CHAPTER 5

STATES OF MATTER:GASES,
LTQUIDS AND SOLIDS
NOTES WITH LOVE FROM: TEAM

RAVITY CIRCLE
STATES OF MATTER
Matin is olasincd int tha staths: solidls,
iouids and Crasns which can be inlichangud
by ehanging Tumpualtuu.
olids hove delinith mass, valume and
Aharu,
high danu and ara Lntompxwsibde.
iguids have dahiniti mass and voluune but nst
dulinilà shapu. Thuir dnailics au hs than soliel
and have wy litl companibilhly..
*CraAeA have dafindti mass but net finit velumt and
Aharu dnd axe highly comprusubla. ond lew densuiy.
Jrtivmolulon Jovsavaha strongest in salid
and weakt in gams.
*Jnlivemolelarn diutanu ave tha shostiut in solid
and the Longest in gasus, Liguids ahew inliumdioli
behaisuwe
Jniimaleculan honea whieh hold thi moluculs
Togethuemay e Lonalsn an. Dispowion Jancus,
dpola-dpoleanes, dipalu-induad
and hydogen bondling
dipale þaNcA
Jhe atates oh mattine dernd upon theij moluulan tores
and thvwnal anvrgy. vtimalular hauuu bind the
molecles togethue, howewen heunal vwgy RuP hin
afat. Thuujane, at auhhicient leu Timpratwru, te
attractive intin moleulan jorcs dlominot and sslid
state isthi stable Atat. Howeur at high Timpualinus,
thuunal honcus olenminai and gas1sus state in the stabbe
state. hiouid atate Rniati ot ntimuoiali inprators
the thu phyaical slalis o matt, he gasusu
stata is moit Handom Alati and Aalid slate is luast
Mandemn
t Ghas haus +Thgenralintions nagoding the Ichawiou

Boyla's Aag+ Accandig to this lauo, Tha voluma of hiud

"

mas o a gas is inenly propoxtuoral of the

pLAUL al Constant tempHalin
Boy's hauw toualion: At constant T)
Poc P,V, = PhVa
t Chanu's Kaw: Accavudingof thislao, "Tha volunu of
ired mas agas is dinuelly propaxiinal
to the lumpualurs (n kelun) at cenilant p hissut
he veunm oh a given amgunt oh a gasat consiart prusund
wuas ax diswruaus) Jy a condlant aclion (/27315) c
s volum t 0'C hoe lazh deguu niat(or)all)in Tumpraluu.
Chanle's kaw tquation.: (At constant P,n)
VCTa V./T, Va -

KCiay hussaes kauo:

Accoxdung oThis lauw, Ths prusuwa of hiraa
mass ala gas at
constant volume is dinetiy piopoitioral to i
ampalwn in Kiluen."
"Ctay ussacs kao tqualon: CAt Conalnt V,n)
PCT

4Auogadrs kaw:
decrding to this law, "Mnd Aimilas tondition
Laual vslunu oh vanuo goats colain eaal numkrt
duogadne kaw tqualon : (At Conatant 7, P) ohmelkubs
V acn
Aalton's kouw o Pavlial puuuA: kyn (whwn n=m/M)
oh mixl Aocondig otis law Tha p r u
oh nen uuadung gaasa ia ual To the Aum thuis
porial, pisAMA when hclaseal in Jhe Aamu aluinu
unden 4imilar Cendilions"
Raltens kouw Enualion: P P+ Pa+ Pa
Gnrahan's Lawo Oilhuion
Yhiy laso aTate that, "Tha rale oh.
dihuion al 9ass (Vlt) iainvvenly pxopaloral To Agunu xeat
Thin deriaiti ties undux Aimiler CondilonA
Grraham hoao
da Ma
M
nRTgims xulationship hetuwn
PV=obtainad
Idaal gas Egualon,and
dillvent paromiluss Combining Boyles Aaw
by
and ehales kaw.
Sdual bras Egualisn: PV= nRT
PV P2 Va
T T
Ahsolute Xous: Tks hupotktical tmpuatiue at which al
The gasi ane Auppo0aad to occupy
mumeical value on celaius scale is 273 16 °C.
Vapeuwr Denuityo a Gas: n h a nats oh the maa o
Cvtan volumu oh gas To the
mass ah same velumt o hydrogen undve Aimilbe condilisrs.
Molecula maso gas2x Vanow dunsily
50ME IMPORTANT TERMS
Inlinmelaulan foncu: Yhu horee of alliaction and
HApulion bethruuinbnaeti
paticlu(alõm and maltulu)aru callud inonnollular
* Vandur waalsfores: dtractine intoenmalhcular fones
arL knewn as Vandee hiaals fareu, in
hengur o dulch seiertist Tohanns van deve waali, who
anplainnd the deniation o a l qau prom Zha idcal bharin
thisugh thess Jorcs
* hondon forcos:Ths haneeo alliactien belueun lwvo Zinp-
na olipolis i.e. bluean tivo non polase
rnoluculs is calleod Aöndon hanet t is aluo krouwh a

