evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

BDwbU
9 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡`i MVb

cvV-1: evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡`i MVb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡`i MVb cÖYvjx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxq msm‡`i †gqv` I m`m¨ msL¨v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxq msm` evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’vi †K›`ªwe›`y| RvZxq msm` †Kej AvBb cÖYq‡bi †K›`ª¯’j bq; gš¿xiv RvZxq
msm‡`i m`m¨ nIqvq Zv kvmb e¨e¯’vi m‡½I mivmwi hy³| msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k GK K¶ wewkó AvBb
cwil` (Unicameral) i‡q‡Q|| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Abyhvqx GB AvBb cwil`B RvZxq msm`| RvZxq msm`
wbe©vwPZ msm` m`m¨‡`i Kj¨v‡b AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î Kvh©Z mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix| msweav‡bi 65 (1) aviv
Abyhvqx, RvZxq msm` bv‡g evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU msm` _vK‡e Ges msweav‡bi weavbejx mv‡c‡¶ cÖRvZ‡š¿i AvBb
cÖYq‡bi ¶gZv G msm‡`i Dci b¨v¯Í| Z‡e RvZxq msm‡`i †h †Kvb AvBb gvbevwaKvi cwicš’x I msweav‡bi m‡½
mvsNwl©K n‡j wePvi wefvM Zv evwZj Ki‡Z cv‡i|

RvZxq msm‡`i MVb

1972 mv‡ji g~j msweavb Abyhvqx RvZxq msm` 315 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ n‡Zv| Gi g‡a¨ 300 Rb cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i
†fv‡U cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| evwK 15 Rb msm` m`m¨‡`i †fv‡U ev c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g
wbe©vwPZ n‡Zv| c‡i msweavb ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g msiw¶Z gwnjv Avmb 30 Kiv nq| G 30 Rb gwnjv m`m¨ msm`
m`m¨‡`i †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| msm‡`i Kvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ msm` m`m¨‡`i †fv‡U GKRb w¯úKvi I GKRb
†WcywU w¯úKvi wbev©wPZ nb| PZz`©k ms‡kvabx‡Z gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ 45wU Avmb msi¶Y Kiv n‡q‡Q| msm‡`
cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ msL¨vbycv‡Z G Avmb ew›UZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j RvZxq msm‡`i Avmb msL¨v
eZ©gv‡b 350| cÖavbgš¿x msm‡`i †bZv ev †bÎx wn‡m‡e MY¨ nb|| RvZxq msm‡`i Kvh©Kvj 5 eQi| Aek¨ G
Kvh©Kv‡ji Av‡MB ivóªcwZ RvZxq msm` †f‡O w`‡Z cv‡ib cÖavbgš¿xi Aby‡iva (civgk©) mv‡c‡¶| RvZxq msm‡`i
MVb cÖYvjx m¤ú‡K© msweav‡bi 66 (1) Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, GKK wbev©Pbx GjvKv †_‡K RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶
†fvUvwaKvi gva¨‡g AvBb Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ 300 Rb m`m¨ Ges GB Aby‡”Q‡`i (3) `dvq ewY©Z weavb †gvZv‡eK
wbe©vwPZ gwnjv m`m¨‡`i mgš^‡q RvZxq cwil` ev msm` MwVZ n‡e| Gi m`m¨MY msm` m`m¨ e‡j AwfwnZ
n‡eb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.1

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` Kxfv‡e MwVZ nq Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-139
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2: msm` m`m¨‡`i †hvM¨Zv-A‡hvM¨Zv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

msm` m`m¨‡`i †hvM¨Zv-A‡hvM¨Zv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cv‡eb|

msm` m`m¨‡`i Avmb k~b¨ nevi KviY ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
msweav‡bi 62 (1), (2), (3), (4) msm` m`m¨‡`i †hvM¨Zv-A‡hvM¨Zv m¤ú‡K© my¯úó fv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q|
†hvM¨Zv t †Kvb e¨w³ msm` wbe©vwPZ nevi †hvM¨e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡eb hw` wZwb wb‡¤œ ewY©Z †hvM¨Zvi AwaKvix nb-
cÖ_gZ t Zv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e|
wØZxqZ t Zvui eqm Kgc‡¶ 25 eQi n‡Z n‡e|
A‡hvM¨Zv
†Kvb e¨w³ RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nevi †hvM¨ n‡eb bv hw` wZwb-
(1) hw` wZwb FY †Ljvcx nb|
(2) evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb Av`vjZ KZ©„K AcÖK…wZ¯’ †NvwlZ nb|
(3) ‡`Dwjqv e‡j †NvwlZ nevi ci `vq n‡Z Ae¨vnwZ jvf bv K‡i _v‡Kb|
(4) ‡Kvb we‡`kx iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡ib|
(5) ‡Kvb ˆbwZK öjbRwbZ ‡dŠR`vix Aciv‡a †`vlx mve¯Í n‡q Ab~¨b 2 eQi Kviv`‡Û `wÛZ nb Ges Zvui
gyw³ jv‡fi ci 5 eQi AwZevwnZ bv K‡i _v‡Kb|
(6) cÖRvZ‡š¿i †Kvb jvfRbK c‡` AwawôZ _v‡Kb|
(7) ‡Kvb AvB‡bi Øviv wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ A‡hvM¨ nb| [Aby‡”Q` 66 (2)]
†Kvb msm` m`‡m¨i m`m¨ c` m¤ú‡K© †Kvb weZK© we‡klZ †hvM¨Zv wb‡q cÖkœ DÌvwcZ n‡j welqwUi ïbvwb I
wb¤úwËi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi wbKU †cÖwiZ n‡e| Abyiƒc †¶‡Î Kwgk‡bi wm×všÍB P~ovšÍ| [Aby‡”Q` 66 (4)]|
msm` m`m¨‡`i Avmb k~b¨ nevi KviY
`j cwieZ©b bv Ki‡j †Kvb e¨w³ msm` m`m¨c‡` GKevi wbe©vwPZ n‡j msm‡`i Avqy¯‹vj Abyhvqx cvuP eQi msm`
m`m¨ _vK‡Z cvi‡eb| A_v©r msm‡`i Kvh©Kv‡ji c~‡e© hw` msm` bv †f‡½ hvq Zv n‡j wZwb msm` m`m¨c‡` envj
_vK‡Z cvi‡eb| wKš‘ wbgœwjwLZ KviY¸‡jvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z †h †Kvb mgq Zvui msm` m`m¨c` k~b¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ
n‡Z cv‡i-
(1) hw` msm‡`i cÖ_g ˆeV‡Ki ZvwiL n‡Z 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ kc_ MÖnY bv K‡ib| Zvn‡j Zvui msm` m`m¨c` k~b¨
n‡e| Z‡e ¯úxKvi h_vh_ Kvi‡Y mgqmxgv ewa©Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
(2) hw` wZwb msm‡`i AbygwZ bv wb‡q GKvw`µ‡g 90 ˆeVK w`em Abycw¯’Z _v‡Kb|
(3) msm` hw` †f‡½ hvq Zvn‡j msm‡`i mKj Avmb k~b¨ n‡e|
(4) msweav‡bi †Kvb aviv g‡Z wZwb hw` A‡hvM¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ nb Zvn‡j Zvui msm` m`m¨c` k~b¨ n‡e|
(5) msweav‡bi 70 Aby‡”Q` g‡Z, †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖv_©xiƒ‡c wbe©vwPZ nevi ci cieZx©Kv‡j wZwb hw` D³
ivR‰bwZK `j n‡Z c`Z¨vM K‡ib A_ev msm‡` Zvi ¯^xq `‡ji wec‡¶ †fvU cÖ`vb K‡ib Zvn‡j Zvui msm`
m`m¨c` k~b¨ n‡e|
(6) ‡¯^”Qvq c`Z¨vM cÎ ¯úxKvi A_ev ‡WcywU ¯úxKv‡ii wbKU †ck Ki‡j|
(7) wZwb hw` GKvwaK Avm‡b wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb Zvn‡j wbe©vP‡bi ci 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wZwb †Kvb& GjvKvi
(GKwU) cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡eb Zv wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡eb| Giƒc †¶‡Î wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K Rvbv‡bvi ci
Zvui mywbw`©ó Avmb Qvov Zvui wbe©vwPZ evwK Avmb¸‡jv k~b¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.2

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. msweav‡bi wewfbœ aviv D‡jøL c~e©K msm` m`m¨‡`i †hvM¨Zv-A‡hvM¨Zv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. msm` m`m¨‡`i Avmb k~b¨ nevi KviY eY©bv Kiyb|

