Learning Module in PPG

ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC.

URBIZTONDO, PANGASINAN
S.Y. 2022-2023
LEARNING MODULE
in
PHILIPPINE POLITICS
AND GOVERNANCE
MONTH of AUGUST
PREPARED BY:
GEMARD JEM P. GEÑEBRE

Subject Teacher
CHECKED BY:
JOE ANN V. DADUYA

SHS Coordinator
NOTED BY:
KIM ABIGAIL S. CAMACHO

SHS Principal
SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE
SUBJECT TEACHER: Gemard Jem P. Geñebre
FACEBOOK ACCT: Gemard Jem Geñebre
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VISION STATEMENT
In communio, the ALDCS – Urbiztondo Catholic School, Inc. form Christian steward through
holistic Catholic Education and formation.
MISSION STATEMENT
To achieve the vision, ALDCS – Urbiztondo Catholic School, Inc. is committed to the
following mission:
Authenticity
To establish among member schools a Catholic identity rooted in Gospel values, centered on
the Eucharist and committed to faith formation, academic excellence and service.
Leadership
To ensure an efficient operation of the schools through effective governance which provides
direction, authority and leadership.
Dynamism
To provide a clearly articulated rigorous curriculum aligned with relevant standards, 21st
century skills, Gospel values implemented through effective instructions.
Community
To establish networking and linkages through communion with other schools, the church and
other social institutions.
System
To enact comprehensive organizational plans based on compelling mission for Institutional
advancement through academic instruction, promotion, enrolment management, technology
development and innovative stewardship.
CORE VALUES
Authentic Witnessing
Governance and Leadership
Excellence and Relevance
Responsible Stewardship
Communion / Community
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UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPT OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
CONTENT STANDARD
• The learners demonstrate an understanding of politics and political science,
governance, political ideologies, power, states, nations, and globalization.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
• The learners clearly identify a specific political phenomenon and how it can
be studied.
TRANSFER GOALS
• The learners uphold the importance of politics and governance in our
everyday life.
Lessons and Coverage
In order to answer on your own, the said essential question, you need to takethe
following lessons:
Politics, Governance, and other Key Concepts
Classical to Modern Political Ideologies
Expected Skills
At the end of this module, I can:
1. Define politics, governance, and other key concepts of political science.
2. Explain the connection between the phenomenon (politics) and the method
ofinquiry (political science).
3. Differentiate governance and government.
4. Explain the value of politics.
INTRODUCTION
The lessons in this unit are introductions on the basic concepts of political
science, which are essential in the study of politics and governance of the country
in the succeeding units. Some of the concepts include terms with various
definitions, depending on the perspective or framework used by certainauthors
or experts on the subject. Thus, it is important that the students summarize,
contextualize, and create their own definition of each term.
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LESSON 1: POLITICS, GOVERNANCE, AND

OTHER KEY CONCEPTS
Political science deals with the study of power in society, politics, and
government. The dynamic character of human society and the differences in contexts
of different states have resulted in different views, theories, and definitions on the
concepts of politics and governance.
Having a basic knowledge on political science can be empowering for
every citizen, especially in a democratic country like the Philippines. There are various
theories in political science, but we only have to study the concepts in The Philippine
Context. Political Science it deals with the study of power in society, politics, and
government.
The Greeks formulated the word politics during the 4th and 5th century.
Politicswas inseparable from life in the polis or a place or state shared by a certain
group ofpeople. This concept of politics may be as old as the first organization created
by man. According to Aristotle and Plato, humans are not self-sufficing so they find
theneed to come together as a community. From this union comes the need for politics
and governance to maintain order within a society.
Social contract theorists like Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John
Locke during the 17th and 18th century Europe stressed the hypothetical state of nature
that was devoid of any kind of government. This state of nature is often violent and
chaotic, therefore, people enter themselves into a social contract or a written or
unwritten binding agreement among the people that bids for the creation of a
government and the consequent use of politics for the achievement of peace and order
(Baradat 1997).
Political science is the academic discipline that deals with key issues and
concepts in politics. Niccolò Machiavelli is widely accepted as the father of modern
political science because of his discussion on maintaining power in his books The
Prince and Discourses. But even before Machiavelli, both Plato and Aristotle had
already provided broad discussions on the central concepts in politics such as the
concept of justice (what and who is morally and politically right), power (source of
authority), the right types of constitutions and governments (different types of
governments and states), political structures (different ideologies in a state), and right
and virtuous leadership (who should lead in a certain political system) (Curtis 1981).

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While politics deals with power in society in general, governance

specifically deals with power in government and how this institution exerts power for
the benefitof the society. Today, the discussion of politics and governance in political
science has been divided in different fields of interests, namely, political theory,
political methodology, comparative politics, international relations, and law (Roskin
et al. 2007).
Political theory deals with the different perspectives and ideas regarding
politics and governance of different political philosophers from the ancient times like
Aristotle to Niccolò Machiavelli, to the time of Industrial Revolution through Karl
Marx, and contemporary political philosophers like Hannah Arendt. Political
methodology is more concerned upon the application of political concepts into
research and policy making almost similar to the applied nature of public
administration (Roskin et al. 2007).
Comparative politics is about comparing various political systems and
differentconstitutions among different countries through time. This type of study is
not new for it was made by Aristotle and Plato during the golden age of ancient Greece
in their influential works, Aristotle's Politics and Plato's The Republic, when they
compared various forms of governments (Roskin et al. 2007).
International relations bear resemblance to comparative politics; but instead
ofcomparing, it concentrates on establishing and maintaining relations among countries
through time. And by relations, those who are studying this field attempt on
maintaining peaceful and diplomatic relations among countries (Roskin et al. 2007).
Law is another central concept in politics and governance. Law is basically any
written statement that limits or guides the behavior of a certain group. Politics, as the
art and science of government, highlights the role of law in organizing and stabilizing
individual interests to prevent the overlapping individual needs and promote collective
gains in society (Roskin et al. 2007).
The knowledge of politics and governance therefore is a critical attribute of
a citizen belonging to a certain state. In ancient Greece, anyone who was ignorant of
the laws and the political processes of the polis was considered an idiot (Curtis 1981)
primarily because of the democratic structure of the polis where every male was
expected to participate in decision-making and politics. Today, the knowledge of
politics and governance not only helps in the participation of an individual in the state
but it also helps in safeguarding an individual against bad government practices and
abuse.
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POLITICS
Politics is the heart of Political Science. According to Plato it is the study of
the affairs of the Polis (city-state) which he defined as the most sovereign and inclusive
association. According to Robert Dahl politics is the existence of rules or authority
with in the state. It is therefore the study of power relationship among the people in a
given society as well those relationships among states in the international community.
ORIGIN OF POLITICS
POLIS- city state
POLITES- citizens
POLITIKOS- government officials
BASIC ISSUES IN POLITICS
1. LEGITIMACY
Attitude of the people about what they consider in mind that government is a
rightful ruler over them. The King and Queen is the rightful throne on the basis of
legitimate succession to authority.
2. SOVEREIGNTY
It is the right of the government to rule and the right of a government of
leadership to exist. The right of a leader to rule and control not only his subjectsbut
also the territory over which the citizens live and prosper.
3.AUTHORITY
It is the power of the leader to rule and the power to exact obedience on his
people. It is based on an acknowledge duty to obey rather than on any form of
coercion or manipulation.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF AUTHORITY (MAX WEBER)
1. Traditional authority- can be defined as the power legitimized by respect forlong-
established cultural patterns. It comes from unwritten rules that are maintained
over time.
2. Charismatic authority- can be defined as the power legitimized by exceptional,
unusual, and extraordinary personal abilities which inspire devotion and
obedience. Charismatic leaders are seen as people who are inspired by God or by
lofty unsocial principles. The charisma of these leaders is enough and adequate to
inspire their followers and make their authority seemlegitimate.
3. Rational-legal/ bureaucratic authority. Legal authority can be defined as a
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bureaucratic authority, where power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and

regulations such as governments. This form of authority is the one that is
grounded and clearly defines laws with explicit procedures that define the
obligations and rights.
VALUE OF POLITICS
Politics will help you to know your rights.
Politics clarifies what you yourself believes.
Politics is a living, breathing subject.
Politics will help you to understand our nation’s parties.
Politics prepares you to adult life.
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

