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 Preface
To master Physics, students should learn to solve a variety of problems by applying
relevant physics principles instead of memorizing lots of formulae and facts.
Understanding is of utmost importance. Problems can be easily solved if one has a clear
understanding of the rationale behind. The questions in Physics 1000 are designed to
include as many different scenarios as possible while avoiding too much repetition of
problems or calculations of the same type. Clear and detailed solutions are provided to
rectify misconceptions. After going through every question and its solution carefully,
students should have the skills in answering multiple-choice questions in paper 1A as
well as the ability to analyze structured questions in paper 1B.

The authors wish to thank all those who involved in the production of Physics 1000.
Credits especially go to Isaac Lau, Gabby Mak, Steven Tam and Ben Lee who helped a
lot in the preparation of the first draft; Dickson Lau proofread and tried the questions
extensively for the final draft of the first print; Eunice Ngai and Henry Law reviewed
again the book for the previous edition; Sam Fung and Joe To revised the whole thing and
added few more questions for this print. We sincerely hope that the book can help
students excel in the examination as well as deriving new insights in Physics.

Andrew Ng
Roy Seto
Flyee Leung
 Contents
Question Solution
Section 1 1.1 Temperature, Heat & Internal Energy 1 349
1.2 Transfer Processes 17 353
1.3 Change of State 27 356
1.4 Gas Laws 43 361
Section 2 2.1 Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration 56 366
2.2 Force & Motion 80 374
2.3 Projectile Motion 113 385
2.4 Work, Energy & Power 118 388
2.5 Momentum 133 394
2.6 Circular Motion 142 398
2.7 Gravitation 147 400
Section 3 3.1 Nature & Properties of Waves 150 402
3.2 Light 175 409
3.3 Sound 209 421
Section 4 4.1 Electrostatics 217 424
4.2 Electric Current 231 429
4.3 Electromagnetism 260 441
Section 5 5.1 Radiation & Radioactivity 302 457
5.2 Atomic Model 316 461
5.3 Nuclear Energy 322 463
Appendix 1 Understanding Graph 326 465
2 Understanding Units and Formulae 333 467
3 Understanding Explanations & Facts 339 469
 Section 1.1 Temperature, Heat & Internal Energy

Given : Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg–1 °C–1

(For Questions 1 and 2) The following figure shows the thermometer reading when it is
immersed into a cup of water, of which the temperature is to be measured.

13 cm

12 cm

11 cm

1. If the length of the mercury thread at lower fixed point and upper fixed point are 7 cm and
22 cm respectively, calculate the temperature of the cup of water.

A. 30 °C
B. 36 °C
C. 42 °C
D. 48 °C

2. The advantages of using mercury in filling thermometers are that

(1) it is a good conductor of heat.

(2) it has a low specific heat capacity.
(3) it has a low freezing point.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

3. Which of the following statements about thermometers is/are correct?

(1) All thermometers make use of expansiveness of object to measure temperature.

(2) Water cannot be used in filling thermometers.
(3) Mercury cannot be used in filling clinical thermometers because it is toxic.

A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only

1
(For Questions 4 and 5) Roy wants to determine the specific heat capacity of water, using the
following setup:

joulemeter

immersion heater
0 9 01

stirrer thermometer

to power supply

4. The data of the experiment is as follows:

Heating time = 3 minutes

Power of the heater = 75 W
Mass of water used = 0.5 kg
Final temperature of water in the cup = 50°C

However, he forgot to record the initial temperature of water in the cup. Assuming that no
energy is lost to surroundings, which of the following calculations can give him the best
estimate of the initial temperature of water in the cup?

 0.5 × 4200 × 50 × 3 
A.   °C
 75 
 75 × 180 × 0.5 
B.  50 −  °C
 4200 
 75 × 180 
C.  50 −  °C
 0.5 × 4200 
 0.5 × 4200 
D.  50 −  °C
 75 × 180 

5. In order to improve the accuracy of the measured value of the specific heat capacity of water,
which of the following adjustments should be made?

(1) The thermometer should be placed closer to the immersion heater.

(2) The final temperature of the water should be taken immediately after switching off the
power supply.
(3) The cup containing water should be covered with a lid.

A. (2) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (1) and (3) only

2
6.
immersion heater

to power supply oil water to power supply

thermometer

Two identical immersion heaters are immersed in two identical cups, one containing 1 kg of
oil and the other one containing 1 kg of water. The immersion heaters are then switched on
at the same time. The temperature of the oil rises faster than that of the water because the oil

A. is less dense than water.

B. evaporates less readily than water.
C. has a smaller specific heat capacity than water.
D. has a smaller specific latent heat of fusion than water.

