LAZARRO SPALANZANI TRIAL

St Mutmainnah Burhanuddin 2021

Faculty of Math and Science, Universitas Negeri Makassar
Email: mutmainnah.dimi24@gmail.com

Abstract
Life is a mystery. How and when the origin of life is a question mark as well as a serious
challenge between religion and science. So far there are several opinions and theories
about the origin of life such as evolution, abiogenesis and biogenesis. In this article, we
will explore the theory of biogenesis along with the experiments that have been carried
out by Lazarro spalanzani. Trying to reveal the answer to the question of where life came
from scientifically through experiments that have been carried out by scientists in the
past. By using the experimental method of broth that was given different treatment.
Keyword: Biogenesis, Lazarro Spalanzani, Origin of life

1. Introduction knowledge about the growth and

development of mushrooms. In fact,
A. Background
straw mushrooms exist because of
Religious people have the belief that
fungal spores that grow on rotting rice
the origin of life does not just appear but
straw media.(Rumanta et al., 2018)
from God. However, basically humans
Examples of theories of abiogenesis
have a high curiosity because they have
are worms from soil, fish from mud, and
reason and the ability to think. It is
larvae from rotting flesh. Needham
because of this high curiosity that
conducted experiments using meat to
scientists use their intelligence to try to
provide an explanation of the theory of
uncover the origin of life. The origin of
abiogenesis. From the results of his
life has not been fully revealed. The
experiments, it was concluded that the
question that continues to be a mystery
microbes came from boiled water
arises "where does life come from?"
meat(Wardhani, 2019). The second
Scientists also tried to answer with
theory is the theory of biogenesis. Along
various theories including the theory of
with the changing times, scientists began
abiogenesis and the theory of
to think scientifically. Conducted
biogenesis. The theory is included in the
several experiments to prove the truth of
classical theory.
the long-standing abiogenesis theory.
The first theory put forward was the
Supporters of this theory are Francisco
theory of abiogenesis. Famous figures in
Redi, Lazarro Spalanzani, and Louis
the theory of abiogenesis include
Pasteur.
Aristotle, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek,
B. Purpose
and John Needham. The theory of
This experiment was conducted to
abiogene means that living things exist
broaden students' insight into the theory
spontaneously from inanimate objects.
of the origin of life. Provide
Also known as generatio spontanea.
opportunities for students to follow the
(Rofifah, 2020a)
way of thinking and research that has
In ancient times there was no modern
been done by scientists in solving
technology and only relied on existing
biological problems, especially
facts without scientific proof. For
regarding answering the question about
example, the previous farmers believed
origin of life.
that straw mushrooms just arose from
2. Literature Review
rice husks. This is due to a lack of
 The origin of life has always been
questioned and a mystery. In essence,
humans have reason and curiosity that
makes scientists compete to prove and
find out the answer to the question
'where did life come from?' There are
many theories about the origin of life
including the theory of abiogenesis, the
theory of biogenesis, the theory of
chemical evolution, the theory of
distinctive creation, and the theory of
the cosmozone.
Both of these theories have been
tested experimentally and supported by
a number of scientists. First, the theory
of Abiogenesis is a theory that first
appeared and was pioneered by
Aristotle. Before the 17th century some
people believed that living things
existed spontaneously. Other terms
defined by scientists are "non-biological
origin" and "spontaneous generation of
life".(Rofifah, 2020a)
The essence of the theory of
abiogenesis states that living things
come from inanimate objects or exist by
themselves. Also known as spontaneous
generation. In Aristotle's experiment,
soaked soil will produce worms. Apart
from Aristotle, there are two other
scientists who support the theory of
abiogenesis, namely Antonio Van
Leeuwenhock and John Needham.
(Structures, 2018)
In the mid-17th century Antonio
Van Leeuwenhock made observations
on straw soaking water. From the results
of his observations found strange small
living creatures. The results of these
observations strengthen their opinion
about abiogenesis. Then there was John
Needham who believed in the theory of
abiogenesis by conducting a broth
experiment after observing the presence
of bacteria in the broth for several days.
Needham concluded that the bacteria
came from the broth(Rofifah, 2020a).
Second, the theory of Biogenesis.
The theory of biogenesis is a theory that