JEAN BODIN- French Philosopher, who first called the study of stateas
political science.
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI- father of modern Political Science
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU-father of modern Democracy.
GOVERNMENT
A group of people that governs a community or unit. It sets and administers
public policy and exercises executive, political and sovereign power through
customs, institutions, and laws within a state. A government can be classified into
many types-democracy, republic, monarchy, aristocracy, and dictatorship are just
a few.
GOVERNANCE
The exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage
a nation’s affairs. Governance embraces all of the methods – goodand bad – that
societies use to distribute power and manage public resourcesand problems. To
govern is to exercise power and authority over a territorysystem or organization.
THREE LEGS OF GOVERNANCE
ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE- country’s economic activities and it’s
relationships with other economies.
POLITICAL GOVERNANCE- to formulate policy.
ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNANCE- system of policy implementation

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INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Participation-active involvement of all affected and interested parties in the
decision-making process.
Rule of Law Democracy-is essentially the rule of law. Rule of law demands
that the people and the civil society render habitual obedience to the law. It also
demands that the government acts within the limits of the powers and functions
prescribed by the law.
Effectiveness and Efficiency- actors meet the needs of the society means that
there is effective governance. That the valuable resources are utilized, without
wasting or underutilizing any of them, means that there is efficient governance.
Enhancement and standardization of the quality of public service delivery
consistent with international standards, professionalization of bureaucracy.
Transparency-as an indicator of good governance, means that people are open
to information regarding decision-making process and the implementation of the
same. In legal terms, it means that information on matters of public concernare
made available to the citizens or those who will be directly affected. It also means
that transactions involving public interests must be fully disclosed and made
accessible to the people.
Responsiveness- means that institutions and processes serve all stakeholders in
a timely and appropriate manner. It also means that actors and structures of
governance easily give genuine expression to the will or desire of the people.
Equity and Inclusiveness- means that all the members of the society, especially
the most vulnerable ones or the grassroots level, must be taken into consideration
in policy-making.
Consensus Oriented Governance-is consensus oriented when decisions are
made after taking into consideration the different viewpoints of the actors of the
society.
LESSON 2 CLASSICAL AND POLITICAL

IDEOLOGIES
To study various issues in politics and governance, it is important to know the
different theories, frameworks, and ideologies involved. Each theory or ideology in
the study of politics has an underlying historical factor that affected its development.
We have to study these factors to understand how each theory, framework, or
ideology is applied in modern context. In analyzing a political issue, we need to use
several of the theories, frameworks, and ideologies to achieve a more accurate
analysis and explanation of the issue.
The goal of every government is to mobilize its citizens to achieve a common
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end, that is, the welfare of the state as a whole. As a guide, governments use
ideologies to help them consolidate the support of their constituents. It is also through
ideology that civil societies go against oppressive governments.
Ideology is basically defined as political statements that aim to call upon
massive mass or government action to achieve a relatively better political and
economic condition (Baradat 1997). This definition is the product of numerous views
from different political scientists and philosophers through time from the classical to
the modern period. Some of the philosophers were social contract theorists: John
Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Hobbes; Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels; Frederick Watkins, David Ingersoll, L. T. Sargent, and Terence Ball (Baradat
1997). On the other hand, the first formal use of ideology as a political science jargon
was made by-Claude Destutt De Tracy (1754-1836) when he was studying the
enlightenment of Europe. Ideologies are goal-oriented; meaning, they are for or
against a certain configuration of a political community. Their applications, however,
are dependent upon the different political attitudes of people and institutions.
Frederick Watkins (1969) suggested that ideologies come from different political
extremes such as the conservatives or the pro- status quo on one side, and the radicals
or the anti-status quo on the extreme side. Modern-day political scientists have
expanded the spectrum to include different levels of political attitudes and the
different ways in which each level wants to preserve or change the status quo. At the
extreme right of the spectrum, changing the status quo is not a primary concern and
if ever change happens, a retrogressive change is taken into consideration or the
return of old status quo. In this level are the reactionaries and the conservatives.
Sandwiched at the middle are the moderates, who have no neutral opinion with regard
to political matters.
Here are some ideologies and their impact on political communities:
1. CONSERVATISM.
As the name implies, one is focused on conserving something. up It is
characterized by a resistant to change, adherent to limited human freedom as it
chooses to maintain traditional values, and at some extreme versions, distrust to
human reasoning and nature or anti-egalitarianism (Sargent 2009). Edmund Burke,
through his work Reflections on the French Revolution, argued that institutions
evolved over time to fit the needs of society, thus "tampering with tradition is likely
to bring grief rather than improvement" (Sargent 2009). It should be noted, however,
that his idea is not an extreme one because he still adheres to change although
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through a slow and gradual process. According to Sen. Defensor-Santiago (2002),

"Social problems are not always solved by reason" and that the leftist always
imagines that things are better now but in reality, "violent upheavals always make
things worse." Seeks to preserve all that is good about the past.
2. LIBERALISM.
It can be said that liberalism is the opposite of conservatism for it favors
change, prefers more freedom, and has a more optimistic approach to human
reasoning and nature (Sargent 2009). Classical liberalism adheres to the laissez-
faire system proposed by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations, wherein the
government does not interfere with the market. Modern liberalism, upon seeing the
adverse impact of the free market (such as monopolies, unfair contracts, the poor
become poorer), is more open to the idea that, at certain times, the government
should interfere. Libertarians seek to maximize political freedom and autonomy,
emphasizing freedom of choice, voluntary association and individual judgement.
Derived from the word “libere” which means “free men”.
3. ANARCHISM.
While most people are familiar with how anarchy is popularly used to mean
chaos due to the nonexistence of control mechanisms, the idea behind it is actually
more on peaceful coexistence and equality. Contrary to the popular depiction of
anarchism in movies, anarchists believe that since power corrupts, a better system
based on voluntary cooperation and not on power relations should be established,
and that this system will address the needs of the people more successfully (Sargent
2009). It is living a peaceful life without coercion from anyone. As Alexander
Berkman (1964) put it: "Anarchism teaches that we can live in a society where there
is no compulsion of any kind. A life without compulsion naturally means liberty; it
means freedom from being forced or coerced, a chance to lead the life that suits you
best." Anarchism, cluster of doctrines and attitudes centered on the belief that
government is both harmful and unnecessary. Derived from the Greek root anarchos
meaning “without authority,” Anarchism is an anti-authoritarian political and social
philosophy that rejects hierarchies
4. LIBERTARIANISM.
This is another version of anarchism but involves the government in a minimal
role such as ensuring the safety of everyone and fairness in whatever contracts or
dealings. (Sargent 2009).

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Learning about political ideologies is advantageous in understanding certain

political contexts. In the Philippines, different political ideologies like Marxism and
communism have affected different political historical events such as the First
Quarter Storm during the Marcos dictatorship and the formation of different
insurgents in the country like the New People's Army (NPA) of the Communist
Party of the Philippines (CPP).
There are other ideologies, depending on the issue or aspect of human life one
is studying. There are also new ideologies that may crop up. Remember that because
of the multitude and complexity of some issues on politics and governance, we
cannot be all too liberal or all too conservative.
ACTIVITY 1
Identify the following. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A group of people that governs a community or unit.
2. Part of political science that explores what a better political world would look like
and how we can create it.
3. Active involvement of all affected and interested parties in the decision-making
process.
4. This is another version of anarchism but involves the government in a minimal
role such as ensuring the safety of everyone and fairness in whatever contracts or
dealings.
5. Basically defined as political statements that aim to call upon massive mass or
government action to achieve a relatively better political and economic condition.
6. An indicator of good governance, means that people are open to information
regarding decision-making process and the implementation of the same
7. According to him politics is the study of the affairs of the Polis (city- state) which
he defined as the most sovereign and inclusive association
8. Focused on conserving something
9. Deals with the study of power in society, politics, and government.
10. According to him politics is the existence of rules or authority with in the state.

