Forensic 5 - Module No. 1

FORENSIC 5- LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES
PREPARED BY: ATTY. JIM PETERICK G. SISON, RCRIM.,J.D.,MSCJ (IN-

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- “TRUTH VERIFIER”
CONCEPTS OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
A. used to detect deception
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES
B. by recording the subjects’
blood pressure, pulse rate,
CONCEPTS OF LIE DETECTION respiration, and skin resistance.
AND INTERROGATION
OBJECTIVES OF POLYGRAPH
Polygraphy- is defined as the EXAMINATION
scientific detection of deception
A. obtain additional investigation
through the use or aid of a polygraph
leads
instrument. This is a new name of Lie
Detection. B. ascertain if a person is telling
the truth
Polygraph
C. identify other persons involved
Derived from the two Greek words:
D. obtain information from
POLY- means Many or More
reluctant witness
and
E. eliminate innocent suspects
GRAPHOS- which means
Writings. PRINCIPAL USES OF THE
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
is a device or an instrument capable of
recording changes in blood A. aid in investigating criminal
pressure/pulse beats, respiration, and incidents
galvanic-skin-reflex or GSR as
B. speeds up the process of
indicative of emotional excitement,
investigation
especially of Lying when questioned.
C. eliminate innocent suspects
Lie detector- It is the popular but
misleading name of the Polygraph. D. pre-employment screening
ANOTHER NAME OF E. honesty test

POLYGRAPH
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SIGNIFICANCE OF
UNDERSTANDING LIE
STIMULUS
DETECTION
– is a force or motion reaching the
- In every criminal investigation, the
organism and excites the receptors.
truth must be established to ensure
proper prosecution of offenders. REACTION
- In establishing the truth, criminal – it is an action in mental attitude

