Engineering Drawing

Lecture 1
 1. Fungsi gambar teknik
Regardless of the language they speak, people all over the world use technical drawings to
communicate their ideas.
1. Fungsi gambar teknik
A new product, machine, structure, or system may exist in the mind of the engineer or
designer, but before it can become a reality, the idea must be communicated to many
different people.
1. Fungsi gambar teknik
Being an effective graphic communicator ensures that the product, system, or structure
that you envision is produced as you specified.
 1. Fungsi gambar teknik
• Drawings and specifications
control the many details of
product manufacture,
assembly, and maintenance.
• Conveying information
graphically requires knowledge
of the standards that allow
drawings to concisely
communicate designs around
the world.
• In general, technical drawings
serve one of three purposes:
Visualization, Communication,
Documentation.
 2. The Design Process
• The organized and orderly approach to solving
problems is known as the design process.
• Different types of technical drawings have a specific
function in the engineering design process.
• For example, freehand sketches capture and document
the ideation process.
• Later in the process, CAD models and drawings capture
the design and specify the details necessary for
manufacture.
2.1 Problem identification
1. Problem identification: First, a clear statement of the need for and objectives
for the design must be written.

2. Ideation: Technical sketches are often used to convey concepts to

multidisciplinary teams.

3. Refinement/analysis: Designs may be rethought, based on engineering analysis.

CAD models and sketches are useful during the analysis and compromise stage.
Accurate 2D or 3D CAD models and drawings are created to refine the design.

4. Implementation/documentation: Production and/or working drawings providing

the details of manufacture and assembly are finalized and approved.
2.1 Problem identification
Problem identification: First, a clear statement of the need for and objectives for the
design must be written.

Goals for redesign Santa Cruz Bicycles V10:

1. Get maximum forward movement from a

suspension that also absorbs bumps.

2. Improve the handling to give the rider better

control.

3. Minimize the weight to make a lighter bike.

 2.2 Ideation
• In the ideation phase, the team
captured and evaluated different
combinations of handlebar placements,
seat, crank, pivots to the wheels and
shock absorbers, and more.

• How much the shock absorbers allow

the wheel to travel vertically, the pivot
locations, and link sizes all affect how
the bike will perform.
2.2 Ideation
Technical sketches are often used to
convey concepts to multidisciplinary
teams.
 2.3 Design Process/ Selection
• Design selection narrows the field of options for the final design.
• SCB’s team needed to evaluate how the parts would move. They created
3D skeleton models in CAD.
 2.3. Design Process/ Selection
• For a new product, the design team generally prepares a product proposal to show the
management group approving new products.

• Drawings or sketches are used to communicate key features of the device.

• When a product is approved for further development, the team moves into the
refinement and analysis phases of the project. During the refinement stage, the product
concept is solidified into an accurate plan for making the product.
 2.4. Refinement
• When a product is approved for further
development, the team moves into the
refinement and analysis phases of the
project.
• During the refinement stage, the product
concept is solidified into an accurate plan for
making the product.
• The design is updated as more information is
determined about the designed components
and their manufacturing processes (see
Figure 1.15).
 2.4. Refinement
The criteria at this point:

• Weight: How much will a component or choice of material add to the weight of the bike?

• Strength: Can the material used to make the part stand up to the stresses generated
during a bike race?

• Cost: Is a lower-cost option available? Or is the cost justified because of what it adds to
performance?

• Optimization: Does the choice result in fewer parts to make or better clearance between
parts?
 2.4. Analysis
• The analysis phase tests the design and feeds
back information to refine the design further..
Crucial here are the performance criteria that
the design must meet.
• For the V10, the assembled solid model could
be tested like a real bike.
• By specifying the material for each part, the
team assessed the total weight of the bike as
designed.
• Stress analysis (finite element analysis)
predicted where parts or the frame might be
likely to break .
 2.4. Analysis
• The model was also used to evaluate the bike’s fit for
riders of different sizes.
• Human factors software provides a database of
different body types and sizes for this purpose.
 2.5. Design Process/Selection
• Once a design is ready to manufacture, another design review may be required.
• For the V10, more stakeholders evaluated the design at this point.
• Representatives from marketing, sales, and graphic design were added to the team, and
the aesthetics of the design were considered (see Figure 1.19).
2.5. Design Process/Selection
• How will the logo fit onto the bike as designed?
• Which look is more marketable?
• Should a straight or a curved tube be used for the swingarm?
• What are the implications of the manufacturing cost for the bike’s sales potential?
 2.6. Implementation
• During the implementation phase, the design is communicated to those responsible for
manufacturing, assembling, and distributing the product. Up to this point, drawings and
models served a variety of purposes.
• In the implementation phase, they become contracts with suppliers.
• The model and the accompanying drawings (if any) must clearly specify what constitutes an
acceptable part.
 2.6. Implementation
• Sample parts are requested so that the
physical parts can be measured against the
model and tested to see how they fit
together.
• Mechanical testing, ride testing, and
destructive testing are done on the sample
parts while there is still time to make a
change to alleviate problems (see Figure
1.20).
• Once engineering is satisfied with parts as
manufactured, the models for the design are
approved.
 2.7. Documentation
• The documentation phase of the design process captures the final design and freezes it.
 2.7. Documentation
• Views of the model are imported into step-by-
step illustrated guides for assembly line
personnel (Figure 1.22), and the same guides
are sent to service personnel who need to
disassemble and reassemble the products
after sale.
 ORTHOGRAPHIC Projection
• A view of an object is called a projection. By
projecting multiple views from different
directions in a systematic way, you can
completely describe the shape of 3D objects.