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ACTIVITY 2
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the statement is
incorrect. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Political science is the study of power and government systems.
2. Power is not a central concept in political science.
3. The study of politics involves a complex process of quantitative and qualitative
interpretations based on available data.
4. Aristotle defined political science as the study of people.
5. Politics is generally defined as the activity that influences an individual or a group
of people.
6. Only government officials have the right to study politics.
7. Political ideology is the same as political culture.
8. Liberals value individual freedom as a natural right.
9. Laws is basically any written statement that limits or guides the behavior of a certain
group.
10. The goal of every government is to mobilize its citizens to achieve a common end,
that is, the welfare of the state as a whole.
ACTIVITY 4
Explain the question correctly. Construct sentences having beginning, body,
and conclusion. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Why do we need to study politics?
Rubrics for Essay
5 4 3 2 1
The The The The The explanation
explanation is explanation is explanation is explanation is is vague and not
very clear and clear and slightly clear slightly and related to the
detailed detailed and detailed vague question

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CONTENT STANDARD
• The learners demonstrate an understanding of politics and political
science, governance, political ideologies, power, states, nations, and
globalization.
• The learners clearly identify a specific political phenomenon and how it can
be studied
TRANSFER GOAL
• The learners uphold the importance of politics and governance in our
everyday life.
In order to answer on your own, the said essential question, you need to take the
following lessons:
• Nature, Forms, and Consequences of Power
• State and Nation in the Age of Globalization
• Forms of Government
Expected Skills
1. Define power;
2. Identify the nature, types, and consequences of power
3. Define nation and from state;
4. Differentiate nation from state;
5. Differentiate the forms of Government
INTRODUCTION
The lessons in this unit are introductions on the basic concepts of political
science, which are essential in the study of politics and governance of the country
in the succeeding units. Some of the concepts include terms with various
definitions, depending on the perspective or framework used by certainauthors or
experts on the subject. Thus, it is important that the students summarize,
contextualize, and create their own definition of each term.
LESSON 3: NATURE, FORMS AND

CONSEQUENCES OF POWER
This lesson presents the different definitions and aspects of power in political
science. Not only will the students be able to recognize power, but they will also
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be responsible in using it to avoid abuse in its usage, as well as to give due respect
to others who have power over them.
Power in the natural sciences can be easily established through a single
equation, which signifies the quantifiable nature of physical power. Power in
society, and by extension, the social sciences, on the other hand, is more
complicated because it is continuously being molded by the dynamic nature of
society and the objective and subjective capacity of man.
Dahl (1950) defined power in society as the ability of person A or institution
A to make person B or institution B do something that person B or institution B,
on his/ her/its own, would not do. From the said definition, power in society spans
a broad spectrum of meaning that includes force, authority, influence, and most of
the time, coercion
In addition, in society, there are different forms of power-from authoritative
power to economic power. There are also many ways in which power can be
expressed by individuals or institutions. Likewise, expressing power may range
from the simplest of human interaction, such as when parents tell their children
what they should and should not do, to the grandest, such as when the government
imposes policies for the welfare of its constituents.
The extent of the consequences of power is dependent upon the different ways,
degree, and the aims by which power is expressed in society. For instance, political
power in a state is exercised by the government. Through this power, the government
is able to create and enact laws that promote peace and order in society and influence
various processes such as those affecting the economy for the benefit of its
constituents as well. In their attempt to classify and better understand power, Barnett
and Duvall (Pallaver 2011) created the taxonomy of power with four major types:
1. Compulsory power - the direct control of one actor of the conditions and actions
of another.
2. Institutional power - the indirect ways in which an actor affects another. An
example is the use of rules or the law to impose order.
3. Structural power - basically looks at the position and the roles of various actors
in relation to each other. Examples are coach to player, boss to worker, or captain
to crew relationships wherein the position of each player toward another provides
them roles and responsibilities that they play even without one coercing the other.
4. Productive power - similar to structural power that looks into the relative position
of the actors, the social production of their roles, and how the role affects the
actors' perceptions and actions. However, productive power focused not on the
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direct structures provided and accepted by each actor, but on the discourse
between the actors in which power is negotiated.
According to Aristotle in his Politics, there are situations where power in government
is corrupted by the personal and selfish goals of individuals. Because of these egoistic
goals, individuals pursue laws and intervene with social services to achieve personal
rather than communal gains. This is true throughout the history of man wherein
various individuals identified by Thomas Carlyle (1841) as "Great Men" of history,
such as dictators and despots like Pol Pot and Adolf Hitler who used the power vested
on them by their respective governments to pursue personal ambitions over the
welfare of their people.
In studying politics, we must be aware and accept the fact that power, as a central
concept, is dynamic and has different forms, depending on who is imposing power,
and how that power is expressed.
LESSON 4: STATE AND NATION IN THE

AGE OF CIVILIZATION
Nation and state are two similar and sometimes interchangeable yet different
concepts in political science. This lesson clarifies the characteristics of the two
concepts that make them similar, as well as those that show their differences.
The concept of globalization is relatively new. Globalization is an event and issue
fields of study, from the social sciences, natural that affects all sciences, to
humanities. lesson provides the definitions of globalization, as well as gives
perspective on how globalization affects political processes in our country.
HOW STATES ARE DEVELOPED

High School Social Studies taught students of the rise of civilizations along the banks
of major then like the Indus, the Nile, the Tigris and the Euphrates and the Yangtze.
When Alexander the Great built the Hellenic Empire after defeating the Persians, he
virtually connected the East and the West. By military conquest, the Hellenic might
was replaced by the Roman Empire which lasted for centuries. When the Roman
political structure crumbled, Europe's feudal states were born. The feudal lords
fought intermittent wars which made it necessary to form alliances against common
enemies. These alliances led to the formation of new territorial entities that were
based on nationalism and geographic unit. Eventually, the strongest among the allied
lords was made sovereign and the new political structure was called monarchy.

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Europe's monarchies fought intermittent wars. One of these is the famous 30- Years
War which precipitated a series of treaties before reaching its end. In 1648, Ferdinand
Ill of the Holy Roman Empire, together with other German princes, France, and
Sweden signed the Peace of Westphalia which "established a system of sovereign
nation-states, each claiming absolute autonomy in the administration of its domestic
affairs (Tremblay, et al, 2007 148), To this day, the concept of sovereignty which
was enshrined in the Westphalian tradition continues to be an indispensable requisite
of statehood.
HOW STATES ARE FORMED
States may be born either by peaceful means or through the use of military force. A
new state is formed when a section of an existing state becomes independent. In 1776,
for example, the British colonies in America staged a revolution in order to gain
freedom from the English crown. In a similar manner, Timor Leste (East Timor)
gained freedom from Indonesia and Eritrea was born after a decade-long war against
Ethiopia. All of them used force in order to become new states.
In 1946, the Philippines became a new state when it was separated from the United
States after a 10-year Commonwealth period. Just recently, Kosovo was weaned from
Serbia after the citizens voted to become independent. These countries became new
states by peaceful means.
NATION versus STATE

Shively (2012: 57) defines nation as a large group of people who are bound together,
and recognize a similarity among themselves, because of a common culture..."
Anthropologists often identify language as the strand that keeps a nation whole. The
state, on the other hand, is a "legal concept, determined by sovereignty and
international recognition (Tremblay, et al., 2007: 381).
The Montevideo Convention of 1933 defines the state as a community of per sons
more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, in
dependent of external control, and possessing an organized government to which the
great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience. According to Nachura (2006:
26) the state is a legal or juristic concept, while nation is an ethnic or racial concept."
The nation-state is another concept that is worthy of note at this point. A nation-state
is a state whose population is composed of one nation. Present-day examples of
nation-states are Portugal, South Korea, and Japan.
Be that as it may, not all states are composed of a single nation. Today, many states
host a plural population which means that their citizenry consists of multiple

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nationality, ethnicity, race, and language. Examples include Switzerland, Spain, the
Philippines, and China. These states are called multinational states.
THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF STATES