BDwbU-9 c„ôvÑ140
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

cvV-3: RvZxq msm‡`i ¶gZv I Kvh©ejx

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

RvZxq msm‡`i ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

RvZxq msm` m‡e©v”P ivóª¶gvZi AwavKix| GwU evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’vi gyLcvÎ| msm`xq kvmbe¨e¯’vq
AvBbmfvi cÖvavb¨ ¯^xK…Z| AvBbmfv mve©‡fŠg| AvBbmfvi wbKU kvmb wefvM `vqx bv _vK‡j Zv‡K msm`xq
miKvi ejv hvq bv| Øv`k ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g eZ©gvb msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j
RvZxq msm‡`i ¶gZv I Kvh©vejxi ¸iyZ¡ e„w× ‡c‡q‡Q|
RvZxq msm‡`i Kvh©vewj‡K cÖavbZ QqwU cÖavb fv‡M wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i: 1. AvBb cÖYqb; 2. miKv‡ii Znwej
wbqš¿Y; 3. kvmb wefvM wbqš¿Y; 4. wePvi wefvM msµvšÍ ¶gZv; 5. wbe©vPbx Kvh©; Ges 6. msweavb msµvš—
¶gZv|
1| AvBb cÖYqb: evsjv‡`‡k AvBb cÖYqb ¶gZv RvZxq msm‡`i nv‡Z b¨¯Í [Aby‡”Q`: 65 (1)]| msweav‡bi
weavbvejx mv‡c‡¶ GwU †h †Kv‡bv bZzb AvBb cÖYqb Ges cÖewjZ AvB‡bi i`e`j Ki‡Z cv‡i| msm` AvBb
cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv ms¯’v ev KZ©„c¶‡K Av‡`g cÖ`vb, wewa-Dcwewa I cÖweavb cÖYq‡bi &lgvZv `vb Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb| D‡jøL¨ †h, cªvq mKj wej gš¿x‡`i ZË¡veav‡b iwPZ nq Ges Zviv GwU msm‡` DÌvcb K‡ib| msm‡`i
gwš¿mfvi msL¨vMwiôZv _vKvi d‡j GwU mn‡RB M„nxZ nq| e¯‘Z gwš¿mfvB AvBb cÖYq‡bi KZ©v| msm` GwU
Aby‡gv`b K‡ib gvÎ|
2| miKvwi Znwej wbqš¿Yt RvZxq msm` RvZxq Znwe‡ji AwffveK| msm‡`i AbygwZ I KZ©„Z¡ e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv
cÖvKi Ki Av‡ivc ev msMÖn Kiv hv‡e bv (Aby‡”Q`: 83)| miKvi cÖwZ eQi Avq-e¨‡qi AbywgZ wnmve msewjZ
GKwU ev‡RU msm‡` Dc¯’vwcZ Ki‡eb [Aby‡”Q` 87 (1)]| ev‡RU mshy³ Znwe‡ji Ici avh© e¨qmg~n msm‡`
Av‡jvwPZ n‡e, wKš‘ Gi Ici †fvU MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv [Aby‡”Q` 89 (11)]|
Giƒc e¨q¸‡jv n‡jv ivóªcwZ, w¯úKvi, †WcywU w¯úKvi, mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePviK, gnv-wnmve wbqš¿K, Kg©Kwgk‡bi
mfvcwZ I m`m¨e„›`, GUwb© †Rbv‡ij, wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi I Kg©Pvixe„›`, miKv‡ii Avw_©K FY, my`, Av`vjZ KZ©„K
Av‡ivwcZ e¨q BZ¨vw`| Ab¨vb¨ welq m¤úwK©Z e¨q gÄywi `vwei AvKv‡i msm‡` Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e Ges msm` Giƒc
gÄywi `vwe Aby‡gv`b wKsev cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e ev G‡Z wba©vwiZ A_© n«vm Ki‡Z cvi‡e [Aby‡”Q` 89 (2)]| wKš‘
ivóªcwZi mycvwik e¨ZxZ A_© e¨q msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv wej ev gÄywi `vwe msm‡` DÌvcb Kiv hvq bv [Aby‡”Q` 89 (3)]|
3| kvmbmsµvš— ¶gZv ev kvmb wefvM wbqš¿Yt RvZxq msm` mve©‡fŠg cvj©v‡g›U| msm`xq e¨e¯’vq AvBbmfvi
cÖvavb¨ me©Î ¯^xK…Z| myZivs RvZxq msm‡`i Ab¨Zg KvR n‡jv wbe©vnx wefvM Z_v gwš¿mfv‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv| GLv‡b
gwš¿mfv †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡`i wbKU `vqx _v‡K [Aby‡”Q` 55(3)]| gwš¿mfv hZ¶Y ch©šÍ msm‡`i Av¯’v †fvM Ki‡eb,
ZZ¶Y ch©š— ¶gvq AwawôZ _vK‡eb| msm‡` m`m¨MY cÖkœ wRÁvmv I wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖ¯Íve DÌvc‡bi gva¨‡g
miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡Kb| msm‡` msL¨vMwiô m`‡m¨i mg_©b nviv‡j gwš¿mfv‡K c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq|
msm‡`i cÖavb KvR n‡jv miKv‡ii bxwZ I Kvh©Kjv‡ci mgv‡jvPbv Kiv|
miKvwi Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM I eiLv¯Í, Pzw³ m¤úv`b BZ¨vw` kvmb msµvšÍ Kv‡R msm‡`i Aby‡gv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
Z‡e msm‡`i m¤§wZ e¨ZxZ wbe©vnx wefvM hy× †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv wKsev evsjv‡`k †Kv‡bv hy‡× AskMÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv [Aby‡”Q` 63 (1)]|
msm` gyjZwe cÖ¯Íve, wb›`v cÖ¯Íve, cÖkœ wRÁvmv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖ¯—v‡ei Øviv kvmb wefv‡Mi Ici wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc K‡i|
4| wePvimsµvšÍ ¶gZvt iv‡óªi wePvi ¶gZv mywcÖg †KvU© I Ab¨vb¨ Av`vj‡Zi Ici b¨¯Í| mvaviYZ wePvi Kvh©
ej‡Z hv †evSvq, msm‡`i †miƒc †Kv‡bv Kvh© †bB| Z‡e wePviK‡`i Acmvi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i msm‡`i ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv
i‡q‡Q| msm‡` `yB-Z…Zxqvsk †fv‡U M„nxZ cÖ¯Íveµ‡g ivóªcwZ mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i †Kv‡bv wePviK‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib [ Aby‡”P` 96(2)]|
mvsweavwbK avive‡j RvZxq msm` Gi m`m¨‡`i AvPiY wePvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Giƒc †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv m`‡m¨i
Am`vPi‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡K msm` K¶ †_‡K ‡ei K‡i w`‡Z wKsev fwel¨‡Z Abyiƒc AvPiY bv Kivi Rb¨ mZK© K‡i
w`‡Z cv‡ib|
BDwbU-9 c„ôv-141
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

RvZxq msm` ivóªcwZi AvPi‡Yi wePvi K‡i Awfksmb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| A_©vr msweavb j•Nb, ¸iyZi Aciva, ˆ`wnK
I gvbwmK Amy¯’Zv Ges A¶gZvi Kvi‡Y msm` Awfksm‡bi (Impeachment) gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| msm` msL¨vMwiô †fvU †Kv‡bv Aciv‡ai Kvi‡Y w¯úKvi, †WUzwU w¯úKvi I b¨vqcvj‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Gfv‡e RvZxq msm` wfbœ Avw½‡K wePvi msµvšÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¶gZv I KvR cwiPvjbv K‡i|
5| wbe©vPbx Kvh©t msm`xq e¨e¯’vq RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb msµvšÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¶gZvi AwaKvix| ivóªcÖavb, cÖavbgš¿x,
gwš¿cwil‡`i, m`m¨e„›`, w¤úKvi, ‡WcywU w¯úKvi, b¨vqcvj, msiw¶Z 50wU Avm‡b gwnjv wb‡qvM cÖf„wZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
c‡`i wbe©vPbx ¶gZv RvZxq msm‡`i Dci b¨¯Í| GQvov msm‡`i wewfbœ KwgwU wbe©vPb RvZxq msm‡`i Ab¨Zg
wbe©vPbx KvR|
6| Aa¨v‡`k msµvšÍ ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj (Ordinance making powers and functions)t msm` Awa‡ekb bv _vK‡j
ivóªcwZ †h mKj Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi Ki‡eb †m¸‡jv wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ msm‡` †ck Ki‡Z n‡e| msm‡` G mKj
Aa¨v‡`k Aby‡gvw`Z n‡j Zv AvB‡b cwiYZ n‡e| msm` KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z bv n‡j G mKj Aa¨v‡`‡ki Kvh©KvwiZv
†jvc cv‡e|
7| mvgwiK msµvšÍ ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj (Militry Powers and Functions) t RvZxq msm` mvgwiK ¶gZvI †fvM
K‡i| cÖwZi¶v evwnbxmg~‡ni msi¶Y Ges G¸‡jv‡Z †jvK fwZ© I Kwgkb gÄyix BZ¨vw` welq msm‡`i AvB‡bi
ØvivB wbqwš¿Z nq| msm‡`i m¤§wZ Qvov †Kvb hy× †NvlYv Kiv hvq bv ev †`k †Kvb hy‡× AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
ˆe‡`wkK AvµgY NU‡j ev Avµg‡Yi Avk¼v †`Lv w`‡j msm` Awa‡ek‡b ev _vK‡j G‡K AbwZwej‡¤^ AvnŸvb
Kivi weavb i‡q‡Q| hy× ev mk¯¿ we‡`ªv‡ni mgq RbwbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ msm` †h †Kvb AvBb ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
mvi ms‡¶c
AvBb wefvM Z_v RvZxq msm` †`‡k bZzb AvBb I wewa cÖYq‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Kv‡RB miKvix Zvnwej
wbqš¿b AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv, gš¿xmfv wbqš¿‡b RvZxq msm` ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.3

