Kashmir Issue (Geopolitical Issue)

 Kashmir is the main part of Pak India relations.

 Article 370 of Indian constitution revoked by Indian Govt on 5th
Aug 2019.
 POK is a part of Kashmir which was annexed by Pakistan in using
force in 1947.
 Whole Area of Kashmir is 2.22 lakh Sq.KM and POK is 78104
SQ.KM 30% of whole Kashmir. 37555 SQ.KM is under china 10%
and 60% is under India.
 POK is an autonomous territory and divided in 2 parts by Pakistan.
Gilget Baltistan and Jammu and Kashmir.
 Gilgit Baltistan (65000 SQ.KM) is 5 times bigger than Jammu and
Kashmir and there are 3 administrative divisions and 10 districts in
GB. This region hosts the number of high peak mountains of the
Himalaya and Glaciers. World three longest Glaciers are there as
well.
 Jammu and Kashmir divided in 10 districts. Muzafarabad is the
capital and located at the bank of Neelum River, also known as
Kishan Ganga in India.

Root Cause of POK:

 During the partition in 1947, the British Govt had abandoned its
paramountcy policy of the princely states. The princely states
were given 3 options.
1. To join the Union of India
2. To join the dominion of Pakistan
3. To remain independent.
 But there was massive confusion in the Princely state of Jammu
and Kashmir about the accession or to remain independent.
Meanwhile the people rose in revolt against the oppressive tax
 policies of Maharaja Hari Singh which was brutally suppressed by
administration. On 3 Oct 1947in an uprising the mob established a
provincial Govt at Rawalpendi. Pushton tribes went to annex the
Kashmir with the help of Govt. they captured Muzafarabad and
Baramullah which was 32 KM away from Srinagar.
 Maharaja Hari singh approached the then home minister of India
Sardar Vallahbhbhai Patel for help. Patel expressed inability to
help Maharaja unless he signed the “instrument of accession”,
Maharaja signed the instrument of accession on Oct 26th. Accede
officially in India.
 India immediately sent troops to Srinagar and a war broke out
between India and Pakistan. The war was conclusively won by
India.
 On first January 1948, Jawaherlal Nehru raised the the J&K issue
in the UN.
 UN passed resolution 47 in April 1948 with three important
directions.
1. Complete withdrawal of Pakistani troops from the ground.
2. Maintain minimal Indian Troops in the state.
3. To hold the ‘plebiscite’ after the withdrawal of troops.
 The ‘ceasefire line’ was finally established in 1949 by ‘Karachi
Agreement’ and both countries maintain the existing position.
Match with modern day LOC.
 Under the Sino-Pak Agreement 1963, Pakistan gifted 500 SQ of
Tran-karakuram tract or Shaksgam tract, to China. Located in
North West of GB, Shaksgam is now the part of Shiengchiang
china.
 In 1972 Shimla Agreement, the ceasefire line was officially
designated as the Line of control ‘LOC’. During the agreement,
 both countries also agreedto address the dispute through bilateral
talks only.
 22 Feb 1994 indian parliament passed a resolution that “State of
J&K has been, is and shall be an integral part of India”. India
demanded the Pakistan vacant the territories of J&K which are
occupied illegally. On Sep 26, 2020, in the UN General Assembly,
India reiterated its stand and talked about extending its physical
jurisdiction.
 But more recently, Pakistan has declared GB as the 5th province of
Pakistan. (according to india this violates Karachi agreement and
Shimla agreement.