1. Divine Right Theory. The state has a divine origin and the ruler is chosen by
God. Examples of states that adhere to this theory are Japan and Israel.
2. Necessity or Force Theory. Man's need for protection gave birth to the state.
The weak came under the protection of the strong and among the strong emerged a
leader who used force to gain obeisance from the people.
3. Paternalistic Theory. The enlargement of the family led to the formation of the
state. The family grew into a clan, the clan became a tribe (like the 12 tribes of the
Israelites), the tribe metamorphosed into a nation (like the nation of Israel), and the
nation became a state.
4. Social Contract Theory. The state was formed when people converged will
fully to form an institution to work for their common good and set order among them.
Thisinstitution became known as government.
ELEMENTS OF THE STATE
1. People. - This refers to those who inhabit the lands of the state. "Without people
there can be no functionaries to govern and no subjects to be governed" (De Leon
& De Leon, 2011:6).
2. Territory - This refers to the earth's surface that is under the effective control
of the state. In the case of the Philippines, this includes our lands, our waters,
and our airspace.
3. Government - This is the institution that runs the affairs of the state. According
to De Leon &De Leon (2011:8), it is the agency through which the will of the
state is formulated, expressed, and carried out."
4. Sovereignty - Sovereignty is commonly understood as the state's supreme
authority to enforce its will within its territory. This feature of statehood has
been at the forefront of state affairs since the Westphalian Peace was
established. Sovereignty comes in different types, depending on how it is
understood. Cruz (2002: 26) identifies four types, as follows:
a. Internal Sovereignty. This refers to the power of the state to control its domestic
affairs.
b. External Sovereignty. This refers to the power of the state to direct its relationswith
other states.
c. Legal Sovereignty. The power of the state to issue final commands.
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d. Political Sovereignty. The power behind the legal sovereign or the sum of the
influences that operate upon it.
INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE
These powers are necessary and indispensable in the operation of the state. They
are exercised by the state even if there is no law that expresses them.
1. Police Power. This enables the state to regulate the enjoyment of liberty and
property in order to advance the welfare of the people.
2. Power of Eminent Domain. Also known as the power of expropriation, it allowsthe
state to take private property for public use after paying just compensation to the
owner of the property
3. Power of Taxation. The power of the state to collect compulsory contributions,
called taxes, from its people and their property.
LESSON 5: FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

Some countries are ruled by one person; others by a group. There are leaders
chosen by the people; there are those who became leaders by birthright. There are
persons or groups who are given all the powers to manage the government and the
country; while in other places, power is divided among individuals.
This lesson discusses the different forms of government and their functions. By
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of each form of government, we can also
explore the possibilities of improving the current system of government in the
country.
Polity is the good version of democracy. While polity is essentially the same as
democracy as the rule of the people in general, it stresses however the involvement
of the middle class in ruling, which is its crucial character. The middle class is
important because, according to Aristotle, they make up most of society, thus, they
represent the greater interest.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF GOVERNMENT
A. According to number of people who rule
1. MONARCHY
A government system where the power to rale inherited
through bloodline. The authority to me in the hands of the person who holds wears
the crown.
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1.1 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

The ruler's power encompasses all aspects of governance from making of laws to
leading administrative affairs, to dispensing justice.
1.2 CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
This is also known as limited monarchy because the ruler's powers are regulated
by law. Examples of constitutional monarchs today are Hirobito, the Japanese
Emperor: Bhumibol Adulyadej, the King of Thailand and Juan Carlos, the King of
Spain.
2. THEOCRACY
In a theocracy, like the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Vatican City, we
see the blending of religion and the state. The people who rule derive their political
power from the religious positions The Pope is an example of a theocratic ruler.
3. ARISTOCRACY (Aka OLIGARCHY).
A type of government where political “power is exercised by a few
privileged class”. (De Leon & De Leon, 2011:12). This means that only a few persons
who comefrom a single social class control the entire governmental hierarchy.
4. DEMOCRACY.
Abraham Lincoln characterized democracy as a government of the people,
bythe people, and for the people
4.1. Direct Democracy.
A type of democracy where the people themselves make political
decisions. Examples of this are the barangay assemblies in the Philippines and the
Cantons of Switzerland.
4.2. Representative Democracy.
Also known as a republic, this is a type of democracy where governing is
entrusted to a group of people who were chosen by the people. Examples of
representative democracies today are Australia and Indonesia.
B. ACCORDING TO CENTER OF OPERATION

1. Unitary Government.
A type of government wherein a central administrative machinery
exercises control over both the national and local govern mental matters.
2. Federal Government.
A type of government where two sets of administrative machineries share
in the administrative duties. The federal government takes care of the national
affairs while the state/regional local government handles local affairs. Both of
them are supreme in their own jurisdiction: Germany and the USA are examples
of federal countries.
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C. ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE
1.Parliamentary Government.
A type of government where legislative and executive powers are fused
in the legislature (commonly called Parliament). The Parliament choosesthe real
holder of executive power from among its members and he becomes the Prime
Minister. The Prime Minister, in return, together with his cabinet, is directly
responsible to the Parliament. Japan, Thailand, and the United Kingdom are states
that have parliamentary governments.
2.Presidential Government.
A type of government where the legislative and executive powers are
separated and that the institutions that exercise them are independent of each other.
The executive element of governance is controlled by the President United States
of America, Philippines, Pakistan and Venezuela are examples of states with
presidential governments.
D. OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Dictatorship.
Normally, a dictatorship is put up through the use of force and without
the consent of the people. In this government set-up, one person controls all
government authority after seizing it from the legitimate administration.
2. Totalitarian Government.
This government set-up has as its goal the preservation of the state
rather than the people that makes it up. Its priority is the survival of the state and
the regime that runs it, not the survival of the people. North Korea is an example
of a totalitarian state.
3.Military Government.
A military government is usually set up after a coup d' etat succeeds to
unseat an incumbent administration. The military officials run the government
through the military institution. Myanmar, for example, is run by a military
government.

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ACTIVITY 1
FILL IN THE BLANKS. Provide the necessary information to
complete the sentence below. Write your answers on the spaces provided. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Sovereignty, __________, __________and ____________are the
elements that make up the State.
2. The three inherent powers of the state are , ,
and _____________.
3. The power of the state to control its domestic affairs is known as _________, while
its power to direct its relations with other states is called ___________.
4. State is a concept while nation is a concept.
ACTIVITY 2
Identify the following statements. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The power of the state to issue final commands.
2. The power behind the legal sovereign or the sum of the influencesthat operate
upon it.
3. It established the modern system of sovereign nation-states.
4. The agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed
and carried out.
5. This country granted independence to the Philippines in 1946.
6. A group of people who share a common culture and language.
7. A state whose population is composed on one nation.
8. The power of the state to regulate the enjoyment of liberty andproperty.
9. The power of the state to take private property for public use.
10. The power of the state to collect compulsory contributions.
ACTIVITY 3
Give the form of Government for each country. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Philippines 6. Singapore
2. United States of America 7. Malaysia
3. North America 8. United Kingdom
4. France 9. Thailand
5. China 10. Puerto Rico

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CONTENT STANDARD
• The learners will be able to understand the historical background of
Philippinedemocratic, politics, the executive, the legislative, the judiciary,
and decentralization and local governance.
• The learners will be able to explain the roles of different political institutions.
TRANSFER GOALS
• The learners will uphold the importance of politics and governance inour
everyday life.

In order to answer on your own, the said essential question, you need to take
the following lessons:
• Political History of the Philippines
• Democracy in the Philippines
• Functions of the Executive Branch
• Functions of the Legislative Branch
• Functions of the Judicial Branch
Expected Skills
1. Describe the different stages in the evolution of the Philippine politics and
governance.
2. Appraise the influence of prior stages of Philippine political developments on
contemporary Philippine politics.
3. Explain the roles and powers of the Philippine president.
4. Critique the Philippine president’s exercise of power.
5. Discuss the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Senate and the House of
Representatives.
6. Identify the roles and responsibilities of the Philippine Judiciary.

