ORAL COMMUNICATION 1st GRADING Communication Situations

REVIEWER
1. A professor delivering a lecture to her
students.
2. A coach talking to his player.
COMMUNICATION
3. A dad giving advice to his son.
- is the process of expressing and 4. A salesperson giving a sales pitch to
exchanging information, thoughts, ideas clients.
and feelings. 5. A doctor explaining the medical
- may be possible even with only one prescription to a patient.
person involved (Intrapersonal)
Models of Communication
- is the process of conveying information
between two or more people Communication Models
(Interpersonal)
- They refer to the systematic description
- is the process of conveying information
of a phenomenon or abstract process.
between two or more people.

Roman Jakobson’s Model

The Communication Process
1960 Model of Communication

JAKOBSON’S MODEL
1. ADDRESSER – sender of the message
Communication as a Process
2. ADDRESSEE – receiver of the message
- involves a series of actions that lead to a 3. CONTEXT – situation in which the
particular result such as the passing on message was given
of a message and an exchange of ideas, 4. MESSAGE – idea to be expressed
among others. 5. CONTACT – channel through which the
message passes
Communication Process
6. CODE – form of the message
 Sender
 Message
 Noise
 Receiver
 Feedback
Ferdinand Saussure’s Model signal suitable for transmission over the
channel.
3. CHANNEL – is the medium used to
transmit the signal from transmitter to
receiver
4. RECEIVER – performs the inverse
operation of that done by the transmitter,
reconstructing the message from the
signal.
5. DESTINATION – person for whom the
message is intended.
David Berlo’s Model
SAUSSURE’S MODEL
1960, David K. Berlo, El Procedo de la
- A concept in the brain triggers a sound Communicacion (The Process of
pattern. The sound pattern in the brain Communication)
triggers an actual pronunciation of a
sound which goes out of the mouth of a
person and into the ear of the listener
where the process occurs in opposite
order.
Claude Shannon’s Model
1948 Claude Shannon Information Theory
- primarily concerned with the
transmission of electronic information.

BERLO’S MODEL
1. SENDER – sends a message based on
his knowledge of the subject
2. MESSAGE – composed of elements
that are arranged in a particular
structure in a particular form (musical,
poetic, prose, etc.)
3. CHANNEL – sense used to observe the
message
4. RECEIVER – decodes the message
- a mathematical theory of based on similar personality
communication, 1948 components as the sender.
SHANNON’S MODEL
1. INFORMATION SOURCE – produces a
message or a sequence of messages to
be communicated to the receiving
terminal.
2. TRANSMITTER – operates on the
message in some way to produce a
Eugene Nida’s Model
Eugene Nida, includes element of voice
3. Interaction (Feedback) Model
- It tries to think of messages
beyond what is intentionally given
by the sender.

NIDA’S MODEL
S – Source
M – Message
R – Receptor 4. Self-Regulatory Model (The Common
Sense Model)
De – Decoder - It focuses on what the senders
En – Encoder and receivers get from the
environment.
Noise
Feedback
Kjell Berg’s Discussion of Four Model
Kjell Berg
1. Linear (Conduit) Model
- It focuses on the conduit or
channel.