argues that the origin of life from
previous lives. The word (Biogenesis)
was first coined by Henry Bastian to
mean the origin of life from inorganic
matter, but the word was refined by
Henry Huxley to mean the origin of life
from living matter (Schopf, Kitajima,
Spicuzza, Kudryavtsev & Valley,
2018) ; Orgel, 1998)(Ottuh, 2021).
There are three figures who support
the theory of biogenesis, namely
Francesco Redi, Lazarro Spalanzani, and
Louis Pasteur. The three figures carried
out their respective experiments.
Francisco Redi was the first to conduct
experiments to oppose the theory of
abiogenesis. He conducted an
experiment by using meat placed in a
container. Container 1 is left open with
meat, container 2 is covered with gauze,
and container 3 is tightly closed. The
three containers were allowed to stand
for several days. The results indicated
that the containers left open and covered
with gauze had many maggots. While
the tightly closed container does not
change. In Redi's experiment, it was
concluded that the maggots came from
fly egg(Rofifah, 2020b).
The second experiment was carried
out by Lazarro Spalanzani in 1729-1796.
Spallanzani opposed John Needham's
experimental results. He argues that the
Needham broth stew is not long enough
so that the microorganisms are not
completely killed. Spallanzani
conducted an experiment in which flask
1 was filled with broth and left open,
flask 2 was heated to a boil and left
open, and flask 3 was boiled and then
closed tightly. Set aside for a few days.
After that, it turned out that
microorganisms appeared in the broth of
the first and second flasks, while the
third flask had no microorganisms.
The appearance of microorganisms
in the open flask due to contamination
with air. Even though it has been heated
but left open it will again cause
microorganisms. Adherents of
abiogenesis still have not accepted the
theory of biogenesis and the
experiments carried out by Lazarro
Spalanzan because life requires a
lifestyle (there is air), while
The last is an experiment conducted
by Louis Pasteur. This biochemist
perfected Lazarro Spalanzani's
experiment using a goose-pipe flask.
The purpose of using a goose-necked
pipe in this experiment is to maintain a
connection between the flask and the
outside air. So that in the pumpkin there
is still life force. After a few days, it was
observed that there were no
microorganisms. But when a pipe
similar to a swan's neck is broken, many
microorganisms will appear.This
happens because the microorganisms are
trapped by the cover in the shape of a
swan's neck. From the results of Louis
Pasteur's experiment, it can be
concluded that there must be living
things in order to create new living
things. Experiments conducted by Louis
Pasteur succeeded in disproving the
theory of abiogenesis. Louis Pasteur
created a new concept regarding the
theory of the origin of life, namely
Omne vivum ex ovo (every living thing
comes from an egg), omne ovum ex
vivo (every egg comes from living
things), and omne vivum ex vivo (every
universe, planets, and living things on
earth. This is also embraced by other to
explain that living things were created
by God as religious believers believe.
According to one of the major religions
in Indonesia, Islam, Allah has created
religions. The theory of special creation
or special creation cannot be accepted
because there is no scientific evidence.
(Mondal, 2017)
Fifth, the cosmozone theory of a
scientist named Arrhenius says that the
first life began from the spores of life
spores which together with natural dust
particles were spread from one place to
another.
living thing comes from living things)
(Wardhani, 2019)
in the Spallanzani the brightly is tightly
closed.
Apart from these two theories there
are other theories about the origin of
life. The third is the theory of chemical
evolution. Harold Urey stated that at one
time the Earth's atmosphere had many
gas molecules which were important
elements in living things.
These molecules include methane
(CH4), water vapor (H2O) and hydrogen
(H2). Based on the theory put forward
by Harold Urey, it is stated that with the
help of electrical energy from the
electric current of lightning and cosmic
radiation, it can bind these molecules to
form larger molecules. Immemorial and
created themselves as they are. This
theory tries
to explain that living things were created
by God as religious believers believe.
According to one of the major
religions in Indonesia, Islam, Allah has
created the universe, planets, and living
things on earth. This is also embraced by
other religions.
3. Work Methode
A. Time and Place
Day: Wednesday
Date: 13 October 2021
Time: 09.10-12.30
Place: Laboratory of Biology, Floor 3
B. Tools and Material
Tools
a) 3 test tube
b) 1 measuring cup
c) Test tube rack
Materials
a) Broth 30 ml
b) Candle
c) Label
d) Match
C. Work Step
 Prepare 3 clean tubes

