STUDY GROUP

9TH TO 12TH
BEST
HANDWRITTEN NOTES
 Date
Page

CHAPTER-6

THERMODYNAMICS
Sylabus2oo-2
ConcebtAl syktem Ond types o1 Syltem
SaUJUlOunding3 k heatenerg
exteniveOnd in-en8ive propenHekSdaf suction
eneng
st Ja o theimodynancginHEnaenengy
Qnd enthallpy Meauiment o Au k AH_
Hela la a Constant heat Summaton
en-halyo ond di32octatton Cambuston,
OYmation atomzation Sublimaton nak
ransi'bn onZathn_ Salution and
di'lton Second as 01 fhen mQdyphamic
T0toduction to entrop a a State
JunchonGztb6g enctg change ay
sPon-taneoud Aon Spon-ta necu pracesa
Thud laus a ther odynamicg.
 Date
Page
Sptemg'-Ketens to the foyion i univel3
hich i onden absenvohon

Suruoonding E Venyfhing elge 1nhe Unienke

excep Syi-tem i (alled Sune undingf
he Cpi yene= Thesysiemte
SWlOUndihgs
Open Sy$tem na SyAtemLahen thene
LB exchalge ol enengyand maten a king
place ith theSulouAds ngg -

Cosed Sytem n a claged system

thene 13 n0 exchonge o maten buf
exchange o energ _fa23ible be-tueen
y8tem GAd heSODUOGndi ngs.

So lated sytem In a Syl Hem when

la exchange 0eneg4 OY maten -a kel
place Lith he Suma.ondings aled
isalated Syltem
HoMAgeneauS Syttem-uhen althe
Canstituen preleni8 ihe Somc Phase
and 1gUuform thtaugbd the syltenm
E A ux tule 61 to muscihle Ligu

Hede yogen en em- mux tule ba

to beheferogehenw when Consistz 0
 Date
Page

two OYmaye tlale and he Campo.s-han_i

Nol Untorm
e A_Mixtule dinsaluble Salud tn waten

he S-fate d the Syitem he Stateaf a

SStemmanItz maclaScabr
thelmady namic
Oybulk ropentiestshieh Cn be desczibed
bStateVolable
fresune CP),Ualume u)dempelatune (Tand
mo ont n etc
They ale ayonhoLn 0 Stafe ncians.

Iso therma proces-when -he openladtan

GRuied 6 at Can3-tanHempenafule, the
Prace t5 Saidfo be lsatheg mal
oy soheima oce dT: 0 uhene
dT i the changen Hom pelatue

Adiabatic PYOce9 i z apaaces in_Lahei

na Tranke hea hetweenSytem and
SuriaUndihga kesplace
Isabolic troce uhen he_pocesz i
Caied Out af Conitant pesune 1
Said to he ISobauc e dP=0

Isochoric PYoce Apocenuhen (anued

O at Contand ólumeti3 knoLn o
iso choytc in havne
 Date
Page
Cyclic pocegia Syldem Undertgoel a
Sentes changes nd sinaly yetung a
intialstate t E Gled Cycie trocee
Kevensible pracess hen 1n a poceBa
Chonge Is byaughtn uch a Liay hat
the
pYoCe Culd at y Mamendbe ye
vened
Dy_on Indinites imal choye The Caange Y
is aUcd Kevelsi6e pyace8
In temal eneg
energ1 sthe Sum 0 ol
hedoymg d1 energ ies thad a System Can
1h heaadynammc&i i dena-fed by AM
uhieh
Ma chang hen
Heal
Head pokes tnda OY 0ut
af the sytem
Llak i's done an dY by fhe
matfen enteng r eajes he system
systen
Change inndeona energ b
Let 0S bhg the Change tnthe In daing Latnk
ten Nal energ
by_dong
tadyk
Let the initial stade Gi the System is
Qhd Temp. Slate A
l nten nal energy U
On dang Some
mechaAiCal Laayk he neL
state ' Called state B_and
1 I0und abe the TempT
 Date
Page

in tepna enengy odden CAange

1 3 7he
Au= Up-p

Cnegy by en of heaf
ChaAgc tn In-tenna
hange
a SteM Con
(on be
be choged
Chaged
Ih tella eneTgy 0
thetyansden o1 heaf srom he
by haut daim
SuuloUndings to he SySter
wOyk '
Au
uhene q 1 the heal ahsarbed by the
Sy tem
q B Ve uhen heat ' z ransteMEd
Yom the SuvlaUndngia the Syl tem.912
Ve uhen heat ts iyaniienn ed om Syton
fo SUUlOUndlng
hen_change oi s-tate 'g done both dy doing
wOk ond ranken of heat
Au t