olisprusn fonct.
Thusharcu oct belivurn the maluls
Aipol-dipals havcs:
houig puumahnt olipale thot is bew
polax noleculs
ino-Induced dipole harcrs thesshanceu sprat eliwun the
Polar mokcuty hautng umanit olipoli and thi moluulu
Jaching pmarunt diasle .t. betiven a polak and a nsn polax
Maldils.
Thoxmal Gwrgy: t in the tnurgy of a lvedyonuuug fuom
molion o uli atsmd ON pmglculs
*Absoluhi Tenmpuotune Acale: t is dlehinndas anusstale
Tumpraluu auch Tattt on
nw Acale is gmun by T 273-15+tond 0'C will Ie gwen
by T6273.15 t also colled kelvin acale Tampualiirs on
Komooynamic stale Timpralint
dbsalute Xoro: TK Louwest Ayptkalical and imaginoy
TempHalus at hich gaus a Ailpposs6
occuny erO velume is calld absotil xeno.
Avogddrs conblant: The ruumber of moluculu in eni mal
o gaA ha bun diliminnd e Ie
6-022xoancd is called Avoqadrs CShilanl.
Ialtal Gras: A qas that hallou Boyle's Kow, Charli Kow and
Avoade lqus Atctly as Called an ddal qai.
* Porlial puAsLL: n amiinu Josus, hs priu
exvaa by he Jndiyidual gis as calld
Partal pMELU
Aauous uiuisn: Prssu exwdd bey daturatud wotin
vapoun is knewn apebus Tunsion.
STP(Aandaxd Tempualine andpesuu): STP uana 273-15k
Coc)npualnt ad
on lie.exoeiy 1opascal praauwe. At STP, nolarvaluna
of an ishal ges an combunalion ef idtal gouuis 22 7L mal

