammable mixtures during subsequent
ventilation with air.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 INERTING
• At the inert gas plant is often situated in the
engine room, great care should be taken to
ensure that cargo vapour does not flow back
along inert gas supply lines; non-return valves
should be tested for effectiveness, at regular
intervals.
• Any temporary connection between the inert gas
plant and the cargo systems should be
disconnected and tightly blanked after use.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 ANTI-STATIC MEASURES
1. Putting on Anti-electrostatic Clothes and
Shoes.
2. Use of Electrostatic Discharge Plate
3. The cargo system of a gas carrier is
electrically bonded to the ship’s hull to
prevent charge build-up. It is important that
such bonding connections are maintained in
an efficient condition.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 VENTILATION
• Ventilation must be continuous while the
hazard exists.
• This can be achieved by interlocking the
ventilation system with the process power
supply.
• Ventilation system design should ensure
adequate air flow around the normal
operating areas.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 VENTILATION
• Good engineering practice indicates a minimum
ventilation capacity of 6-10 air changes per hour.
• The use of devices to indicate correct system
operation, such as:
– Warning lights
– “Streamers” in the fan outlet,
– Flow switches in the suction channels (monitoring
should not rely only upon secondary controls such as
“power on” to the fan motor).
•
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
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DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 VENTILATION
• Exhaust lines containing inert gases shall be
clearly identified, and should be piped to a safe,
well ventilated area outside the building, away
from fresh air intakes.
• Consideration should be given to the use of
workplace atmospheric monitoring, e.g. personal
oxygen analyser or an analyser in the work area.
• People working in or entering the area shall be
aware of action required in event of alarms from
atmospheric monitors or loss of ventilation.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 SEGREGATION
• Segregation of cargoes should follow the codes and
regulation.
• The position of the valves, blanks, portable bends and
spool pieces associated with such segregation should
be carefully arranged and clearly identified.
• These arrangements for segregation must be followed
as part of the approved system.
• If the cargoes to be carried are not compatible, the
responsible officer should ensure that the pipeline
systems for each cargo are completely isolated from
each other.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 SEGREGATION
• In case where two cargoes are compatible and an
apparent negligible mix is permitted, the adjacent
systems carrying the different cargoes should be
isolated by al least two valves at each connection, or by
one positive visible blank.
• Common pipelines and associated equipment should
be drained, dried, ventilated and monitored before
being used for another cargo.
• All temporary pipe-work should be gas-freed,
monitored, disconnected and properly stored when
not in use.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 SEGREGATION
• Segregation of cargoes should follow the codes and
regulation.
• The position of the valves, blanks, portable bends and
spool pieces associated with such segregation should
be carefully arranged and clearly identified.
• These arrangements for segregation must be followed
as part of the approved system.
• If the cargoes to be carried are not compatible, the
responsible officer should ensure that the pipeline
systems for each cargo are completely isolated from
each other.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 SEGREGATION
• In case where two cargoes are compatible and an
apparent negligible mix is permitted, the adjacent
systems carrying the different cargoes should be
isolated by al least two valves at each connection, or by
one positive visible blank.
• Common pipelines and associated equipment should
be drained, dried, ventilated and monitored before
being used for another cargo.
• All temporary pipe-work should be gas-freed,
monitored, disconnected and properly stored when
not in use.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 CARGO INHIBITION
• The IMO Codes require cargoes which may self-
react either to be carried under an inert gas
blanket, or to be inhibited before shipment.
• In the latter case a certificate must be given to
the ship, stating:
– The quantity and name of the inhibitor added;
– The date it was added and how long it is expected to
remain effective;
– The action to be taken should the voyage exceed the
effective lifetime of the inhibitor;
– Any temperature limitations affecting the inhibitor.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 CARGO INHIBITION
• The inhibitor may not boil off with the cargo
and it is possible for reliquefaction systems to
contain uninhibited cargo.
• The system should therefore be drained or
purged with inhibited cargo when shut down.
•

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 CARGO INHIBITION
• Many inhibitors are much more soluble in
water than in the cargo, so to avoid a
reduction in inhibitor concentration, care
should be taken to exclude water from the
system.
• Similarly the inhibitor may be very soluble in
anti-freeze additives if these form a separate
phase and the shipper’s instructions on the
use of anti-freeze should be observed.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 CARGO INHIBITION
• If the ship is anchored in still conditions the
cargo should be circulated daily to ensure a
uniform concentration of inhibitor.
• Certain cargoes which can self-react (e.g.
ethylene oxide, propylene oxide), but which
cannot be inhibited, have to be carried under
inert gas.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 CARGO INHIBITION
• Care should be taken to ensure that a positive
pressure is maintained in the inerted
atmosphere at all times and that the oxygen
concentration never exceeds 0.2% by volume.

• VCM and Butadiene have a tendency to

polymerise during transportation and require
the use of an inhibitor.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 IMPORTANCE OF CARGO COMPATIBILITY
• Compatible cargoes are those substances which can be
loaded consecutively without prior need to gas free the
tanks.
• Care must be taken to fully comply with Charter Party,
shippers or other stated requirements for the cargo
changeover, as these may require more stringent
procedures.
• On completion of the discharge the amount of liquid
stripped from the tanks will depend on the information
available on the next cargo. If no prior information is
received then normal stripping will be carried out
manually.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 IMPORTANCE OF CARGO COMPATIBILITY
• The conditions then required in the cargo tanks
for loading the next grade of cargo will depend on
the degree of contamination acceptable to the
shippers/charterers between the last cargo and
the next.
• If the degree of contamination is of no
importance, it may only be necessary to retain
the remaining liquid and maintain the cargo tank
temperatures on the ballast passage by use of the
reliquefaction plant.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 IMPORTANCE OF CARGO COMPATIBILITY
• If contamination has to be kept to a minimum
it may be necessary to remove the remaining
liquid in the sumps by boiling off and by
venting the remaining vapour to atmosphere
whilst on passage.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 ATMOSPHERIC CONTROL
• When carrying a flammable cargo, the cargo
system contains liquid and vapour.
• The atmosphere around the cargo tanks is
normally inerted to prevent the formation of
flammable mixtures.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 ATMOSPHERIC CONTROL
Inert gas used for atmosphere control should be suitable
for the intended purpose, it should:
• Be chemically compatible with the cargo and the
materials of construction throughout the full range of
operating temperatures and pressures;

• Have a sufficiently low dew point to prevent

condensation, freezing, corrosion, damage to
insulation etc. at the minimum operating temperature;

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 ATMOSPHERIC CONTROL
• Have an oxygen concentration not exceeding
5%, but as los as 0.2% if the cargo can react to
form peroxides;
• Have a low concentration of CO2 to prevent it
freezing out at the anticipated service
temperature.
• Have minimal capacity for accumulating a
static electrical charge.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 GAS TESTING
• The provision of gas detection systems on
board gas carriers is of importance.
• The Gas Codes require gas carriers to have a
fixed gas detection system with audible and
visual alarms.
• No one should enter an enclosed space which
is known or suspected to contain cargo
vapour, or in which the atmosphere may be
deficient in oxygen, unless it is essential.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 GAS TESTING
• The master or responsible officer should
ensure that the space is sufficiently ventilated
and that company procedures covering entry
permit requirements or check lists are
correctly observed.
• The levels of oxygen and contaminants are
continuously checked, and are within safe
limits.

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 GAS TESTING
Detector heads are normally provided in the
following spaces:
– Cargo compressor room
– Electric motor room
– Cargo control room (unless classified as gas-safe)
– Enclosed spaces such as hold spaces and interbarrier
spaces (excepting hold spaces containing Type ‘C’
cargo tanks)
– Airlocks
– Burner platform vent hoods and engine room gas
supply pipelines (LNG ships only)

FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
 GAS TESTING
• Once the space has been ventilated, the
atmosphere should be checked as follows:
the oxygen content should be sampled with a suitable
and reliable detector: 21% oxygen is required for
entry;
if a flammable cargo vapour may be present, a
combustible gas indicator should also be used: a
content of not
• more than 1% LFL is required for entry;
if a toxic gas may be present, the appropriate toxic gas
detector should be used.
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014
FEMFI-A-TD-PPT081a
REVISION NO.:04
DATE ISSUED: June 17, 2014