investigators apply various methods evokes by external influence.
such as: observation, mechanical lie RESPONSE
detection, use of drugs that inhibits
the inhibitor, hypnosis, and – is any activity or inhibition of the
interrogation. previous activity of an organism
resulting from stimulation.
LIE
SPECIFIC RESPONSE
-untruthful statement
– is any deviation from the normal
-falsehood tracing of the subject.
-anything that deceives or creates NORMAL TRACING
false impression.
– is a tracing on the chart wherein the
DECEPTION subject answered in the irrelevant
– is an act of deceiving or misleading question.
usually accompanied by lying. POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
DETECTION – is one who conducts and administer
– It is an act of discovery of existence, the test.
presence of fact or something hidden CHART OR POLYGRAMS
or obscure.
– refers to the composite records of
FEAR pneumograph, Galvanograph and
– is emotional response to specific cardiosphygmograph tracings
danger that appears to beyond a recorded from series of questions.
persons defensive power. POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
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- is undertaken by asking questions -A white lie would cause no discord if
skillfully formulated while the subject it were uncovered and offers some
is attached to the instrument. benefit to the liar, the hearer, or both.
- These questions are answerable by -White lies are often used to avoid
yes or no, the inferences based from a offense, such as telling someone that
number of observable symptoms in a you think that their new outfit looks
subject which will be interpreted by good when you actually think that it is
the polygraph examiner. a horrible excuse for an outfit.
SUBJECT -The lie is told to avoid the harmful
implications and realistic implications
– refers to the person being examined.
of the truth.
CONFESSION
B. PATHOLOGICAL LIE- can’t
voluntary statement made by a person tell right from wrong.
and given to proper authorities
C. RED LIE- communist
wherein he acknowledges himself to
propaganda.
be guilty of an offense and disclose
circumstances of his felonious acts. D. BLACK LIE- intriguing to
cause dishonor/discredit
ADMISSION
E. MALICIOUS OR JUDICIAL
-a self-incriminating statement falling
LIE- misleading/obstructing
short of acknowledgement of guilt.
justice/ lying in court
WHY DO PEOPLE LIE
OTHER KINDS OF LIE
-fear of detection
A. FABRICATION-
-detection would result to misrepresentation of truth
embarrassment, penalty and
B. BOLD-FACED LIE- obviously
punishment, thus placing his whole
lying.
life at stake.
- A bald-faced ( or barefaced) lie is
GENERAL KINDS OF LIE
a lie that is told when it is obvious
A. WHITE LIE/BENIGN LIE- for to all concerned that is it a lie.
harmony of relationship.
- Example: a child who has
chocolate all over his face and
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denies that he has eaten the last -A noble lie usually has the effect
piece of chocolate cake, is a bald- of helping an elite maintain power.
face liar.
F. EMERGENCY LIE- – to
C. LYING BY OMISSION- prevent harm to 3 rd. party
omission of important fact.
-An emergency lie is a strategic lie
- One lies by omission by omitting told when the truth may not be told
an important fact, deliberately because, for example, harm to a
leaving another person with a third party would come of it.
misconception. Lying by omission
-Example: a neighbor might lie to
includes failures to correct pre-
an engaged husband about the
existing misconceptions.
whereabouts of his unfaithful wife,
D. LIE-TO-CHILDREN- to make because said husband might
an adult subject acceptable to reasonably be expected to inflict
children. physical injury to his husband.
- A lie-to-children is a lie, often a G. PERJURY- false testimony
platitude that may use euphemism, under oath
that is told to make an adult
-It is the act of lying or making
subject acceptable to children. A
verifiably false statements on a
common example is “The stork
material matter under oath or
brought you”.
affirmation in a court of law or in
E. NOBLE LIE- to maintain law, any of various sworn statements in
order & safety writing.
-A noble lie is one that would -Perjury is a crime because the
normally cause discord it if were witness has sworn to tell the truth
uncovered, but that offers some and, for the credibility of the court,
benefit to the liar and perhaps witness testimony must be relied
assist in an orderly society and on an being truthful.