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UNIT II
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
INTRODUCTION
This unit focuses on the discussion of the components of Philippine
politics and governance. It starts with the discussion of the historical
background of Philippine politics to contextualize the present structure. After
understanding thehistorical causes and factors that affect the political system
in the country at present, basic information on the branches of the Philippine
government, as wellas how they operate from the national to the local level,
will also be discussed.
LESSON 6: POLITICS IN THE PRE-SPANISH TO SPANISH PERIOD

PRE-COLONIAL GOVERNMENT SET-UP
George A Malcolm who once served as an associate justice of the Supreme

Court during the Commonwealth, said that "prior to the arrival of the Spaniards,
theFilipinos had their own government" (Zaide, 1967: 12). This government was
exemplified by the territorial unit called barangay, the pre-colonial counterpart of
theGreek city-states. According to De Leon and De Leon (2011), every barangay
was virtually a state for it possessed the four basic elements of statehood.
Each barangay was headed by a paramount leader who was vested with
executive, legislative, judicial, and military powers. He was called the datu (raja or
sultan in other places) and he ruled according to the established norms of his village.
The office of the datu, resembling that of a monarchy, is hereditary. However, Zaide
(1967: 12) claims that any man in the barangay may ascend the throne "by virtue
of his wisdom, physical power, or wealth in the event that a datu dies without an
heir.
The datu ruled over a socially stratified society. Four classifications of people
in pre-colonial times are historically identified, namely: the maharlika (the nobility,
to which the datu and his family belonged); the timawa (the freemen, also known
asthe commoners): the aliping namamahay (the serfs); and the aliping suguiguilid
(theslaves).
The datus, with the help of the council of elders, created the pre-colonial
laws.
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Once finalized, the laws were proclaimed to the people through the umalohokan.
SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
In light of the writings of Dr. Jose Rizal, the Spanish administration of the
Philippines was characterized by brutality and repression. It began in 1565 when
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first Spanish colonial settlement in Cebu
and ended when the Treaty of Paris which allowed the transfer of the Philippines
to the United States of America for the sum of US $20,000,000 was signed in Paris,
France between the United States and Spain in 1898.
Because of its distance from Spain, the Philippines was indirectly governed
through Mexico. In 1821, however, administration of this prized crown colony in
theFar East reverted to Madrid as a result of Mexico's independence. From then the
Council of the Indies handled the colony's administrative affairs. In 1837, the council
was abolished and the Council of Ministers took charge of legislations for the
Philippines. Finally, the Ministry of Ultramar (colonies) assumed administrative
supervision of the Philippines from 1863 until 1898 (De Leon & De Leon, 2011:
16).
LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
Much like the structure we have this time, the Spanish colonial government
also featured the barangay as the basic administrative unit with the cabeza de
barangay asthe leader. A group of barangays formed a pueblo (town), headed by a
gobernadorcillo, and a group of pueblos formed a province. The Spanish colonial
administration featured two types of provinces. A peaceful province, known as
alcaldia, was led by an alcalde mayor while a military province, called a
corregimiento, was taken care of by a military official known as corregidor.
The city government was called ayuntamiento while the city council was
known as cabildo.
NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
Spain's colonial government in the Philippines was a unitary one. The entire territory
was under the supervision of the Manila based colonial government led by the
Governor-General.
Carrying the titles Governor and Captain-General of the Philippines and Vice
Real Patrono (Vice Royal Patron), the Governor-General exercised broad powers
inthe colony. As Governor-General, he was the chief administrative officer who
exercised executive, legislative, judicial, and diplomatic powers. As Captain-
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General, he served as the commander-in-chief of the Spanish armed forces in the

colony and had the power to declare war against his neighbors. As Vice Real Patrono,
he exercised religious powers by virtue of the royal patronage granted by the Roman
Catholic Church to the Spanish monarchy.
There were two main bodies that assisted the Governor-General in
administering colonial affairs. The Junta de Autoridades (Board of Authorities)
served as his cabinet and the Consejo de Administracion (Council of Administration
studied the government's budget and took care of questions relating to royal
patronage. Both of these bodies included, among others, the Archbishop of Manila,
the General Segundo Cabo (the army general next in command to the Governor-
General), the Admiral of the Spanish Navy, and the President of the Audiencia Real.
The Audiencia Real (Royal Audiencia), established on May 5, 1583 through
a royal decree, served as the highest court of justice in the Philippines during the
Spanish era: Its justices were called oidores (singular: Oidor). It supervised two
territorial audiencias: one in Vigan and another in Cebu.
THE FILIPINO REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENTS
THE KATIPUNAN
Andres Bonifacio, famed as the Great Plebeian, organized a secret society
thataimed for independence from Spain through an armed revolt. This society was
formed on August 7, 1892 and officially named as the Kataas-taasang Kagalang-
galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK, popularly known as the Katipunan).
In recognition of his leadership, Bonifacio gained the title Supremo of the
Katipunan.
The Katipunan revolt broke out in August 26. 1896 when the Katipuneros tore
their cedulas and announced official disconnection from Spain. In a move to solidify
the Filipino forces and strengthen the offensive against the Spaniards, the Katipunan
held a convention in Tejeros, Cavite in March 1897 to create a central governing
authority. The Tejeros Convention saw the election of Emilio Aguinaldo as the
Katipunan's President while its founder, the Supremo, was elected as Director of
theInterior (Zaide, 1967: 38).
THE REPUBLIC OF BIAK-NA BATO
Incessant fighting forced the Aguinaldo-led Katipunan government to retreat
in June 1897 to Biak-na-Bato in the province of Bulacan. Here, Aguinaldo
established a republic which had its own constitution.
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In August 1897, the Republic of Biak-na-Bato began to negotiate for

armisticewith the Spaniards. The negotiations ended in December 1897 with the
Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Under this pact, the Aguinaldo government was to go into
exile to Hong Kong in exchange for a handsome compensation.
THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
When the Spanish-American War broke out in April 1897, Aguinaldo
returnedto the Philippines and established a Dictatorial government in Cavite on
May 23, 1898. This government declared the independence of the Philippines from
Spain on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, Cavite using the flag designed by Aguinaldo in
Hong Kongand sewn by a group led by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo. This historic endeavor
was made more majestic through the playing of the Philippine National Anthem
composed by Julian Felipe.
THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
In a bid to finally gain Philippine independence from foreign powers.
Aguinaldo put up the Revolutionary Government on June 29, 1898. This
governmentconvened the Malolos Congress on September 15, 1898 purposely to
draft a new constitution which eventually became known as the Malolos
Constitution.
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
Under the Malolos Constitution, a new republic was inaugurated on January
23, 1899 with General Emilio Aguinaldo as President - the Malolos Republic.
Though it existed only until March 23, 1901, this was the first constitutional
democracy in Asia(de Leon & de Leon, 2011).
AMERICAN GOVERNMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Spain, following her defeat in the Spanish-American War, ceded the Philippines
to the United States through the Treaty of Paris which was signed on December 10,
1898 in Paris, France. This led to the American occupation of the Philippine islands.
THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
On August 14, 1898, however, the Americans have already established a
Military Government in Manila after defeating the Spaniards in a mock battle. Since
the War was still ongoing, the American President, being the Commander-in-Chief
of the United States Armed Forces, exercised authority over the Military
Governmentthrough the Military Governor who wielded all powers of government
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- executive, legislative, and judicial (de Leon & de Leon, 2011: 24).
Three Military Governors took turns to run the affairs of the government in
Manila: General Wesley Merritt, General Elwell E. Otis, and Major General Arthur
MacArthur.
THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT
The Spooner Amendment to the Army Appropriation Act passed by the
American Congress on March 3, 1901 ended the military regime in Manila. This
gaveway to the inauguration of the Civil Government on July 4, 1901 with William
H. Taft as the first Civil Governor.
On February 6, 1905, the United States Congress changed the title CivilGovernor to
Governor General. From 1901 to 1907, the head of the Civil Government acted as
the President of the Philippine Commission, the lawmaking body in the Philippines
from 1901 to 1907. This means that he exercised not just executive powers but also
legislative powers. Luke F. Wright succeeded Taft on February 1, 1904 and he
became the first to receive the title of Governor General. Frank Murphy was the last
Governor General of the Civil Government and was also the first High Commissioner
of the United States to the Philippines when theCommonwealth Government of the
Philippines was inaugurated.
THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT

The desire of the Filipinos for independence cannot be underrated. The
successive efforts of the Filipino leaders to persuade the United States to grant the
islands independence took a long and bumpy ride. Those efforts led to the passage
ofthe Tydings-McDuffie Law on March 24. 1934. This law allowed the Philippines
to assume a government status that was in transition towards independence - called
theCommonwealth Government. The Commonwealth Government was set to run
for 10years and scheduled to expire on July 4. 1946 in which the independence of
the Philippines would be proclaimed.
The Constitution that laid the framework of the Commonwealth Government
was approved by President Franklin Roosevelt on March 23, 1935. This legal
document is popularly known today as the 1935 Constitution. The first national
election under the 1935 Constitution took place on September 12, 1935. The
Commonwealth Government was officially inaugurated on November 15, 1935
withManuel L. Quezon as President and Sergio Osmeña as Vice President.