• Any object can be viewed from six mutually

perpendicular directions, as shown in Figure 6.2.
These are called the six principal views.

• You can think of the six views as what an

observer would see by moving around the
object.
 ORTHOGRAPHIC Projection
• The observer can walk around a house and view its front, sides, and rear.

• To make drawings easier to read, the views are arranged on the paper in a standard way.
The views in Figure 6.3 show the American National Standard arrangement.
ORTHOGRAPHIC Projection
ORTHOGRAPHIC Projection
• The three principal dimensions of an object are
width, height, and depth (Figure 6.5).
• In technical drawing, these fixed terms are used
for dimensions shown in certain views,
regardless of the shape of the object.
• The terms length and thickness are not used
because they may be misleading.
• The front view shows only the height and width
of the object and not the depth.
• In fact, any principal view of a 3D object shows
only two of the three principal dimensions; the
third is found in an adjacent view.
 ORTHOGRAPHIC Projection
• Figure 6.6 illustrates the front view of an
object drawn using an orthographic
projection.
• Imagine a sheet of glass parallel to the
front surfaces of the object. This represents
the plane of projection.
• The outline on the plane of projection
shows how the object appears to the
observer.
 ORTHOGRAPHIC Projection
• In orthographic projection, rays (or
projectors) from all points on the edges or
contours of the object extend parallel to
each other and perpendicular to the plane
of projection.
• The word orthographic means “at right
angles.”
• Specific names are given to the planes of projection. The front view is projected to the
frontal plane. The top view is projected to the horizontal plane. The side view is projected
to the profile plane.
 The Glass Box
• One way to understand the
standard arrangement of views on
the sheet of paper is to envision a
glass box.
• If planes of projection were placed
parallel to each principal face of
the object, they would form a box.
• The outside observer would see six
standard views (front, rear, top,
bottom, right side, left side) of the
object through the sides of this
imaginary glass box.
 Unfolding the Glass Box

• To organize the views of a 3D object

on a flat sheet of paper, imagine the
six planes of the glass box being
unfolded to lie flat.
• Think of all planes except the rear
plane as hinged to the frontal plane.
• The representation of the hinge lines
of the glass box in a drawing are
known as folding lines.
 Necessary views
• Figure 6.14 shows that right-
and left-side views are
essentially mirror images of
each other, only with different
lines appearing hidden.
• Hidden lines use a dashed-line
pattern to represent portions of
the object that are not directly
visible from that direction of
sight.
• Both the right and left views do
not need to be shown, so
usually the right-side view is
drawn.
• This is also true of the top and
bottom views, and of the front
and rear views.
 Necessary views
• The top, front, and right-side
views, arranged together, are
shown in Figure 6.15.
• These are called the three
regular views because they
are the views most
frequently used.
• A sketch or drawing should
contain only the views
needed to clearly and
completely describe the
object.
• These minimally required
views are referred to as the
necessary views.
 is used in the United States, Canada, and many other countries throughout the
Third angle projection world.
First angle projection is used mainly in European and Asian countries
Illustrations of objects having hidden features.
Illustrations of objects having hidden features.
Illustrations of objects having hidden features.
Illustrations of objects having hidden features.
Illustrations of objects having hidden features.
Illustrations of objects having sloping surfaces.
Illustrations of objects having sloping surfaces.
Illustrations of objects having sloping surfaces.
Illustrations of objects having sloping surfaces.
Illustrations of objects having sloping surfaces.
Illustrations of objects having sloping surfaces.
Illustrations of objects having sloping surfaces.
Illustrations of objects having sloping surfaces.
Illustrations of objects having circular features
Illustrations of objects having circular features
Illustrations of objects having circular features
Illustrations of objects having circular features
Illustrations of objects having circular features
Illustrations of objects having circular features
Exercises
(1) Spacer.
Draw or sketch all necessary views.
Exercises
(2) Slide.
Draw or sketch all necessary views.