University Of Baghdad

College Of Engineering
Department Of Petroleum

Drilling lab. report

Prepared by :
Mohammed ali riyadh chaseb
Murtaja muhammed ali mahdi
Muhammed mahmood kareem
Mohammed abd alkareem habeeb

rd stage (B )

Filtration
Experiment No.
Lecturer : Dr. Qahtan Adnan

1
3

 Filtration
Mohammed Ali Riyadh
Sunday, 7 of March, 2021

2


 Outline:
Outline: 3
Objective: 3
Introduction 3
Procedure 5
Calculation 5
Discussion 7

Objective:
Measure the permeability of the mud cake with API lter press device by using Darcy law

Introduction

F
iltration refers to the process of separating components of a slurry by leaving the
suspended solids as lter cake on a lter medium while the liquid passes through.
Mud ltration create due to the differential pressure between Hydrostatic pressure
that developed due to the mud column uid and formation pressure. However, the
hydrostatic pressure exceeded over the formation pressure causing an injection of mud

3
fi



fi
fi
fl
fi
 ltrate into a porous and permeable formation leaving behind deposited mud cake on the
wall of the borehole. The process can be either static or dynamic.

Static Filtration
It is a type of ltration that occurs when the circulating system of the drilling uid stops,
and in the case of static ltration, the thickness of mud cake continues to increase while
the rate of ltrate decreases.

Dynamic Filtration
When the mud is circulating, dynamic ltration takes place. With dynamic ltration, the
ow of mud tends to erode the lter cake as it is deposited by the ltration process. The
cake builds until the rate of deposition equals the rate of erosion. At this point the rate of
ltration becomes constant. At rst, the newly exposed formation will experience a high
rate of invasion of ltrate and a rapid growth of lter cake. As time passes, the growth rate
decreases and the ltration rate becomes constant.

Mud cake is the layer of particulates from drill mud coating (caking) the inside of a
borehole after the suspension medium has seeped through a porous geological formation.
Mud cake provides a physical barrier to prevent further penetration and loss of drilling
uid, as well a later loss of produced uids, into a permeable formation.

In this experiment we will use a lter press device to do the test.

The Device is API Low Pressure Low Temperature
(LPLT) Filter Press consists of a mud reservoir mounted
in a frame, a pressure source, a ltering medium, and a
graduated cylinder for receiving and measuring ltrate.
Working pressure is 100 psi and 25c temp.

4
fi
fl
fi
fl
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fl
fi


fi
fi
fi
fi
fl
 Procedure
1- prepare the mud (400 cc water + 25.7 g bent.)
2- put the mud into the cup of lter press
3-wetting the lter paper
4- hold the cup rmly in the device

5- put graduated cylinder under the cup

6- applying pressure ( 100 psi ) by weighted cylinder
7- measure the volume of mud ltrate with time(0,2,4,6,7.5min)
8- after this take out the lter paper and measure the thickness of and cake

Calculation

Time(min) Volume(cc)

0 3

2 6.2

4 8.4

6 10.2

7.5 11.45

5
fi
fi

fi
fi
fi
 Volume,Time;Relationship
12
y = 3.0602x + 2.5854

9
Volume

0
0 0.75 1.5 2.25 3
Sqrt(time)

In this chart we can notice the relationship between the volume and
time is positive.
The relationship was supposed to be a straight line, but because the
pressure that we used is constant, that is the rate of change is
constant between v,t, so, the line doesn’t appear straight
Another thing that should taken into consideration that we take
sqrt(time) because that V30=2V 7.5
Then i can calculate the mud ltrate at 30min

y = m t im e
V30=2V 7.5
y = 3.0602 7.5
y = 8.38cc
V30=2×8.38
V30=16.76cc

6
fi
 Q ×μ×L
k=
A×P
V
Q=
t × 60

Q=16.76/(30*60)
Q=0.009311cc/sec

d2
A=π
4

A=47.7836cm 2

L=0.145
P=100-0=100psi
P=6.8046atm
K=0.00000415Darcy

Discussion
1-General discussion
In this experiment we used API lter press to determine the the volume of mud ltrate
and nally to estimate the permeability of mud cake that will build up.
There are some things in this experiment we noticed:
1-there are speci c conditions that have a direct effect on the test that is temperature,
pressure and time
2- ltration occur more from the dynamic ltration which during circulating process than
static
We also should notice that if we want to control the ltration we should control the
permeability of lter cake.
Low ltration rate requires low cake permeability
And we always need to control the ltration rate because it may cause a real damage to
the formation and also has an effect on log readings especially resistivity logs. However
we should also control the mud cake thickness because it may lead to stuck pipe problem.

2-Why we should keep the pressure at 100psi?

A\Because the device that we work on is low pressure low temperature and works in
laboratory environments.

3-Before we place the lter paper inside the device why we wetting it by water?
A/We do that to saturate the lter paper with water to prevent the absorption of the mud
ltrate

7
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi

fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
 4-After nishing the experiment why we shed water on the lter paper before the
measurement?
A/To get rid of the non-precipitated solids that suspended on the lter paper

5-what these parts of lter press device represent.?

Screen device
Filter paper
A/Screen device represent the formation
Filter paper represent the well wall

6-Does this experiment considered a static ltration or dynamic ltration?

A/Static ltration

7-list tow bene ts of mud cake?

A/1-Mud cake prevent loss circulation
2-Prevent formation damage due to the ltrate invasion into the reservoir rock that mean
minimize solids invasion because that may cause displace the gas and oil far away from
the well

8-what type of log we use to measure the thickness of mud cake

A/ Caliper log

8
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi