Ontario Geological Survey

E.G. Pye, A. J.

THE COST OF PRODUCING THIS VOLUME WAS PARTLY

FUNDED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NORTHERN
AFFAIRS THROUGH THE NORTHERN ONTARIO
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (NOGS) PROGRAM.

Ministry of Hon. Alan W. Pope

Minister
Natural
John R. Sloan
Resources Deputy Minister
Ontario 0\TAR\O
 1984 Government of Ontario ISBN 0-7743-9423-4
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Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
The Geology and ore deposits of the Sudbury Structure
(OGS special volume ; l)
Bibliography: p.
ISBN 0-7743-9423-4
l. Geology Ontario -Sudbury. 2. Ore-deposits-
Ontario Sudbury. I. Pye. E. G. II. Naldrett, A. J.
III. Giblin, P. E. IV. Ontario Geological Survey.
V. Title. VI. Series: Ontario Geological Survey
special volume ; l.
QE191.G41984 550'. 9713133 84-0930380

This volume has been partly funded by the Ontario Ministry of Northern Affairs.

This volume is published to celebrate both the Centennial celebrations for the City of Sudbury in 1983
and the Bicentennial Celebrations of the Province of Ontario in 1984.

Every possible effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this volume but the
Ministry of Natural Resources does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source refer
ences are included in the report and users may wish to verify critical information.

Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given, it is recommended that reference to this vol
ume be made in the following way for each individual chapter.
Giblin, P.E.
1984: Chapter l. History of Exploration and Development, of Geological Studies and Development
of Geological Concepts; p.3-23 in The Geology and Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure, ed
ited by E.G. Pye, A.J. Naldrett, and P.E. Giblin, Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume l,
603 p. Accompanied by Map 2491. at a scale of 1:50 (KX), Map NL-16/17-AM Sudbury, at a
scale of l: l 000 000. and 3 charts.

Scientific Editor: Guy Kendrick 5000-84-Deyell

 A MESS AGE FROM
THE HONOURABLE ALAN W. POPE
ONTARIO MINISTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES

It is with considerable pride and pleasure that the Ministry of Natural Resources pre
sents the first in its new Special Volume series, Hie Geology and Ore Deposits of the
Sudbury Structure, a hook that represents a landmark in geological studies of the Sud
bury area. For the first time, the combined studies and expertise of geoscientists from
industry, governments, and universities have been brought together in a single vol
ume. All those interested in the geology of the Sudbury area will welcome the many
distinguished chapters in this volume.
In this. Ontario's bicentennial year, I believe it is very fitting that scientists with a wide
variety of perspectives and backgrounds should collaborate to produce a work as com
prehensive and descriptive as this one. The geological expertise developed through
mining in the Sudbury area over the past century has led to the publication of this vol
ume. I am confident that the wealth of material in the book will help ensure that interest
in the area continues to be strong for many years to come.

Special Volume l
84-08-27

111
 PREFACE
E.G. Pye
Formerly, Director of the Ontario Geological Survey

The Sudbury Structure is one of the most scientifically and economically inter
esting geological structures on our planet. Since the first discovery of nickel-copper
ores near the present site of the City of Sudbury in 1883, many scientific observations
have been made. These are reported on in a voluminous literature.
The Sudbury Structure has attracted the interest of several generations of geolo
gists. Without exaggeration there is probably no living geologist who is unaware of the
existence of this geologically intriguing structure.
In spite of all this interest, no comprehensive descriptive work on the Sudbury
Structure existed. Several of the previous, venerable publications, commonly written
by one or a few authors, dealt with specific problems of Sudbury geology. The most
recent one, published by the Geological Association of Canada in 1972, is entitled
"New Developments in Sudbury Geology". This 1972 publication was the outcome
of a special meeting on Sudbury geology by the Geological Association of Canada that
discussed the evidence for and against the view that the Sudbury Structure is an impact
structure, an interpretation first suggested by R.S. Diet/ in the early 1960s.
The lack of a comprehensive treatise on Sudbury geology has been evident to
many geoscientists who have worked or are working in the Sudbury area. Several
events together initiated work on the present volume. In early 1981. D.H. Rousell,
after discussing the matter with W. V. Peredery, suggested to me that the publication of
a book on Sudbury geology would be worthwhile. At approximately the same time the
Ontario Government, spearheaded by the Ministry of Culture and Recreation, invited
all government agencies to consider contributions to celebrate the bicentenary of the
Province of Ontario. These two events and the then upcoming centenary of the first
discovery of nickel-copper ore in the Sudbury area in 1883. and also the fact that two
of the Survey's geologists wrere each just completing a multi-year investigation in the
Sudbury area, made it appropriate to advance further with D.H. Rousell's proposal.
Geoscientists presently working in the Sudbury area were invited to contribute to
a volume on Sudbury geology to commemorate the bicentenary of Ontario and the
centenary of Sudbury. The response wpas very encouraging. Dr. L. KLilburn (Vice-
President Exploration. Falconbridge Limited) and Dr. T. Podolsky (Vice-President
Exploration. Inco Limited) kindly accorded the enthusiastic cooperation of the geo
logical staff of their companies. Researchers from four universities, the Royal Ontario
Museum and three consulting companies, the staff of the Geological Survey of Canada,
and the geological staff of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources also contributed
much time and effort. This volume is the result of this unique cooperation.
The purpose of this multidisciplinary approach was to document the geological
and geophysical features of the Sudbury Structure. Three authors were given the task
of interpreting the features described by the other authors, two as proponents of a im
pact origin (W.V. Peredery and G.G. Morrison), and one as a proponent of an endo
genic origin (T.L. Muir). During several field trips and geological discussions all
authors had ample opportunities to present their own views and to try to influence the
content of two interpretative papers. In a summary paper, A.J. Naldrett presents a per
sonal view on the Sudbury Structure and evaluates the documented evidence presented
in all the papers.
This volume will, hopefully, not only shed light on the geology of the structure
and its origin but it may also stimulate further interest in Sudbury geology and initiate
new research programs. It is an ongoing responsibility of the Canadian geoscience
community to encourage and develop research activities on the Sudbury Structure.
 It was a pleasure to work with the group of people who have prepared this volume
for puhlieation. I gratefully aeknowledge the cooperation of all authors and staff of the
Scientific Review Office (namely Guy Kendrick, Christine Tchoryk, R.Simon.
Lyell McKinnon, and Jeanette Barron), Ontario Geological Survey. All papers of this
volume were critically reviewed by geoscientists from three continents. It is a pleasant
duty to thank all reviewers listed below for their constructive and thorough work:
M.K. Abel; R. Adlington; R.A. Alcock; J.A.E. Allum; N.L. Anderson; C.
Brooks; G.A. Bennem K.B.S. Burke; S.N. Charteris; G.K. C/.amanske; M.R.
Dence; B.M. French; R.A. Gibb; J.P. Golightly; A.C. Gourley: A. Grisholm;
G. Graup; R.A.F. Grieve; D.H. Hall; H.O.Wju; F. Mor/; T.N. Irvine; E. Irv
ing; M.B. Eambert; D.G.F. Long; S.B. Lumbers; J.M. Martins; G.J.H.
McCall; R.H. McNutt; H.D. Meyn; A.D. Mutch; H.C. Palmer; E.F. Pattison;
J.A. Percival; J. Popelar; J.V. Ross; U.-U. Schmincke; W. Schreyer; W.M.
Schwerdtner; P.K. Sims, G.M. Stott; D.T.A. Symons; J. Tanner; R. Tate.
The geological compilation map (Map 2491, in back pocket) is based on the work
of many geologists. An attempt has been made by the compiler. Burkhard O. Dressler,
to aeknowledge the most important contributions to this map in the marginal notes of
the map. Space limitations did not allow credit to be given to all contributors who
helped make this an up-to-date map. L therefore, wish to gratefully aeknowledge the
input to this map by the following people.
Falconbridge Limited (Geology of Falconbridge Township and of North Range
footwall):
C.J.A. Coats; D.L. Owen; M. Penstone; P. Snajdr; F.H. Toews.
Geological Survey of Canada (South Range footwall):
K.D. Card.
Inco Limited (Sudbury Igneous Complex and Onaping Formation):
A. Bite; P.E. Fischer; R.W. Grant; J.V. Guy-Bray; H.O. Harju: D.F. Mahaffy;
E.F Pattison; W.V. Peredery: T Podolsky; D. Phipps; J.S. Stevenson; R.E.
Wager.
Laurentian University, Sudbury (Sudbury Basin geology):
D.H. Rousell.
McGill University, Montreal (Sudbury Igneous Complex and Onaping Formation):
J.S. Stevenson.
Ministry of Natural Resources. Sudbury (Geology of the City of Sudbury and neigh
bouring townships):
R. Adlington; P.E. Giblin; J.M. Martins.
I also thank A.G. Darnley. P. Hood, S. D. Dods. and D.J. Teskey (Energy, Mines and
Resources, Ottawa) who contributed an aeromagnetic map of the Sudbury area. I ,ast
but not least I wish to aeknowledge the careful work by the staff of the Surveys and
Mapping Branch, Ministry of Natural Resources under the supervision of PA. Wis
bey (Cartography Section), and R. Balgalvis (Drafting Services).