FACTB YOU MUST KNOW

Chmicos PMepvly of a subatanae do not chonge withath
ehong o ih phylical Atati but Hali of chunical aactiss
,
elo deptrdl upoiUl phyuical statis.
minmalulanfoncy u the horc oh athaclion ans
wpulisnbelsis inliatting particlas. Caloms Naleculu)
Atraeiwe inlmoleculan folcu au knowr as varn dox
Srducrd dinolu mamut dapunds uyenhe dipesle mentntwaals.
Aunt in ths parmanunt dinole onda palanisalelilay *
ha lucbically nulial
maleule
palouisalililg inwtals the sbungh of Thactue itrac
budjen hydnogen Jvend vains belivan /0to lookJmel
n h o hu Aydrogen v6-nd is oletunint hy u columbie
inaatlsn hiivan the Loaa painof elueiorse thL ueio
mgein alom o tn Maluculu and thi hydrogen albm o
oh maleulu.
Thacmal Lrugys a meadwn e amwa Kinutie u
o th porlicduot 1he mathr dhol is nspsnsilla hor mauwmunt
oponticls. This mewemurt parlicls is callud thvwnal malen.
han thuural anwgy of ioleculs ss
oepalins ti gos can be
nuduced by Lsuig
, voy Losily lleuuhiud.
Predbminane
acusn
o Tbmal enuy anl Ihe maluia inix-
Lwg 0 subslanu in thuu Nois is Hprisend
as talloun
GHas-hiquid Salid
Pudeminant oh inis malkculan inticalisn
OraA-iguid-Solid
Predoninance o Thnal eurg
taaas au higkly compkasille.
hasss Rmt prias
taually in all
standord Ambient Tempualund oluuions.
mns 298.15 K
empraluu ond 1banPrmssun
Ci..
(sATP): E
At SATP, The mola voluma of an ideal erastly io5 Pa)
mal
grs is 24.789L
Ideal gos sguation is a combinalien ef Boylts hoo,
ehanll kaw and Avegaduo kao.
Poryges PTolal Tensish.
Kirutic molucudar thhory oplainu tha bekauiou oital go4
*Unde ondinay conditiens,Heal gauA show deuwations om
the ideal gas Dehauin.
at Aigh temphaln andRealgdsu hollow idal gos behauioun
Yo main Cauussa thu
ey louw prusmu.
deäaluons ant the inde ite oh gas
moluulu andtAi'uidugs of atiaclire ineamoluula
aneu
euven them .Takig inlo accsunt tuhact, pandlor waol
mediydti idual gay Lquatioh andgu te modilyed equntion
nsun as vander waals 2gualoh.
na
(P+V(v-nb) - nRT
whwre y is the pusuu
Coulion iun taks cmclisn lon and b, the voluma
accsunt ih
Jhe deuiation peom idlual tiniite valumuo, thigas maluda,
Iehavis can be miasuud in
Cempusuabililg haitoN Z, ims
PV
Z RT Z Vaal
AUL the gadus can e uguilied by Vidual
Cuticol impualina isthe tempraluu tompnessing üham ancdcaalliy
be liguilud wien at high aben ilhieh it Canna
Yhe minumum prusuu prusuui. to
Jamprolun. m knswnaA agpineal liguiluol gas at ith cutical
Tha velune Bcupiud Orilical pruuu.
and wndu i oitical
y one mole df a
gas at i citical npuali
The Citical Timpnalunn, pressune kron as it ouitical valume.
Culical cenitana. Pusune anal volume an callual
C 8RT
TT M
L 3RT 3PV
M
KE. o gas pM
T
K.E. omolucules o 1As gas =
3RTN
2NA
 S0ME TMPORTANT TERMS
is the natio ofpoducl
*Comprussihilily faclon: tPV and nRT.
Boyles Tempealuu &n Boyles Point: Tha Tumpratiu a
which a Lal gos'obeys idaa
gas Jau ouwr an arywwialde uangeol pauuu is callud
Bayl unpualuns on Boylis poikt."
*Gitcal temmprealu: t iath Tumpratunm oa gosin
ila ouical Atatt, abeve öhich it
Cannat Je Liguilud y prassun alene,
ullcal Peuun: Ls a pxssune oagqs 0e vapoun
in is oilital Atate .7 elitical prisuwe
Aulslane jsthe pruAuuL aguired to ugiy agas
Cical umpualint.
FACTS YOU MUST KNOW:
a s u conaist of lange nnumben of idanlical panticlu (aloms
89C mgleculaa) That as soAmall ond so han anart on lhe auenage
that ths aclial volume of the moleculs 4 nigligible in tomp öieon
ToTha uply apac. beluéun than. hay au cenaidurad as point
mases This aaslumplush exqplauns the'gntat cenpruuihilit o
Thenis no hora ef attraclion blinenthl pasliclhs of a gas at gada,
Hdinay timpenliu andl pHAJUUe t eplains that goass epuc
and occiy all tho Apace availabla to thim.
Panticls f a gas ai always Ln Conalart and Handam malion.
So, a gad hasne fiud shane.
Panticlhs of a gas mevein'all passibla dveciona in Atraightie
Duigthin seanalom mitush, thuy collide uth eath othune
huih walls o t i Cerilainer.
Prusu in vwnlid by TA gas as a Masult o collisien oh th
Policls ith the malu ofhe containe,
Collisien e gos maleoulis anu javeheetly tailie.
At an pasrtiaula timt, diHunt pdbticlia inthe qas haue
odihhuntAhud hunce dilhiaunt Kinlo unengy
R l gases do net jalloy Bbjliglauo, Chanles lauw and Avagadro
lano pnhully undu all corolitiond.
Ral gauu shw deuiatiorna yom idual ga4 laso ecauuu paala-
 molculu inlinat wibh each othn
+The Ueus Vwtud hy thu gau is lowu han the pusus
exuetid by he idual gad
+an