7. Two small copper blocks of different masses are submerged in a tank of water for one hour.
The two copper blocks have the same

(1) heat capacity.

(2) temperature.
(3) internal energy.

A. (2) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (1) and (3) only

8. Which of the following statements about heat and internal energy are incorrect?

(1) Heat is used to describe the total amount of energy stored in a body.
(2) Heat would flow from one body to another until both bodies contain the same amount
of internal energy.
(3) A body of higher temperature must contain greater amount of internal energy than
another body of lower temperature.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

3
 Section 1.1 Temperature, Heat & Internal Energy – Solution

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. C
11. A 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. A 19. D 20. A
21. A 22. D 23. B 24. B 25. B 26. A 27. A 28. B 29. C 30. D
31. D 32. A 33. D 34. B 35. D 36. A 37. A 38. D 39. A 40. B

1. B (2)  The temperature will still rise after the heater

Temperature is switched off. The reading should be taken

−
0  after the maximum temperature is reached.
(100) = 
12.4 − 7 
=   (100) = 36 °C (3)
This can reduce the heat loss to the

100 −
0   22 − 7 
surrounding.
2. A 6. C
(1)
Mercury is a metal which has a higher Specific heat capacity is the energy required to
heat conductivity than non-metals. It increase the temperature of 1 kg of the substance
allows heat to be transferred more quickly
by 1 °C. Now the temperature of oil rises faster. It
so that the reading can be obtained faster.
means that relatively less energy is required to
(2)
By E = Pt and E = mc∆T,
raise the temperature of 1 kg of oil by 1 °C. Hence,
Pt = mc∆T the oil has a smaller specific heat capacity.
m∆ T
Pt = c Alternative Solution
P Pt = mc∆T
As a result, a smaller value of c means
Pt
that a quicker response can be provided. ∆T =
(3)  Its freezing point is −38.8 °C, which is mc
actually quite high for thermometers. Since P, t and m are the same for water and oil, a
larger ∆T of oil means that oil has a smaller
3. B specific heat capacity c.
(1)  Some thermometers make use of
resistance or infra-red radiation to 7. A
measure temperature. (1)  By heat capacity = mass × specific heat
(2)
Water cannot be used because it does not capacity, since the copper blocks have the
expand uniformly with temperature when same specific heat capacity but different
the temperature is above the lower fixed masses, their heat capacity are different.
point (i.e. from 0°C to 4°C) (2)
Both copper blocks have the same
(3)  Mercury is used in filling clinical temperature as the water.
thermometer. Since it is toxic, it has to be (3)  Since the two blocks have the same
handled with care. temperature but different masses, the block
with greater mass has more internal energy.
4. C
E = mc∆T 8. D
Pt = mc∆T (1)  Heat is the energy transferred between
(75) (3 × 60) = (0.5) (4200) (50 – T ) bodies due to temperature difference, but
not a state of energy.
(75)(180)
50 – T = (2)  Heat flows from a body of higher
(0.5)(4200) temperature to a body of lower
 75 × 180  temperature until two bodies attain the
∴ T =  50 −  °C same temperature.
 0.5 × 4200 
(3)  Internal energy is the sum of all
5. B molecular kinetic energy and potential
(1)  The thermometer would then measure the energy of the body and thus it depends on
temperature of the heater instead of the mass. A higher temperature only means
average temperature of water. greater average molecular kinetic energy.
Hence, if the body of lower temperature

349
 has a much greater mass than that of the greater mass, the kinetic energy, and
other body, the internal energy of the hence, the internal energy of the former
body of lower temperature may be greater may be greater.
than the other one. (2)  The bodies may have different masses or
are made of different materials (different
9. D specific heat capacities)
40 − 0 x − (−10) (3)  The bodies are made of different
=
100 − 0 110 − (−10) materials and should have different
x = 38 specific heat capacities. Hence, they should
have different internal energies, though
10. C their mass and temperature are the same.
40 − (−10) x − 0
= 15. C
110 − (−10) 100
x = 41.7 ≈ 42 A correct reason for Answer C is that the water
absorbs heat from body and evaporates. This
11. A results in a cooling effect.
For W : m∆T = (1) (8) = 8
16. D
For X : m∆T = (1.5) (7) = 10.5
For Y : m∆T = (2) (6) = 12 17. D
For Z : m∆T = (2.5) (5) = 12.5 C 40
By E = mc∆T = (m∆T )(c) c= = = 400 J kg–1 °C –1
m 0.1
1
For same E, m∆T ∝ . 18. A
c
(1)
Energy always flows from a body of
Since m∆T of substance W is the smallest, W has higher temperature to a body of lower
the largest specific heat capacity. temperature when they are in thermal
12. A contact.
(1)
Pt = mc∆T (2)
For a liquid to change to a solid, latent
(300) (20) = (2) c (30 – 10) heat of fusion must be given out and so
c = 150 J kg–1 °C–1 energy flows away from the body.
(3)  The body with a higher internal energy
(2)  Internal energy = K.E. + P.E. Since K.E.
depends on temperature, there is an may have a lower temperature while
another body with a lower internal energy
increase in K.E. when there is an increase
may have a higher temperature. Hence, in
in temperature. On the other hand, P.E.
this case, heat flows from the body with
depends on state. During a change of state,
high temperature (lower internal energy)
the temperature must be constant for a
to the body with low temperature (higher
certain time-interval. As there is no change
internal energy). The statement does not
of state, no change in P.E. is resulted.
necessarily hold.
(3)  Pt = mc∆T
∆T P 19. D
= (1)  Total kinetic energy depends on both
t mc
P mass and temperature. The fact that X has
∴ Slope of the graph = a higher total kinetic energy than Y does
mc not necessarily imply that X has a higher
When there is an increase of mass, slope temperature.
of the line decreases. (2)  Intermolecular potential energy is the
13. A difference between internal energy and
Different states of the same substance have total kinetic energy. For example, if X has
different specific heat capacities. 5 units of internal energy and 4 units of
total kinetic energy, while Y has 3 units of
14. D internal energy and 2 units of molecular
(1)  If the specific heat capacity and the kinetic energy, then both X and Y have 1
temperature of the body of smaller mass unit of molecular potential energy.
are both higher than that of the body of (3)  See the explanation of (1).

350
20. A (2)
Heat flows from an object with a higher
(1)
By definition. temperature to another one with a lower
(2)
The higher the average molecular kinetic temperature.
energy is, the higher the temperature is. (3)  If two bodies have not attained the same
(3)  Heat capacity is the energy needed to raise temperature, the flow of energy between
the temperature of the object by 1 °C. them will continue even if they have the
same amount of internal energy. (same
21. A
temperature ≠ same internal energy)
(1)  Since the heater is still hot when the
heater is switched off, the temperature 27. A
will still rise for a while after the heater is E = mc∆T
switched off. Hence, the heater is Pt = mc∆T
switched off before t = 400 s. (250)t = (1.5)(4200)(70 – 25)
(2)
E = mc∆T; Pt = mc∆T t = 1134 s
∆T P
Slope = = 28. B
t mc
E = mc∆T; Pt = mc∆T
If the power increases, the slope of the
For P, P(40) = mPc(40 – 20)
line should also increase.
(3)  The temperature decreases until the 2P
mP =
temperature of the water is equal to the c
temperature of the surroundings (room For Q, P(60) = mQc(35 – 20)
temperature) only. Molecular kinetic 4P
energy is decreasing but not all of it is mQ =
c
released. Only at 0 K (absolute zero), all
For R, P(60) = mRc(25 – 20)
the kinetic energy is released.
12P
22. D mR =
c
The temperature of an object can be increased by
∴ mP : mQ : mR = 2 : 4 : 12
doing work on or heating it. (1) and (3) are
examples of doing work by friction. (2) is an ∴ mP : mQ : mR = 1 : 2 : 6
example of heating. Alternative Solution
E = Pt = mc∆T
23. B ∆T P 1
(1)  The molecules in solid are vibrating about Slope = = ∝
t mc m
a fixed position.
(2)
Molecules in liquid can move and rotate From the graph,
freely. slope of P : slope of Q : slope of R
(3)  Both attractive forces and repulsive forces 1 1 1 1 1
= : : =1: :
exist between molecules. 2 4 12 2 6
24. B 1 1
∴ mP : mQ : mR = 1 : 1÷ : 1÷
Specific heat capacity depends on material only. 2 6
∴ mP : mQ : mR = 1 : 2 : 6
25. B
(1)  Molecular kinetic energy is greater than 29. C
zero because the molecules are still Energy lost by 300 g water
vibrating at 0 °C. (K.E. > 0 if absolute = energy gained by cups of 50 g water
temperature > 0 K, i.e. –273 °C) (0.3)(4200)(98 – 40) = n(0.05)(4200)(40 – 10)
(2)
See explanation below. n = 11.6
(3)  Heat is the energy transferred between ∴ minimum number = 12
bodies due to temperature difference, but
not a state of energy. 30. D
∆T P
26. A Pt = mc∆T ⇒ =
(1)  Internal energy depends on the mass and t mc
temperature of the object, but the masses As P is increasing, rate of change of T increases
of the objects are unknown in this case. with time. So the graph is concave upward.

351