vi
 CONTENTS

Preface, E. G. Pye ..................................................................................................v

History and Regional Studies
Chapter l History of Exploration and Development, of Geological Studies and Development of
Geological Concepts, P. E. Giblin ....................................................................3
Chapter 2 The Sudbury Structure: Its Regional Geological and Geophysical Setting, K. D. Card,
V.K. Gupta, P.H. McGrath, and F.S. Grant ...................................................... 25
Chapter 3 The Regional Metallogenetic Setting of Sudbury, D. G. Innes and A. C. Colvine .....,............ 45
Chapter 4 General Geology of the Sudbury Area, Burkhard O. Dressler..................................... 57
Chapter 5 Structural Geology of the Sudbury Basin, D. H. Rousell ........................................... 83
Chapter 6 The Effects of the Sudbury Event and the Intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex
on the Footwall Rocks of the Sudbury Structure, Burkhard O. Dressler........................... 97
Whitewater Group
Chapter 7 The Onaping Formation, T. L. Muir and W. K. Peredery.......................................... 139
Chapter 8 Onwatin and Chelmsford Formations, D. H. Rousell ..............................................211
Chapter 9 Mineralization in the Whitewater Group, D. H. Rousell ...........................................219
Geology of the Sudbury Igneous Complex
Introduction to the Geology of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, A.J. Naldrett ................................. 234
Chapter 10 The Main Mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, A. J. Naldrett and R. H. Hewins ............ 235
Chapter 11 The Contact Sublayer of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, A. J. Naldrett, R. H. Hewins,
Burkhard O. Dressler, and B. K Rao ............................................................ 253
Chapter 12 Sudbury Quartz Diorite Offset Dikes. R. W. Grant and A. Bite ..................................215
Mineral Deposits of the Sudbury Igneous Complex
Ni-Cu Ores of the Sudbury Igneous Complex Introduction, A. J. Naldrett.................................. 302
Chapter 13 Mineralogy and Composition of the Sudbury Ores, A. J. Naldrett............................... 309
Chapter 14 Ore Deposits of the North Range, Onaping-Levack Area, Sudbury, C. J. A. Coats
and P. Snajdr ..................................................................................... 327
Chapter 15 Ore Deposits of the Copper Cliff Offset, L. B. Cochrane .........................................341
Chapter 16 Little Stobie Mine: A South Range Contact Deposit, Gary C. Davis ............................ 361
Chapter 17 Falconbridge and East Mines, D.L. Owen and C. J. A. Coats .................................... 371
Geophysics
Chapter 18 Gravity and Magnetic Characteristics of the Sudbury Structure, V.K. Gupta, F. S. Grant,
and K. D. Card.................................................................................... 381
Chapter 19 Paleomagnetic Constraints on the Magmatic, Tectonic, and Metamorphic History of the
Sudbury Basin Region, W. A. Morris .............................................................411
Geochronology
Chapter 20 Precise U-Pb Zircon and Baddeleyite Ages for the Sudbury Area, T.E. Krogh, D. W. Davis,
and F. Corfu ......................................................................................43\

vn
Origin of the Sudbury Structure
The Origin of the Sudbury Structure Introduction, E. G. Pye................................................ 448
Chapter 21 The Sudbury Structure; Considerations and Models for an Endogenic Origin,
T.L. Muir .........................................................................................449
Chapter 22 Discussion of the Origin of the Sudbury Structure, W. V. Peredery and G. G. Morrison........ 491
Chapter 23 Morphological Features of the Sudbury Structure in Relation to an Impact Origin,
G. G. Morrison ....................................................................................513
Suggestions and Synthesis
Chapter 24 Sudbury Problems and Suggestions for Further Research, John S. Stevenson................... 523
Chapter25 Summary, Discussion, and Synthesis, A.J. Naldrett............................................. 533
Glossary, P.E. Giblin ...........................................................................................571
Index ............................................................................................................ 575

MAPS
(back pocket)

Map 2491 (coloured)-Sudbury, District of Sudbury.

Scale 1:50 000.
Map NL-16/17-AM (coloured)-Sudbury, District of Sudbury.
Scale 1:1 000000.
Aeromagnetic Map produced especially for this volume by the Geological Survey of Canada.

CHARTS
(back pocket)

Chart A-Bouguer Gravity Map of the Sudbury area and parts of Abitibi Province.
Scale 1:1 000000.
Chart B-3 Geological Plans, Onaping-Levack area (for Chapter 14).
Chart C-Bouguer Gravity and generalized geological map of the Sudbury area.
Scale l :100 000.

vin
Conversion Factors for
Measurements in Ontario Geological Survey
Publications

If the reader wishes to convert imperial units to SI (metric) units or SI units to impe
rial units the following multipliers should be used:
CONVERSION FROM SI TO IMPERIAL CONVERSION FROM IMPERIAL TO SI

SI Unit Multiplied by Gives Imperial Unit Multiplied by Gives

LENGTH

1 mm 0.03937 inches 1 inch 25.4 mm

1 cm 0.39370 inches 1 inch 2.54 cm
1 m 3.28084 feet 1 foot 0.3048 m
1m 0.0497097 chains 1 chain 20.1168 m
1 km 0.621 371 miles (statute) 1 mile (statute) 1.609344 km

AREA

1 cm? 0.1550 square inches 1 square inch 6.4516 cm-

1 m? 10.7639 square feet 1 square foot 0.092 903 04 m?
1 km ? 0.38610 square miles 1 square mile 2.589988 km2
1 ha 2.471 054 acres 1 acre 0.4046856 ha

VOLUME

1 cm3 cm-'
0.061 02 cubic inches 1 cubic inch 16.387064
1 m3 35.3147 cubic feet 1 cubic foot 0.02831685 nY
1 m3 1.3080 cubic yards 1 cubic yard 0.764555 m'

CAPACITY

1 L 1.759755 pints 1 pint 0.568261

1 L 0.879877 quarts 1 quart 1.136522
1 L 0.219969 gallons 1 gallon 4.546090

MASS
19 0.03527396 ounces(avdp) 1 ounce (avdp) 28.349523 g
19 0.03215075 ounces (troy) 1 ounce (troy) 31.1034768 g
I kg 2.20462 pounds (avdp) 1 pound (avdp) 0.453 592 37 kg
1kg 0.001 1023 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 907.18474 kg
II 1.102311 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 0.90718474 t
1kg 0.00098421 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1016.0469088 kg
11 0.984 206 5 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1.0160469088 t

CONCENTRATION

1 g/t 0.0291666 1 ounce (troy)/ 34.2857142 g/t

ton (short)
1 g/t 0.58333333 1 pennyweight/ 1.7142857 g/t
ton (short)

OTHER USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS

1 ounce (troyyton (short) 20.0

1 pennyweight/ton (short) 0.05

NOTE Conversion factors which are in bold type are exact. The conversion factors have been taken from
or have been derived from factors given in the Metric Practice Guide for the Canadian Mining and
Metallurgical Industries published by The Mining Association of Canada in cooperation with the Coal
Association of Canada.

IX
fflSTORY AND REGIONAL STUDIES
CHAPTER l

History of Exploration and Development, of Geological Studies and

Development of Geological Concepts
RE. Giblin
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sudbury

CONTENTS
Introduction ...................................................................................................... 3
History of Exploration and Development........................................................................ 3
History of Geological Studies and Development of Geological Concepts ....................................... 5
References........................................................................................................ 16

INTRODUCTION (l 856) discovered considerable local magnetic attrac

In this chapter, the history of the discovery of nickel at
Sudbury and the development of the nickel mining in
dustry into one of world stature is first outlined briefly.
The history of geological work in the area is then out
lined in somewhat more detail, together with the major
problems and controversies that have developed as
studies of this complex area have progressed.
HISTORY OF EXPLORATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
In the mid-1800s, northern Ontario was largely a wil
derness. The few settlements were small villages and
trading posts situated on the waterways of the region.
Neither roads nor railways existed, and travel was by
boat in summer on the numerous lakes and rivers, and
by snowshoe and sleigh in winter. It was in this setting
that the first discoveries of nickel were made. Given
the remoteness of the area, the difficulties of access,
and above all the lack of industrial demand for the
metal, it is not surprising that these first discoveries
failed to attract commercial interest.
The first nickel discovery in Ontario was made
about 1848 at a site on the North Shore of Lake Huron,
some 70 km southwest of Sudbury. This occurrence,
known as the Wallace Mine, is unrelated geologically
to the great nickel deposits soon to be found at Sudbury
and proved to be of no economic value.
The earliest discovery of nickel in what came to
be known as the Sudbury area was made in 1856. At
that time, government survey parties were engaged in
running base, meridian, and range lines in preparation
for a general survey and subdivision of northeastern
Ontario. In the course of running a survey line, Salter
tion and noted the presence of iron in the rocks. He
recognized the unusual nature of the occurrence, and
reported the matter to Alexander Murray of the Geo
logical Survey of Canada who was working in the re
gion. Murray visited and sampled the locality. Analysis
of the material showed it to contain copper and nickel.
Murray published a report describing the occurrence
(Murray 1857) but, presumably for the reasons men
tioned earlier, the report failed to attract any interest.
Several decades later, the site of Salter's and Murray's
discovery was found to lie only about 200 m west of the
open pit of the Creighton Mine.
Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway
through the Sudbury area westward to join British Co
lumbia to the eastern provinces, led directly to the dis
covery and development of the major nickel-copper
deposits of the area.
In 1883, the right-of-way for the railway had been
cleared through the forest for some distance west of
Sudbury. T. Flanagan, a blacksmith on the construc
tion crew noticed an area on the right-of-way covered
by gossan, and dug some holes which revealed the
presence of copper sulphide. Later in the year, con
struction of the railbed reached the site of the gossan.
A cutting in the rock was required, which exposed
high-grade mineralization.
The occurrence was acquired by T. Murray, and
subsequently developed as the Murray Mine. The dis
covery outcrop remained intact until the mid-1970s
when the railway right-of-way was moved and this part
of the orebody mined.
News of the discovery quickly attracted pros
pectors to the area. Exposed parts of the orebodies
were capped by gossans which are easily recognizable
accumulations of rust-coloured weathering products
of sulphides. Prospectors soon realized that the gossan
zones were spatially related to a variety of igneous rock
CHAPTER l
which they termed diorite. Within a few years, pros
pectors had discovered most of the currently known
orebodies of the area.
Several companies were quickly organized to de
velop the deposits. Prominent among the companies to
be established early in the area was the Canadian Cop
per Company which produced the first ore from the
Sudbury area at the Copper Cliff Mine in 1886. The
company also erected the first smelter in the area which
began operations in 1888.
The ores were considered to be of value for their
copper content. Surprisingly, the presence of nickel in
the deposits was not recognized until nearly 4 years
after the first discoveries of ore were made. In 1887, a
shipment of ore from the Copper Cliff Mine was sent
for smelting to the Orford Copper Company at Con
stable Hook, New Jersey. The ore proved unusually
difficult to treat, and assays of the furnace products re
vealed the presence of nickel.
As soon as the companies realized that they owned
large reserves of nickel as well as of copper, the prob
lem of finding markets for the metal had to be faced.
Total annual world consumption of nickel was only
about 1000 tons in 1888, and the Sudbury mines had
the potential to produce far more than this modest
amount. In addition, world nickel production at the
time was dominated by New Caledonia whose produc
tion was tied to the established markets in Europe.
S.J. Ritchie, first president of the Canadian Cop
per Company, was instrumental in securing the inter
est of the United States Navy in testing nickel steel for
use as armour plate. Following successful tests in
1891, the United States Government appropriated
Si 000 000 to purchase Sudbury nickel matte to be
used in the production of nickel steel for armour plate.
This order, large for the time, greatly assisted devel
opment of the Sudbury area. Other markets for the
metal developed, and production of nickel expanded
accordingly. Early in the 1900s, Canadian production
of nickel (all from Sudbury) overtook that of New Ca
ledonia, and by 1915 Canada produced about 80^ of
the world's output. This dominance of the world mar
ket would continue for many decades during which the
mining, smelting, and refining operations at Sudbury
grew into a major industry.
In 1902, the International Nickel Company was
incorporated, effectively merging most of the princi
pal companies engaged in mining, smelting, and refin
ing nickel. Among the companies amalgamated into
the International Nickel Company, were the Canadian
Copper Company and the Orford Copper Company.
This gave the new company the benefit of controlling
both the production and refining operations. A subsid
iary, The International Nickel Company of Canada,
Limited, formed in 1916, acquired the assets of the
Canadian operations, and constructed a nickel refin
ery at Port Colborne in southern Ontario. In 1928, The
International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited,
became the parent corporation. Research laboratories
established by the company played an important role in
developing new alloys and uses for nickel, and resulted
in significant expansions of markets for the metal.
Two other companies were significant producers
during the early decades of this century. The Mond
Nickel Company, Limited, was formed in 1900 and
acquired several mines. A smelter was erected at Vic
toria Mines, but in 1913, smelting operations were
transferred to a new plant at Coniston. Matte was
shipped to the company's refinery at Clydach, Wales.
The British America Nickel Corporation, Limited,
operated mines and a smelter intermittently from about
1917 to about 1924 when the company ceased opera
tions. Its assets were subsequently purchased by The
International Nickel Company of Canada, Limited.
For more than a quarter of a century. The Inter
national Nickel Company of Canada, Limited, and the
Mond Nickel Company, Limited, effectively con
trolled the world's nickel industry. Prompted partly by
their shared ownership of the large Frood orebody, and
partly by other business concerns, the 2 companies
merged in 1929. The International Nickel Company of
Canada, Limited, absorbing the Mond Nickel Com
pany, Limited.
A newcomer appeared on the scene in 1928 when
Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Limited, was incorpo
rated. This company acquired an undeveloped ore
body from its parent company. Ventures, Limited (Le
Bourdais 1957). The company developed the orebody,
erected a smelter which commenced operations in
1930, and began shipments of matte to its refinery at
Kristiansand, Norway. A program of property acqui
sition and exploration subsequently led to the discov
ery and development of several new orebodies.
Since then. Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Limited,
and The International Nickel Company of Canada,
Limited, have continued as the only producing com
panies in the Sudbury area. The latter company
changed its name to Inco Limited in 1976, and in 1982
Falconbridge Nickel Mines, Limited, changed its cor
porate name to Falconbridge Limited.
Although Sudbury is famous as the world's larg
est single source of nickel, its ores yield several other
commodities.
The original interest in Sudbury ores revolved
around their copper content, which is approximately
equal to their nickel content. Copper remains an im
portant component: in aggregate dollar terms, it is the
second most important co-product of the ores. For
many years. Inco Limited was Canada's largest single
producer of newly mined copper.