First low oj thenmadynantg CLa O

COn3eTVaton 67 energ 4slat Tlafi
ene1g
eneng an nei then be Cyated hay be
deltzoyed he enengy 07 an f'saloted

Sytem g Candand
 Date
Page
WoykpYeuteVolume
Let w Considen tuoYk)
aCylnden
Contain One ma.le an twhich
which a rictlonlelh pistonidealga3
ga in
Total Udume 6 the gas 1s Hed.
V
presune o the a P
ey-ten nahegune lex
Yex>P
inal Va lume= V
Pisfance Maved by the pistan
Cyo88-SRctional anea al piston =A
Valuime change AV= XA =(V-Vi

F Px A
W F x d Cdovce distance)
w Pe A x Pey-AV)
W P AV

vStgn ts used d wak done by the syttem

in e o1 eyponslon in Volu me by Canventians
tn a Stem Valumc ex fands iyam U, to Ug_
Sfen dV
 Date
Page

Isotheamal ond Kevens:!e

Woyk Done in
xpansàncy Tdaa ga
fey dv= Clintdp)d
yey
2 Veny Small e anr
StAce dPy d /
wyey - dU
U
oy deal Cno
fVankT
P-nRT
V

Thene-torea Cantand Tembenatwe

Wyev E-nRTV -hRT ih
V

- 2 303hRT 2 V
V

Iso the9 ma andree expansibn af an deal

Cras
ay Iothamal exhansthn o n idcal_gas
Indo Vac uum W=0
SinCe ey=0
AU=0 =0
D y lzathenmaf ivvevenil chage
= Pey (V, - Vi)_

2)or adiatati Change 0

AU Wad
 Date
Page

3) foy150henmalYe versible change

w = nkT tn
V
303 hT lo
Vr
Enthalby (H) 1 dedhed a total
heal Cantead_oi the Stemit I3 egtual
to he Sum o ntennal Cnenay and fresule
Valume ldark
H Ut PV.

Change in en-Ihol change in endhalby

Isthe thead ahsaybed dY eua led by the
Sy8temat Cosafand yetUTe
AHQ
or exatheamic yeac-tton (System asel enes
AH and 9p bath 0le-Ve -o Suwuundings

oY endothetmic yeacdianSystem abSaYb3 he

AH and p both ane +Ve Ltyom -the Sutule Undings
Relatton be tueen AH and Au
Let uy Consider genenal YeacHdn A B
Lel Ha be fhe Cnthalpy of cactond A and
H be that al the PYoduck
HA da+ PVa
Ha UgPVg
 Date

Page

AH H-H
(Ug-PVg )-(Up +/a)
Au+ PhV (H-Ha
AH
AH Au -+ PAV
dnd femfenatule twing
WIng
A Canktant pregiune
Tdeal gas law

PV h KT
Tha
Tha PVp-PVaDg RTha K
(g-Da) RT
PAVA ng T_
AH Au- Ang KT

e xfentive Ynpen
'An
Extensive propeat
whoBe Vaue depends Onthe guantity y
Sha
O maten pyelen th the 9stem
e-g Mak alumepenlhalby etc

Tn ensive propenty Tntengjur propentiel

dandtdebend upon heShe of he mafen
OY quanfity o1 the m atien_present in th
Sys tem
e Lenmpenattuc densfypreune etc
Heat Capacidy The hcyealein Temel
I6 P1opOyfiana fo the heal banszered
Cocii: y AT
CAT
 Date
Page
Cuhele CoelhctenCk allad the heaf
Capacidy
Cidiect.ly propay tionala the amaunt
01 Substance

i is the heat Capacity oymale

af the
SubstanCe
Malan head Cafacity I 5 deinedas
the quanity at heat yeqturred -la Yat'se he
Hemenatune i a Substance_dy kelun ar Colo
shecitic head Gopacidi ls deihed as the
hea yeQuived to Yalke he tenpe natule of ne
Uni+ May 0
a Subsfance 1keluih ar.celbe
9CXmy AT
Lhene M= ma the Substarce
T= Yise_jaTpelatuUe
Kelation Beturen Cp ond Cysor_an ideal gas
AL Cotant Valume head Copacity Cy
A Consdant Preg wne heal
Capacty(p
Cons-tad Valume y Cu AT Au
At Consfan YOR WnepCp AT-AH
ay Onemale an td eal ga
AH Ad ACPU) - AU + 1(RT)
AH AU+ RAT
 Date
Page

ualues_giAH ond Au,

On Sub sfitucthgthe
h equatton lgmadiaed 0
p T G AT+ RAT
OY Cp- Cy= K
Measuiment o1 AU_and H-oloimety
Detenmination o Au AU 13 maluled
a GUed
speclal tyfe af Calori meten
In a
Bamb Catorimeten