thus potentially gives some benefit
H. BLUFFING- pretending to
to others also.
have capability
-It is often told to maintain law,
-Pretending to have capability or
order and safety.
intention one doesn’t. Bluffing is
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an act of deception that is not E. ETHNOLOGICAL LIARS-
usually seen as immoral because it Taught not to squeal
takes place in the context of a
F. PATHOLOGICAL LIARS-
game where this kind of deception
Unable to tell right from wrong;
is consented to in advance by the
Insane
players.
G. BLACK LIARS- Always
I. JOCOSE LIE- meant in jest;
pretend what they are & what
teasing
they think
J. CONTEXTUAL LIE- stating
THEORY OF LIE DETECTION
part of truth out of context
- It must be recognized that there is no
K. PROMOTION LIES-
instrument that could detect lies.
incredible advertisements
- The popular name, lie detector,
-Advertisements often contain
given to a polygraph, is somewhat
statements that are not credible,
misleading.
such as “we are always happy to
give a refund.” - This so-called lie detector simply
records certain physiological activities
TYPES OF LIARS
of the body.
A. PANIC LIARS- To avoid
THEORY OF THE LYING
consequences of confession;
PERSON
Afraid of embarrassment
- Polygraph technique uses the
B. OCCUPATIONAL LIARS-
principle that the bodily functions of a
lies when it has a higher pay
person are influenced by his mental
off.
state. The Physiological changes
C. TOURNAMENT LIARS- loves accompanying deception are capable
to lie of being recorded, measured and
interpreted with reasonable certainty.
D. PSYCHOPATHIC LIARS-
Most difficult type; No - Telling a lie is usually an emotional
conscience, regret & experience. A conscious act of lying
manifestation of guilt causes the mind of the person, which
produces an emotion of fear or
anxiety, manifested by fluctuations in
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pulse rate, blood pressure, breathing potassium, sodium, calcium
and perspiration. magnesium are finely adjusted.
- The underlying psychology here - This is found at the center of the
includes: brain and its controls is in the
hypothalamus- a group of nerve cells
a. The lying person fears detection,
of the brain that reflexes- those that
causing physiological changes to tke
we cannot control consciously such as
place in his body.
our heart beat, pulse rate, increase and
b. Fear of detection must be decrease in blood pressure and
experienced by the subject; otherwise, expansion and constriction of the
no physiological changes will occur. arteries are governed by the
c. In a series of questions during autonomic nervous system.
polygraph test containing relevant and - When one of our senses detects a
control questions, the lying subject threat to our well-being, it sends a
will tune in on the most intense signal to the autonomic nervous
relevant questions and tune out the system, which activates its
control question and may be sympathetic division regardless
materially affected by other weak whether threat is physical or
relevant questions. psychological.
- In polygraph testing, the receptor is
ROLE OF THE AUTONOMIC the ear of the subject, which receives
NERVOUS SYSTEM IN the threatening question or stimulus
POLYGRAPH EXAMINATIONS. from the polygraphist. The stimulus is
transmitted from the ears via sensory
- The physiological effectors in neurons into the brain where the
polygraph examination are the hypothalamus analyzes, evaluated and
Autonomic Nervous System. resolves a particular question. It
- ANS is responsible for regulating makes a decision for the subject as to
mechanism that corrects the slightest whether it is threatening situation. If
deviation from a particular standard affirmative, the hypothalamus
within very fine limits. Sleep, immediately activates the sympathetic
oxygenation of the blood, levels of division of the ANS. When the
sympathetic subdivision is activated,
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it immediately prepares the body for palled face may indicate shock of
the fight or flight situation by causing fear. Sweating hands indicate tension.
adrenal glands to secrete hormones
2. COLOR CHANGE – if the face is
known as epinephrine and
flushed, it may indicate anger,
norepinephrine, so that the blood will
embarrassment or shame. A pale face
be distributed to those areas of the
is a more common sign of guilt.
body where it is most needed to meet
the emergency, such as the brain and 3. DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH –
larger muscles group. The chemical nervous tension causes reflex
norepinephrine causes the arterioles in inhibition of salivary secretion and
certain parts of the body to constrict. consequently dryness of the mouth.
Thereby preventing blood from This causes continuous swallowing
entering those areas where it is not and licking of the lips.
immediately need. 4. Excessive activity of the Adam’s
- Other obvious effect took place apple - on account of the dryness of
when the sympathetic system is the throat aside from the mouth, the
activated, the heart pumps blood subject will swallow saliva from the
harder and faster, increasing blood mouth and this causes the frequent
pressure, pulse rate, and strength. upward and downward movement of
the Adam’s apple.
The second division of the ANS is the
parasympathetic Nervous System. Its 5. Fidgeting – subject is constantly
role is to maintain the homeostasis of moving about in the chair, pulling his
the body necessary for normal ears, rubbing his face, picking and
functioning. Therefore, it follows to tweaking the nose, crossing or
re- establish the chemical balance of uncrossing the legs, rubbing the hair,
the body. eyes, eyebrows, biting or snapping of
fingernails. These are indicators of
EXTERNAL OBSERVABLE
nervous tension.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
LIES 6. Peculiar Feeling Inside – there is a
sensation of lightness of the head and
1. SWEATING- sweating
the subject is confused. This is the
accompanied with a flushed face
result of his troubled conscience.
indicate anger, embarrassment or
extreme nervousness. Sweating with a
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7. Swearing to the truthfulness of his - In general, what is being evaluated is
assertion – usually a guilty subject the body of natural, unintentional,
frequently utters such expression. “I often instinctual physical responses to
swear to God I am telling the truth” certain stimuli.
Or “I hope my mother drops dead if I
Categories of Non- Verbal
am lying”, “I swear to Go” …etc.
Behaviors
Such expressions are made to make
forceful and convincing his assertion 1. Emblems
of innocence. - Expresses the entire
8. Spotless past record - “Religious communication.
man” – the subject may assert that it is - No spoken words are necessary.
not possible for him to do “anything
like that” inasmuch as he is a religious - Emblems are accurate clues of a
man and that he has a spotless record. person’s true feelings and
statements.
9. Inability to look at the investigator
“straight in the eye” – the subject does -Example: Thumbs up.
not like to look at the investigator for
fear that his guilt may seen in his
2. Illustrators
eyes. He will rather look at the floor
- assist the listener better
or ceiling.
understand the verbal
10. Not that I remember” expression communication.
– the subject will resort to the use of - Example: Speaker who uses
“Not that I Remember” expression his hand to demonstrate the
when answering to be evasive or to beat of his words.
avoid committing something
3. Adapters
prejudicial to him.
- Serve no purpose in helping the
Non- Verbal Behavioral Assessment
verbal communication.
- In order to achieve a high level of
- Adapters often occur as hand
assessment reliability, the verbal
gestures and body position and
portion of the assessment needs to be
include any type of rubbing, picking,
linked with the more obvious
massaging, or touching of the body or
responses of non-verbal behavior.
face.
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AREAS TO NOTE WHEN indicates defeat, depression and or
ASESSING NON-VERBAL boredom.
BEHAVIORS
3. Eyes
1. General Posture
- Breaks in eye contact, which
- Truthful people usually use body occur at the appropriate time, can
position as an illustrator and have be indicative of deception.
an open settled, upright position.
- Exaggerated eye contact is likely
Oftenthey lean slightly forward,
to be masking behavior and should
indicating interest in what is being
be considered an indicator of the
said.
deceptive.
- Deceptive people often show
- People who maintain eye-to-eye
very close and defensive positions,
contact too long are trying to
such as crossed arms and/or legs.
replicate sincerity or attempting to
2. Head and Face dominate you.
- When both eyebrows are raised, - Eye pupil dilations a good
with mouth partially open, it indicator of emotional change.
usually suggests surprise. One Eyes dilate when the individual is
eyebrow raised indicates confusion aroused or excited.