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Under the Commonwealth Government, executive power was exercised by

thePresident, judicial power was exercised by the Supreme Court, and legislative
powerwas first vested in a Unicameral National Assembly but was later shared by the
Houseof Representatives and the Senate which composed a Bicameral Legislature.
The Commonwealth Government was essentially a self-governing entity, with the
UnitedStates controlling only foreign affairs-related Philippine matters (de Leon &
de Leon,2011: 26).
When the Japanese took the Philippines during World War 2, the
Commonwealth Government operated in exile in America. It was reestablished in
Manila in 1945 following the retreat of the Japanese forces.
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
After the Japanese crippled the American Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941, they began to attack the Philippines. Right after occupying
Manila, they established the Japanese Military Administration on January 3, 1942.
The Japanese High Command declared the sovereignty of the United States over
theislands terminated.
The Japanese swiftly proceeded to form a government manned by Filipino civilians
- the Philippine Executive Commission (PEC). It was chaired by Jorge B. Vargas
and it consisted of six departments: (a) interior, (b) finance (c) justice, (d)
agriculture and commerce, (e) public works and communications, and (f) education,
health and public welfare. Although the PEC exercises both executive and
legislative powers, it operated under the control of the Japanese High Command.
The judiciary,on the other hand, lost its traditional independence.
In 1943, the Japanese sponsored Republic of the Philippines was put up, with
Dr. Jose P. Laurel as President. It is commonly known as the Second Philippine
Republic. This occupation republic whose powers were supplanted by the Japanese,
operate with three branches, namely the executive headed by the President, the
unicameral legislature called the National Assembly, and the judiciary led by the
Supreme Court. It was declared dissolved by President Laurel on August 17, 1945
in Japan.
THE RESTORED COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
The Philippine Commonwealth was reestablished in Manila when General
Douglas MacArthur restored to full operation the 1935 Constitution on February
27. 1945. Since President Quezon died in exile in the US, the restored
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Commonwealth Government came under the leadership of President Sergio

Osmeña.
The last Commonwealth elections were held on April 23, 1946. Senator Manuel
A. Roxas ran and won against President Osmeña. The Roxas Presidency began
from its formal inaugurated on May 28, 1946 until the proclamation of Philippine
independence on July 6 1946. Roxas thus served as the last President of the
Commonwealth.
GOVERNMENTS OF INDEPENDENT PHILIPPINES
The declaration of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946 gave birth to the
Third Philippine Republic. It operated under the 1935 Constitution and Manuel A.
Roxas served as its first President.
Due to the worsening circumstances surrounding governance in the country,
President Ferdinand E. Marcos placed the entire archipelago under Martial Law
on September 21, 1972 through Proclamation No. 1081. On January 1973, by virtue
of Proclamation No. 1102, President Marcos put to full force the 1973 Constitution.
Martial Law was officially lifted by President Marcos on January 17, 1981.
In his inaugural address on June 30, 1981, President Marcos proclaimed the birth of
theFourth Republic under the 1973 Constitution (De Leon & De Leon, 2011: 27).
Underthe 4th Republic, the government took the parliamentary form of government
and Marcos became its first President. In a move to seek a fresh mandate from the
people,President Marcos called for snap elections to be held on February 7, 1986
(Cruz, 2002:7). Amid charges of electoral fraud, Marcos and his running-mate,
Arturo Tolentino, were proclaimed winners by the Commission on Elections
(COMELEC).
The Opposition, led by Corazon C. Aquino, stormed EDSA and toppled
the Marcos Regime through the help of Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and
GeneralFidel V. Ramos. On February 25, 1986, President Corazon C. Aquino and
Vice President Salvador H. Laurel were inducted to office. Quickly enough, Aquino
promulgated the Freedom Constitution which shall be in force until a new
constitution was formed. On February 2, 1987 the new constitution was ratified by
the people with a vote of 16,605,425 (Cruz, 2002:8). The 1987 Constitution gave
birth to our present republic - the Fifth Philippine Republic.

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LESSON 7: DEMOCRACY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Democracy has long been exercised in the ancient Greece and is now known
asthe rule of people where the power in government does not emanate from the
divine right or any god but from the citizens of the state. The power of people in a
democratic society is visible through the observation of freedom of expression, right
to equal representation, right to vote for their representatives in government, and
right to votefor and against a proposed legislation. Aristotle considered democracy
as the corruptcounterpart of the ideal regime of polity but it is still a popular model
for governmentnonetheless.
Democracy was introduced in the Philippines during the late 19th century
following the opening of the country's economy to the world in 1834 and the
consequent inflow and outflow of ideas and people along with trade goods. The
success of the French Revolution that caused the resurgence of democratic and
liberalideals in Europe reached our shores via trade with other countries and also
by the efforts of rich Filipino natives (ilustrados) who were able to study abroad.
The ilustrados, through the propaganda movement of Marcelo H. Del Pilar,
translated liberal ideas for the Philippines in their hope to achieve reform (Gripaldo
et al. 2005).
Democracy had great appeal to the Filipinos that it was even adopted by the
Kataas-taasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) of
Andres Bonifacio. The group encouraged popular democracy within the
Katipunan'sranks and it was through this system that the Katipuneros voted for
rebellion againstSpanish authorities in 1896 (Gripaldo et al. 2005).
However, it was during the American period that democracy was used in full
extent as a political system. The defeated Spaniards during the Spanish American
War in 1898 sold the Philippines to America but the Filipinos chose to be independent
rather than be subjected to another colonialist, thus the Philippine American War.
After three years of fighting, the Filipino revolutionaries surrendered to the
American
To further investigate on the matter, as well as to manage the country under
theAmerican rule and system, the United States sent Dr. Jacob Schurman to head
the Schurman Commission in 1899 with the basic objectives of establishing the
civil government in pacified areas, as well as training and assigning Filipinos in
various government positions, among others. The Taft Commission under Judge
William Howard Taft in 1900 hastened the transition of the government from a
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revolutionaryto a civil and democratic one.

The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 created the Philippine Commission. The
offices of the Civil Governor and Vice Governor were created to exercise powers
ofthe government but would still be subject to the discretion of the President of the
United States of America. Other government offices were created to manage the
country. Electoral representation in the Philippines began with the creation of the
Philippine Assembly. Philippine Assembly acted as the lower house to the
PhilippineCommission and held its first election in 1907.
Democracy was further established through the 1935 Constitution. But in
1972,the foundation of democracy in the country was sidelined upon the declaration
of Martial Law by President Ferdinand Marcos.
The Constitution was remodeled in 1973 and for a brief period of time, the
country experienced a strict disciplinarian state that controlled the economy,
legislation, and the media. Democracy was reinstated by the 1987 Constitution
following the success of People Power Revolution that toppled the Marcos
dictatorship. The rights mandated in a democratic society such as the right to vote
and freedom of expression were also restored.
ACTIVITY 1
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet ofpaper.
1. The Philippine President who promulgated a Freedom Constitution.
A. Corazon C. Aquino C. Fidel V. Ramos
B. Ferdinand E. Marcos D. Gloria M. Arroyo
2. Which of these is the legal framework of the 5th Philippine Republic?
A. 1935 Constitution C. 1973 Constitution
B. 1987 Constitution D. Freedom Constitution
3. Which of these countries did NOT colonize the Philippines?
A. America C. Spain
B. Japan D. China
4. Which of these governments declared Philippine independence in June
1895Cavite?
A Katipunan Government C Dictatorial Government
A. Biak-na-Bato Republic D. Revolutionary Government
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5. The Spanish term that refers to the provincial level of administration.