Also for many years, the Sudbury area was the
world's leading producer of newly mined platinum
group metals: platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium,
rhodium, and ruthenium. In recent years, this pre-em
inent position has been lost, but because of Sudbury's
production, Canada remains the world's third largest
producer of platinum group elements.
Gold, silver, cobalt, selenium, tellurium, and
sulphur are also currently produced. Iron-ore pellets
were formerly produced.
The peak of Ontario nickel production was
reached in 1974, when 209.0 million kg were pro
duced, having a value of S749.7 million or a value of
S1622.4 million in terms of 1982 dollars (Weatherson
1983, p.237). In 1981, Ontario nickel production was
130.2 million kg having a value of SlOOl.2 million or
a value of Si 138.2 million in 1982 dollars (Weather
son 1983, p.237).
To help put these figures in perspective, in 1981,
Ontario produced 18.6 (^ of the world's nickel. The
value of all mineral commodities produced in Sudbury
represented 38.8% of the value of Ontario's total min
eral production in 1981, and \2A7c of the value of
Canada's mineral production exclusive of fuels in
1981.
Inco Limited continues to produce more nickel
than any other company in the world. For 1981, the
company reported total Canadian ore production of
12.1 million tons, grading an average of l .4296 nickel
and 1.09% copper (Inco Limited 1981). Most of the
production was derived from the Sudbury area, where
most recently, in 1983, the company operated 9 mines,
2 concentrators, a smelter, nickel and copper refiner
ies, and a coinage-strip rolling mill.
For 1981, Falconbridge Nickel Mines Limited
reported Canadian ore production (all from Sudbury)
of 3.0 million tons grading an average of l .25 % nickel
and l .01 % copper (Falconbridge Nickel Mines Lim
ited 1981). In 1983, the company operated 7 mines, 2
concentrators, and a smelter in the Sudbury area.
In the century that has elapsed since the first ma
jor discovery of nickel was made in the area, Sudbury
has grown from a small railway construction and lum
bering village, having a population of about 300 per
sons, to a modern metropolitan centre having a
population of approximately 158 000. The growth of
the area's mining, smelting, and refining industry has
provided employment for many thousands, and has
provided Canada with a major source of industrial raw
materials and new wealth.
Because Canadian industries consume only a
small percentage of the nickel that can be produced,
most of the nickel is exported, and is an important
source of foreign exchange earnings.
P. E. GIBLIN
Since World War H, growing competition from
foreign producers has reduced Sudbury's share of the
world nickel market from 80% to about 18%. Al
though Sudbury's share of the market declined, for
most of this period, the tonnage of nickel produced rose
as the total market grew. Within recent years, foreign
competition and the world-wide recession have ad
versely affected the industry. There is the threat of
added competition from possible future production of
nickel-bearing sea bed nodules.
The nickel producers of the area have streamlined
their operations in the face of this competition. Com
menting on the reserves of nickel ore, Anders and
Mohide (1980) stated' 'there is no geological reason to
fear that Ontario nickel production will not continue
long into the next century".
HISTORY OF GEOLOGICAL
STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT
OF GEOLOGICAL CONCEPTS
After nearly a century of geological work, the major
features of Sudbury geology are well established. Sud
bury is world famous in the geological literature be
cause of the great economic value of the area's mineral
deposits, and the many unusual, and in some cases,
apparently unique features exposed here. Most text
books dealing with general geology, economic geol
ogy, and petrology, discuss aspects of Sudbury geol
ogy. Their descriptions are necessarily limited in
scope, somewhat generalized and simplified, and do
not do justice to the great complexity of the area.
Sudbury geology seems to have intrigued most of
those who have come in contact with it. This in turn has
led to a great deal of research work, and the resulting
literature is large: so much so that as early as 1906,
Barlow referred to it as "voluminous", a sentiment
that has been echoed by many writers in later years.
Despite the large amount of work done, new problems
and controversies continue to arise. This is testimony
to the complex, often seemingly contradictory rela
tionships to be found in the area.
Some features are well established. A brief sum
mary may help the reader of this volume to place the
development of geological knowledge and concepts in
perspective, and enable him to better appreciate these
developments.
The sulphide deposits, with their contained
nickel, copper, platinum-group metals, and other met
als, are associated with a large body of igneous rock
known as the Sudbury Igneous Complex. In previous
writings, the Complex was known as the Nickel-Bear
ing Eruptive, the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive, and as the
Nickel Irruptive.
CHAPTER l
This intrusion outcrops as an elliptical ring hav
ing a major axis 60 km long striking northeast, and a
minor axis 27 km long. It grades from an outer ring of
norite through a transition zone of gabbro to an inner
ring of granophyre, termed micropegmatite in the ear
lier literature. The outer contact of the body generally
dips inwardly toward the centre at between 30 0 and
50 0 , but it may dip more steeply and locally dips
outward.
The ore deposits are found around the outer, lower
edge of the norite, and in dike-like bodies that either
radiate outward from the base of the norite or occur in
Footwall rocks parallel to the main Complex. The close
spatial association of the ore deposits with the norite
led early to the concept of a genetic relationship be
tween the two, a concept that is generally accepted.
The nature of the relationship is uncertain, and 3 prin
cipal hypotheses have been advanced. These are:
1. The ores are magmatic segregation deposits, the
sulphides having been introduced in solution in the
main body of magma, and during crystallization set
tling under the influence of gravity to the base of the
norite.
2. The sulphides were introduced by hydrothermal
fluids.
3. The sulphides were introduced as immiscible sul
phide liquid suspended in the silicate magma of sepa
rate, perhaps younger, neritic intrusions.
Much discussion has also centred on:
1. the shape and character of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex itself
2. on the nature and origin of the unusual rocks of the
Sudbury Breccia and of the Onaping Formation
3. the origin of the Sudbury Structure, a collective term
embracing the Sudbury Igneous Complex, nearby
rocks, and associated structural features
Answers to the questions raised by workers in the
area are of scientific value and, are also of great poten
tial economic importance.
The following review of the development of geo
logical knowledge of the area and of the concepts de
veloped is largely chronological in nature. This
approach has its drawbacks and occasionally, in order
to trace the work upon a certain topic, the work on that
topic alone is described before resuming the general
chronological review.
Although some of the major lake and river sys
tems of area had been traversed in 1856 by Murray of
the Geological Survey of Canada, no comprehensive
geological map existed at the time of the ore discov
eries. To remedy this deficiency and to assist prospec
tors working in the area, the Survey sent R. Bell,
assisted by A.E. Barlow, to Sudbury in 1888 to begin
a program of regional mapping. Bell's resulting map,
published in 1891 at a scale of 4 miles to l inch, is the
first geological map of the area.
As his map illustrated, and as his report described
(Bell 1891 a), the nickel-copper deposits were always
found intimately associated with mafic rocks he class
ified in the field as' 'greenstone'', diabase, and diorite,
and were associated particularly with a variety he
termed diorite breccia. Mineralization was concen
trated at the contact of the mafic rocks with other rocks.
He recognized the existence of a central geological
basin, and noted 2 principal areas underlain by the
mafic rocks which are presently known as the North
and South Ranges of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
The mapping coverage did not reveal the continuity of
the mafic rocks around the basin. He briefly discussed
the origin of the ores (Bell 1891a, 1891 b), suggesting
that they formed as a result of differentiation from a
magma.
Petrographic studies by von Foullon (1892) and
Williams (1891) of the rocks described in the field as
"greenstone'', diabase, and diorite, revealed the pres
ence of orthorhombic pyroxene, indicating that the
rock was more properly classified as norite.
Walker (1897) observed the gradation of norite
into granophyre, recognized that the norite and gran
ophyre were also basin-shaped, and suggested that the
Complex was continuous around the basin.
A decade after the publication of Bell's map. Bar
low returned to the area to carry out further work. In
1904 he published 2 maps of the South Range, at a scale
of l inch to l mile, and described the geology and ore
deposits of the area. His work illustrated the major 2-
fold subdivision of the Complex into a lower norite
member and an upper granophyre member, the gra-
dational nature of the contact between them, and the
localization of orebodies along the lower, outer edge
of the norite. He recognized the importance of embay-
ments in the Footwall at the base of the norite and of
dike-like extensions of norite in the outer wallrocks as
hosts for ore. The dike-like extensions were termed
"offsets", a term which persists today in the literature
and in local usage. Barlow appears to have introduced
the name "Nickel-Bearing Eruptive" for the norite-
granophyre body, a term which subsequently became
modified and familiar in the literature as the Nickel Ir
ruptive and as the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive. Barlow
(1904, 1906) also favoured origin of the ores through
magmatic differentiation.
The origin of the ores has been a matter of both
scientific and practical interest since their discovery.
As noted earlier, both Bell and Barlow favoured origin
through magmatic differentiation. Bell (1891a, p.50F)
and Barlow (1908, p. 129-130) however, suggested
some modification had occurred through the action of
hot aqueous solutions. Nevertheless, Dickson (1903)
concluded that the ores did not form by magmatic dif
ferentiation, but by hydrothermal replacement.

