INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Heat Transfer: Principles and applications

Course code: CHN-201

B.Tech II Year (CHE/PSE)(117+27=144)
(Semester: Autumn 2021-22)
By

Dr. Taraknath Das

(Assistant Professor)
Lecture-1 : (M/W/Thu) (10-10:55 AM)
Tutorial: Thursday (3-4 PM)
Lab Exp: Tuesday (2-4PM)

Department of Chemical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Date: 02/08/2020 (Monday), 10:00 AM to 10:55 AM
5. Heat transfer: Principles and applications By Binay K. Dutta
 Introduction

✓ Heat : The form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a result of temperature difference

✓ Heat transfer (Thermal energy): The science that deals with the determination of the rates of Thermal energy transfer

✓ The science of thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a process from one
equilibrium state to another and makes no reference to how long the process will take place.

✓ In Engineering : We are interested in the rate of heat transfer, which is the topic of the science of heat transfer

✓ The relation of heat to other forms of energy

✓ The first law of thermodynamics

✓ The basic mechanisms of heat transfer

✓ (i) Conduction mode of heat transfer (It occurs in solid medium, in presence of temperature difference)(no
bulk motion)
✓ (ii) Convection mode of heat transfer (transport of heat energy by displacement of fluid elements)
✓ (iii) Radiation mode of heat transfer (a body (T> 0K) emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves)
 Thermodynamics and heat transfer
✓ The energy transfer is always from the higher temperature medium to the lower temperature one,
and the energy transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same temperature

✓ The thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a process
from one equilibrium state to another.

✓ It gives no indication about how long the process will take

✓ The thermodynamic analysis simply tells us how much heat must be transferred to realize a specified
change of state to satisfy the conservation of energy principle

✓ We are more concerned about the rate of heat transfer (heat transfer per unit time) than the amount of it

Few Examples:
(A) Thermodynamics and heat transfer

❖ Thermodynamics alone cannot tell how long will it

takes for the coffee to cool to a certain temperature

❖ Determine the rates of heat transfer to or from a

system and thus the items of cooling or heating, as
well as the variation of the temperature is the subject
(surrounding) of heat transfer

❑ Thermodynamics deals with the equilibrium

states and changes from one equilibrium state to
another equilibrium state

Law of thermodynamics: ❖ Heat transfer deals with systems that lack

1st Law (Conservation of energy) (the amount lost as heat) : thermal equilibrium, and its is a nonequilibrium
The rate of energy transfer into the system be equal to the phenomena
rate of increase of energy of that system

✓ Heat added to the system = change in internal energy + work done by the system
(B) Thermodynamics and heat transfer

❖Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature

Law of thermodynamics:
2nd Law (direction of transfer): The heat transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature

Entropy of an isolated system can only increase

(irreversible, dS > 0) or remain constant (reversible, dS=0).
dS = dQ/T; here, dS = dS1(system) + dS2(surroundings)
 Application areas of heat transfer
❑ Many engineering system/equipment: AC, refrigerator and freezer, water heater, iron, computer, TV

❑ The human body is constantly rejecting heat to its surroundings, and human comfort is closely tied to the
rate of this heat rejection

❑ The heat transfer rate by adjusting our clothing to the environment conditions
 Engineering heat transfer
❖ Heat transfer equipment:

✓ Heat exchangers, boilers, condensers, heaters, furnaces, refrigerators, and solar collectors

❖ These equipment are designed on the basis of heat transfer analysis

The Heat transfer problems encountered in two categories:

1) Rating problems: It determine the heat transfer rate for an existing system at a specified temperature
difference

2) The sizing problems: It determine the size of a system in order to transfer heat at a specified rate for a
specified temperature difference
 A simplified flow diagram of the nitric acid plant

W ater

R eactor
A bsorption tow er
800 oC /4-10 bar
N H 3 from storage tank
Pt/R h/N iC u catalyst
L N H 3 (-33 oC ) N H 3 vaporizer
NO2

G as cooler
A ir
275 oC
Pre-heater
Product nitric
to stack acid

4N H 3 +5 O 2 Pt/800oC 4N O + 6H 2O + heat

2N O + O 2 2 NO2
❑ Heating and cooling of materials is an indispensable part of processing,
4N O 2+O 2 + 2H 2O 4H N O 3
and production in engineering

❑ So, we have to see that it is done in the most economic way possible so
that heat loss or gain during the process is minimum
 Energy Transfer

✓ Heat (heat energy) is transferred from

vapour (80 oC) to the surrounding (25 oC)

✓ Sensible and latent forms of internal energy transferred due to a temperature difference i.e as heat or thermal energy

✓ The amount of heat transferred during the process is denoted by Q’ (J) or

✓ The amount of heat transferred per unit time is called heat transfer rate and is Q (J/s or Watt)

✓ The heat transfer rate , Q has the unit Watt (J/s)

Energy Transfer (Q):

❑ The total amount of heat transfer Q during the time interval can be determined from provided that the
variation of Q with time is known

Q = rate of heat transfer (J/s)

Q dt

Heat flux, q: (q = Q/A)

The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to the
direction of heat transfer is called the heat flux. The
average heat flux ix expressed as

q = Q/A (watt/m2)

Where, A = heat transfer area

Energy balance for a closed system:

❑ Q = the net amount of energy transfer to

or from the system,
A) Stationary closed system, no work ❑ m = mass,
❑ Cv = specific heat at constant volume,
. ❑ dT = temperature change of the system

B) Flow system (steady flow system)

C) Surface Energy Balance
❑ Heat is transferred by the mechanisms of conduction, convection, and radiation

❑ At steady state the energy balance at the surface can be expressed as

Conclusion Heat transfer mechanisms

❑ Heat as the form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a result of
temperature difference

❑ A thermodynamic analysis is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a
process from one equilibrium state to another

❑ The surface science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy transfers is the heat
transfer

❑ The transfer of energy as heat is always from higher-temperature to lower temperature

❑ Heat transfer stops when the two medium reach the same temperature

❑ Heat can be transferred in three different modes: Conduction, Convection and radiation

❑ All modes of heat transfer require the existence of a temperature difference

The End