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. RvZxq msm‡`i ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. RvZxq msm‡`i AvBb, kvmb I wePvi msµvšÍ ¶gZv eb©bv Kiyb|

BDwbU-9 c„ôvÑ142
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

cvV-4: msm‡`i AvBb cÖYqb c×wZ I KwgwU e¨e¯’vcbv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

RvZxq msm‡`i AvBb cÖYqb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

miKvix I †emiKvix wej m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvBb cÖYqb I ms¯‹vi RvZxq msm‡`i cÖavb KvR| Z‡e †mme AvBb Aek¨B RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶v, `vwe
Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e| e¯‘Z Rbwew”Qbœ †Kvb AvBbB `xN©¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡i bv| P~ovšÍ wePv‡i RvZxq msm` mw¤§wjZfv‡e
†fvUvfywUi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| Z‡e msm‡`i cwiKíbv †mj mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© †QvU †QvU ¯’vqx-A¯’vqx KwgwU
¸‡jv| g~jZ †h †Kvb Bmy¨‡Z Gme KwgwUB Lmov AvBb ev cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zix K‡i| cieZx©‡Z Lye Aí mg‡qi Rb¨
msm‡` Av‡jvPbv nq| hv †nvK, AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î msm`‡K wKQz wbw`©ó c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœ Zv
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
AvBb cÖYq‡bi c×wZ
AvBb cªYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ RvZxq msm‡` DÌvwcZ AvB‡bi Lmov‡K (P‚ovšÍ bq) wej ejv nq| wej `yÕ cÖKvi (K)
miKvix wej I (L) †emiKvix wej|
miKvix wej
gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡cÖvß gš¿x hLb †Kvb cÖ¯Íve ev Lmov RvZxq msm‡` †ck K‡ib, ZLb Zv miKvix wej e‡j AwfwnZ
nq| miKvix wej msm‡` DÌvwcZ nevi Av‡MB miKvix †M‡R‡U cÖKvwkZ nq|
†emiKvix wej
msm‡`i †h †Kvb m`m¨ (miKvix, we‡ivax`jxq ev ¯^Zš¿) hLb †Kvb wej DÌvcb K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K †emiKvix wej
e‡j| †emiKvix wej DÌvc‡bi Av‡M Aek¨B we‡ji cÖwZwjwc msm‡`i ¯úxKv‡ii wbKU †bvwUkmn cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
AZci wejwU msm‡` DÌvc‡bi AbygwZ PvIqv nq| Gici cÖ¯ÍvewUi c‡¶-wec‡¶ gZvgZ w`‡Z msm‡` (†fv‡Ui
Rb¨) cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q| cÖ¯ÍvewU msL¨vMwi‡ôi m¤§wZ †c‡j Zv †M‡RU AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq|
e¯‘Z msm‡` AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î cvuPwU avc AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv- (1) wej DÌvcb (2) cÖ_g cvV-
(2) wØZxq cvV (3) KwgwU ch©vq (5) Z…Zxq cvV (6) ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ|
wb‡gœ Gme c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
wej DÌvcb
gš¿x ev msm` m`m¨ KZ©„K wej DÌvcb Ki‡Z n‡q| miKvix wej DÌvc‡bi Rb¨ 7w`b Ges †emiKvix wej
DÌvc‡bi Rb¨ 15 w`‡bi †bvwUk cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
cÖ_g cvV
gš¿x KZ©„K DÌvwcZ miKvix we‡ji cÖ¯Íve ‡M‡R‡U cÖKvwkZ nevi ci Ges †emiKvix we‡ji cÖ¯vÍ e msm‡` †c‡ki
AbygwZ cvevi ci cÖ¯ÍveK Lmov wejwU msm‡` †ck K‡ib| Gici wZwb Lmov wejwU msm‡` cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv cwVZ
†nvK e‡j cÖ¯Íve iv‡Lb| Gfv‡e we‡ji cÖ_g cvV ïiy nq|
Lmov wejwU cÖ_gevi cvV Kivi ci cÖ¯ÍveK wejwU wØZxqevi cvV Kiv †nvK ev Lmov wejwU we‡ePbv Kivi Rb¨ ¯’vqx
KwgwU‡Z ‡cÖiY Kiv †nvK ev wm‡j± KwgwUi wbKU †cÖiY Kiv †nvK ev RbgZ hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ Rbmg‡¶ cÖPvi Kiv
†nvK e‡j msm‡`i wbKU cÖ¯Íve iv‡Lb| msm` m`m¨iv G mgq cÖ¯ÍvweZ Lmov wejwUi bxwZ I mvaviY ‰ewkó¨ wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Av‡jvPbvi ci msm` KZ©„K wejwU bxwZMZfv‡e M„nxZ n‡j wm‡j± KwgwU ev ¯’vqx KwgwU‡Z †cÖiY
Kiv nq| KwgwU G mgq wePvi-we‡kølYc~e©K wejwUi g~jbxwZ I D‡Ï‡k¨i cwieZ©b mvab bv K‡i cÖ‡qRbxq
ms‡kva‡bi mycvwik †i‡L msm‡` †cªiY K‡ib|

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-143
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

wØZxq cvV
Lmov wejwU m¤ú‡K© KwgwU KZ©„K wePvi-we‡ePbvcÖm~Z wi‡cvU© cÖewZ©Z I Zv msm‡` †cÖi‡Yi ci cÖ¯ÍveK Lmov wejwU
we‡ePbv Kivi Rb¨ msm‡`i wbKU wejwU wØZxqevi cv‡Vi Aby‡iva Rvbv‡eb| cÖ¯ÍveK KZ©„K wejwU wØZxqevi cv‡Vi
ci msm` wejwUi mKj aviv-Dcaviv wb‡q e¨vcKfv‡e Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e| `iKvi n‡j msm` m`m¨iv Gmgq
wejwUi cª‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabxi cÖ¯Íve Avb‡eb| ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Ív‡ei Ici ¯úxKvi †fvU MÖn‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡eb|
Z…Zxq cvV
msm` KZ©„K wejwUi mKj aviv-Dcaviv we‡ePbv I ms‡kvabx MÖnY I eR©‡bi ch©vq †k‡l cÖ¯ÍveK msm‡`i wbKU
wejwU Z…Zxqevi cv‡Vi Aby‡iva ivL‡eb Ges wejwU P~ovšÍfv‡e MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯Íve ivL‡eb| Z…Zxq evi cÖ¯ÍveK KZ©„K
wejwU cwVZ nevi ci msm` P~ovšÍfv‡e wejwU MÖnY Ki‡eb wK-bv G cÖ‡kœi Ici Kvh©µg ïiy Ki‡e| Kvh©µ‡gi †kl
ch©v‡q msm` m`m¨‡`i msL¨vMwiô †fv‡Ui mg_©‡b wejwU M„nxZ n‡j ¯úxKvi wejwU‡K mZ¨vwqZ K‡i ivóªcwZi wbKU
†cÖiY Ki‡eb|
ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ
RvZxq msm` KZ©„K M„nxZ wejwU gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZi m¤§wZi Rb¨ †cÖwiZ n‡j ivóªcwZ 15 w`‡bi †fZi wejwU‡Z
m¤§wZ †`‡eb A_ev cybwe©‡ePbvi Rb¨ msm‡` †diZ cvVv‡eb| ivóªcwZ wejwU‡Z m¤§wZ bv w`‡q hw` msm‡` †diZ
cvVvb Zvn‡j msm` Avevi wejwU ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡e| wejwU ch©v‡jvPbv ci msm` KZ©K cybivq M„nxZ n‡j cybivq
ivóªcwZi m¤§wZi Rb¨ Zv ivóªcwZi wbKU †ck Kiv n‡e| G‡¶‡Î ivóªcwZ 7 w`‡bi †fZi wejwU‡Z m¤§wZ †`‡eb|
ivóªcwZ Giƒc †¶‡Î D³ 7 w`‡bi g‡a¨ m¤§wZ w`‡Z e¨_© n‡j a‡i †bqv n‡e †h, wejwU‡Z Zvui m¤§wZ i‡q‡Q| wejwU
ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ †c‡jB wewae× AvB‡b iƒc †b‡e| Z‡e ejv `iKvi ivócwZ wØZxqevi wejwU we‡ePbvi Rb¨ †dir
cvVv‡Z cvi‡eb bv| †m ¶gZv ivó«cwZi †bB| ivóªcwZi Am¤§wZ _vK‡jI Kvh©Z Zv AvB‡b cwiYZ n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.4

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. miKvix I †emiKvix wej ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2. RvZxq msm‡` wK fv‡e GKwU wej DÌvwcZ I cvk nq Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