or skepticism. If eyebrows are
- Closed eyes suggest trying to
squeezed together and lowered, it
mentally escape and block visual
suggests anger, worry, and or
sensory input.
confusion.
- A sudden increase in eye blinking
- In observing the head and face,
indicates an increase tension.
begin with noting the position of
the head. The tilting of the head to - Squinting suggest distrust.
the side is an illustrator and 4. Arms and hands
generally suggest cooperation or
interest on a belief of what is being - increased illustrators are signs of
said. If the jaw is extended truthfulness, and adapters indicates
forward, not slanted, it indicates deception.
anger. If the chin is on the chest, it - A person or suspect whose
elbows are close to the body may
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be under severe tension. When 2. Obtaining admission or
someone sits with his elbows away confession from a suspect after
from the body, it shows he is his guilt has been established.
relaxed, less defensive and more 3. Reluctance of fearful witnesses
likely to be truthful. and informants who are in
possession of helpful
5. Sense arousal gestures.
information to disclose them to
-Under times of stress the body’s the interrogator.
senses are enhance by sympathetic
arousal. A person’s smelling, TRIAL BY ORDEAL
hearing, sight, and touch and skin - Refers to the ancient method of
sensitivity perceptions are trial in which the accused was
noticeably increased. These exposed to physical danger which
changes in the blood flow to the was supposed to be harmless if he
organs, causing increase itching was innocent.
sensation resulting in subconscious
EARLY METHODS OF
scratching. Touching or scratching
DETECTING DECEPTION
the nose is a reliable indicator of
deception when it is done as the 1. Red Hot Iron Ordeal- An
suspect answers a critical question accused placed his tongue to a
or explaining something. red-hot iron nine times unless
burned sooner. If burned, he is
6. Feet and Legs
put to death as he is guilty.
- Truthful people generally use 2. Ordeal by Balance- The
open and settled foot and legs practice of determining the
positions. veracity of the statement of the
USUAL PROBLEMS accused by placing him on one
ENCOUNTERED BY POLICE scale of balance and in the
INVESTIGATORY DURING other scale a counter balance.
INTERROGATION. Then the accused is asked to
step down the scale while the
1. Determination whether subject judge delivers a catch phrase to
is telling the truth regarding the the balance. After the
crime under investigation. exhortation, the accused is
asked to go back to the scale
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and if he is found to be lighter the emetic red water; it
than before he was adjudged as examines the heart of the
acquitted. accused and if it finds him
3. Boiling Water Ordeal- The innocent brings up the rice in
subject will be asked to plunge evidence.
their right arms into the boiling 6. Trial by Combat- A fight
water to the elbow and step into between accuser and accused,
the other side of the fire. All are whoever lost the battle will be
told to undergo the test without adjudged guilty.
murmur. And when all are 7. Trial by Torture- The accused
finished, they are told to return is put into a severe physical
at the same time the next test. If the accused can endure
afternoon. The one who showed the torture, he will be
blisters would prove the thief. considered innocent.
4. Ordeal by Rice Chewing- The 8. Drinking Ordeal- Accused is
person on trial eats the rice then given a decoction drink by a
spits upon an eyeful leaf. If the priest. He is innocent if he will
saliva is mixed with blood or not die. He is guilty if he dies.
the corner of his mouth swells 9. Trial of Eucharist- This trial is
or he trembles, he is declared reserved for the clergy, and
then a liar. administered with pomp and
5. Ordeal of Red Water- This ceremony. If the accused was
form of trial is undertaken guilty, it was believed that
where the accused is asked to Angel Gabriel will descend
fast for twelve hours, then he is from heaven and prevent the
asked to swallow a small accused from swallowing the
amount of rice and drink a dark food given to him.
colored water. If this acts as an
emetic and the accused rejects 10.Ordeal by Heat & Fire-
all the rice, he is determined Accused was compelled to
innocent from the charges. This walk bare footed through a fire,
was based on the belief that the if he remains unhurt then he is
fetish of the victim enters the innocent.