The provincial government began geological
work in the Sudbury area in 1902, when A. P. Coleman
commenced mapping for the then Ontario Bureau of
Mines. His map at a scale of l Vz inches to l mile, pub
lished in 1905, showed for the first time that the Com
plex was continuous around the basin. He considered
the Complex to have the form of a laccolithic sheet, l V4
miles thick, 35 miles long and 17 miles wide, that had
been folded into a syncline. It was noted that the ore-
bodies occurred around the margin of the norite or
along dike-like offsets from the norite. He believed the
ores had segregated from the magma, in part at least,
under the influence of gravity. The ore deposits were
classified as marginal deposits or offset deposits, a
general classification still in use (Coleman 1905, p.2,
19). In 1913, Coleman published the results of his fur
ther work, together with a revised edition of his earlier
map.
An additional view concerning the origin of the
ores was put forward in 1914 by Howe, who suggested
they had been injected as a sulphide melt. This hypoth
esis was supported by Bateman (1917).
In 1915, the Province of Ontario established the Royal
Ontario Nickel Commission to study the nickel indus
try and to assess the feasibility of establishing nickel
refining facilities in the province. As part of the Com
mission's activities, C.W. Knight studied and de
scribed the ore deposits of the Sudbury area. He noted
that much of the sulphide mineralization comprised the
matrix for some breccias in and adjacent to the norite;
suggested that fragments in the breccias were replaced
to varying degrees by sulphides; and further suggested
that wallrocks of orebodies were "universally re
placed or impregnated by ore whether they consist of
norite, granite, greenstone, or any other rock'' (Knight
1917, p. 132). These points he took as evidence of hy
drothermal replacement, and stated that sulphides had
been introduced by heated circulating waters, possibly
emanating from the same deep-seated reservoir of ig
neous material that had given rise to the norite-grano-
phyre complex.
Coleman believed that the norite-granophyre
body had been emplaced as a sill, intruded along the
contact between the rocks now classed as the Huronian
Supergroup and the Whitewater Group. Based on the
evidence of steep to reverse-dips of the norite on the
South Range, Knight suggested that the Complex had
been intruded as a ring-dike around what he assumed
to be the down-faulted block represented by the basin.
Knight also discussed the age relations of the norite and
of the Creighton and Murray Granite Plutons on the
South Range, a point that has generated much contro
versy. Since the granites form wallrocks and host-rocks
for some of the ore deposits, the age of the granites is
an important factor in understanding the origin of the
ores. Knight agreed with Coleman in believing the
P. E. GIBLIN
Murray Pluton to be younger than the norite. He sug
gested that the Creighton Pluton is also younger than
the norite, but pointed out the conflicting views of Bar
low and Coleman.
Wandke and Hoffman (1924) supported the con
cept of a hydrothermal origin for the ores.
Phemister (1926) investigated the Complex and
the ore deposits for the then Ontario Department of
Mines. He concluded that the norite and granophyre
were separate intrusions, the norite being the older;
and that the Creighton and Murray Granites were
younger than the Complex. It is well established that
the Copper Cliff Offset intrudes the Creighton Pluton,
consequently Phemister was led to conclude that the
offsets are younger than the norite. He believed the ores
to have been deposited by ascending hydrothermal so
lutions. In 1937, Phemister reviewed some of the
problems associated with the Igneous Complex.
The geology of the Sudbury Basin area was
mapped in 1927 and 1928 by Burrows and Rickaby for
the Ontario Department of Mines. Their report (Bur
rows and Rickaby 1930) also described the lead-zinc-
copper-silver deposits that occur within the Basin.
Coleman, Moore, and Walker (1929) restudied
the Complex, and restated their conclusions that the
norite and granophyre were formed from one body of
magma which had undergone differentiation in place
while still completely fluid, and that the ores had
formed by magmatic differentiation. In a subsequent
contribution, Walker (1935) interpreted differentia
tion of the Complex in terms of the sinking of heavy
crystals from the magma during cooling.
W. H. Collins of the Geological Survey of Canada
carried out field work in the period 1928 to 1935, de
scribing the results of his studies in a series of papers
(Collins 1934,1935,1936,1937). His maps, at a scale
of l mile to l inch, were published posthumously, with
some additional data provided by H.C. Cooke (Col
lins and Cooke 1938a, 1938b, 1947a, 1947b).
Collins' study of the Complex suggested that the
norite-granophyre contact was transitional, concur
ring with a conclusion reached earlier by Barlow
(1904) and Coleman (1913). On his maps he defined a
transition zone, thereby introducing a 3-fold subdivi
sion of the major units of the Complex. He believed the
Complex had been intruded as a sill which differen
tiated in place, and from which the sulphide ores had
settled to concentrate at the base; and that subsequent
movements resulted in molten sulphides and offset
magma being injected into fracture zones in the wall
rocks (Collins 1937, p.39-41). Collins also pointed out
that the rock of the offsets, while chemically similar to
the norite, is mineralogically quartz diorite (Collins
1937, p.24).
CHAPTER l
In the process of preparing Collins' maps for pub
lication, Cooke carried out field work in the area, and
published his observations and conclusions on certain
aspects of Sudbury geology in 1946.
Yates (1938) reviewed the results of studies of the
Complex by staff of The International Nickel Com
pany of Canada, Limited. In a second paper (Yates
1948), discussed the geology of the company's oper
ating mines and introduced an important concept con
cerning the localization of the ores.
Yates classified the ore deposits into 3 major types:
disseminated ore confined almost entirely to quartz
diorite; massive sulphide ore occurring in almost any
rock type, but usually along definite fault or breccia
zones; and stringer ore consisting of massive sulphide
stringers occurring in a wide variety of brecciated
country rocks. He suggested the ores were partly of
hydrothermal replacement origin, and partly of deep-
seated contact metamorphic origin.
The quartz diorite was recognized as being dis
tinct from the norite, with which it was considered to
be genetically related. Although the relationships were
not always clear, he believed the quartz diorite to be in
trusive, mainly along the outer contact of the Com
plex, and into the norite as well.
Yates pointed out that most of the ore occurs in
quartz diorite or very close to it, and that there is very
little ore of the massive or disseminated sulphide type
in the true norite of the Main Mass of the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex. In the case of the Foy Offset, he noted
that the quartz diorite was in sharp contact with norite,
that relative ages were impossible to determine from
the evidence at this locality, but that' fc it is clear that they
are different rocks and it is significant that the miner
alization is confined to the quartz diorite and stops ab
ruptly at the norite contact" (Yates 1948, p.605).
Yates' discussion was based on evidence largely
derived from deposits on the South Range and in the
offsets, which differ in some respects from the North
Range deposits of the Levack area. He noted that the
ore deposit of the Levack Mine was an exception to the
above generalization regarding quartz diorite: that at
the Levack Mine, a type of granite breccia takes the
place of quartz diorite as the principal host-rock for the
ore.
The Falconbridge deposit, a large deposit whose
structural control by a major fault zone is pronounced,
was described in papers by Davidson (1948) and
Lochhead (1955). Davidson concluded that minerali
zation was introduced by hydrothermal solutions,
probably derived from the same magma source as the
norite. Lochhead (1955, p.48) suggested that the sul
phides were deposited from ascending solutions,
which also altered part of the main mass of the norite
to produce quartz diorite.
8
Genera] geological features of other mines have
been described as follows: the Hardy Mine by Mitch
ell and Mutch (1956, 1957). the Frood-Stobie Mine by
Zurbriggetal. (1957), the McKim Mine by Clarke and
Potapoff (1959), the Strathcona Mine by Cowan
(1968), and several mines were briefly described by
Souch, Podolsky el al. (1969). Abel el al. (1979) de
scribed copper mineralization in the Footwall com
plex of the Strathcona Mine, and in 1981, Abel
described details of the structure of the copper zone.
Although Sudbury is best known for its nickel-
copper ores, which occur outside the central basin,
several deposits of lead-zinc-copper-silver-gold are
found within the Basin. The geological setting, com
position, and origin of these deposits are distinct from
those of the famous nickel-copper deposits, and were
described by Martin in 1957.
The Sudbury area is noted for the common pres
ence of a distinctive breccia, which occurs in a zone
many km wide surrounding the Sudbury Igneous
Complex. The breccia irregularly pervades all rocks
surrounding, and older than the rocks of the Complex.
It is generally considered to be younger than the rocks
surrounding the Complex, but older than the Complex
itself. In the early years of geological work in the area,
the breccia was known as crush conglomerate, more
recently, it has come to be known as Sudbury Breccia.
Geologists working in the area are generally agreed
that formation of the breccia is related to the sequence
of events responsible for formation of the Sudbury
Structure, intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex,
and ultimately, formation of the ores.
Major studies of the breccia have been carried out
by Fairbairn and Robson (1944, 1942), Speers (1957),
and by Dupuis el al. (1982). These authors favour an
origin through the action of explosive high-pressure
fluids related to volcanism or diatremes. Wilson (1956)
noted that the observed sequence of events places for
mation of the Sudbury Breccia very close to the time of
intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, and attrib
uted formation of the breccia to the magma forcing the
country rocks aside. As will be noted more fully later,
several recent authors have attributed origin of the
Sudbury Breccia to sudden severe compression gen
erated by meteorite impact.
In 1953, after an interval of a quarter of a century,
the Ontario Department of Mines again began work in
the Sudbury area, work which has continued intermit
tently to the present. Thomson mapped several town
ships and key localities, prepared a regional
compilation map at a scale of l inch to l mile, and put
forward papers discussing Sudbury geology and the
sulphide deposits (Thomson 1957, 1959, 1969). Wil
liams (1957) very briefly investigated the Onaping
Formation of the Sudbury Basin, and Phemister (1957)
studied the Copper Cliff rhyolite. Langford (1960)