BDwbU-9 c„ôvÑ144
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

cvV: 5 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿xi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx|

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi cÖavb wn‡m‡e cÖavbgš¿xi gh©v`v, ¶gZv I `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvaywbK kvmb e¨e¯’vq we‡klZ msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ wbe©vnx wefvM I msm‡`i ga¨gwb n‡jb cÖavbgš¿x| wZwb †Kej
gš¿xmfvi cÖavb bb; Zvi DciB wbf©i Ki‡e msm‡`i †gqv`| cÖavbgš¿x c`Z¨vM Ki‡j Kvh©Z msm` †f‡O hvq|
cÖavbgš¿xB Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x wbe©vPb K‡ib| gš¿x‡`i Kg©`¶Zv wePvi K‡i wZwb gš¿x‡`i Kvh©Z c`Z¨v‡M eva¨ K‡ib|
KL‡bvev Ab¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡ †`b| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©, ivóªcwZ MwVZ miKvi e¨e¯’vq †cÖwm‡W›U †hgb ¶gZv †fvM
K‡ib, wVK ZZUvB ¶gZv †fvM K‡ib msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ cÖavbgš¿x| GK mgq ejv n‡Zv, e„‡U‡b Ôcvj©v‡g›UÕ me©gq
¶gZvi AwaKvix| cieZx©‡Z n¨viì jvw¯‹mn A‡bK ivóªweÁvbx e‡jb, e„‡U‡b Kvh©Z gš¿xmfv (K¨vwe‡Ub) me©gq
¶gZvi AwaKvix| †jŠn gvbex e‡j L¨vZ gvM©v‡iU _¨vPv‡ii kvmbKv‡ji ci ejv n‡”Q, e„‡U‡b GLb gš¿xmfv bq,
me©gq ¶gZv †fvM K‡ib Avm‡j cÖavbgš¿x|
msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ cÖavbgš¿xi me©gq ¶gZvi AwaKvix n‡q IVv Avm‡j GK Awbevh© welq| †Kbbv cÖ‡qvwMK †¶‡Î
RwUj ivR‰bwZK kvmb e¨e¯’v †ZgbUvB `vwe K‡i |
msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq c×wZi Z_v gš¿xcwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b
n‡q‡Q| G e¨e¯’vq ivóªcwZ msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô m`‡m¨i Av¯’vfvRb msm` m`m¨‡K cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM K‡ib|
msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq cÖavbgš¿x GKvav‡i miKvi cÖavb, RvZxq msm‡`i †bZv Ges kvmb e¨e¯’vi †K›`ªwe›`y| Zvi
†bZ…‡Z¡ miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| wZwb †`k cwiPvjbvq gš¿xcwil`‡K †bZ…Z¡ †`b| G Kvi‡Y Zv‡K eûwea KvR
m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| m½Z Kvi‡YB wZwb e¨vcK ¶gZvi AwaKvix|

msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavgš¿xi c`gh©v`v

msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabx Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖavbgš¿x AZ¨waK ¶gZv I gh©v`vi AwaKvix| msweavb
Abyhvqx cÖavbgš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki gyL¨ kvmK I miKvi cÖavb| kvmb msµvšÍ hveZxq ¶gZvi ga¨gwY wZwb| msweav‡b
¯úófv‡e D‡j- L Av‡Q †h, cÖavbgš¿x KZ©„K wKsev Zvi KZ„©‡Z¡ evsjv‡`‡ki mKj wbe©vnx ¶gZv cÖhy³ n‡e| ivóªcwZ
ÔcÖavbgš¿xÕ I ÔcÖavb wePvicwZÕ wb‡qvM e¨ZxZ me©‡¶‡Î Zuvi civgk© Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡eb|

cÖavbgš¿xi wb‡qvM c×wZ

evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 56bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, Òevsjv‡`‡k GKRb cÖavbgš¿x _vK‡eb| Zvi B”Qvbyhvqx Ab¨vb¨
gš¿x, cÖwZgš¿x Ges Dcgš¿x wb‡qvM jvf Ki‡e|Ó cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i eZ©gvb msweav‡bi weavb n‡jv, †h
msm` m`m¨ msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô m`‡m¨i Av¯’vfvRb e‡j ivóªcwZi wbKU cÖZxqgvb n‡eb, ivóªcwZ Zv‡K cÖavbgš¿x
wb‡qvM Ki‡eb| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î ivóªcwZi ¶gZv mxgve×| †Kbbv, msm`xq ixwZ Abymv‡i mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi ci RvZxq
msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv‡KB ivóªcwZ msm‡`i Av¯’vfvRb m`m¨ e‡j g‡b Ki‡eb| Z‡e hw` †Kv‡bv `j
msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Ki‡Z e¨_© nq ZLb msL¨vMwi‡ôi Av¯’vfvRb e¨w³ Luy‡R †ei Kivi †¶‡Î ivóªcwZ Zvi msweavb
cÖ`Ë ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| cÖavbgš¿xi DËivwaKvix Kvh©fvi MÖnY bv Kiv ch©šÍ cÖavbgš¿x c‡` envj
_vK‡eb|
cÖavbgš¿xi ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj
wb‡P msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabx Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi cÖavb wn‡m‡e cÖavbgš¿xi ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv-
1| kvmbmsµvšÍ: †`‡ki mKj wbe©vnx ¶gZv cÖavbgš¿xi Øviv cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡e| gš¿x‡`i wb‡qvM I `ßi
eÈb, D”Pc`¯’ miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡`i wb‡qvM Ges ciivóª I cÖwZi¶v welqK hveZxq KvR cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© I
wm×všÍ Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡e|

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-145
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

gš¿x‡`i Kv‡Ri mgš^q I ch©v‡jvPbv, gš¿xmfvi ˆeV‡K mfvcwZZ¡ I gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ges †`‡ki cÖkvmwbK
Ae¯’vi ch©v‡jvPbvi KvR cÖavbgš¿x K‡i _v‡Kb| ivóªxq mKj welq cÖavbgš¿x ivóªcwZ‡K AewnZ K‡ib|
2| AvBbmsµvšÍ: cÖavbgš¿x RvZxq msm‡`i †bZv| Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvBb cÖYxZ nq| wZwb me©`v miKvwi we‡ji
c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡ib| AvBb cÖYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ AvbxZ we‡ji Lmovi Ici e³e¨ †i‡L wZwb msm`‡K we‡ji c‡¶
cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb RvZxq msm‡`i Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb Ki‡Z I ¯’wMZ ivL‡Z ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© w`‡Z
cv‡ib Ges wjwLZfv‡e civgk© w`‡j ivóªcwZ msm` †f‡O †`‡eb| cÖavbgš¿x‡K †K›`ª K‡iB msm‡`i Kvh©µg
cwiPvwjZ nq|
3| A_©bxwZ msµvšÍ: RvZxq msm` RvZxq Znwe‡ji AwffveK| cÖavbgš¿xi wb‡`©k I civgk©µ‡g A_©gš¿x ev‡RU
cÖYq‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡ib I msm‡` †ck K‡ib| ZvQvov cÖkvmwbK e¨q wbe©v‡ni e¨vcv‡i msm` A_© gÄywi w`‡Z Amg_©
n‡j cÖavbgš¿x civgk©µ‡g ivóªcwZ lvU w`‡bi Rb¨ A_© gÄywi w`‡Z cv‡ib|
4| ivóªcwZi civgk©`vZv: cÖavbgš¿x ivóªcwZi mv‡_ gš¿xmfvi ms‡hvM i¶v Ki‡eb| gš¿xmfvi e³e¨ ivóªcwZi
wbKU Dc¯’vwcZ Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a †m m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kivi `vwqZ¡ Zuvi DciB Awc©Z| GQvov ivóªcwZi
e³e¨ wZwb gš¿xmfvq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| RvZxq msm‡`i Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb, ¯’wMZ †NvlYv Kiv, †f‡O †`Iqv Ges
Ab¨vb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wel‡q wZwb ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| msweav‡bi 48(5) Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i cÖavbgš¿x ivóªxq
Ges ciivóªxq bxwZ msµvšÍ wel‡q ivóªcwZ‡K AewnZ ivL‡eb|
5| RvZxq wbivcËv Ges msnwZi cÖZxK: cÖavbgš¿x RvZxq wbivcËv Ges RvZxq msnwZi cÖZxK| RvZxq cÖwZi¶v
Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb `vwqZ¡| msKUKv‡j m¤ú~Y© cÖwZi¶v `ßi cÖavbgš¿xi wbqš¿‡Y Av‡m| RvZxq wbivcËv Ges iv‡óªi
msnwZi Rb¨ wZwb m¤¢ve¨ mewKQy K‡i _v‡Kb|
6| Riywi Ae¯’vq cÖavbgš¿x: ‡`‡k Riywi Ae¯’v †NvwlZ n‡j cÖavbgš¿xi ¶gZv AcÖwZnZ n‡q I‡V| †m Ae¯’vq
†Kv‡bv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖavbgš¿x gš¿xcwil`‡K ch©šÍ Gwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib| †h †Kvb wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k
Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
7| gš¿xmfvi †bZv: cÖavbgš¿x‡K †K›`ª K‡iB †Kwe‡bU MwVZ nq| Zv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB †Kwe‡bU cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ges
Zvi cZb NU‡j †Kwe‡b‡UiI cZb N‡U| GRb¨ ejv nq, He is central to its formation, central to its life and
central to its death.
8| ciivóª bxwZi cÖavb wba©viK: cÖavbgš¿x iv‡óªi ciivóª wefv‡Mi m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e RwoZ| Zvi m¤§wZ e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv
AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§j‡b cÖavbgš¿x iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖavbgš¿xi ¶gZvi g~j KviY
1. D¾¡j I RbwcÖq fveg~wZ©;
2. msm‡` msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv;
3. cÖavbgš¿xi c`Z¨v‡M gš¿xmfvmn msm‡`i wejywß;
4. mvsweavwbK Amxg ¶gZv;
5. cvwievwiK HwZn¨;
6. wb‡Ri `‡j GKK ¶gZvi AwaKvix; Ges
7. wbR `‡j P¨v‡jÄnxb †bZ…Z¡;
mvims‡¶c
msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ cÖavbgš¿x kvmb e¨e¯’vi †K›`ªwe›`y| Zv‡K wN‡iB cwiPvwjZ nq ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ| GRb¨ Zv‡K
K¨vwe‡bU †Zvi‡Yi cÖavb ¯Í¤¢ (Keystone of the cabinet orch)| e¯‘Z cÖavbgš¿xi weP¶YZv, `¶Zv, `~i`wk©Zv Avi
Revew`wnZvi g‡a¨B miKv‡ii mvdj¨ e¨_©Zv-fveg~wZ© wbf©i K‡i| msweavb Abyhvqx cÖavbgš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki gyL¨
kvmK I miKvi cÖavb| cÖavbgš¿x‡K †K›`ª K‡iB msm‡`i Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|

