Hydrology Pac # 1

Importance of Health and Safety

The importance of health and safety in the workplace simply cannot be underestimated.

As well as being the law, it is part and parcel of being a good employer to make sure

your staff aren’t at risk of any injury as a result of the work they do for you.

It’s not just your staff that health and safety is important for, it’s there to protect any

visitors, customers, sub-contractors and the general public who may work for you, do

business with you or come into contact with your organization in any way.

Major Precaution

 Each laboratory (except the CAD laboratory) is demarcated with ‘work zones’

identified by the potential safety hazards involved with the experiments conducted

within the zone. Each zone has specific personal protective equipment (PPE) to be used

as mentioned in laboratory-specific guidelines (see Appendix V). A ‘safety map’

showing the work zones is displayed at the laboratory entrance.

When entering a laboratory for an experiment, be aware of the zone in which the

experiment will be conducted and use the PPEs accordingly. Students are required to

come with appropriate attire and shoes for the experiment. No dangling objects (e.g.,

necklace), loose-fit garments, and slippers are allowed. 

Each laboratory is equipped with a first-aid box and fire extinguishers to be used in an

emergency. The safety guides with emergency contact telephone numbers will be made
available to all students. A safety telephone directory will also be available near the

laboratory telephones for quick access. 

Be cognizant about the emergency exits, fire exits, and assembly areas when you are

working in a laboratory. 

In an emergency, seek professional help. Consult the laboratory staff who have been

trained to provide professional help. Do not attend to any safety operation if you are

not trained. 

If you come across any defective equipment with potential risks, inform the laboratory

staff immediately.  In case of any type of accident and/or if someone is hurt, seek help

immediately. Behave as a responsible citizen in case of serious accidents and report to

the concerned authorities. Breaching of safety rules during an experiment will not be

tolerated.
Practical # 2

Hydrological Cycle

Hydrological cycle is also known as the “water cycle”; it is the normal water recycling

system on Earth (Fig. 3.4). Due to solar radiation, water evaporates, generally from the

sea, lakes, etc. Water also evaporates from plant leaves through the mechanism

of transpiration. As the steam rises in the atmosphere, it is being cooled, condensed, and

returned to the land and the sea as precipitation. Precipitation falls on the earth as

surface water and shapes the surface, creating thus streams of water that result in lakes

and rivers. A part of the water precipitating penetrates the ground and moves

downward through the incisions, forming aquifers. Finally, a part of the surface

and underground water leads to sea. During this trip, water is converted in all phases:

gas, liquid, and solid. As mentioned above, water always changes states between liquid,

vapor, and ice, with these processes happening in the blink of an eye and over millions

of years.

Runoff

Runoff is nothing more than water "running off" the land surface. Just as the water you

wash your car with runs off down the driveway as you work, the rain that Mother

Nature covers the landscape with runs off downhill, too (due to gravity). Runoff is an

important component of the natural water cycle

Catchment area

 An area from which surface runoff is carried away by a single drainage system.
Or The area of land bounded by watersheds draining into a river, basin or
reservoir. Categorization

Time of Concentration

Time of concentration is a concept used in hydrology to measure the response of

a watershed to a rain event. It is defined as the time needed for water to flow
from the most remote point in a watershed to the watershed outlet. It is a
function of the topography, geology, and land use within the watershed.
Hydrograph

A hydrograph is a graph showing stage, discharge, velocity, or other properties

of water flow with respect to time. When the stage is plotted against time, the
graph is a stage hydrograph (which is the form of a stream gage record).

Histogram

A histogram is an approximate representation of the distribution of numerical

data. The term was first introduced by Karl Pearson. 

Methodology pr 2

In this practical we use basic hydrological tank which consist of tank which is filled

with a granular medium. No of nozzels are provided above tank that simulate rain fall

on the catchments. Valve control of the nozzles varies the lag time on the hydrograph to

simulate a moving storm. A metal frame supports the tank and houses a storage tank.