A. Barangay B. Pueblo C.) Alcaldia D. Cabildo
6. In which two cities did a territorial audiencia operate during the Spanish.
A. Cebu and Manila C. Vigan and Cebu
B. Davao and Vigan D. Manila and Cebu
7. The Decree issued by President Marcos that put the Philippines under
Martialrule in 1972.
A. Proclamation 1801 C. Proclamation 1081
B. Proclamation 1108 D. Proclamation 1018
8. Famed as the Great Plebeian.
A. Andres Bonifacio C. Emilio Aguinaldo
B. Apolinario Mabini D. Jose Rizal
9. First Civil Governor in American Government
A. Arthur MacArthur C. Elwell Otis
B. William Taft D. Wesley Merritt
10. Government of the people, by the people, and for the people.
A. Aristocracy C. Democracy
B. Oligarchy D. Theocracy
ACTIVITY 2
Arrange the following events in chronological order they are introduced and
implemented in the Philippines and give brief description of each. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
Taft Commission Schurman Commission
Philippine Organic Act of 1902 Creation of the Philippine
Philippine-American War
Events Description

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LESSON 8: FUNCTIONS OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Power in the government is basically divided among the three branches: the
executive, judicial, and legislative. This lesson gives you an overview of the functions
and roles of a president and all other people or agencies associated with the executive
branch of the government.
Further research on each president's program will enable you to see what
programs are noteworthy and what needs further improvement. Knowing the
functions of agencies connected to the executive branch may also be helpful in
understanding the structure of Philippine government.
We have a presidential form of government in the Philippines. The president
ofthe Philippines is the center of power, the head of both government and state
(Defensor Santiago 2002). This also means that he/she is not constrained by both
the judicial and legislative branch in the performance of his/her duties as the
country's chief executive (Watson in Ramirez 1969). The executive power vested
upon the president and the executive branch basically means "the power to enforce
and administer the laws" (Ramirez 1969).
To qualify as a candidate for presidency, a person must be:
1. a natural-born Filipino citizen;
2. a registered voter;
3. able to read and write;
4. at least forty (40) years of age on the day of the election, and
5. a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding
suchelection.
The same qualifications apply to the vice-president. The president and the
vice-president are elected through direct voting by the majority of the voters and will
begintheir six-year term on the 30th day of June following the day of the election.
The president cannot run for re-election for the said office again unless that person
who served as president only held office for four years or less. In case of death,
permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation by the president, the
following line ofsuccession is observed until the position of president is filled up:
vice-president, Senate President, and Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Aside from the executive power, there are other major powers held by the
president. The first major power is the power of appointment provided in Section
16, Article VII of the Constitution. The president can appoint the heads of executive
departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, officers of the armed
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forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose
appointments are vested in him/her by the Constitution.
The second major power is administrative power, as stated in Section 17,
Article VII. The president shall have control of all the executive departments,
bureaus, and offices. He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.
The third major power is the military power for being the commander-in-chief
of all the armed forces in the Philippines under Section 18, Article VII. Along with
this power is the power to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus and to
place the country or any part of the Philippines under martial law in cases of invasion
or rebellion or when public safety requires it. The president is given 48 hours from
the proclamation of martial law to submit a report regarding such proclamation to
theCongress which will then decide if the proclamation be revoked or suspended.
The president has also the power to grant pardons and amnesty. Pardon is the
power to release a wrongdoer from punishment after conviction. Amnesty is a pardon
extended to a group of persons and abolished the offense before or after conviction.
Other powers of the president include: the power to contract or guarantee
foreign loans on behalf of the Republic subject to prior concurrence of the Monetary
Board and subject to limitations as may be provided by law; the power to sign a treaty
o international agreement provided that the validity and effectiveness of such treat
will be ratified first by at least two-thirds of all the members of the Senate; and the
power of the budget under Section 22, Article VII, where the president submits to
theCongress a budget of expenditures and sources of financing, including receipts
fromexisting and proposed revenue measure.
The president exercises a lot of powers, but he/she should be reminded that
the true power rests in the people and that the Office of the President, as well as the
other branches of the government, exists to serve the populace.
LESSON 9: FUNCTIONS OF LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
This lesson gives the functions of the legislative branch and the process of
making laws. The legislative branch of the government, where laws are enacted,
consists of the Senate (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower
house).
The legislative power of the government is vested upon the Congress of the
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Philippines in accordance with the 1987 Constitution. The Congress is divided into
two chambers: the House of Representatives (lower house) and the Senate of the
Philippines (upper house).
The Senate of the Philippines is composed of 24 senators elected at large while
the House of Representatives is composed of not more than 250 members, 20% of
which is composed of party-list representatives. A qualified candidate for both the
Senate and the House of Representatives must be a natural-born citizen of the
Philippines, able to read and write, and a registered voter. The difference is that the
Senate requires that the person must be at least 35 years old and a resident of the
Philippines for not less than two years before election day. On the other hand, a
candidate for the House needs to be at least 25 years old and a resident of the
Philippines for at least one year in the district where he/she will be elected (except
for party-list representatives).
The term of office for the elected senators and representatives starts at noon
ofthe 30th day of June following their election. The senators will serve for six years
and shall not serve for more than two consecutive terms. The representatives, also
known as congressmen/women, will serve for three years and shall not hold office
for more than three consecutive terms. In case of vacancy in the Congress, under
Section 9 of Article VI, a special election may be called to fill such vacancy in the
manner prescribed by law, but the senator or Member of the House of Representatives
thus elected shall serve only for the unexpired term.
The primary function of the legislative branch is the creation, enactment, and
amendments of laws. Proposed laws may come from the senators or representatives
themselves, the people they represent (district, province, or the party), or the other
two branches of the government. These proposals are drafted into a bill.
A bill is a draft of law presented to legislation for enactment, by the approval
by Congress and the president of the Republic.
The basic process for the creation or amendment of a law begins with a bill
drafted by a senator or representative and filed for the first reading. The first reading
is where the Senate President or the Speaker of the House reads out the title, bill
number, and author's name, and then assigns the bill to the proper Senate or House
Committee.
The author(s) or the concerned committee will send out an invitation to various
concerned parties, agencies, and stakeholders for a public hearing of the bill to
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review the proposed bill and give their comments during the deliberations. The
concerned committee can hold a technical working group meeting for specific
changes to the provisions such as proper concepts, correction of grammar, and
deletion or addition of certain phrases or words.
After the approval of the bill by the committee members, a committee report
isthen filed with its approved version of the bill to the Committee on Rules for the
second reading. In the second reading, the author of the bill or the chairperson of
the committee delivers a sponsorship speech. It is followed by a period of
interpellationwherein other senators or representatives may debate or ask further
questions to the sponsor of the bill. After the interpellation, the senators or
representatives may makesome amendments.
The representatives or the senators again vote for the passage of the bill on
second reading "As a general rule, a bill must pass both the Senate and the House"
(Defensor Santiago 2002). Note that two versions of a bill are processed
simultaneously in both chambers. The final version of the approved bill by both
chambers is then printed for approval. Or if there are disagreements between the
twochambers on the final version of the bill, a Bicameral Conference Committee is
created to make the necessary changes before printing out the final and reconciled
version of the bill. Another period of interpellation follows after which the senators
or the representatives vote for the third reading of the bill Upon the last reading of
abill, no amendment shall be allowed
Upon approval of the final version of the bill by both chambers, the Senate
President and the Speaker of the House shall sign the final copy now known as the
enrolled bill and send it to the president for approval and signature. The bill becomes
a law upon the signing of the president. In case of objection from the president, the
enrolled bill is vetoed and returned to the House where the bill is originated. If the
House of Representatives or the Senate still reconsiders the bill, at least two-thirds
ofall the members of the House shall vote for the bill to become a law. Failure by
the president to act on the enrolled bill within 30 days upon his or her receipt, the
bill becomes a law as if the president has signed it.
Other than a bill, each House can make resolutions. A resolution "conveys principles
and sentiments of the members of the Senate or the House of Representative." There
are three different types of resolutions:
1. Joint resolutions - require the approval of both chambers of Congress and the
signature of the president, and have the force and effect of a law if approved
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2. Concurrent resolutions - used for matters affecting the operations of both

chambers of Congress and must be approved in the same form by both houses,
but are not transmitted to the president for his/her signature and therefore have
no force and effect of a law.
3. Simple resolutions - deal with matters entirely within the prerogative of one
chamber of Congress, are not referred to the president for his/her signature and
therefore have no force and effect of a law.
LESSON 10: FUNCTIONS OF JUDICIAL BRANCH

