CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR SHEAR

Lecturer: Aljhon Morana

Chapter Outline
1. Introduction
2. Diagonal Tension in Concrete Beams
3. Shear in Concrete Beams
4. Analysis of Beams for Shear
5. Design of Beams for Shear
Objectives
1. Understand the behavior of concrete beam when subjected
to shear.
2. Analyze the nominal or ultimate shear that concrete beam
can carry.
3. Design concrete beams for shear using the load-and-
resistance factor design.
1. Introduction 2 3 4 5

Shear Failure of Concrete Beams

• Beams must have an adequate safety margin against other types
of failure, some of which may be more dangerous than flexural
failure.

• Shear failure of reinforced concrete, more properly called

diagonal tension failure, is one example.

• Shear failure occurs suddenly.

• Tension-Controlled Flexural Failure must occur first before Shear

Failure.
1 2. Diagonal Tension in Concrete Beams 3 4 5

Diagonal Tension in Concrete Beams

V
Consider an infinitesimal
element subjected to pure V V
shear.

To counter the shear forces, V

there exist a Diagonal Tension V
directed opposite the resultant
of the shear forces.
V
T T
The diagonal tension
constitutes to the main cause V
of inclined cracking.
V
1 2. Diagonal Tension in Concrete Beams 3 4 5

Diagonal Tension in Concrete Beams

Shear failure is actually
tension failure at the inclined
cracks.

Shear is critical near the

supports.
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams

• Consider a portion of a concrete beam in which a diagonal tension
crack has formed.

• Once a crack is formed, no

tension force perpendicular to
the crack can be transmitted.

• However, as long as the crack

is narrow, it can still transmit
shear forces through aggregate
interlock.
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams

Vcz is the shear resistance
on uncracked concrete

Va is the interface shear

or aggregate interlock
shear

Vd is the dowel shear or

portion of the shear force
resisted by the
longitudinal steel in dowel
𝑽𝒄 = 𝑽𝒄𝒛 + 𝑽𝒂 + 𝑽𝒅 action.
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams

𝑽𝒄 = 𝑽𝒄𝒛 + 𝑽𝒂 + 𝑽𝒅
Vcz Uncracked Concrete Shear Resitance
• Closely related to the area of the flexural compression zone.

Va Aggregate Interlock Shear Resistance

• Along the diagonal crack of concrete and is due to the
expected aggregate interlock.

Vd Dowel Shear Resistance

• Influenced by the flexural rigidity of longitudinal
reinforcement and surrounding concrete.
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams

• Until now, predicting the shear force due to each of the
mentioned effects has not yet been formulated yet.

𝑽𝒄 = 𝑽𝒄𝒛 + 𝑽𝒂 + 𝑽𝒅
(20%-40%) (33%-50%) (15%-25%)
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams

• To easily quantify the nominal shear capacity of concrete, NSCP
2015 provided a formula.
𝟏
𝑽𝒄 = 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝟔
Where:
𝑉𝑐 is the nominal shear capacity of concrete and main
bars
𝜆 is 1.0 for normal weight concrete, 0.75 for
lightweight concrete, and 0.85 for sand-
lightweight concrete
𝑏𝑤 is the narrowest width in a beam
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams

1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams

Sample Problem 1
Determine the nominal shear capacity of a normal-weight concrete.

Effective Depth = 600mm

Beam Width = 300mm
Compressive Strength = 34MPa
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams

Given: Solution:
d = 600mm
1
bw = 300mm 𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
f’c = 34MPa 6
λ = 1.0 1
𝑉𝑐 = 1.0 34 300 600
6
Required: Vc
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝟖𝟔𝒌𝑵
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams 200mm

Sample Problem 2
Determine the nominal shear
capacity of the light-weight
concrete shown. Use f’c =
21MPa.

740mm
600mm
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams 200mm

Given:
f’c = 21MPa
λ = 0.75

Required: Vc

740mm
600mm
1 2 3. Shear in Concrete Beams 4 5

Shear in Concrete Beams 200mm

Solution:
1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6

1
𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 21 400 740

740mm
6

𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟑𝒌𝑵

600mm
1 2 3 4. Analysis of Beam for Shear 5

Shear Reinforcements
• Shear Reinforcements are
called stirrups for beams.