Woy kingtoth alorimeten'-The (alorimeten

Consistg 0 Shong ve d GlNed bom
which Can uith Stand e yfuh_preiuM
sSULOUNndedby aden bath fo
eNule hat no heat 13 Vost do he SuUNNI

yoceolue A klowhmasi otthe

Combustt hle Substane 1s bunnt tn the
Pyesg uneaf fune dioxygen in 4he Steel
bom Heal ev 0lUed duung the yeacran
L tyans4uled 4 he uaten ngl
tenelatule 1g mantoYed
Dunuhg he pyo.ce Vaume Jemahs Cas
Av
Tempe hatrue Chanpe 61 theGlorinefe
15 ConVe/ted o
 Date
Page
heValuc o Au Can be alctlated usihg he
omula
A U= xAT X M

headheat Capacify he Calortmetel

AT e In fempenatuie
M maly o he Substalce -laken
M Molec ulaN mass o1 the Subsfance
ying leads
lhelmnmeten
Shrre

le

omb

Woden
Bamb Caloyimeten
5)Defli nadion o AHA Conytant
Heal eua ved av ahoybed Preune
to the heat of ts Lap t's qtual
TeacHton AH yeactrony enHha by
 Date.
Page

Qnd ,H
In exotheamic eacton
both tuill be Alegaftiue
mu seaachan Ap &d H
Tn enlotheD
both i be ostve

Enthalby change A H
of a Yactibn'
he enthaLby chonge 1 Chemica Yeaction
tqiven b t h e Symbo Ay H
AyH (Sum al enthalfies oi prod ucts
Sumof en tha&pies o yeactants
b: yeactans
0; and b; ale the Stoichiometrne ocdhcat

a)Standand enthalby 61 Yeactanstohen

eat tions akel place at the Sdanclald
State ot Substan.ce the enthalpy oi
ycaction1 knoun Standard enthalb
i s denoted by AH
6)Enthalbychange Duning pha hansaxmos
Enthalpy 0usion- Endhalby Gi tsio
Lsthe heat eneng Cha4e h cn fha
when ne Male 01 a Salid al i Melt
faind 13 Conuelfed thta iguil state
En-thalpa uson ol ice _ad 273 k (0 KI
HoQG) Ho
A
1ce weten
 Date
Page

A H 6 0 kT/mal

Enthal Vapoysatihn'-1 deAhed os

fhe heat energy OY Change tn enthay_uhen one
Dale dfa biquid at it boling foint changes
Ho geau State
HaOCg)
AveH
Ae =4o79 kI/mol
EndhalaSubimation" Enthalp o
Subimaton t'3 dedined as the Changeth
heal enerqy ar change in enihalfy tshen
onemoleo Sold_direct4chongel hto
Qaseos8 Stafe at a temperatue helot
melting paint
C)
A H 62:4 KI/mol

C)Standond entha07 ormatibn enthalpy

OLomatton '3dedhed he change in
en-thalpyth theoymation 1mole_at a
Substance diom 1tz Cons-hituting tlementg
tUnden standasd Condihòns_c tenmfe2afeAe at
298 k gnal atm prelne
dena ted al A HO
c Cgtophete s)+ H, Cg) 2CH4 C
A, H 748KI/mal
 Date

Page

Combatian
3 dedtiel
Enthalby o ar changen enihel
O the hcal ene ng
the Combusfion
fhat accampanie8 eXcef o
01 a Substance th
male
i r or 0Xyen
(0,Cz)2h0CA)
CHg.CgJ +9 Og Cg
AH -830 3 kT/maV
negafrve sin o en thalpy change
he exathe lnaic
hdtcate that fhis tk an
YCdctTon

halanced
d) hemecherutal eg Luatihn
Chenical lquaibn to ge fhen
UIth thc
sfote
lalue ct AH_and fhe phystcal
Of yeactantz nd product2 13 knoun
C fhelmochemcal equation