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Verbal Communication
- Communication by the use of words and
2. Circular (Dialogic) Model language.
- It gives a more active role for the - It can convey very complex ideas and is
receiver. necessary for discussion and
explanation.
- It is more controlled.
- It is always accompanied by Nonverbal.
Elements of Verbal Communication
 Pause - temporary interval between
words
 Loudness or Softness - emotion
  Rhythm - regular repetition of pattern or Management of Intercultural
movement Communication
 Repetition - to understand better
1. Develop Cultural Sensitivity
 Tone - highness or lowness of voice / 2. Anticipate the meaning the receiver will
pitch get
 Language Form - content, form, use 3. Careful encoding
Nonverbal Communication 4. Use words, pictures and gestures
5. Avoid slang, idioms, regional sayings
- Communication by using symbols.
- It includes everything that is around the Some Examples
speaker as well as the body language.  New Zealand: do not whistle
- It is instinctive, largely unconscious, and  Russia: never smile at strangers
very difficult to control.
Components of Intercultural Competence
Kinds of Nonverbal Communication
1. Context - someone could be very strong
 Gestures (hand movements, winking, in one section and only moderately good
nodding) in another.
 Eye Contact (movement of eyes,  depending on the situation you
blinking) are in
 Posture (arms / leg crossing) 2. Appropriateness - behavior is
 Facial Expression (smile, frown) acceptable and proper for the
 Proxemics (space, distance) expectations of any given culture.
3. Effectiveness - behavior that leads to
the desired outcome being achieved.
1. Kinesics - Body Signal 4. Knowledge - vast information you have
2. Haptics - Touch Signal to have on the person’s culture that you
3. Proxemics - Space Signal are interacting with.
4. Chronemics - Time Signal 5. Motivation - emotional associations as
5. Appearance - Dress Signal they communicate interculturally.
6. Iconics - Object Signals
7. Para-linguistics - Complimentary Advantages of Intercultural Communication
Meaning 1. Productivity and Proficiency
VERBAL - 35% 2. Teamwork
3. Global Business Edge
NONVERBAL - 65% 4. Effective Leadership

Intercultural Communication Functions of Communication

- It is a form of communication that aims
to share information across different
cultures and social groups.
- It seeks to understand how people from
different countries act, communicate,
and perceive the world around us.
- it refers to how humans use language
for different purposes.
Regulation
- it is a rule or directive made and
maintained by an authority.
- it is the action or process of regulating or
being regulated.
Control 3. Always show respect and courtesy.
4. Do not use loaded words.
- it means the power to influence or direct
5. In an argument, stick to the issue and do
people’s behavior or the course of an
not resort to personal attacks.
event.
- it is a means of limiting or regulating Motivation
something.
- it is the desire to do things.
Language Forms for Regulation or Control - it is the crucial element in setting and
attaining goals.
1. Imperative
- it aims to encourage people into action.
2. Interrogative
3. Declarative Motivational Speakers

