Discussion of Theory

Measurement as the process of correlating numbers with physical quantities and occurrences is

known as measuring. The sciences, engineering, building, and other technological professions, as well as

practically all everyday activities, all rely on measurement. As a result, measurement's elements,

conditions, restrictions, and theoretical foundations have been extensively researched. For a comparison

of several systems and their development history, see measurement system. The precision with which

many physical measurements may be made has risen substantially in the previous 25 years. The role of

measurement in establishing physical ideas is discussed, as well as examples of the application of

extremely precise measurements in fundamental research. In design, building, and communication,

modern engineering relies heavily on precise, convenient measurements, and modern measurements rely

on quantum standards of frequency, wavelength, voltage, and other variables. The extremely accurate

measurements that these techniques provide have a wide range of applications; examples include the

study of matter structure, geophysics, and astronomy. - A. H. Cook

There are several measurement systems such as English system, SI system or also known as

Metric System. Technically, the International System of Units (SI), also known as the metric system, is

the global measurement standard. On May 20, 1875, seventeen countries, including the United States,

signed the International Treaty of the Meter in Paris, which is today known as World Metrology Day.

NIST represents the United States in the CGPM (General Conference on Weights and Measures), CIPM

(International Committee for Weights and Measures), and BIPM (International Bureau of Weights and

Measures) international agencies established by the Meter Convention. The SI consists of seven base

units that define 22 derived units with unique names and symbols, as shown in NIST SP 1247, SI Base

Units Relationship Poster. The SI is widely used in scientific and technological research and

development, as well as in international commerce.

Metric system vs english system. What's the difference between the metric and imperial

measurement systems? Most countries employ the metric system, which uses meters and grams as units
of measurement and prefixes like kilograms, milligrams, and cents to indicate orders of magnitude. We

employ the ancient imperial system in the united states, which measures things in feet, inches, and

pounds.

Why isn't the english system used instead of the metric system? Since all conversions are based

on multiples of 10, the metric system is easier to manipulate. Because the english system is based on

common bodily parts, it is easier to utilize when there are no indicators available. The garden, for

example, is built on a human arm's average length.

In this experiment, there are certain instruments used to measure . Either accurate or with

different trials. These are rulers, micrometer screw, vernier caliper. In a block of wood, ruler is used to

measure its length, width, height, thickness and volume. Micrometer screw is used for metal cylinder,

micrometers are not always calipers, but their spindle is a finely machined screw. Between the spindle

and the anvil, the part to be measured will be placed. When the ratchet knob is turned and the object is

lightly toughed against the anvil, this spindle moves toward the object to be measured. As well as Vernier

caliper is also used for metal cylinder, Vernier calipers are measuring instruments that are primarily used

to measure linear dimensions. The diameter of circular objects can be measured with these calipers. Their

circular jaws secure round objects on either side of the circumference. There are two types of scales on

Vernier calipers: a fixed main scale and a moving Vernier scale. The main scale is usually measured in

millimetres (1/10th of an inch). Because they can measure precise readings down to 0.001 inches, vernier

calipers outperform standard rulers. For precise measurements, Vernier scales and a Vernier calliper are

used.

If there is a constant thing in this world, it will only be Change. Over time, many things

have evolved and innovated to cope with the changes around us. In the measurement systems,

many things have already changed to cope with the different changes from different generations.

From the first measuring system wherein an inch was measured using a human thumb, a foot was
measured using the length of one's foot, and a yard was being measured by a man's belt, up until

today's generation wherein these Units can easily be measured using different measuring devices

like the one's being used for the experiment. Moreover, the precise measurement for length,

width, and thickness can be easily obtained using much more innovative equipment. As we are

now in the modernized generation or era, most of the equipment or things we have around us are

also modern or run by electricity, which is what we call electronic devices. The same goes for

some of the measuring equipment. An individual will no longer struggle to get a precise

measurement of a particular object as some types of equipment used to measure things can now

digitally give you the precise measurement. One example of this is the vernier caliper. As some

people find it difficult to measure an object using this equipment, an electronic version of it will

be a great help for every individual to have a more precise value to be used for their

computation.

The earliest known weights and measures systems are from the 3rd or 4th millenia BC.

Even the earliest civilizations used measuring for agricultural, building, and trading needs. Early

standard units may have been limited to a single village or small region, with each location

generating its own lengths, areas, volumes, and masses. Such systems were frequently tied to a

single field of application, so volume measures for dry grains, for example, were unrelated to

volume measures for liquids, and neither had any relevance to units of length used to measure

cloth or land. Standardized weights and measurements became increasingly important as

manufacturing technology advanced and trade between towns, eventually across the globe.

Modernized, streamlined, and consistent weights and measures systems were established

beginning in the 18th century, with the fundamental units specified by ever more exact
procedures in the science of metrology. One of the factors driving the development of uniform

universally applicable units was the discovery and application of electricity.

Another source of information is the comparison of building size to descriptions by

contemporary writers. A fascinating example is the comparison of the dimensions of the Greek

Parthenon with Plutarch's description, which yields a fairly accurate estimate of the size of the

Attic foot. We know significantly more about the state-sanctioned measurements of large,

advanced societies than we do about those of lesser cultures or the informal measures that often

coexisted with official ones throughout history due to the comparative number of artifacts and

documentation.

The oldest known standardized systems of weights and measures appear to have been

developed between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC among the ancient peoples of Egypt,

Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley, as well as maybe Elam (in Iran).

The Hebrew Bible and early Babylonian and Egyptian texts show that length was first

measured using the forearm, hand, or finger, and time was measured by the periods of the sun,

moon, and other celestial bodies.

It's critical to understand how to use these devices correctly and precisely. The learner

should always strive for the highest level of precision when using any measurement tool. Errors

are unavoidable in modern physics, and it is impossible to reach the limit of infinitely minor

errors. There are two types of errors: random and systematic. Individual researchers' perspectives

lead to random errors. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including equipment

inconsistencies, experimenter measurements, participant differences, or experimental procedures.

Systematic error, on the other hand, produces consistently greater or lower outcomes that aren't
adjusted by average. Only by thoroughly inspecting your equipment can you eliminate these

faults. Because experimental errors cannot be totally eliminated, every effort should be made to

reduce them by selecting adequate measuring devices and performing multiple measurements for

each variable before averaging them.Definition of terms

Micrometer caliper

 a measuring device with a screw-nut micropair as the conversion mechanism. The precise contact

method is used to measure linear dimensions with micrometer calipers.

Ruler

 A ruler is a tool or gadget that is used to measure distance and create straight lines.The length is

measured using a ruler in both metric and customary units. The rulers are marked with standard

distances in centimeters at the top and inches at the bottom, with hash marks at the intervals.

Vernier

 Scale of vernier a small, moveable graduated scale that runs parallel to a sextant, theodolite,

barometer, or other permanent graduated scale and is used to measure a fractional part of one of

the fixed scale's divisions.

 Reference:

 Wikipedia contributors. (2022a, May 5). History of measurement. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_measurement#:%7E:text=Earliest%20known

%20measurement%20systems,-Learn%20more&text=The%20earliest%20known

%20uniform%20systems,(in%20Iran)%20as%20well.

 Https://www.dictionary.com/browse/vernier

 Https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/measurements/ruler
 “5.4: how to measure with micrometer.” Mathematics libretexts, 6 apr. 2020,
math.libretexts.org/courses/barton_community_college/book
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 “metric system vs english system.” How to discuss, 17 july 2021, howtodiscuss.com/t/metric-

system-vs-english-system/61507. Accessed 16 june 2022.
 “measurement | definition, types, instruments, & facts | britannica.” Encyclopædia britannica,
2020, www.britannica.com/technology/measurement.

 Cook, A. H. (2006, August 20). The importance of precise measurement in physics.

 isabel.chavez@nist.gov. (2010, April 12). SI Units. Retrieved from NIST website:

https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/metric-si/si-units#:~:text=The

%20International%20System%20of%20Units

 Micrometer screw gauge: definition, working, parts - Student Lesson. (2020, April 13).

Retrieved from Studentlesson website: https://studentlesson.com/micrometer-screw-

gauge-definition-working-parts-diagram-history/

 How to Use a Vernier Caliper - Quick Guide | ShakeDeal. (2019, May 29). Retrieved

from Blog on procurement of all industrial, office supplies | ShakeDeal website:

https://www.shakedeal.com/blog/how-to-use-a-vernier-calliper/

 2020b, May 8. The History of Measuring Tools. Keson. Retrieved June 17, 2022, from
https://www.keson.com/the-history-of-measuring-tools/
 Kennerly, Neely, M. A. (2002, November 1). A framework of the factors affecting the
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