body through the mouth with
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11.Ordeal of Boiling Oil/Water- 1. Burma/ Myanmar
The accused was forced to dip
- Accuser and accused were
his hands into the boiling water
given each identical candle and
or oil and ask to pick up stone
both were lightened at the same
in it. If he remains unhurt then
time. The holder of the candle
he is innocent.
that consumed faster was
12.Ordeal of Red-Hot Needle- A
adjudged the liar.
red hot needle was drawn
through the lips of the accused, 2. Borneo
if innocent, no blood will be - Accuser and accused were
seen flowing out. presented by shell fish placed
13.Ordeal of Tiger- Accuser and on a plate. An irritating fluid
accused were placed together in was then poured on the shell
the same and a tiger set loose fishand the litigant whose shell
upon them. If both were spared, fish move first was adjudged
further elimination followed. the winner.
14.Test of the Cross Ordeal-
Accuser and accused were 3. Greece
made to stand with arms - A suspended axe was spun at
crossed on their breast. The one the center of a group of
who endured the longest was suspects. When the axe
deemed to have told the truth, stopped, whoever was in line
the other, is the liar. with the blade was supposed to
15.Donkey’s Tail Ordeal- This is be guilty as pointed by divine
undertaken by placing the providence.
accused and a donkey in one
4. Nigeria
room, if after some time, the
donkey cries, the accused is - The priest greased a feather
adjudged as guilty of the and pierced the tongue of the
offense charge against him. accused. If the feather passed
through the tongue easily, the
accused was deemed innocent.
POPULAR COUNTRIES
-Another method in Nigeria
THAT PRACTICED TRIAL
was the practice of pouring
BY ORDEAL
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corrosive liquid into the 1. Hypnotism
accused who was supposed to
- It is the alteration of
remain unharmed if innocent.
consciousness and
- Pouring boiling water over the concentration in which the
hand of the accused with the subject manifests a heightened
usual requisites for guilt or of suggestibility while
innocence (If remained awareness is maintained.
unharmed, he is innocent).
- Not all persons are
5. Europe and Early United susceptible to hypnotic
States (17th century) induction. Subjects who are
compulsive-depressive type,
- Trial by water was commonly
strong-willed like lawyers,
used on those accused of
accountants, physicians and
witchcraft. The accused was
other professionals are usually
bound (Hand and foot) and then
non-hypnotizable.
cast into the body of water. If
the accused sank, he was - REASONS: (why it is not
hauled to the surface half- admissible in court)
drowned and deemed innocent.
a. It lacks the general scientific
If he floated, he is deemed
acceptance of the reliability of
guilty and burned to death.
hypnosis per se in ascertaining
OBSERVABLE CLUES OF the truth from falsity.
LYING USED AS A
b. The fear that the Trier of
METHOD OF DETECTING
fact will give uncritical and
DECEPTION
absolute reliability to a
Body postures and facial scientific device without
expressions can be used as hints consideration of its flaw in
to determine whether someone ascertaining veracity.
is lying or telling the truth.
c. The possibility that the
FORERUNNERS OF hypnotized subject will
SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF deliberately fabricate.
DETECTING DECEPTION
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d. The prospect that the state of
heightened suggestibility in - But when the questions bear
which the hypnotized subject is some words which have to do
suspected will produce with the criminal acts the
distortion of the fact rather subject allegedly committed,
than the truth. like knife, gun, or hammer
which was used in the killing,
e. The state of the mind, skill
the tendency is to delay the
and professionalism of the
answer.
examiner are too subjective to
permit admissibility of the
- The test is not concerned with
expert testimony.
the answer, be it a ‘yes” or a
2. Word Association Test “no”. The important factor is
the time of response in relation
- A list of stimulus and non- to stimulus or non-stimulus
stimulus words are read to the words.
subject who is instructed to
answer as quickly as possible. - Like the use of the lie
detector, the subject cannot be
- The answer to the questions compelled to be subjected to
may be a “yes” or a “no”. the test without his consent.
- Unlike the lie detector, the