A H -286 0 KT/mel
Conventon Yega rdih thenmachaicol
eltoho/
he Coc tiietentz ina balanced thenna
Chemcal eqttrbn yeren fo the numben
ol boales of heaciantz and Praducta
nvaluedth the yeacttbn
he AumeLICal Uaue ol A, H Ycleng_fo
The
the humhen of mole ot subsfance hecl
the
by an Cguatrbn.
 Date
Page
1 a chemcal Teaction 's Yevegedthe
Value o A H 1's Yet/eled in Sih
N Cg+ 2H, Ca) 2NHa (g)
AyHO=-1-8 kJ/mal
9NHC N (g)+3iH, (g]
91- kT/mal.

He2 Lau ol onkant tleat Summation

he fotal mount 0t het enlued OY
alsoxbed tn a Yeacfibn g Same Luhethe
the Yeaction takes_ place in onefep Oy
in numhen_af Stepg.
Letuw ConsideY the o lowi eachanE
CCyaphiteS)+0g Cg] Copg
A H -313 5 kIlmel

CoCa) 0 g) Cog q)
- -283 OkT/mal

OnCombining -hehuo Yeactions

Co (1 Co g OLg
A,H=t233.0 ka/hal
n enera ' Can be epreenfsd
A Ayt
Ay-H
 Date
Page

Boyn Hahen Cycle

sthelot
1 13 nof po33ille to defeDninethe lat
Enthalpy 01 nic Campound by dreof
eypeniment
Thus it Can de Calculated by sja
Steps
NaCs) {Na g
A Sub H lo8- 4 kT/mol

Na Ca) NaCa+ e(g)

Tonization enthalpy AiH=490 kJlnal

bond lis Octatton nthalbyArH

121 kT|hmal

Cl C t eg Cg]
The clectron gain enthalp, leg H
-348.KImal
NatCg)-+ CC Nacl(s)
Abilytng Hey3 lau
ALattic.H- 411-2 t lo8-4 +121
49-348-
 Date
Page

Spontaneid
Spon-faneou proce A proce) whieh
Can tahe place by_Haell dv has a fendercy
to ahe place tz alled hontaneOul_Doce
SpansponHaneous roce heed not e msaneou
ita a chual sfeed Can Van rom jerny
Slow to qute ost
Ae examples o1Sporlanca proces ate
O CommON Salt dBsa lyeih waten di 1t3
Awn
) Caczbon monoxide ts oxidized to Corbon
dioxide of H Own

Entvoby CSs
The enyapy samealwle o degnee of
3andamnels d7disDrden of a system
Entropy f aSuhs lance 1 mintmum In
in
Salid state tshle r3 ma Ximum n
galeaus Stafe
TheChongein entYopy th aSPOntantaus
process 'g expressed al AS
Modhemadrea
Change 1 enlxopy (AS)= tinal Stete
(Precduct
Iitial Slete
CReacantg)
 Date.
Page

and 1A thenma Proceo

sOr evensible
tange t enyopy 4 s

WhenOhen a System t 10 eguihrum

S 0

Second atol thelmod namies

h e eptropy 6f univeNse 13 lontinuou
inCyea$ng due to SpanfaneosPyoceues
takinplace n l
Tem SswUOUNdIng
e ASrott 0
athbs enen and Shantane
A_he thenNmady namica Unctron,he
qtbbs enengy Or gibhz unc-tian q Can
destned as
G H-TS
AGaAH-TAS
ni bb8energ Chage en-thalby Change
ttmpenafune X enTropy change An-
qiuc dCYteia tayspontanely
Lontan ye Lwpe andtemperadue
1An i negatiue (o the 1pyoce
cponaheou
inAi1A 13 Pos Hie o) the byocess
on-Spontan coL).
 Date
Page
hiyd au al he Ymady namic? he entroy
d le nd ect l CYptalline substonce l
2eno at Zelo kelving

eeene124 change inKe vensihle Keactian

The CYfenton or Cquulibyium
A +B C+D L3
Ayr= 0
when a fhe Yeac-fadg and pyoductt_ane
L standand slate
y a tiYelatel to the
CoNtand al fhe yeac-fia n as
equiKilniium
CAy RT Ink
y (n =RT In k
Ay 2.303 RT log K
Ay y Ho-TAy $
-RT Ink.