cv‡Vv‡Ëvi g~j¨vqb: 9.5

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. cÖavbgš¿xi ¶gZvi KviY Kx? evsjv‡`‡k cÖavbgš¿xi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx wjLyb|
2. Ômsm`xq e¨e¯’vq cÖavbgš¿x kvmb e¨e¯’vi †K›`ªwe›`yÕ Ñevsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
BDwbU-9 c„ôvÑ146
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

cvV-6: ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

evsjv‡`k ivóªcwZi wb‡qvM I gh©v`v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ mvsweavwbKfv‡e ivóªcÖavb, wKš‘ wZwb miKvi cÖavb bb| evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v
we`¨gvb| ZvB Zvui bv‡g mKj Kvh© m¤úvw`Z nq| wKš‘ wZwb †Kv‡bv ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡ib bv| Zvi c`wU A‡bKUv
AjsKvwiK| cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k©B Zuv‡K Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ ev¯ÍweK A‡_© bvgme©¯^
ivóªcÖavb| ivóªcwZ Zvi ¶gZv¸‡jv cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© Abyhvqx m¤úv`b K‡ib| †Kej evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x I
cÖavb wePvicwZ wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î ivóªcwZ ¯^vaxb| RvZxq msm‡`i Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb, ¯’wMZKiY I †f‡½ †`qvi
†¶‡Î Ges †`‡k Riywi Ae¯’v †NvlYv Kivi †¶‡Î cÖavbgš¿xi wjwLZ civg‡k©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
ivóªcwZ gš¿xmfv‡K civgk© `vb, Drmvn cÖ`vb I mZK© Kivi AwaKvi iv‡Lb| msweav‡bi 48 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvhx
ivóªxq I ciivóªxq msµvšÍ wel‡q ivóªcwZ‡K AewnZ Kiv cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ |
ivóªcwZi gh©v`v
msweav‡bi 48 I 59 Aby‡”Q‡` ivóªcwZi gh©v`vi K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb RvZxq gh©v`vi cÖZxK| PZz_©
ms‡kvabx AvBb cÖYxZ nevi c~‡e© ivóªcwZ wQ‡jb GKRb kvmbZvwš¿K cÖavb| †Kej cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qv‡Mi †¶Î Qvov
ivóªcwZ Zuvi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b cÖavbgš¿xi civgk©g‡Zv KvR Ki‡Zb| ZLb evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ wQ‡jb A‡bKUv
fvi‡Zi ivóªcwZ ev weª‡U‡bi ivRv ev ivYxi g‡Zv| PZz_© ms‡kvabx AvBb I Ab¨vb¨ ms‡kvabxi Av‡`‡ki d‡j
evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I KZ©„Z¡ hy³iv‡óªi ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I KZ©„‡Z¡i mv‡_ Zzjbxq n‡q I‡V| 1975 †_‡K
1990 mvj ch©šÍ wZwb wQ‡jb kvmbe¨e¯’vi ga¨gwb| wKš‘ Øv`k ms‡kvab AvB‡b ivóªcwZ 1972-Gi g~j msweav‡bi
g‡Zv n‡q‡Qb kvmbZvwš¿K cÖavb| cÖPzi m¤§vb I gh©v`vi AwaKvix n‡jI Zvi ¶gZv AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ| ïay AvbyôvwbK
†¶‡Î wZwb iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib| cÖavb wePvicwZ I cÖavbgš¿xi wb‡qv‡Mi †¶Î Qvov wZwb cÖavbgš¿xi
civgk©g‡Zv KvR Ki‡Z eva¨| msweav‡bi 51 Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, ivóªcwZi Kvh©Kv‡j Zvi weiy‡× †Kv‡bv iKg
†dŠR`vix gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv hv‡e bv| GgbwK Zuv‡K †MÖßv‡ii Rb¨ Av`vjZ †_‡K †Kv‡bv iKg c‡ivqvbv Rvwi Kiv
hv‡e bv|
evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZi ¶gZv mxwgZv n‡jI hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui g‡Zv wZwbI †h‡Kv‡bv Aciv‡a `wšÍZ e¨w³‡K
GgbwK duvwmi Avmvgx‡K ch©šÍ ¶gv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
K. ivóªcwZi †hvM¨Zv: †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ivóªcwZ c`cÖv_x© n‡Z PvB‡j Zuvi wbgœwjwLZ †hvM¨Zv _vK‡e n‡e-
K. Zuv‡K Rb¥m~‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e;
L. ivóªcwZ c`cÖv_x©‡K Ab~¨b cuqwÎk (35) eQi eq¯‹ n‡Z n‡e;
M. wZwb RvZxq msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nevi †hvM¨ n‡eb;
N. wZwb Ggb e¨w³ n‡eb whwb KL‡bv GB msweavb Abyhvqx Awfksmb Øviv ivóªcwZi c` n‡Z AcmvwiZ nbwb;
Ges
O. kvw¯ÍcÖvß n‡j gyw³i Ab~¨b `y eQi AwZevwnZ n‡Z n‡e|
L. wbe©vPb c×wZ: ivóªcwZ RvZxq msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡`i †fv‡U cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| GKvw`µ‡g
†Kv‡bv e¨w³ `yB †gqv‡` 10 eQ‡ii †ewk ivóªcwZ c‡` _vK‡Z cvi‡eb bv| RvZxq msm` m`m¨ ivóªcwZ c‡`
wbe©vwPZ n‡j ivóªcwZ wn‡m‡e kc_ MÖn‡Yi w`b †_‡K msm‡` Zuvi Avmb k~b¨ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wbe©vPb
Kwgkbvi ivóªcwZi wbe©vPbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb|
ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx: evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wbqgZvwš¿K cÖavb wn‡m‡e Zuvi `vwqZ¡ I ¶gZv cvjb Ki‡eb|
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cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewamg~n cÖYqb Ki‡eb|
ivóªcwZ RvZxq msm‡` msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡`i Av¯’vfvRb m`m¨‡K cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM Ki‡eb| cÖavbgš¿xi civgk©µ‡g
wZwb Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x, cÖwZgš¿x I Dcgš¿x‡`i wb‡qvM `vb Ki‡eb|