Law  It refers to a person who

Regulation
specializes in making speeches
(Handbook) intended to inspire or motivate
and audience.
Implemented
“I need... I want... I dream... etc.”
(Sanctions)
Information
Social Interaction - it gives people knowledge and with this
knowledge comes the ability to make
- the process by which we act and react
informed choices.
towards others.
 Face-to-Face Interaction
- has five categories:
 Mass Media
 exchange - gives a reward that
 Internet
may be material or not
 competition - people have a goal Emotional Expression
that only one can attain
- it is a manifestation of one’s internal
 cooperation - people work
emotional state.
together to achieve a goal
- it is an important social signal that
 conflict - people attempt to
conveys a variety of information
physically or socially conquer
regarding a person’s state of mind and
each other
his or her intentions.
 coercion - forcing people to do
something against their will
- it refers to the spontaneous verbal
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
exchanges occurring in natural settings
Communication
that are typically familiar to the
interactions. Intrapersonal Communication
Protocols for Social Interaction - communication with oneself.
1. Do not be overly familiar with your - refers to a person’s communication with
superior or any person of authority. himself or herself.
Address him or her appropriately and
- exists within the mind.
show respect at all times.
2. Do not make inappropriate jokes or body Examples:
contact.
1. talking to oneself in front of the mirror
 2. thinking out loud
3. making plans and decisions
4. smiling to oneself after a job well-
done
5. telling yourself to stop during certain
things which you know are harmful
Importance of Intrapersonal
Communication
 gives us a chance to pause and plan
carefully before doing or saying
anything.
 helps us avoid doing or saying
something detrimental to oneself or
anything harmful to others.
 motivates us to achieve our goals.
Benefits of Intrapersonal Communication
 writers and authors imagine various
scenarios that serve as their inspiration
for composing novels or poems or for
making artworks.
 actors internalize the roles they are to
play so they can act naturally and
believably.
 scientists do lots of self-talks when
conducting experiments or solving
problems.
Interpersonal Communication
- communicating with one or
persons.
- means something involving or occurring
among several people.
Examples
1. casual conversations
2. interviews
3. formal conversations
4. face-to-face
5. via gadgets
6. short interactions
7. small group discussions
8. email correspondence
Four Principles of Interpersonal
Communication
1. It is inescapable
2. It is irreversible
3. It is complicated
4. It is contextual
Context of Interpersonal Communication
1. Psychological Context - who you are
and what you bring to the interaction.
2. Relational Context - concerns your
reactions to the other person.
3. Situational Context - deals with the
psycho-social “where” you are
communicating.
4. Environmental Context - deals with the
physical “where” you are
communicating.
5. Cultural Context - includes all the
learned behaviors and rules that affect
the interaction.
Use of Interpersonal Communication
 give and collect information
 influence the attitudes and behaviors of
more others
 form contacts and make or maintain
relationships
 make sense of the world and our
experience in it
 express personal needs and understand
the needs of others
 give and receive emotional support
 make decisions and solve problems
 anticipate and predict behavior
 Behavior of the Audience
Positive Negative
clapping of hands shaking of one’s head
smiling yawning
laughing dozing off
frowning
SPEECH
Tips to become a Better Public Speaker
Public Speaking
1. Relax
- the art or practice of making a speech 2. Interact with the Audience
before an audience. 3. Prepare well
Approach to a Speech 4. Practice!
5. Be yourself!
- Speaker must consider four points:
 Subject
Speech Styles
 Audience
- the way in which something is said,
 Themselves (as speaker) done, expressed, or performed.
- corresponds to specific speech contexts.
 Occasion
Intimate Conversations
Purpose of Public Speaking
- takes place between persons of close
1. To entertain alliances or relationships.
2. To persuade - refers to the language used by very
close friends and lovers.
3. To inform - private and often requires significant
4. To educate amount of shared history, knowledge,
and experiences.
Delivering the Speech
Examples:
1. Speakers may deliver their talks directly
from the outline. - (manuscript)  telling your boyfriend or girlfriend
you love him or her
2. They should feel at ease in front of an  asking your family for advice
audience, about serious matters
3. They should relax and speak in a natural  telling tour best friend your
voice. deepest and darkest problem
4. They should stand erect, make eye
contact with individuals in the audience, Casual Conversations
and speak loudly enough to be heard
- takes place between classmates,
easily.
friends, or co-workers.
5. They should vary the pitch and volume
- refers to the language that is used in
of their voice and the rate of speech to
conversations with friends.
avoid always speaking in a monotonous
- word choice is general and conversation
tone.
is dependent upon nonverbal assist,
 significant by knowledge and shared A speech act is a confluence of the
information. following acts:
Examples: Locutionary Act
 use of contraction - an utterance of a meaningful sentence
 use of slang or what is said literally.
 use of simplified grammar Illocutionary Act
Consultative Conversations - the social function of what is said.
- takes place between professionals such Perlocutionary Act
as doctors and lawyers and their
patients and clients. - the effect of what is said to the person it
- also known as the 3rd level of language. is uttered to.
- formal register used in conversations.
Five Categories of Speech Act
- less appropriated for writing.
- often used in the interaction inside the 1. Representatives - assertions, claims,
classroom. reports
Example: Examples:

 student is talking to his or her  Traffic is heavy along EDSA now.

teacher (report)
 Filipinos are the happiest people
Formal
in the world. (claim)
- this language is used in formal settings 2. Directives - suggestions, requests,
and is one-way in nature. commands
- usually follows a commonly accepted
Examples:
format.
- impersonal and formal.  You should go to a doctor.
(suggestion)
Example:
 Could you please help me plan
 the SONA of the President the party? (request)
3. Expressives - apologies, complaints,
Frozen
thanks
- fixed and can’t be changed.
Examples:
Examples:

I’m sorry I can’t make it to the
 the National Anthem
event. (apology)
 oaths and pledges
 Our internet connection is so
 the Alma Mater slow. (complaint)
 the Lord’s Prayer 4. Commissives - promises, threats, offers

Examples:
Speech Acts
 I assure you, I will help you with
- it shows how people are capable of your problem. (promise)
performing acts with their utterances.  I am warning you! (threat)
5. Declaratives - decrees, declarations
 Examples:
 Let the games begin!
(declaration)
 As president of the Republic, I put
the country under a state of
emergency. (decree)
happy reviewing - erika