Each tube is filled with 10 ml of

broth

Each tube is filled with 10 ml of

broth

The broth from Tube II is

brought to a boil and then
covered with a cork.

The broth from tube III is also

brought to a boil and then left.

Then the three tubes are placed

on the tube rack

4. Result and Discussion

A. Result
Day Tube I Tube II Tube III
Sm C Se Sm C Se Sm C Se
1 - - - - - - - - -
2 - - - - + + - + -
3 - - + - ++ ++ - ++ +
4 - - ++ - +++ ++ + +++ ++
5 - - ++ - +++ ++ ++ +++ +++
Description:
Sm = Smell
C = Colour
Se = Sendiment
- = No change
+ = Have a change
++ = More change
+++ = Highly change

B. Discussion
In the experiment, 3 tubes were tube I, the test tube was plugged with a
provided with different treatments. In cork and dripped liquid wax between the
mouth of the tube and the lid to glue. In conducted by Lazzaro Spallanzani is
tube II, the test tube is closed with a better than the experiment we have
cork and heated until it boils. In tube III done, where the experiment pays more
the test tube is left open and heated to attention to all aspects that may affect
boiling. the experimental results, so that the
The results of the observation of the experimental results are more precise.
3 tubes after the observations were made Although the results of our experiments
during the day, it was found that the first are not much different, a scientist's
to second day of tube I did not find any experiment will be better because the
changes. The third day there was a observations made are observed more
change to the sediment. There is no closely.
change in color or smell. Until the 5th 5. Conclussion and Suggestion
day it continued but the sediment was
It can be concluded from the
getting more and more. This happened
experimental results that the microbes
because tube 1 was tightly closed and
contained in the broth came from the air
not contaminated with outside air.
that carried microbial endospores or
In tube II. The first day nothing
came from the broth that was not
changed. The second day there was a
previously free from microbes. Based on
change in the color of the broth that
the practicum that has been done, it is
looked cloudy. The third day the color
proven that living things come from
of the broth was getting cloudier and
previous living things, not from non-
there was a little sediment. The fourth
living things. As a suggestion, it is
and fifth day the color of the broth is
hoped that the practitioner will be more
getting cloudier. There is also a bit of
careful in using the tool and when
floating dirt. That's because the tube is
boiling.
open to be contaminated with air. In this
For suggestion practitioner should
tube there should be no changes because
be more careful when placing the test
it is closed and not contaminated with
tube so that the test tube does not fall
air from the outside and microorganisms
and break. In addition, be careful when
have previously died due to being
using the cover glass because it can
heated.
break easily.
In tube III. The first day nothing
6. References
changed. On the second day, the color
Mondal, P. (2017). Origin of Life.
changed to cloudy. On the third day the
Origin of Life: 5 Ancient Theories
color of the broth was getting cloudier
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and there was a little sediment. On the
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Ottuh, P. O. O. (2021). Dialogue
prove that the experiments that have
Concerning Life: Abiogenesis,
been carried out by Lazzaro Spallanzani
Biogenesis Or Creationism:
that support the Redi Experiment in
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opposing the theory of Abiogenesis
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which states that living things came
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Rofifah, D. (2020a). Biosains Dalam Al-
theory of Abiogenesis cannot be said to
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there were several errors caused by the
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