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-147
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evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZi¶v Kg©wefvMmg~‡ni me©vwabvqK wn‡m‡e wZwb `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb| GKBm‡½ wZwb RvZxq msm`
KZ©„K cÖYxZ weavb mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZi¶v wefvMmg~‡ni Kwgkb gÄywi I evwnbx cÖavb‡`i wb‡qvM Ki‡eb| wZwb
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miKvix Kg©Kwgk‡bi mfvcwZ I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ wb‡qvM I Zuv‡`i Kv‡h©i kZ©vejx wba©viY Ki‡eb|
wZwb mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i cÖavb wePvicwZ Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ wePvicwZi wb‡qvM `vb Ki‡eb| GLv‡b ejv `iKvi,
cÖavb wePvicwZ wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ GKK ¶gZvi AwaKvix| cÖavb wePvicwZi wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î
ivóªcwZ cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© D‡c¶v Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
AvBb cÖYqb msµvšÍ: ivóªcwZ miKvix weÁwß Øviv RvZxq msm` AvnŸvb, ¯’wMZ I †f‡O w`‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e msm`
†f‡O w`‡Z n‡j cÖavbgš¿xi m¤§wZ `iKvi| ivóªcwZ RvZxq msm‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡bi m~Pbvq Ges cÖwZ eQi cÖ_g
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Dc¯’vwcZ n‡Z n‡e| msm‡` cvm bv n‡j 30 w`b ci Zv evwZj n‡q hv‡e|
A_© msµvšÍ Kvh©vejx: ivóªcwZi mycvwik e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv A_©wej ev miKvix A_©e¨‡qi cÖkœ RwoZ †Kv‡bv wej RvZxq
msm‡` DÌvcb Kiv hv‡e bv| ivóªcwZi mycvwik e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv gÄywi `vwe †ck Kiv hv‡e bv| we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b
ivóªcwZ mshy³ Znwej n‡Z e¨q wbe©v‡ni e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| G e¨vcv‡i wZwb GKwU m¤ú~iK Avw_©K wee„wZ ev
AwZwi³ Avw_©K wee„wZ msm‡` DÌvc‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
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cvi‡eb|
ciivóª welqK Kvh©vejx: evsjv‡`‡ki nvB Kwgkbvi, ivóª`~Z I Kbmvj‡`i wb‡qvM `vb ivóªcwZi ¶gZvi AšÍfy©³|
wZwb evsjv‡`‡k wbhy³ wewfbœ †`‡ki nvB Kwgkbvi I ivóª`~Z‡K MÖnY K‡ib|
mvims‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ mvsweavwbKfv‡e ivó« cÖavb, wKš‘ wZwb miKvi cÖavb bb| evsjv‡`‡‡ki ivóªcwZ mKj wel‡q
cÖavgš¿xi mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Ges Zvi mywPwšÍZ AwfgZ e¨³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ivóªcwZi civgk© ev AwfgZ
cÖavbgš¿x MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ bb| Z‡e GwU wVK, AvBb cÖYq‡b ivóªcwZi †Kv‡bv ¶gZv bv _vK‡jI wZwb wfbœ gZ
†cvlY K‡i hw` wej msm‡` cybtwe‡ePbvi Rb¨ †diZ cvVvb, Z‡e miKvi weeªZ n‡Z eva¨| †m †¶‡Î we‡ivax `j
welqwU‡K Bmy¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡Vv‡Ëvi g~j¨vqb: 9.6

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. esjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZi gh©v`v, ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx wjLyb|
2. Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZi ¶gZv AZ¨šÍ mxwgZÕÑAvcwb Kxfv‡e G gšÍe¨ g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb|

BDwbU-9 c„ôvÑ148
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cvV-7: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `je¨e¯’v

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

ivR‰bwZK `j ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `je¨e¯’vi ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`k GKwU MYZvwš¿K †`k| MYZš¿ cÖwZôvq G‡`‡ki gvbyl `xN©w`b msMÖvg K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k `xN© ivR‰bwZK
A_©‰bwZK gyw³i msMÖv‡g ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Z‡e GwU wVK, evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
AwZweKvk n‡q‡Q| GKwU M‡elYv g‡Z, †`‡k ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msL¨v `yB kZvwaK| m½Z Kvi‡YB wefw³, msKxY©
`„wófw½, Ø›Ø-msNvZ, Dc`jxq †Kv›`j, `j fvOb, `‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i MYZ‡š¿i Afve evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK `je¨e¯’vi
Ab¨Zg cÖavb ˆewkó¨|
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv
msNe× Rbmgwó hLb iv‡óªi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© GKgZ †cvlY K‡i †mB mKj mgm¨v mgvav‡b Bk‡Znvi cÖPvi
K‡i mg_©b jv‡fi †Póv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K ivR‰bwZK `j e‡j|
ivR‰bwZK `j wb‡q †h kv¯¿ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv Stasiology (÷vwmDjwR) bv‡g cwiwPZ| Stasiology kãwU wMÖK
kã Stasis †_‡K G‡m‡Q| hvi A_© cÖPvi Kiv| myZivs DrcwËMZ A‡_© ivR‡bwZK `j n‡jv Ggb KwZcq Rbmgwó
hviv wb‡R‡`i bxwZ Rb¤§y‡L cÖPvi K‡i Rbmg_©b jv‡fi †Póv K‡i| Avi G †Póvi cÖavb j¶ n‡jv ivóª¶gZv `Lj|
Aek¨ wKQy †¶‡Î ivR‰bwZK `j ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gI ¶gZv MÖnY K‡i|
R. I. Maclver-Gi g‡Z, ivR‰bwZK `j ej‡Z †mB msNe× Rbmgwó‡K †evSvq hviv mywbw`©ó bxwZi wfwˇZ Ges
wbqgZvwš¿K cš’vq miKvi MVb K‡i|
myw¤úUvi (Schumpeter) e‡jb, ivR‰bwZK `j n‡jv Ggb GKwU ms¯’v, hvi m`m¨iv mywbw`©ó bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b
ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv `L‡ji cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß|
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nq ZLb Zv‡K ivR‰bwZK `j e‡j|
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewkó¨
1. ivó« ¶gZv `L‡ji †Póv;
2. RbgZ MVb;
3. mywbw`©ó bxwZ;
4. mg-gZv`k©;
5. `jxq ¯^v_© msi¶Y;
6. ¯^v_© DÌvcb I GKÎxKiY;
7. ivR‰bwZK †hvMv‡hvM I wb‡qvM;
8. msMwbK KvVv‡gv I †bZ…Z¡;
ivR‰bwZK `j e¨e¯’v
ivR‰bwZK `je¨e¯’v g~jZ wbf©i K‡i iv‡óª we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msL¨vi Ici| msL¨vi wfwˇZ ivR‰bwZK `j
e¨e¯’v‡K wb‡gœv³ wZb fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvqÑ
K. GK `jxq e¨e¯’v: GB e¨e¯’vq iv‡óª †Kej GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j _v‡K| mgvRZvwš¿K I GKbvqKZvwš¿K
iv‡óª mvaviYZ G `je¨e¯’v †`Lv hq| mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb, Pxb, wf‡qZbv‡g G ai‡bi `jxq e¨e¯’v
we`¨gvb|
L. wØ-`jxq e¨e¯’v: ivó ¶gZv `L‡ji Rb¨ Kvh©Z gvÎ `ywU ivR‰bwZK `j cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i| hy³ivóª Gi
me‡P eo `„óvšÍ|

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-149
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