Water is drawn from the storage tank by a pump and separately supplied to the

overhead nozzles and/or the two end compartments via a flow meter and pipings with

valve control. Run-off from the catchment is measured by a calibrated rectangular weir

or returns directly to the storage tank.

We Will start hydrological tank and open the valve and start stopwatch and note down

time at following values of discharge 0.01 , 0.02 , 0.03 , 0.04 , 0.05 ,0.06, 0.07, 0.08 , 0.09

after 0.09 we will close the valve and now will note down the time at following

decreasing values of Discharge 0.08 , 0.07, 0.06 , 0,,05 , 0.04 , 0.03 , 0.02, 0.01
Methodology of Pr 3

In this practical we use basic hydrological tank which consist of tank which is filled

with a granular medium. No of nozzels are provided above tank that simulate rain fall

on the catchments. Valve control of the nozzles varies the lag time on the hydrograph to

simulate a moving storm. A metal frame supports the tank and houses a storage tank.

Water is drawn from the storage tank by a pump and separately supplied to the

overhead nozzles and/or the two end compartments via a flow meter and pipings with

valve control. Run-off from the catchment is measured by a calibrated rectangular weir

or returns directly to the storage tank.

We Will start hydrological tank and open the valve and start stopwatch and note down

time at following values of discharge 0.01 , 0.02 , 0.03 , 0.04 , 0.05 ,0.06, 0.07, 0.08 after

0.08 we will close the valve and now will note down the time at following decreasing

values of Discharge 0.07, 0.06 , 0,,05 , 0.04 , 0.03 ,now we will again open the valve and

note down time at following values of discharge 0.04 , 0.05 , 0.06 , 0.07 , 0.08 ,0.09, 0.1,

0.08 , 0.09 , 0.1 after 0.1 we will close the valve and now will note down the time at

following decreasing values of Discharge 0.09 , 0.08, 0.07, 0.06 , 0,,05 , 0.04 , 0.03 , 0.02,

0.01
Methodology of Pr 4

In this practical we use basic hydrological tank which consist of tank which is filled

with a granular medium above which we have provided an impervious sheet which

will act as an urban catchment. increase in the impervious surface due to urbanization

fraction include higher runoff volume and peak flow and reduced time to peak. No of

nozzels are provided above tank that simulate rain fall on the catchments. Valve control

of the nozzles varies the lag time on the hydrograph to simulate a moving storm. A

metal frame supports the tank and houses a storage tank. Water is drawn from the

storage tank by a pump and separately supplied to the overhead nozzles and/or the

two end compartments via a flow meter and pipings with valve control. Run-off from

the catchment is measured by a calibrated rectangular weir or returns directly to the

storage tank.

We Will start hydrological tank and open the valve and start stopwatch and note down

time at following values of discharge 0.01 , 0.02 , 0.03 , 0.04 , 0.05 after 0.05 we will

close the valve and now will note down the time at following decreasing values of

Discharge 0.04 , 0.03, 0.02 , 0.01

Methodology of Pr 5

In this practical we use basic hydrological tank which consist of tank which is filled

with a granular medium on upper half of this granular medium we have provided an

impervious sheet due to which upper half portion of granular medium will act as an

urban catchment. increase in the impervious surface due to urbanization fraction

include higher runoff volume and peak flow and reduced time to peak. No of nozzels

are provided above tank that simulate rain fall on the catchments. Valve control of the

nozzles varies the lag time on the hydrograph to simulate a moving storm. A metal

frame supports the tank and houses a storage tank. Water is drawn from the storage

tank by a pump and separately supplied to the overhead nozzles and/or the two end

compartments via a flow meter and pipings with valve control. Run-off from the

catchment is measured by a calibrated rectangular weir or returns directly to the

storage tank.

We Will start hydrological tank and open the valve and start stopwatch and note down

time at following values of discharge 0.01 , 0.02 , 0.03 , 0.04 , 0.05 ,0.06 ,0.07, 0.08 after

0.08 we will close the valve and now will note down the time at following decreasing

values of Discharge 0.07 , 0.06, 0.05 , 0.04 , 0,03 , 0,02 , 0.01