continued the program of mapping at a scale of l inch
to 14 mile that had been started by Thomson (1957).
Card commenced mapping, chiefly in the Huronian
area southwest of Sudbury, published a compilation
map of the Sudbury mining area at a scale of l mile to
l inch, and summarized the results of much of his work
in 1978.
The Onaping Formation consists of a thick se
quence of predominantly pyroclastic rocks and occurs
only within the Sudbury Basin where it overlies, and is
intruded by, granophyre of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex. Like so many features of Sudbury geology, the
Onaping Formation is complex in detail, and its origin
is controversial. The formation has become the sub
ject of considerable recent interest as workers in the
area have recognized that the origin of this unit has an
important bearing on the origin of the Sudbury
Structure.
Burrows and Rickaby (1930) concluded that the
Onaping Formation was of volcanic origin. Thomson
(1957) described the formation, and was instrumental
in having the Ontario Department of Mines engage
Howell Williams, a noted volcanologist, as a consult
ant. Williams (1957) concluded that the Onaping For
mation represents a vast accumulation of rapidly
deposited glowing avalanches in a basin located ap
proximately on the site of the present Sudbury Basin.
He believed that the glowing avalanches were dis
charged from fissures located near the present inner
margin of the granophyre, and that the fissures coin
cided with channelways through which rhyolite dikes
had earlier been intruded to supply Pelean domes. He
correlated the Onaping Formation with sections of the
Stobie Formation outside the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex (a correlation not generally accepted by other
workers). Also, Thomson and Williams (1959) sug
gested that a highly siliceous breccia unit at the base of
the Onaping Formation is brecciated rhyolite.
It was also suggested (Williams 1957; Thomson
1969) that the rapid discharge of the more than 300 cu
bic miles of avalanche debris caused sufficient drain
age of the magma reservoirs to cause further sinking of
the basin, forming a deep volcano-tectonic sink. Intru
sion of the norite and granophyre, as successive injec
tions, was postulated to have then occurred along ring
faults surrounding the basin. The Sudbury Igneous
Complex was thus considered to have the form of a
ring-dike.
Wilson (1956) suggested that the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex was instead funnel-shaped, and that at
depth it might be associated with ultramafic rocks. He
also discussed the origin of the Sudbury Breccia, the
ages of the Creighton and Murray Plutons, and con
cluded that the Creighton Pluton is pre-norite and that
the age of the Murray Pluton is uncertain.
P. E. GIBLIN
Hamilton (1960) suggested that the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex is extrusive in origin, a viewpoint that
has not found support.
Stevenson, who had carried out extensive work on
the Sudbury Igneous Complex and the Onaping For
mation, made several contributions (Stevenson 1961,
1963, 1972; Stevenson and Colgrove 1968). In 1961,
he showed that the thin siliceous basal breccia at the
base of the Onaping Formation was a mappable unit
over much of the East and South Ranges, consisting
largely of brecciated quartzite. He considered that the
tuffs and tuff-breccias of the Onaping Formation com
prise an ash-flow sheet (Stevenson 1972).
Thode et al. (1962) investigated sulphur isotope
ratios in rocks and ores of the area. They concluded
that the results obtained for the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex and related ores are consistent with gravity con
trolled differentiation from a single sheet-like body of
magma.
Hawley (1962) summarized the results of many
years of study of the Sudbury ores, and presented a
comprehensive discussion of the mineralogy, metals,
and distribution of the important ore minerals and met
als within the deposits. He also discussed the Sudbury
Igneous Complex briefly noting that it exhibited crys
tal layering of a type formed by crystal settling; that the
Complex appeared to have been intruded as one mass
essentially saturated with sulphides from which the
ores separated during cooling as immiscible sulphide
liquids. Post-magmatic effects, of minor importance,
were thought due to remobilization by younger intru
sions and some hydrothermal and supergene
alteration.
He briefly discussed the quartz diorite, noting that
it seemed always confined to the basal parts of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex and to the underlying Offset
Dikes, and noting that it almost everywhere contains
abundant rounded fragments of footwall rocks. Fur
ther, he stated that it formed early in the history of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex, during the time at which
magmatic sulphide liquids were separating and set
tling from the silicate phase. He further suggested that
the quartz diorite may have formed from a more basic
parent by either assimilation of acidic wallrock frag
ments, or through acquisition of silica and volatiles ac
quired with the sulphide ores.
Experimental work on the iron-nickel-sulphur
system and on silicate-sulphide relations was carried
out by Kullerud and Yoder (1963), and applied to Sud
bury ores by Kullerud (1963). Kullerud (1963) sug
gested that sulphur present in the ores was derived from
an external source, moved into the intrusion, and re
acted with it to form nickel and copper sulphides. This
view was subsequently modified by him (Naldrett and
Kullerud 1967b).
CHAPTER l
Hawley (1965) described mineral zoning in the
Frood Deposit, discussed the application of the work
of Kullerud and Yoder (1963), suggested that the ore-
forming fluids consisted of immiscible silicate (quartz
diorite) and sulphide liquids. Hawley further sug
gested that there was a time gap between crystalliza
tion of the norite and injection of quartz diorite and ore,
though it need not have been great.
In a landmark paper, Dietz (1964) suggested the
Sudbury Structure was an astrobleme, whose forma
tion was initiated by the impact of a large, copper-rich,
nickel-iron meteorite in Middle Precambrian time. He
suggested that a meteorite struck the Earth at Sudbury,
exploded, and excavated a shallow crater about 30
miles across and 2 miles deep; that shock waves spread
outward causing severe brecciation in the country
rocks, giving rise to the Sudbury Breccia and forming
shatter cones in the wallrocks of the crater. He further
suggested that the ores were splash-emplaced material
from the meteorite (a view he amplified in 1972), and
that the quartz diorite represented impact-liquified
country rock. It was proposed that fracturing of the
crust and heat resulting from impact resulted in gen
eration of magma in the deep crust, which welled up
into the crater, cooled, and differentiated to form the
norite-granophyre complex. The Onaping Formation
was thought to have formed through explosive de
gassing of the crustal zone of the cooling magma. It
was suggested that before the crater was completely
filled, sediment was poured into it to form the upper
formations (the Onwatin and Chelmsford Formations)
of the Whitewater Group. Dietz (1964) emphasized
that his hypothesis of a cosmic parenthood of the ores
might well be wrong, and that it should not itself ne
gate other aspects of the impact thesis which stood on
independent evidence.
Interest in the special problems of Sudbury geol
ogy has generally been at a fairly high level, but Dietz'
paper resulted in a greatly renewed interest, much con
troversy which continues to this day, and much useful
work. Certain aspects of his basic thesis, those of me
teorite impact being responsible for formation of the
Sudbury Breccia and shatter cones, and indirectly re
sponsible for the magmatism giving rise to the Sud
bury Igneous Complex, are accepted by many, but not
all workers in the area. His concepts concerning origin
of the ores and of the Onaping Formation, and of the
later history of the Basin have few, if any, adherents.
Another major contribution is that of Souch, Po-
dolsky, and geological staff of The International Nickel
Company, Limited, first presented at a meeting in
1966, and published in 1969. They stated that the ores
were part of, and confined to, a discontinuous mar
ginal facies of the main Sudbury Igneous Complex.
The marginal facies, termed the Sublayer, is a sul
phide- and inclusion-bearing neritic rock, which oc
curs at intervals below the norite. They recognized 3
10
Sublayer environments the North Range, South
Range, and Offsets.
The North Range Sublayer is a noritic rock con
taining sulphides and rounded exotic fragments of per
idotite, pyroxenite, and gabbro, and angular fragments
of Footwall rocks. It may grade into a leucocratic
phase, termed granite breccia, characterized by the
presence of rounded exotic inclusions of peridotite,
pyroxenite, and gabbro, as well as by Footwall rock
fragments, and by the variable presence of sulphides.
On both ranges, the contact between the Sublayer and
norite was stated to be generally abrupt. In the offset
environment, dikes of sulphide- and inclusion-bear
ing quartz diorite project into the Footwall from the
base of the norite.
Souch, Podolsky et al. (1969) presented a new
classification of ore types, noted the orebodies exhibit
characteristics that reflect the differing spatial envi
ronments in which they occur, and described repre
sentative deposits. These authors concluded that the
ores are products of crystallization of an inclusion- and
sulphur-rich silicate magma.
The results of radiometric dating suggested that
the norite and Sublayer may be contemporaneous, and
that both were older than the granophyre.
Even though these authors did not discuss the
point, the Sublayer as defined by Souch, Podolsky et
al. (1969) appears to be, in part, the same unit de
scribed as quartz, diorite by Yates (1948) and Hawley
(1962, 1965).
Recognition and definition of the Sublayer as a
distinct unit of the Sudbury Igneous Complex has aided
both exploration work arid scientific studies. Recog
nition of exotic ultramafic inclusions in the Sublayer
has provided new evidence bearing on the origin of the
Complex and of the ores.
The Sublayer was further described by Pattison
(1979), who recognized 2 major variants: igneous-
textured gabbro-norites and metamorphic-textured
leucocratic breccias, both characterized by the pres
ence of sulphide and abundant xenoliths. The 2 types
were termed, respectively, igneous Sublayer and leu
cocratic breccia. Pattison concluded that the quartz
diorite of the offset environment was altered igneous
Sublayer, and was not a separate type of Sublayer. He
noted the fragmental nature of disseminated sulphides
in leucocratic breccia, in contrast with the interstitial
nature of disseminated sulphides in the adjacent ig
neous Sublayer, and suggested that the sulphide frag
ments may have been inherited from a pre-existing
source. Evidence bearing on the age of the Sublayer
relative to that of the Main Mass of the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex was discussed, and he concluded that
the Sublayer is older than the norite. Interrelationships
of the igneous Sublayer and leucocratic breccia were

described, and it was suggested that the 2 types were
emplaced simultaneously, followed by readjustments
giving rise to mutually intrusive relationships.
Two hypotheses, both invoking meteorite impact
as the initiating mechanism, were advanced by Patti-
son (1972) to account for origin of the Sublayer. The
first involved segregation of a sulphide-rich magmatic
differentiate, formed in the lower levels of an impact-
triggered magma, the segregated fraction then being
injected along the unconformity between Footwall
rocks and the overlying Onaping Formation. A second
intrusive phase followed and crystallized to form the
norite-granophyre mass. According to this hypothe
sis, meteorite impact served only as a triggering mech
anism for relatively conventional magmatic processes.
The second and preferred hypothesis envisioned the
igneous Sublayer as a mixture of sulphide-rich impact
melt and brecciated mafic to ultramafic Footwall rocks
derived from the deeper levels of the crater structure,
which was emplaced along the walls of the crater. It
was suggested that the sulphides were derived from
previous concentrations in mafic to ultramafic mag
matic country rocks. As in the previous case, intrusion
of the Main Mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex
then followed. Pattison (1979) suggested that in either
case, the leucocratic breccias formed by mechanical
attrition of brecciated Footwall rocks as the igneous
Sublayer was intruded.
Dietz's (1964) paper was soon followed by sev
eral papers concerned with various aspects of the as
trobleme hypothesis. Guy-Bray and (Inco) Geological
Staff (1966) described shatter cones in the Footwall
rocks of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. French (1966,
1968a) described shock metamorphism as a geologi
cal process. French (1968b) described petrographic
evidence typical of shock metamorphism from the On-
aping Formation. French (1968b, p.383) considered
that "these observations establish a strong similarity
between Sudbury and other structures for which an
impact origin is either proven or strongly indicated".
He concluded that the Sudbury Basin was formed by
meteorite impact, and suggested that the Onaping For
mation represents a ''fallback breccia", composed of
material explosively excavated from the crater by the
impact, and immediately redeposited (French 1968b,
p.408). In later papers (French 1969, 1970), he sug
gested that large meteorite impacts may control em
placement of internally-generated magmas through
"unroofing" of the magma chamber, or by the pro
duction of deeply extending zones of weakness below
the crater. It was further suggested that the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex was formed from magma produced at
depth, that ascended along fractures below the crater
and spread out along the contact between the Footwall
rocks and the Onaping Formation.
P. E. GIBLIN
During the period 1963 to 1975, several studies of
the petrology of the Sudbury Igneous Complex were
published.
Stevenson (1963) described the upper contact
phase of the granophyre, and suggested that the defi
nition of the granophyre be extended to include a fine
grained upper phase which, because of its colour in
outcrop, he termed "pepper-and-salt micropegma
tite' ' (granophyre). He noted that this phase graded into
normal granophyre on its lower contact, and on its up
per surface extended irregularly into the basal quartz
ite breccia and the tuffs of the overlying Onaping
Formation. Quartz pseudomorphic after tridymite was
found around and inside inclusions of quartzite and
granite in the lower part of the "pepper-and-salt mi
cropegmatite' ' (granophyre) and upper part of the nor
mal granophyre. This, together with spherulitic
intergrowths, was interpreted by Stevenson (1963) to
indicate a high intrusion temperature in the 800 0 to
900 0 C range, and rapid cooling of the granophyre.
Naldrett and Kullerud (1965, 1967a, 1967b) car
ried out detailed studies of the Strathcona Mine on the
North Range, and subdivided the norite member of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex into 4 units in the vicinity
of the mine. Naldrett and Kullerud (1967b) classified
the basal unit of the Main Mass of the Complex as fel
sic norite, and distinguished 3 younger neritic units
which they named mafic norite, xenolithic norite, and
hanging wall breccia.
Naldrett and Kullerud (1967b) suggested that the
Sudbury Igneous Complex was emplaced as a funnel-
shaped body of magma, which then cooled and differ
entiated giving rise to a fractionated sequence ranging
in composition from dunite to felsic norite. This was
believed to have been followed by intrusion of mafic
norite magma carrying some sulphide liquid in sus
pension, brecciation of mafic and ultramafic material
at depth within the Complex, and then by intrusion of
xenolithic norite magma which carried droplets of liq
uid sulphide in suspension. Naldrett and Kullerud
(1967b) suggested that the xenoliths and the sulphides
settled toward the base of the intrusion with some sul
phides penetrating the Footwall rocks beyond the in
trusion and some remaining trapped in the intrusion.
Sulphide crystallization was interpreted to have been
followed by brecciation and crushing along the contact
between the Sudbury Igneous Complex and the Foot
wall gneiss, giving rise to the Footwall Breccia and
main-zone ore.
In 1968, Naldrett and Kullerud slightly amplified
their views, stating that the sulphides were carried up
from depth as droplets of immiscible sulphide-oxide
liquid suspended in the silicate magma of the xenol
ithic norite.
11
CHAPTER l
Stevenson and Colgrove (1968) described the re
sults of several years' detailed mapping and petro
graphic work. Classifying the Sudbury Igneous
Complex as a layered intrusion, these authors (Steven
son and Colgrove 1968, p.28-29) pointed out that' 'the
layering in the Sudbury Irruptive is quite gross and can
only be brought out by detailed mapping and micros
copy with careful attention to the petrography".
Stevenson and Colgrove (1968) described 4 sub
divisions of the norite member, including within their
uppermost norite subdivision the rock that is transi
tional into the granophyre. Three subdivisions of the
granophyre were described. The major differences be
tween the North and South Ranges were described, and
these authors noted the presence of abundant xenoliths
and of numerous small granite intrusions in certain
stratigraphic zones of the South Range. These authors
concluded that the Sudbury Igneous Complex formed
through fractional crystallization in situ.
Naldrett el cd. (1970) published the results of a
detailed study of the petrology of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex, describing textural and modal variations, as
well as compositional variations in plagioclase, au
gite, and hypersthene along several cross-sections of
the Complex. From the North Range, these authors
described the felsic norite, the overlying oxide-rich
gabbro (formerly called transition zone), and grano
phyre while from the South Range, the quartz-rich
norite. South Range norite, upper gabbro (formerly
transition zone), and granophyre were described.
These authors concluded that the South Range
norite is a mesocumulate, the felsic norite and the gab-
bros being orthocumulates. Phase layering was de
scribed as being present in the Sudbury Igneous
Complex, with cumulus minerals appearing and dis
appearing at different levels within the intrusion, de
fining distinct continuous horizons.
Naldrett el al. (1970) found cryptic variation in
the composition of plagioclase in felsic norite and ox
ide-rich gabbro of the North Range, and in South
Range norite and upper gabbro of the South Range. As
well, cryptic variation was shown by augite and hy
persthene in norite and gabbro of the North Range. The
variation is consistently one of enrichment of the min
erals in their lower melting point end-members up
ward in the sequence. On the basis of the irregularities
in the iron enrichment trend of pyroxene near the top
of the granophyre, these authors suggested parts of this
unit might have been emplaced after the Main Mass of
the intrusion. Naldrett ei al. (1970, p. 146-147) con
cluded that "a continuous fractionation by gravita
tional crystal settling has operated over the interval
covering the norites, gabbros and at least the lower part
of the micropegmatite" (granophyre).
12
The extreme outer part of the quartz-rich norite of
the South Range was considered to closely approxi
mate the composition of the liquid part of the original
intrusion. The quartz-rich nature of the rocks of the
Complex was suggested to be the result of mixing with
considerable felsic material and assimilation at an early
stage in the history of the intrusion, perhaps at depth
before emplacement into its present position.
Following several previous authors (for example.
Wilson 1956; Souch, Podolsky e t al. 1969; Stevenson
and Colgrove 1968), Naldrett el al. (1970) suggested
that the intrusion was funnel-shaped at depth, and that
rocks of the South Range have been up-faulted about 3
miles with respect to the North Range along steep,
southerly dipping faults, thus exposing a deeper sec
tion through the intrusion than that exposed on the
North Range.
Greenman (1970) investigated the Footwall Brec
cias in the vicinity of the Strathcona Mine on the North
Range, concluding that brecciation of Footwall mate
rial occurred both immediately before, and shortly
after, emplacement of the Complex.
Following a study of the marginal mafic rocks on
the North Range of the Sudbury Igneous Complex,
Hewins (1971) concluded that the mafic norite mem
ber defined by Naldrett and Kullerud (1967b) is a
member of the main body of the Complex.
Naldrett el al. (1972) described Sublayer rocks
from the North Range and their relationships to the
overlying main Sudbury Igneous Complex. These au
thors stated that the bulk of the ore is thought to have
been introduced with mafic Sublayer intrusions rich in
ultramafic inclusions and particularly rich in sul
phides. It was noted that contacts of the intrusions with
the Complex are sharp and that evidence bearing on
their respective ages is contradictory, although it was
tentatively suggested that the Sublayer may be younger
(Naldrett^/rt/. 1972, p. 211). These authors proposed
a sequence of observed features, noting that the model
was speculative and one of many that might be pro
posed (Naldrett el al. 1972, p.212-213).
The petrology of the granophyre was described by
Peredery and Naldrett (1975), who recognized 2 dis
tinct rock types: l that is granophyre-rich, termed the
"granophyric micropegmatite", typical of the main
mass of the granophyre, and l that is rich in plagio
clase, termed the "plagioclase-richrock". It was con
cluded that the plagioclase-rich rock is a phase of the
upper part of the oxide-rich gabbro which was split off
from the remainder of this unit by a later injection of
the granophy re-rich phase. These authors considered
that the granophyre-rich phase represents an extreme
differentiate of the intrusion, which accumulated over
the top of the intrusion in the presently unexposed zone
in the centre of the Sudbury Basin, then was injected
laterally toward the edges of the structure on top of the