M. eû`jxq e¨e¯’v: we‡k¦i AwaKvsk †`‡k G ai‡bi `jxq e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| G e¨e¯’vq iv‡óª AmsL¨
ivR‰bwZK `j MwVZ nq| fviZ, evsjv‡`k, †bcvj, cvwK¯Ívb, e„‡U‡b G ai‡bi `jxq e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `je¨e¯’v
1| Avf¨šÍixY MYZš¿ PP©vi Afve: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i MYZ‡š¿i †Zgb PP©v nq bv| cÖavb
ivR‡bwZK `j¸‡jvi Af¨šÍ‡i †Zv e‡UB; GgbwK ¶z`ª ivR‡bwZK `‡jI wm×všÍ Ici ev †K›`ª †_‡K Pvwc‡q †`Iqv
nq|
2| eû`jxq: evsjv‡`k ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡b †Zgb †Kv‡bv evavwb‡la †bB| G Kvi‡Y AmsL¨ ivR‰bwZK `j M‡o
D‡V‡Q| †`‡k `yB kZvwaK ivR‰bwZK `j i‡q‡Q|
3| msKxY© `„wófw½: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wP I Av‡›`vjb †`k I RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_©i
†P‡q `jxq ¯^v_©‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q _v‡K| RvZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z niZvj, ag©NU I Ae‡iva cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q|
4| mwnòzZvi Afve: evsjv‡`k cÖwZwU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kvh©Kjv‡c mwnòzi Afve j¶Yxq| mwnòzZvi Afv‡e
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ AMYZvwš¿Kfv‡e AvµgY-cvëv AvµgY Pvwj‡q _v‡K| hv MYZ‡š¿i
hvÎvc_‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i‡Q|
5| HKg‡Z¨i Afve: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK †bZviv GLb ch©šÍ ivR‰bwZK we‡ivwaZv mn¨ Kivi g‡Zv mwnòzZv I
cwicK¡Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb e‡j A‡b‡KB Awf‡hvM K‡ib| ¯^vaxbZvi 40 eQi cvi nIqvi ciI GLb ch©šÍ
wewfbœ RvZxq †gŠwjK Bmy¨‡Z HKgZ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv|
6| ¶gZvmxb `‡ji AbgbxqZv: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m †`Lv hvq, ¶gZvmxb `j msL¨vMwiôZvi †Rv‡i
RvZxq I Rb¸i“Z¡c~Y© wel‡q we‡ivax `‡ji `vwei cÖwZ AbgbxqZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
7| MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡ev‡ai Afve: MYZvwš¿K ivRbxwZi g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ †bZ…e„‡›`i Abxnv I kª×vi Afve evsjv‡`‡ki
ivR‰bwZK `jmg~‡ni Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨|
8| cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK `je¨e¯’v: cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK `je¨e¯’vq `ywU cÖeYZv j¶Yxq| wØ`jxq e¨e¯’v I eû`jxq
e¨e¯’v| evsjv‡`‡k eû`jxq ivR‰bwZK `je¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k 2 kZvwaK ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Dcw¯’wZ
j¶Yxq| wKš‘ eû`jxq e¨e¯’vi bv‡g AmsL¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Rb¥ †`‡k GK Amy¯’ ivR‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Rb¥
w`‡q‡Q| ZvQvov †MvUv K‡qK `j e¨ZxZ AwaKvsk `jB bvgme©¯^|
9| kniwfwËK `j: evsjv‡`‡ki gvÎ ¸wUK‡qK ivR‰bwZK `je¨ZxZ AwaKvsk `‡jiB Ae¯’vb ivRavbx XvKv
†Kw›`ªK| d‡j ivRavbx I MÖvgv‡ji g‡a¨ ivRbxwZi gvÎvMZ cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq|
10| Af¨šÍixY †Kv›`j: evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk ivR‡bwZK `‡ji Kg©m~wP D‡Ïk¨wenxb e‡jB Zviv †Kv‡bv MVbg~jK
wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡Z K‡i ivR‰bwZK †bZv I Kgx©iv nZvkvq †fv‡M| ZvQvov ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„‡›`i Av`k©
I D‡Ïk¨ A‡bKUv eêvnxb n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z K‡i e¨w³MZ †Kv›`j I Kj‡ni m„wó nq| ZvQvov GLv‡b ivRbxwZ
A‡bKUv e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK nIqvq RvZxq H‡K¨i †Kv‡bv wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi KvR Z¡ivwš^Z nq bv| ZvB `‡ji g‡a¨ AšÍØ©›Ø
AwaKgvÎvq cwijw¶Z nq|
11| †hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i Afve: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v n‡”Q †hvM¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i Afve|
d‡j `j¸‡jv Zv‡`i `jxq Av`k© mwVKfv‡e RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡i bv| †h Kvi‡Y RbMY ivRbxwZ‡K
AskMÖn‡Y Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i| Avi `jmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Av`k„MZ we‡iva me mgq †j‡MB _v‡K|
12| msMwVZ `jxq e¨e¯’v: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‡bwZK `jmg~‡ni †h we‡kl ˆewkó¨ cvIqv hvq Zvn n‡jv AmsMwVZ I
`jv`wjwewkó ivR‰bwZK `je¨e¯’v| evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‡bwZK `j¸‡jv g~jZ GK ev GKvwaK †bZv‡K †K›`ª K‡i
AvewZ©Z| GB †bZviv AZ¨waK AvbyMZ¨ I RbwcÖqZvi †gv‡n Av”Qbœ n‡q `jxq ¯^v_© wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡Kb|
13| ¶gZv‡Kw›`ªK ivRbxwZ: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `jmg~‡ni ivRbxwZ PP©v g~jZ ¶gZv‡Kw›`ªK| miKvwi `j Pvq
†h‡Kv‡bvfv‡e ivóªxq ¶gZv `L‡j ivL‡Z, Avi we‡ivax `j Pvq †h ‡Kv‡bvfv‡e ivóªxq ¶gZv `Lj Ki‡Z|
14| KZ©„Z¡ev`x PwiÎ: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `jmg~‡ni g‡a¨ KZ©„Z¡ev`x PwiÎ we`¨gvb| GLv‡b †h mg¯Í `j
MYZ‡š¿i K_ve‡j †m mg¯Í `‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i MYZ‡š¿i PP©v †bB| eis i‡q‡Q iron law of oligarchy. GB
KZ©„Z¡ev`x PwiÎ MYZ‡š¿i cÖvwZôvwbK iƒc`v‡bi †¶‡Î Ab¨Zg AšÍivq|

BDwbU-9 c„ôvÑ150
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15| we‡ivwaZvi Rb¨ we‡ivwaZv: evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z `jmg~n Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
cwie‡Z© we‡ivwaZvi LvwZ‡i we‡ivwaZv K‡i MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii Kvh©KvwiZv webó K‡i|
16| wbgœ ivR‡bwZK ms¯‹…wZ PP©v: evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `jmg~‡ni †bZv-Kgx©‡`i Kvh©Kjv‡c, msjv‡c
wbgœivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi ewntcÖKvk cÖwZdwjZ nq hv ivR‡bwZK cÖvwZôvwbKxKi‡Yi Ab¨Zg AšÍivq|
17| `jxq wefw³ I fvOb: evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ Kvi‡Y ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n GKvwaKevi fvO‡bi m¤§ywLb nq|
K. †bZvwfwËK e‡j †bZv gviv hvIqvi ci DËivwaKvi wbw`©ó bv _vKvq `j wef³ n‡q hvq| †hgb-AvIqvgx
jxM I weGbwci †¶‡Î Zv cwijw¶Z nq|
L. †bZ…‡Z¡i †gvnI ivR‰bwZK `j fvO‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY|
M. evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK mgq Av`k© wb‡q ؇›Øi Kvi‡YI `j fvO‡bi m¤§ywLb n‡qwQj|
mvi-ms‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¶gZvi †gvn I wewfbœ ÎywU-wePz¨wZi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b mymsMwVZ
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK ivR‡bwZK `je¨e¯’vi weKvk N‡Uwb| evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv mvgwiK, †emvgwiK Avgjv,
cÖwZwôZ e¨emvqx Ges myweav‡fvMx `jQyU †bZv‡`i wgjb‡¶‡Î cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z `xN©Kvj Jcwb‡ewkK k„•L‡j
Ave× _vKvi Kvi‡Y h_vh_ ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ I HwZ‡n¨i Afv‡e evsjv‡`‡k GL‡bv ivR‰bwZK cÖvwZôvwbKxKiY
m¤¢e nqwb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.7

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv w`b| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewk󨸇jv wK?
2. ivR‰bwZK `je¨e¯’v wK? evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `je¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|

BDwbU-9 c„ôv-151
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `j m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bvg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D™¢e, weKvk, Kg©m~wPi j¶¨ I mdjZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

MYZš¿ i¶v I ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb

cÖvšÍ:¯’ cyuwRev`x GKwU ivóª wnmv‡e evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK `‡ji weKvk cwðgv we‡k¦i g‡Zv N‡Uwb| BD‡iv‡c
cyuwRev‡`i weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ weKwkZ nq ivR‰bwZK `j| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK `‡ji weKvk N‡U‡Q
Dcwb‡ekev` we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb I Avav mvgšÍZvwš¿K KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨| m½Z Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡k mKj ivR‰bwZK `j
RvwZ I ivóª MV‡b mgvb f~wgKv iv‡Lwb| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi bvg †`qv n‡jvÑ
1. evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM
2. evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev` `j (weGbwc)
3. RvZxq cvwU©
4. RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j (Rvm`)
5. Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx evsjv‡`k
6. b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (†gvRvddi)
7. MYZš¿x cvwU©
8. RvZxq jxM
9. evsjv‡`k IqvK©vm© cvwU©
10. evsjv‡`‡ki KwgDwb÷ cvwU©
11. evsjv‡`k gymwjg jxM
12. K…lK kªwgK RbZv jxM
13. mvg¨ev`x `j
14. evsjv‡`k Bmjvgx kvmbZš¿ Av‡›`vjb
15. MY‡dvivg
16. Rv‡Ki cvwU©
17. evsjv‡`k †LjvdZ gRwjm
18. evsjv‡`k †LjvdZ Av‡›`vjb
19. weKí aviv evsjv‡`k|

evsjv‡`k GKwU MYZvwš¿K ivóª weavq GLv‡b eû`jxq e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡V‡Q| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †QvU GKwU `wi`ª
†`‡k GZ¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK `j KL‡bv myôz MYZvwš¿K cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i bv| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM: AvIqvgx jxM evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg e„nr I cyivZb `j| 1949 mv‡ji 23 Ryb cvwK¯Ívb ivóª
KvVv‡gvi Aax‡b GKwU kw³kvjx we‡ivax`j wn‡m‡e GB `‡ji AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U| ZLb Gi bvg wQj Ôc~e© cvwK¯—vb
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMÕ| G `‡ji mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx Ges mvaviY m¤úv`K
wbe©vwPZ nb kvgmyj nK| ZiyY †bZv †kL gywReyi ingvb Gi hyM¥ m¤úv`K wbhy³ nb| c‡i †nv‡mb knx`
†mvnivIqv`x© `‡ji †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib| `jwU‡K Amv¤cÖ`vwqK Kivi j‡¶¨ 1955 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m AvIqvgx
gymwjg jx‡Mi KvDwÝj Awa‡ek‡b `‡ji bvg †_‡K ÔgymwjgÕ kãwU ev` †`evi wm×vš— M„nxZ nq| ZLb †_‡K `jwU
ïay ÔAvIqvgx jxMÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ jvf K‡i| 1954 mv‡i hy³d«‡›Ui cÖavb `j wQj AvIqvgx jxM| `jwUi †bZ…‡Z¡
hy³d«›U Af~Zc~e© mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i| 1956-57 mv‡j AvIqvgx jxM †bZv †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© cvwK¯—v‡bi
cÖavbgš¿xi c‡` AwawôZ nb| †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©i g„Zy¨i ci `‡ji mvaviY m¤úv`K †kL gywReyi ingvb
`jwUi cÖavb †bZvq cwiYZ nb| Zuvi †bZ‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi †kvlY I ˆel‡g¨i