3. Truth Serum Method
time interval between the words
uttered by the examiner and the -The term “truth serum” is a
answer of the subject is misnomer. The procedure does
recorded. not make someone tell the truth
and the thing administered is
- When the subject is asked not serum but actually a drug.
questions with reference to his
-In the test, HYOSCINE
name, address, civil status,
HYDROBROMIDE is given
nationality, etc. Which has no
hypodermically in repeated
relation to the subject-matter of
doses until a state of delirium is
the investigation, the tendency
induced.
is to answer quickly.
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-When the proper point is -When the effects appear ,
reached, the questioning begins questioning starts.
and the subject fells a
-It is claimed that the drug
compulsion to answer the
causes depression of the
questions truthfully.
inhibitory mechanism of the
-He forgets his alibi which he brain and the subjects talk
may have built up to cover his freely.
guilt. He may give details of his
-The administration of the drug
acts or may even implicate
and subsequent interrogation
others.
must be done by a psychiatrist
-The drug acts as depressant in with a long experience on the
the nervous system. Clinical line.
evidence indicates the various
-Like the administration of the
segments of the brain
truth serum, the result of the
particularly the cortex.
test is not admissible.
-Statements taken from the
5. Intoxication
subjects while under the
influence of truth serum are -The apparent stimulation effect
involuntarily obtained hence, of alcohol is really the result of
they are not admissible as the control mechanism of the
evidence. brain. The apparent stimulation
effect of alcohol is really the
4.Narcoanalysis/
result of the control mechanism
Narcosynthesis
of the brain, so alcohol, like
-This method of deception truth serum and narcoanalysis
detection is practically the same drugs “inhibit the inhibitor”.
as that of administration of
-The ability of alcohol to reveal
truth serum. The only
the real person behind the mask
difference is the drug used.
which all of us are said to wear
Psychiatric sodium amytal or
(“mask of sanity’) is reflected
sodium pentothal is
in the age-old maxim, IN VINO
administered by the subject.
VERITAS (“in wine there is
truth”).
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-The person whose statement is -When a person speaks, there
to be taken is allowed to take are audible voice frequencies
alcoholic beverages to almost and superimposed on these are
intoxication. the inaudible frequency
modulations which are products
-Confessions made by the
of minute oscillation of the
subjects while under the
muscles of the voice
influence of alcohol may be
mechanism. Such oscillations
admissible if he is physically
of the muscles micro tremor
capable to recollect the facts
occur at the rate of 8 to 14
that he has uttered after the
cycles per second and
effects of alcohol have
controlled by the central
disappeared.
nervous system.
-But in most instances, the
-When the person is under
subjects cannot recall
stress as when he is lying, the
everything that he had
micro tremor in the voice
mentioned or he may refuse to
utterance in moderately or
admit the truth of the statement
completely suppressed.
given.
-The degree of suppression
-The knowledge of the truth is
caries inversely to the degree of
an essential requirement for the
psychologic stress in the
administration of criminal
speaker.
justice. The success or failure
in making decisions may rest -The psychological stress
solely on the ability to evaluate evaluator (PSE) detects,
the truth or falsity of the measures, and graphically
statement given by the suspects displays the voice modulations
or witness. The task for its that we cannot hear.
determination initially lies on
-When a person is relaxed and
the hand of the investigator.
responding honestly to the
questions, those inaudible
frequencies are registered
6. Psychological Stress
clearly on th instrument. But
Evaluator
when a person is under stress,
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as when he is lying, these A retest is given to verify
frequencies tend to disappear. correction and clarification.
Procedure: METHODS OF
DETECTING DECEPTION
-The examiner meets the
THROUGH REGULAR
requesting party to determine
POLICE WORK
the specific purpose of the
examination and to begin The police methods sought to
formulation of relevant answer the legal investigative
questions. process are the so called “ Five
Wives and One Husband or the
-A pre-test interview is
5 W’s and 1 H. These questions
conducted with the subject to
are used to gain the so called
help him or her feel at ease with
Three Eyes / 3 I’s of
the examiner, to provide an
investigation which refers to
opportunity to specify matters,
the following:
to eliminate outside issues, and
to review questions that will be 1. Information gathering-
asked. through record check,
surveillance and intelligence
-A roal test of about 12 to 15
check.
“yes” or “no” questions or
2. Investigation- Through
given which is recorded on a
interrogation and /or
tape recorder. The questions are
interview to obtain
a mixture of relevant and
confession or admission.
irrelevant questions.
3. Instrumentation- Through
-Immediately following the test criminalistic processes with
or at a later time, the tape is the use of the different
processed through the investigative forensic
Psychological Stress Evaluator sciences such as medico
for analysis of the answers. legal/ forensic medicine,
-If stress is indicated, the forensic chemistry, forensic
subject is given opportunity to photography, forensic
provide additional clarification. ballistics, questioned
document examination,
17 | P a g e
PROGRESS)
dactyloscopy, and •Recommended taking pulse as
polygraphy. method of distinguishing truthfulness