Pidalobsewed Pruusua) CCovuclion

Raal gedu shew ideal ehaioun wohen ccorvudion ma)
m)
Haluu E pasuu L
condiluons o
Auoh that te inlinmolucular np
a peacticly nmgligible. honu
Thi muol gasu Ahouw
idual behauiou khan prusu
aurunoaekis Zens.
*on idal gos, tho valua oh
all TumpHalin &prLAAULs compreubilily
becauu PV- nRT
faitue, Z= I abF
Fox gasu which duwiate
hrom iduolity , valuno Z dauwai
om unily,
Ate Low prusau,ZIhan all
dal gases and lvdaiue
At highr pusu ,Z>I far all
mon olili culEto gous, which out
*At intiumdinte Compuss 1
peuu,
A gos bdow it oitical >zhan mout gastd
lampuatiw an ha
jusk applyng pasauu ond is callud talguhil
Ausanc vapou. of
PHYSICAL PROPEPERTIES OF LIQUID STATES:
higuid may e considerud contunualion e gas phasu
as
intó a xugion'o} Amall velumu and vey athong moucular
Som popvtiu o liguics, a.9. Aitact tinaion E
Coluu to alang inumalecular albracuue torus. viaceaiy
Vareu Prsuie Tha presuu exuulkd by he vapours o
-

the liquid in sguilibrüum with the iguid't panlicular

topnaluna, Vapou pL a liguid dupundi apon lumpraluu.-
Tieia wik uist in uipratiuut.
Boiling Point of iquid- Thu Tuvpkatuu at whieh, th vayou
phesuud e ths uguucel ecomus kqual oh 1he alnmosphuve
pressu (ax pruiuw aylud sn Ih sulace ol uquid) is caltd
hoiling pount s th liqud
priame is ónu alimospheu, ths okling paint ia called
tAi nanmal bailig paiat o ths liguid.
h pMasuu is on Taa, tha bailiag paint á callud ths
tandad voilig point o ts lighu
TAe valuu o, stanlad bailig paiat ia alightly lower thun
Thato nokmal koiung poilt
AL amme unt o huat
tha liqud nto is Haquwd to Change ou mok q
aA huad
vapsuu at tta boilng pout
askaBwn
o vansuigisn ef Lhs Liq ud.
*uyact tenuen indelind as tk batrce actia pey
Unit lungth
paxpLndicula dothe line draw nsh
iquid 9 as nusporuible fex many Aunfact
pepulues el Aiquidi ik chanaelenstue
Capilhuy Aphvdcal Cueomanieuy,
Unit: Ka s- an Nmshajs «l Liqud drepd,
, Hst Ln a

fon(F
Swyoce Tunaion =langth(L)
kiguiss Dd To
Tinion. minimig thiu srjacu anta du To
The twy Kuised to su
igud b t u calledinotoae ha aunpee anta ot
iguids ind o nise n Aunlae
fall
LnARy sunt is J
in the capillay duuo
suilac inaisn Yha hgkt o, liqjuida in the caaillany i
gaid n by. h -2TA8.
T Aulau Tunaion
-Conlart angle
Ractius ojCänillay
Denaity o isuid
Viacosity: tistheintivnal honu oh biction
Liguid t dyunds ysn the stungth of
a