• They axially carry shear force

in beams.
1 2 3 4. Analysis of Beam for Shear 5

Shear Reinforcements
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 =
𝒔
Where
𝑉𝑠 is the shear resistance
contributed by the stirrups
𝑓𝑦𝑡 is the yield strength of the
stirrups
𝑠 is the center-to-center
spacing of the stirrups
𝐴𝑣 effective area of the stirrups
1 2 3 4. Analysis of Beam for Shear 5

Analysis of Beams for Shear

Steps:
1. Solve Vc using the formula:
𝟏
𝑽𝒄 = 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝟔
2. Solve Vs using the formula:
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅
𝑽𝒔 =
𝒔
3. Solve Vn using the formula:
𝑽𝒏 = 𝑽 𝑪 + 𝑽𝒔
Note that for shear:
𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
1 2 3 4. Analysis of Beam for Shear 5

Analysis of Beams for Shear

Sample Problem 3
Determine the ultimate shear
capacity of the reinforced concrete
section shown. The center-to-center
stirrup spacing is 200mm.

f’c = 21MPa
fyt = 275MPa
1 2 3 4. Analysis of Beam for Shear 5

Analysis of Beams for Shear

Given:

f’c = 21MPa
fyt = 275MPa
s = 200mm
d = 462.5mm

Required: Vu
1 2 3 4. Analysis of Beam for Shear 5

Analysis of Beams for Shear

Solution:

* Solve for Vc
1
𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6

1
𝑉𝑐 = 1.0 21 350 462.5
6

𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟏𝒌𝑵
1 2 3 4. Analysis of Beam for Shear 5

Analysis of Beams for Shear

Solution:

* Solve for Vs
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
𝜋
(2) (102 )(275)(462.5)
4
𝑉𝑠 =
200

𝑽𝒔 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟐𝟖𝒌𝑵
1 2 3 4. Analysis of Beam for Shear 5

Analysis of Beams for Shear

Solution:

* Solve for Vu

𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑛

𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 )

𝑉𝑢 = 0.75(123.6341 + 99.8928)

𝑽𝒖 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟐𝒌𝑵
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Critical Section for Shear

• The critical section for shear is located “d” distance from the
support.
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Critical Section for Shear

• Sections between the critical section and face of support are
designed for Vu at the critical section.

• Above provision is applicable only when support reaction

produces compression in the end region.

• Does not apply when there is a concentrated load between face

of support and critical section.
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

Steps:
1. Draw the Vu diagram.
2. Calculate Vud which is the Vu at d distance from the support.
wu

wL/2 wL/2
L
𝑽𝒖𝒅

d
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

Steps:
1. Draw the Vu diagram.
2. Calculate Vud which is the Vu at d distance from the support.
wu

wL/2 wL/2
L
𝑽𝒖𝒅

d
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3. Solve Vc and Vs using the formula:
𝟏
𝑽𝒄 = 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝑽𝒖 = ∅(𝑽𝑪 + 𝑽𝒔 )
𝟔
wu

wL/2 wL/2
L
𝑽𝒖𝒅

d
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

4. Determine the required stirrup spacing for every zone.

𝑽𝒖𝒅

d
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

4. Determine the required stirrup spacing for every zone.
𝑽𝒖𝒅

d
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

4. Determine the required stirrup spacing for every zone.
𝑽𝒖𝒅
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
D C 𝝓𝑽𝒄 B A B C D
𝑽𝒄
𝝓
𝟐
d
𝑽𝒄
d 𝝓
𝟐
𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒖𝒅
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

4. Determine the required stirrup spacing for every zone.
𝑽𝒖𝒅
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
D C 𝝓𝑽𝒄 B A B C D
𝑽𝒄
𝝓
𝟐
d
𝑽𝒄
d 𝝓
𝟐
𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒖𝒅
For Zone A:
∅𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒖 ≤
𝟐
Shear reinforcements are not needed.
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