from lying.
MODERN METHOD OF
2. 1851
DETECTING DECEPTION
Jacques d’Arsonval
- Polygraph • French scientist
A polygraph (commonly • External Friction: electricity
referred to as a lie detector) is generated bybody
an instrument that measures – Sweat glands store & discharge
and records several electricity
physiological responses such – Foundation of development of
as: Galvanometer
3. 1886
a. blood pressure, Christian Hans Stoelting
b. pulse, • Founded Stoelting Co
– Leading product supplier on
c. respiration and
physiological, psychological &
d. skin conductivity psycho-physiological measurement.
4. 1878
Angelo Mosso
while the subject is asked and answers • Used plethysmograph in research:
a series of questions, on the basis that emotion & fear in subjects under
false answers will produce distinctive questioning
measurements. The polygraph – Studied effects of these variables on
measures physiological changes cardiovascular & respiratory activity
caused by the sympathetic nervous • Studied blood circulation &
system during questioning. breathing patterns & their changes
under certain stimuli
• first scientist to report experiments
TIMELINE OF THE MODERN
on
POLYGRAPH
breathing, blood pressure & pulse
1. 1730 rate.
Daniel Defoe 5. 1888
• British novelist
Charles Samson Fere
18 | P a g e
PROGRESS)
• French scientist truthfulness from deception in
suspects.
• Electro-dermal response caused by
increase in 8. 1897
action of heart & vital energy George Sticker
converted w/
• 1 st to suggest use of galvanograph
human emotions. for detecting deception.
• Human body: ability to generate, • Theory: galvanic skin phenomenon
store, influenced by exciting mental
impressions.
discharge high voltage of static
electricity. 9. 1907
6. 1892 Otto Veraguth
Sir James Mackenzie • first to use Psychogalvanic Reflex
• English heart specialist – Electrical phenomenon due to
activity of sweat glands.
• Constructed clinical polygraph:
instrument for 10. 1908
medical examinations; capability: Hugo Münsterberg
simultaneously record undulated line
• Proposal & advocacy:
tracings of vascular pulses.
– Lie test based on lie detector should
7. 1895
be admissible in court.
Cesare Lombroso
11. 1914
• employed the first scientific
Vittorio Benussi
instrument to detect deception
• Successful in detecting deception w/
• Modified hydrosphygmograph:
pneumograph: – Instrument for
– Experiments: measure physiological recoding inhalation & exhalation.
changes in suspect’s blood pressure &
pulse rate.
12. 1915
• first person to use instrument
(successfully) to determine William Moulton Marston
19 | P a g e
PROGRESS)
• Contribution: verbal deception • Added psychogalvanometer: –
detectable by changes in systolic Measured changes in galvanic skin
blood pressure: blood pressure cuff & resistance
sphygmomanometer
• Patented prototype of modern
• Also used pneumograph polygraph: Keeler Polygraph
• Father of Polygraph • Father of modern polygraph
13. 1918 16. 1930
Harold Burtt Capt. Clarence D. Lee
• Respiratory changes indicative of • Designed Lee Psychograph:
deception
– Chart drive/recording unit
• Changes in systolic blood pressure
– Pneumograph/respiration unit
greater value than changes in
respiration in determining deception – Cardiograph/pulse-blood pressure
unit
14. 1921
– Stimulus signal unit
John Augustus Larson
17. 1932
• Developed Larson Polygraph: –
Continuously recording: Chester W. Darrow
• Blood pressure • Made 3 rd modification to Larson
Cardio-Pneumo Psychograph by
• Pulse • Respiration
adding galvanometer
• Psychiatrist by profession
– Psychogalvanometric record
• Worked as police officer under
– Electrodes on palm & back of hand
August Vollmer.
18.1947
15. 1925
Max Wastl
Leonarde Keeler
• Founded Lafayette Instrument
• Devised polygraph using inked pens
Company
for recording changes in blood
pressure, pulse rate & respiratory – Leading polygraph machine
patterns distributor
19. 1947
20 | P a g e
PROGRESS)
John E. Reid – Adopted as standard procedure in
polygraph today.
• Developed control question
technique – Control questions: 22. 1988
designed to be emotionally arousing
John Kircher & David Raskin
for non-deceptive subjects & less
emotionally arousing for deceptive • Computer Assisted Polygraph
subjects than relevant questions – System
Replaced Relevant/Irrelevant – Integrating the first algorithm for
Question Technique – Major measuring physiological data.
breakthrough in polygraph
methodology. 23. 1993
Dale Olsen & John Harris
• Found 1 st polygraph school – • Completed software program:

Keeler Polygraph Institute in Chicago, PolyScore – used sophisticated
Illinois. mathematical algorithm.
20. 1951 • To analyze polygraph data.
Paul Wilhelm & Donald Burns • To estimate probability of

deception/truthfulness.
• Lie detector specialists in Michigan
City, Indiana 24. Joseph F. Kubis
• Invented Electronic Psychometric • First researcher to computer

using Electrodermal Response as applications to polygraph chart
basis for lie detection. analysis.
21. 1960
Cleve Backster
• Developed Backster Zone
Comparison Technique:
– Alteration of Reid question
sequencing
–Quantification system of chart
analysis
– More objective & scientific
21 | P a g e

Forensic 5 - Module No. 1

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FORENSIC 5- LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES

PREPARED BY: ATTY. JIM PETERICK G. SISON, RCRIM.,J.D.,MSCJ (IN-

ANOTHER NAME OF E. honesty test

- In establishing the truth, criminal – it is an action in mental attitude

- Unlike the lie detector, the

• Found 1 st polygraph school – • Completed software program:

20. 1951 • To analyze polygraph data.

Paul Wilhelm & Donald Burns • To estimate probability of

• Invented Electronic Psychometric • First researcher to computer

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