Jnarmauulan Joreu and shanu o mouculu

i t : Nson Pa Sox Kg'ms'on Pois
nhacu unsion and iscoailg bvodrk diertasu h
i and tumpaliu
ohen a igud leueo aliud Autpe, thu layn ef
Mauul in thi intdiali toñlct of unan is sttionay
h elouly o uwyu loyus ncLats aste distan &
kous om ixud louur ineuasu.This Typtoles
innhidh thin ua Huguld gnadation of velbik in
Poaungom onc lay to t net in called, aAinorlhe.
VMilhetany laule in tle Howing iquid, tha lae
aloveitaccdorktis ik Hoo ande layu Julow is
Huaols ih How.
Avua o ti_
Plate
u - du

dz
Gradetion h velouty inthe Lominau louw
t thi nlocity of ti layu ata dislone cy i hangd by
a valiu du tin velouh,gkaciert sgiuenby thi aimsurt

rone i Heguinol to masbntainhe How eh laues.tis

A To the ana acontactof layus andl
hauit is pHDpoktional
velocy guadiant.
i.e. F aA CA a of lontäct)
Fa d velocily gradienti.e. chang
un wloaly ia olison
FOc Adu
dz

F-7
whusn Propordionality conslantCoehieuntelviaity
SI.Unit o wisconity =NSn
On Pascal auondkg m-'s-
Faclo alhieig vijcodit
Ci) Tempkati: VasaDA tunpnatn
(ii) Puusu Vistaaiy aume
(Gi) Hydragen bonding: \isocosit ac vantol ydoapnbrd
SOME IMPORJANT TERMS
Aiguid tale It is the stat o mauin nhieh the
ihtamaluulan forces of aliaclioh aus stong enough
to Ruup Thi maluciulss
ogutkun.
Vansin piuw A Lauthbrium vansuu pte u
I s tAL puw pathd by the vanews in yuillbi-
AHth Liquid at a tirud tumplaue.
Bailing Paint+ 3t A8 The timpualtiun et which vapeun
pHLAAU G higuid betomes taualo hi eimual
pxAAL e lignid.
Aunhacu thaiont Es MeancL acting
Jungth pependiuulon o thi
punsb
on thi
4uhaci o liouid. Tanential linn dhan
Visesoili t 'maLe dkesistance To low kokich
anisss elunto the intiaral hiclion
laus ouid as tay slip past oni anatkraliue whil
iauud Hos.
Coeiiet oh uiscouiby+ tiutha}onu when
gnddient oka/dz) and aua ofContacbCA bath wloeiy
uniy). a
FACTS YOU MUST KNOW+
liguids han djinii value dus to
Arong althaclai jnilnnaluulaa pMsnL
Tha Batids han indyinit hards
sharu
oe cohtainnin akich Tuytakuthi shapu
huyae plata.becauun ti
nolatuls liguidu ana
molsen 1a pAiopuiy o liguidSileabnsant Hude
is Hponaile luidliby.
 iquids ae much uscenprauikl hen gasu ecaust
the inamalaculan oistaneis oh sepration au muchsmall
in liguids ther in gasu
At low atmasphasie preu ,theliquid nill boil at a
kowerTanmpnatun that is tha loilig paunt
Ao, t is assertial to uan rusuue cooker}an clicnuasus
athgh altiades cooking bood
At htgh edina prrasu, moe huat i paquiud mak
TKuvapoun phessiue Lgual to Lctiunal fhiiun.ie. bailug
Roint Ha kiguid incneaArs.
The gasA bit decompadt at
thuu bgling tumpnatun ans
uied by dinti lationndur Heduccd
The' SL wit:o Aoce tension is Nm-. priuni.
Shaap qlass tdgs L heatid to
iA becaus qn
kealing, makrttem smoath , This
HSunde Ahani at hethe,gla eddes mulii
which has
and tokus p
ana this 2s Rrosn as minimudAu
* Cleahing action oh soephirepalishing oh glay.
anol oletgerts iuouu blouaug
on n t kacial ténsion hdsun
Auwhae onajon dechsas4withdatn and quueeAbalae
Jt i% dus to tAe lact tha hancenrLosl endinpnai-
dicreass duu w ikcrasn i to ading por Aunit lugth
* kinstieegylmok -
Suhace Tondion incuosus with inenuau in exlikal
PH duuio inCruaAA in jorcLo ataiion.
Auous unsion is dlihunt jor dilut liguids eu to
dint intivulecilal honciu.
* CGS Unit o Coehicient ofvisasily POLSE
POIs in namud alu gratu beietet Jean Loui
PoisLuiML.
Ipaise = lg em - = l0 Kg m s ,