4. Determine the required stirrup spacing for every zone.
𝑽𝒖𝒅
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
D C 𝝓𝑽𝒄 B A B C D
𝑽𝒄
𝝓
𝟐
d
𝑽𝒄
d 𝝓
𝟐
𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒖𝒅
For Zone B:
∅𝑽𝒄
< 𝑽𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑽𝒄
𝟐
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅
𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏 , , , 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝒃𝒘 𝟐
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

4. Determine the required stirrup spacing for every zone.
𝑽𝒖𝒅
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
D C 𝝓𝑽𝒄 B A B C D
𝑽𝒄
𝝓
𝟐
d
𝑽𝒄
d 𝝓
𝟐
𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒖𝒅
For Zone C:
∅𝑽𝒄 < 𝑽𝒖 ≤ 𝟑∅𝑽𝒄
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅 𝒅
𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏 , , , , 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟐 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝒘 𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝒃𝒘 𝑽𝒔 𝟐
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

4. Determine the required stirrup spacing for every zone.
𝑽𝒖𝒅
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
D C 𝝓𝑽𝒄 B A B C D
𝑽𝒄
𝝓
𝟐
d
𝑽𝒄
d 𝝓
𝟐
𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒖𝒅
For Zone D:
𝟑∅𝑽𝒄 < 𝑽𝒖 ≤ 𝟓∅𝑽𝒄
𝑨𝒗 𝒇𝒚𝒕 𝒅 𝒅
𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏 , , 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒔 𝟒
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

4. Determine the required stirrup spacing for every zone.
𝑽𝒖𝒅
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
D C 𝝓𝑽𝒄 B A B C D
𝑽𝒄
𝝓
𝟐
d
𝑽𝒄
d 𝝓
𝟐
𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝟑𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒖𝒅
If:
𝑽𝒖 > 𝟓∅𝑽𝒄
Revise beam dimensions or area of shear reinforcements.
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear 10mm

stirrups

6000m
Sample Problem 4
For the beams and loads given,
select stirrup spacing if f’c = 21MPa 65mm
and fyt is 275MPa. Draw the complete
beam layout showing the stirrup 350mm
spacing. (Round down to nearest P LL = 75kN
25mm) wDL = 45kN/m

3m 3m
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear 10mm

stirrups

6000m
Given:
f’c = 21MPa
fyt is 275MPa 65mm

Required: Designed Shear 350mm

Reinforcement Layout PLL = 75kN
wDL = 45kN/m

3m 3m
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear 10mm

stirrups

6000m
Solution:

* Draw the Vu diagram 65mm

350mm
PLL = 75kN
wDL = 45kN/m

3m 3m
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear 10mm

stirrups

6000m
Solution:

* Draw the Vu diagram 65mm

350mm
Pu = 120kN
wu = 54kN/m

222kN 222kN
3m 3m
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

Solution:
Pu = 120kN
* Draw the Vu diagram wu = 54kN/m

222kN 222kN
3m 3m
222kN
60kN

-60kN
535mm -222kN
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

Solution:

* Draw the Vu diagram

3m 3m
222kN
60kN

-60kN
535mm -222kN
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
222kN
60kN

-60kN
535mm -222kN
* Solve Vud
222−60 𝑥
=
3000 3000−535
𝑥 = 133.11𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢𝑑 = 𝑥 + 60

𝑽𝒖𝒅 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝒌𝑵

1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
193.11kN
60kN

-60kN
535mm -193.11kN
* Solve Vud
222−60 𝑥
=
3000 3000−535
𝑥 = 133.11𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢𝑑 = 𝑥 + 60

𝑽𝒖𝒅 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝒌𝑵

1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
193.11kN
60kN

-60kN
535mm -193.11kN
* Solve Vud * Solve Vc * Solve Vs
222−60 𝑥 1
= 𝑉𝑐 = 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 )
3000 3000−535 6
𝑥 = 133.11𝑘𝑁
1 193.11 = 0.75(143.0145 + 𝑉𝑠 )
𝑉𝑢𝑑 = 𝑥 + 60 𝑉𝑐 = 1.0 21 (350)(535)
6
𝑽𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟓𝒌𝑵
𝑽𝒖𝒅 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝒌𝑵 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟓𝒌𝑵
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
193.11kN
60kN

