POWER ELECTRONICS 2

Exercice coté du 12 décembre 2019

Consider a 6-kW rated adjustable-speed induction motor (IM) drive system consisting of two power
conversion stages, namely:
- A three-phase diode bridge rectifier (converter 1) connected to the 50-Hz grid of nominally
230 V rms (line-to-line). The ac-side inductance Ls is equal to 0.6 mH.
- A 95 %-efficiency three-phase dc-ac converter (converter 2) controlled by a PWM in the linear
range and supplying the IM through an ac filter inductor Lf of 4 mH.
A battery pack is also connected to the dc bus through a dc-dc converter (converter 3), which is
operated as a step-down (step-up) converter in continuous-conduction mode during charging
(discharging) sequences. The filter inductor L is equal to 1 mH. Moreover, the switching frequency of
that converter is 10 kHz.
The switch S is supposed to be normally closed, i.e. the power is transferred from the grid to the load
(and possibly to the battery pack). In case of a grid power outage, S is open and the IM is supplied
from the back-up battery only.
The following data are also provided:
- The voltage of the battery pack is within the range 190 V (when the battery is low) and 205 V
(when it is fully charged).
- The maximum charging/discharging power of the dc-dc converter is 3 kW.
- The IM is represented as a star-connected balanced active load (r  0, L = 6 mH + sinusoidal
back-e.m.f. in each phase). The three-phase stator current is assumed to be sinusoidal, due to
the large inductance value, at the fundamental-frequency f1 = 40 Hz. The frequency
modulation ratio of the PWM inverter (converter 2) is equal to 105.
Note that the phase voltage Vmot at the IM terminals is selected here as the reference phasor (i.e.
the phasor with a phase equal to zero).

Converter 1 Converter 2
Id
Grid IM at 40 Hz
50 Hz
Ls S 3 3 Lf
Ld
230 V rms C
(line-to-line) Vmot
Vbus
Converter 3
L
dc
Battery pack
(190 V - 205 V)
dc
In a first approach, the voltages and currents across/through all the filtering elements are assumed to
be perfectly smoothed. Moreover, if not specified explicitly, the efficiency of the power converters is
supposed to be very high.
Assuming that the load consumes 4.5 kW of electrical power from the dc bus (motor operation at
around 75% of the rated power) and the battery pack recharges at half its maximum power:
a) Calculate the average rectified voltage and the commutation angle of the diodes inside the
converter 1.
b) Calculate the fundamental-frequency phase voltage across the motor terminals and the line
current absorbed by the machine, both in magnitude and argument, if the IM (fundamental)
power factor is equal to 0.9. To that end, the back-e.m.f. of the IM can be assumed to be in
phase with the current. Then, obtain the time expression of the control (modulating) signal
applied to the PWM inverter for the phase b (the amplitude of the carrier signal being equal
to 15 V).
c) Calculate the total conduction and switching power losses in the switches of the PWM inverter
over one fundamental cycle, given the characteristics provided below (considering Tj = 150°C
and VGE = 15 V) and linearized around the rated switch current (IGBTs 600V/50A have been
chosen).
Then, a grid power outage is being considered (the switch S is thus open) during which the back-up
battery pack provides energy to the load to ensure continuity in the IM operation.
Considering that the battery pack discharges at its maximum power and that the dc bus voltage is kept
constant at 310 V (by controlling appropriately the duty cycle of the dc-dc converter):
d) Determine the minimum required voltage and current ratings of the active transistor of the
dc-dc converter, first without and then taking into account the ripple in the battery current
(i.e. the ripple in the current flowing through the inductor L).
e) Next, relaxing the assumption of a perfectly smoothed voltage across the filter capacitor,
obtain the minimum capacitance value of the capacitor C required to maintain the relative
peak-to-peak ripple in the voltage across the element less than 1% (when the battery pack is
fully charged). To that end, the load of the dc-dc converter can be modeled as an equivalent
resistance.