Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) was a

German philosopher who is the main figure in

modern philosophy.
- Immanuel Kant emphasis on the
significance of the duty aspects rather than
consequences of action.

- Kants deontology enlightens the concept

of categorical imperative.
- can't synthesized early modern
rationalism and empiricism.
- argued that the human understanding is a
source of general laws of nature and that the
human reasons used itself the moral law which
is our basis for belief in God, freedom and
immortality.
- Kantian ethics are a set of Universal
moral principles that apply to all human
beings regardless of Concept or situation.
 - There are many important concepts in
Kantian ethics:
> Goodwill, absolute goods and relative
ethics.
> Duty for duty sake, type of Duty.
> Hypothetical imperative and
categorical imperative.

KANTS`S CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

The categorical imperative is the central

philosophy concept in deontology moral
philosophy of Immanuel Kant. It was
introduced in Kant’s 1785 groundwork of
metaphysics of morals; it may be defined as a
way evaluating motivation for actions.
:-) Kant defines an imperative, any
proposition declaring a certain action to be
necessary. He said that an imperative is
something that a person must do. For example
if a person want to stop being thirsty, it is
imperative they have a drink. Kant said an
imperative is `categorical` when it is true at all
time and in all situations. Let us take an
example if someone is saying that `Honesty is
the best policy`. This proposition is a
categorical imperative because of old person is
honest, it is beneficial for humanity and this is
true in all condition and situations.
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE is our
moral obligation that they need to be followed
irrespective of whatever the situation is.
Another Way of saying that is that unethical
person follows a `universal law` regardless of
their situation. Kant explained his idea about f
following the categorical directive by
introducing one more idea he called a
`maximum`. A maxim is another way of
saying that what we want to do and why we
want to do it in one sentence. We can learn
ethical maxims by applying the test of
categorical imperative and he said we can live
ethical life if we use this maximum whenever
we make a decision.
:-FIRST EXPRESSION OF
CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE
First expression
is' act in a way that the rule for your action
could be universalised'. A Moral maxim must
imply absolute necessity, which is to say that
is must be disconnected from the particular
physical details surrounding the population
and could be applied to any rational being this
lead to the first formulation of categorical
imperative sometime called the principle of
universalization.
There are two types of duties:
1) Perfect duty: According you Kant
reasoning the first have duty not to buy
Maxim that result in logical contradiction
when we attempt to universalized them. The
moral proposition A ' it is permissible to steal
would result in upon universalization. The
notion of stealing presupposes the existence
personal property but was universalized, then
there would be no personal property and so the
proposition has logically negated itself.
2) Imperfect duty: We have imperfect
duties which allow for desire in how they are
carried out in practice. Because these depend
someone on the subjective preferences of
humankind, this duty is not as strong as a
perfect duty, but it still morally binding. Add
such, unlike perfect duties you do not attract
blame should not complete an imperfect duty
but shall receive phrase for it student as you
have gone beyond the basic duties and taken
duty upon yourself. Imperfect duties are
circumstantial, meaning simply that you could
not reasonably exist constant state of
performing that duty. Imperfect duties are
those duties that never truly completed.