-60kN
535mm -193.11kN
* Plot the zones
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟓𝒌𝑵
𝑽𝒄
∅ = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑵
𝟐
∅𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵
𝟑∅𝑽𝒄 = 𝟑𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟕𝒌𝑵
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
193.11kN 𝝓𝑽𝒄 𝝓𝑽𝒄
𝒙
60kN

𝒙
-60kN
535mm -193.11kN
* Plot the zones * Determine location of ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟓𝒌𝑵
222−60 ∅𝑉𝑐 −60
=
𝑽𝒄 3000 3000−𝑥
∅ = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑵
𝟐
∅𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟗𝒎𝒎
𝟑∅𝑽𝒄 = 𝟑𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟕𝒌𝑵
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
193.11kN 𝝓𝑽𝒄 𝝓𝑽𝒄
C𝒙 60kN
B
B 𝒙
-60kN C
535mm -193.11kN
* Plot the zones * Determine location of ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟒𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟓𝒌𝑵
222−60 ∅𝑉𝑐 −60
=
𝑽𝒄 3000 3000−𝑥
∅ = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟎𝟓𝒌𝑵
𝟐
∅𝑽𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟗𝒌𝑵 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟗𝒎𝒎
𝟑∅𝑽𝒄 = 𝟑𝟐𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟐𝟕𝒌𝑵
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
193.11kN 𝝓𝑽𝒄 𝝓𝑽𝒄
C𝒙 60kN
B
B 𝒙
-60kN C
535mm -193.11kN
* Solve spacing for Zone B
∅𝑽𝒄
< 𝑽𝒖 ≤ ∅𝑽𝒄
𝟐
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , , 600
0.062 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 0.35𝑏𝑤 2
2𝜋(0.25)(102 )(275) 2𝜋(0.25)(102 )(275) 535
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , , 600
0.062 21(350) 0.35(350) 2
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
193.11kN 𝝓𝑽𝒄 𝝓𝑽𝒄
C𝒙 60kN
B
B 𝒙
-60kN C
535mm -193.11kN
* Solve spacing for Zone B
2𝜋(0.25)(102 )(275) 2𝜋(0.25)(102 )(275) 535
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , , 600
0.062 21(350) 0.35(350) 2
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 434.3934,352.6277,267.5,600
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 267.5

𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
193.11kN 𝝓𝑽𝒄 𝝓𝑽𝒄
C𝒙 60kN
B
B 𝒙
-60kN C
535mm -193.11kN
* Solve spacing for Zone C
∅𝑽𝒄 < 𝑽𝒖 ≤ 𝟑∅𝑽𝒄
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 𝑑
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , , , 600
0.062 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 0.35𝑏𝑤 𝑉𝑠 2
2𝜋(0.25)(10 )(275) 2𝜋(0.25)(102 )(275) 2𝜋(0.25)(102 )(275)(535) 535
2
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , , 2 , 600
0.062 21(350) 0.35(350) 114.4655
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

3m 3m
𝑽𝒖𝒅
193.11kN 𝝓𝑽𝒄 𝝓𝑽𝒄
C𝒙 60kN
B
B 𝒙
-60kN C
535mm -193.11kN
* Solve spacing for Zone C
2𝜋(0.25)(102 )(275) 2𝜋(0.25)(102 )(275) 2𝜋(0.25)(102 )(275)(535) 535
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , , , , 600
0.062 21(350) 0.35(350) 114.4655 2
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 434.3934,352.6277,201.8980,267.5,600
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 201.8980

𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
1 2 3 4 5. Design of Beams for Shear

Design of Beams for Shear

s = 200mm s = 250mm s = 200mm

C B C

2.1248m 1.7504m 2.1248m

1 2 3 4 5

References
McCormac, J.C. and Nelson, J.K. 2014. Design of Reinforced
Concrete. 9th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New Jersey.
Nilson, A. H. 1997. Design of Concrete Structures. 12th Edition.
McGraw-Hill: Singapore.
Pytel, A. and Singer, F.L. 1987. Strength of Materials. 4th Edition.
Harper Collins Publisher.: New York.
Zafra, R. 1st Sem 2017-2018. CE 134 Lecture Notes. Department of
Civil Engineering, UPLB.
END