BDwbU-9 c„ôvÑ152
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

wei“‡× Zxeª MYAv‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1966 mv‡ji Qq`dv Kg©m~wPi wfwˇZ G `j
¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe‡K ¯^vaxbZvi `vwe‡Z cwiYZ K‡i| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` msL¨vMwiô
Avmb jvf K‡i AvvIqvgx jxM| 1971 mv‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ GK i³¶qx hy‡×i gva¨‡g cvwK¯—vwb ivóª
KvVv‡gv n‡Z ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q N‡U| ev½vwji AwaKvi Av`v‡qi cÖwZwU msMÖv‡g `jwU mvg‡b
†_‡K †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Q| cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiy‡× bq gvm e¨vcx evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx
jxM|
1975 mv‡j mvgwiK Afy¨Ìv‡b RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb wbnZ n‡j `jwU fv½‡bi gy‡L c‡o| cieZ©x
†kL gywReyi ingvb-Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ `jwU cybivq mymsMwVZ nq| ci n‡Z 1995 mvj ch©šÍ AvIqvgx jxM evsjv‡`‡ki
Ab¨Zg e„nËg `j wn‡m‡e msm‡` Avmb jvf K‡i‡Q| 1996 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b Rqjv‡fi ci G `j miKvi MVb
K‡i| cieZx©‡Z 2009 mv‡j 258 wU Avm‡b weRqx n‡q `jwU Avevi ¶gZvq Av‡m|
evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM ag©wbi‡c¶ cÖMwZkxj `j| RbKj¨vY mvab, RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji g‡a¨
†mŠnv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© ¯’vcbB AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †gŠj Av`k©| `jwU K…lK I kÖwgK evÜe e‡j ewnwe©‡k¦ ¯^xK…Z|
evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (weGbwc): evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (weGbwc) evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg e„nËg `j|
1978 mv‡j ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi cÖv°v‡j ÔRvM`jÕ bv‡g GKwU `j MwVZ nq| Z‡e Zvi mv‡_ †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi
ingvb mivmwi RwoZ wQ‡jb bv| ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi ci †`ke¨vcx msMVb M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ GKwU ivR‡bwZK `‡ji
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G j‡¶¨B wRqvDi ingvb XvKvi igbv MÖx‡b 1978 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤^i evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j
MV‡bi K_v †NvlYv K‡ib|
1978 mv‡ji 28 †deªyqvwi AbywôZ mvaviY wbe©vP‡b G `j 300wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 206wU Avmbjvf K‡i| 1981
mv‡ji ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡b g‡bvbxZ cÖv_x© Ave`ym mvËvi ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| 1991 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b RvZxqZvev`x `j
me©‡gvU 141wU Avmb jvf K‡i Ges Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgxi mnvqZvq miKvi MVb K‡i| 1996 mv‡ji 15 †deª“qvwi
wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf K‡i Ges miKvi MVb K‡i| wKš‘ we‡ivax `jmg~n G wbe©vPb eR©b K‡i| 1996 mv‡ji 12 Ry‡bi
mvaviY wbe©vP‡b RvZxqZvev`x `j 116wU Avmb jvf K‡i Ges RvZxq msm‡` me©e„nr we‡ivax `j wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z
nq| 2001 mv‡ii RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b weGbwc, RvgvqvZ, Bmjvgx HK¨ †RvU I RvZxq cvwU©i GKvsk wg‡j
Pvi`jxq †RvU MVb K‡i Ges `yB Z…Zxqvs‡ki †ewk Avmb jv‡fi gva¨‡g miKvi MVb K‡i|
RvZxq cvwU©: 1982 mv‡j GK i³cvZnxb mvgwiK Afy¨Ìv‡bi gva¨‡g ¶gZv `L‡ji ci †Rbv‡ij Gikv` Zuvi
miKvi‡K †emvgwiKxKiY Kivi cÖwµqv ïiy K‡ib| 1983 mv‡ji 27 b‡f¤^i ÔRb`jÕ bv‡g GKwU `j MwVZ nq|
1986 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi †Rbv‡ij Gikv‡`i †cÖiYvq XvKvi RvZxq d«›U Awd‡m GK msev` m‡¤§j‡b Wv: Gg G
gwZb RvZxq cvwU© cÖwZôvi †NvlYv †`b| wZwbB G `‡ji cÖ_g gnvmwPe| 1986 mv‡ji 2 †m‡Þ¤^i †Rbv‡ij Gikv`
G `‡ji †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vwPZ nb| 1986 RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b RvZxq cvwU© 153wU Avmb jvf K‡i| 1990 mv‡ji
6 wW‡m¤^i Zxeª MYAv‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L Gikv` c`Z¨vM K‡ib Ges RvZxq cvwU© miKv‡ii cZb N‡U| 1991, 1996 I
2001 mv‡ji RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b RvZxq cvwU© h_vµ‡g 35wU, 33wU I 13wU Avmbjvf K‡i| RvZxq cvwU©i
Kg©m~wP n‡jv Dbœqb, cÖkvmwbK we‡K›`ªxKiY, RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y, Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×, cÖf„wZ| eZ©gv‡b `jwU GKvwaK
wefv‡M wef³ n‡q c‡o‡Q|
Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx: Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx GKwU cyivZb ivR‰bwZK `j| 1941 mv‡j gIjvbv mvB‡q` Aveyj Avjv
gI`y`x GB `jwU MVb K‡ib| 1951 mv‡j gIjvbv Avãyi iwn‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ mv‡eK c~e© cvwK¯Ívb `jwU Zvi kvLv
m¤cÖmvwiZ K‡i| 1956 mv‡j Aa¨vcK †Mvjvg Avhg mv‡eK c~e© cvwKšÍv‡bi Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx `‡ji m¤úv`K
wbhy³ nb| 1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× `jwU ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax f~wgKv MÖnY K‡i Ges cvwK¯—v‡bi `Lj`vi mvgwiK
evwnbx‡K mwµq mg_©b I mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb K‡i| hvi d‡j ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`k miKvi G `jwU wbwl× †NvlYv
K‡i| 1975 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb wbnZ nevi ci `jwU cybiy¾xweZ
n‡q I‡V| Aa¨vcK †Mvjvg Avhg G `‡ji Avwgi ev cÖavb wbhy³ nb| eZ©gv‡b G `‡ji Avwgi gvIjvbv gwZDi
ingvb wbRvgx| 1986 mv‡ji msm` wbe©vP‡b G `jwU 10wU Avmb, 1991 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b 18wU Avmb Ges 1996
mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b 3wU Avmb Ges 2001 mv‡j 17wU Avmb jvf K‡i| G `‡ji g~j j¶¨ Bmjvgx Rxebe¨e¯’v Kv‡qg
Kiv| `jwUi AmsL¨ †bZv hy×vciv‡ai Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³| eZ©gv‡bi `jwUi cÖ_g mv‡ii A‡bK †bZvi weiy‡×
hy×vciv‡ai wePvi Pj‡Q|
BDwbU-9 c„ôv-153
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j (Rvm`) : ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi c~‡e©B AvIqvgx jx‡Mi QvÎdª›U, QvÎjx‡Mi GK Ask †`‡k
mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ ˆecøweK cš’v Abymi‡Yi c¶cvwZ wQj| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †K›`ªxq QvÎmsm‡`i mnmfvcwZ
Av m g Avãyi ie Ges kvnRvnvb wmivR Gi †bZ…Z¡vaxb G †Mvôx 1972 mv‡ji †g gv‡m †`‡k mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvi
j‡¶¨ msm`xq kvmbc×wZ cwinvi K‡i e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ wecøex miKvi MV‡bi `vwe K‡i| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †K›`ªxq
†bZ…e„›` G `vwe AMÖvn¨ Ki‡j Av m g Avãyi ie I kvnRvnvb wmivR RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j MVb K‡ib 1972
mv‡ji 31 A‡±vei| wmivRyj Bmjvg Lvb nb G `‡ji cÖavb msMVK| 1973 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b G `j 1wU Avmb,
1986 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b 7wU Avmb, 1991 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b 1wU Avmb, 1996 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b 1wU Avmb jvf K‡i|
2001 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b †Kv‡bv Avmb cvqwb| eZ©gv‡b `jwU mg_©bnxbZvq g„Z cÖvq| ZvQvov †bZ…‡Z¡ †Kv›`‡j `jwU
K‡qKevi fv½‡bi gy‡L c‡o‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 9.8

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wK? `j¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki|

BDwbU-9 c„ôvÑ154