The legislature makes the law, while the executive branch enforces it. On the
other hand, the judiciary or the judicial branch of the government gives the official
and legal interpretation of the law.
This is to avoid any confusion about the meaning or application of the law. This
lesson delves into the process by which legal issues are resolved. This gives the
students insights that will guide them in their decision-making not only on matters
regarding politics but also on everyday concerns.
As this lesson completes the series on the different branches of the government
the students can then evaluate the functions of each branch of government in
democratic setting.
The judicial branch of the government is the primary agency that handles
matters concerning the settlement of issues regarding the rights and interpretation
oflaw. The power of the judiciary rests on the Supreme Court and the lower courts,
which include the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, down to the Regional Trial
Court, the Metropolitan Trial Court, and Municipal Trial Court. The 1987
Constitution defines judicial power as follows:
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual
controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and
todetermine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to
lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the
Government.
This means that the judicial branch of the government not only rules on legal
Issues but also on the other two branches "whenever the court finds that the other
department has committed grave abuse of discretion" (Defensor Santiago 2002).

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Some of the functions of the Supreme Court under the 1987 Constitution are
asfollows:
1. The Supreme Court primarily handles the cases of ambassadors, other public
follows: ministers, and consuls.
2. Review, affirm, reverse, or amend the decision of lower courts on certain cases
that may concern the constitutionality or validity of international agreement and
presidential decrees, questionable decisions or processes of the lower courts,
cases which are punishable by lifetime imprisonment, error or question of law,
among others.
3. Appointments of judges, officials, and employees of the Judiciary.
4. Create and disseminate rules and procedures concerning the processes in legal
courts as well as the membership to the Bar.
The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate

Justices appointed by the president from a list of qualifiers from the screening process
done by the Judicial and Bar Council.
The Court of Appeals, the second highest tribunal or legal court in the country,
is composed of a Presiding Justice and sixty-nine Associate Justices who are
appointed by the president. Aside from having power on the issuance of certain legal
documents and orders, the Court of Appeals mainly receives, reviews, and resolves
appeals on decisions of Regional Trial Courts, as well as that of the Office of the
Ombudsman in cases wherein one of the parties is not satisfied with the decision.
Court of Tax Appeals, on the other hand, focuses on reviewing and resolving
appeals of decisions from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Commissioner
of Customs, Department of Finance, Department of Trade and Industry, and other
legalcourts concerning cases related to tax, tariffs, and other monetary obligations
to the government. The Court of Tax Appeals is composed of one Presiding Justice
and fiveAssociate Justices.
The Sandiganbayan has the following mandate:
SEC. 5. The Batasang Pambansa shall create a special court, to be known a
Sandiganbayan, which shall have jurisdiction over criminal and civil case Involving
graft and corrupt practices and such other offenses committed by public officers
andemployees, including those in government-owned or controlled corporations, in
relation to their office as may be determined by law. (Art. XI, 1973 Constitution)
SEC. 4. The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall

continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be
provided by law.(Art. XI, 1987 Constitution).
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Lower courts such as city and municipal courts have original jurisdiction over
cases such as, but not limited to, violations of municipal ordinances, gambling,
assault, estafa to a certain amount, malicious mischief, trespassing, and illegal
possession of firearms (Ramirez 1969). In order to further maintain objectivity in
thesystem, the judicial branch sometimes transfers one judge or even cases from one
city to another (Defensor-Santiago 2002). Section 15, Article VIII of the 1987
Constitution provided a timetable for the resolution of the cases brought to the
judiciary: two years for the Supreme Court, one year for the lower collegiate courts,
and three months for all other lower courts. In case the issue is not resolved within
those periods, a certification signed by the Chief Justice or presiding judge stating
why the case has not been resolved shall be issued and served to both parties. Section
15 [4] further goes on to say that:
Despite the expiration of the applicable mandatory period, the court, without
prejudice to such responsibility as may have been incurred in consequence thereof,
shall decide or resolve the case or matter submitted thereto for determination,
withoutfurther delay.
ACTIVITY 3
I. Complete the concept map below. Write the information or description of
the executive branch in the circles around the main concept. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
BRANCH
II. Write the 16 presidents of the Philippines in Chronological Order. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
ACTIVTY 4
Choose the correct word/phrase for each blank to complete the paragraph.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
The Congress of the Philippines is composed of the (Senate, Department of
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Justice) and the (Municipality, House of Representatives). The main function of the
Congress is to (make laws, interpret the existing laws). A (bill, resolution) is a draft
of law presented to a legislature for enactment. A (bill, resolution), on the other hand,
is presented to convey the sentiments of the Congress.
ACTIVITY 5
Identify the following. Rearrange the jumbled letters to come up with the
correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The court that handles graft and corruption cases of government
employees. (NASANYDIABNGA)
2. This person appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
(TEENSIRPD)
3. This court handles the appointment of judges to various lower courts.
(PERMESU TURCO)
4. This court reviews decisions and orders of the Regional Trial Courts.
(TURCO FO PAEPALS)
5. The establishment or determination of rights according to the rules of law,which
the judicial branch tries to provide the people. (SICEUJT)
REFERENCES
Philippine Politics and
Governance First Edition
ISBN 978-971-23-7890-4
Published and
Distributed 856
Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St.
Manila, Philippines
Philippine Politics and Government

Copyright © 2012 by Julie C. Lomibao, Randolf C.
Dinglasan,Farland D. Valera, and Joanne E. Rivera
ISBN 978-971-95438-4-8
Published by: IPM Publishing Culiat, Tandang Sora Quezon City
ipm_pub@yahoo.com
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ARCHDIOCESE OF LINGAYEN-DAGUPAN CATHOLIC SCHOOLS

URBIZTONDO CATHOLIC SCHOOL, INC.

GEMARD JEM P. GEÑEBRE

JOE ANN V. DADUYA

KIM ABIGAIL S. CAMACHO

LESSON 1: POLITICS, GOVERNANCE, AND

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

While politics deals with power in society in general, governance

bureaucratic authority, where power is legitimized by legally enacted rules and

IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

INDICATORS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

LESSON 2 CLASSICAL AND POLITICAL

through a slow and gradual process. According to Sen. Defensor-Santiago (2002),

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

Learning about political ideologies is advantageous in understanding certain

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

LESSON 3: NATURE, FORMS AND

LESSON 4: STATE AND NATION IN THE

HOW STATES ARE DEVELOPED

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

NATION versus STATE

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF STATES

LESSON 5: FORMS OF GOVERNMENT

1.1 ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

B. ACCORDING TO CENTER OF OPERATION

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

Lessons and Coverage

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

LESSON 6: POLITICS IN THE PRE-SPANISH TO SPANISH PERIOD

George A Malcolm who once served as an associate justice of the Supreme

General, he served as the commander-in-chief of the Spanish armed forces in the

In August 1897, the Republic of Biak-na-Bato began to negotiate for

THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

Under the Commonwealth Government, executive power was exercised by

Commonwealth Government came under the leadership of President Sergio

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

LESSON 7: DEMOCRACY IN THE PHILIPPINES

revolutionaryto a civil and democratic one.

5. The Spanish term that refers to the provincial level of administration.

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

LESSON 8: FUNCTIONS OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH

LESSON 9: FUNCTIONS OF LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

2. Concurrent resolutions - used for matters affecting the operations of both

LESSON 10: FUNCTIONS OF JUDICIAL BRANCH

SUBJECT: PHILIPPINE POLOTICS AND GOVERNANCE

The Supreme Court is composed of a Chief Justice and fourteen Associate

SEC. 4. The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall

Philippine Politics and Government

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