norite and gabbro members. These authors also sug
gested that much of the rock that Stevenson (1963) had
described as an upper chilled phase of granophyre, the
"pepper-and-salt micropegmatite", is either a highly
recrystallized matrix of the basal breccia of the Onap
ing Formation or a melt rock believed to be related to
meteorite impact (Peredery and Naldrett 1975, p. 165-
166). The melt rock was described in other papers by
Peredery (1972a, 1972b).
The continuing interest in Sudbury geology, re
kindled in part by Dietz' astrobleme hypothesis, led to
the holding of a special session at the 1971 Annual
Meeting of the Geological Association of Canada.
Many of the papers presented at the meeting were sub
sequently published (Guy-Bray 1972a) and added new
insights into several aspects of Sudbury geology. Un
derstandably, many of the papers dealt with aspects of
the meteorite impact hypothesis: Guy-Bray (1972b)
reviewed evidence for and against impact; in separate
papers Dence (1972), French (1972), and Dietz (1972)
advanced views in favour of impact, citing petro
graphic evidence of shock metamorphism and to a
lesser extent, the presence of shatter cones, in support
of their arguments.
Two papers, one by Stevenson (1972) and another
by Peredery (1972a), dealt with the key problem of the
origin of the enigmatic Onaping Formation.
Stevenson (1972) noted that the formation is pyr
oclastic, but that its origin has always been a problem.
Petrographic features were interpreted by Stevenson as
indicative of ash-flow origin; the composition was
stated to range from rhyodacite to dacite; and the for
mation was interpreted as an ash-flow sheet erupted
from a fissure or fissures.
Peredery (1972a), on the other hand, concluded
that the Onaping Formation formed as a consequence
of meteorite impact. He subdivided the formation into
4 units: a basal breccia, the overlying grey Onaping,
the uppermost black Onaping, and melt rocks. The
melt rocks occur as irregular masses on top of the basal
breccia, project into the overlying grey and black
members, and appear to be intrusions in some cases,
flows in others.
Peredery (1972a) interpreted the basal breccia as
the earliest fall-back material or possibly brecciated
country rock in place, analogous to the Biinte Breccia
of the Ries crater in Germany; the grey Onaping as the
true fall-back breccia analogous to the Ries crater
suevite. The finer grained, carbonaceous black On
aping was interpreted as a wash-in deposit derived
from the fall-back and brought back into the crater by
a tsunami-like wave. The melt rocks were stated to be
products of fusion of pre-existing country rocks, the
main mass of melt forming a pool at the base of the cra
ter. The lithostatic load of accumulating fall-back
P. E. GIBLIN
breccia was considered to have forced the melt up
ward, mainly along the basal breccia/grey Onaping
contact, and where it reached surface, the melt may
have overflowed and acted as a lava flow.
Peredery (1972a) described the distribution of
shock-metamorphic features in the Onaping Forma
tion, and also described 4 varieties of devitrified and
recrystallized glass fragments which are found within
it. He noted that 2 or more varieties commonly occur
side by side throughout the formation. Electron micro
probe analyses of l of the types of glass, termed fluidal
glass, showed it to be chemically heterogeneous in any
l fragment, and heterogeneous from fragment to frag
ment. The composition of different glass fragments
ranges from alkali-rhyolite to alkali-trachyte to trach
yte to latite, to nepheline alkali-trachyte to phonolite.
Peredery (1972a) pointed out that the glasses are
anomalous in composition, and that the compositional
distribution field is unlike that found at a conventional
volcano. It was suggested that certain types of glass
represent molten or partially fused basement rocks of
various types, while other types represent basement
rocks shocked to glass in their solid state.
Card and Hutchinson (1972) reviewed the re
gional geological setting of the Sudbury Structure.
These authors pointed out that both the location and
shape of the Sudbury Structure are closely related to
tectonic features, including the junction of 3 structural
provinces and 2 main fault systems; that it lies within a
possible major Precambrian rift system; and that the
Sudbury Igneous Complex is only l of a series of var
ied mafic intrusions, many with associated nickel-
copper mineralization, that occur in this rift system.
Card and Hutchinson (1972) suggested that the evi
dence strongly indicates that the Sudbury Structure is
an integral part of a prolonged geologic evolution, in
which tectonics, stratigraphy, petrogenesis, and ore
genesis are all interrelated.
Card (1978) reviewed the geology of the Sud-
bury-Manitoulin area, and summarized in this report
his work of several years in the area. He discussed the
origin of the Sudbury Structure, reviewed the argu
ments for and against impact, and summarized his view
(Card 1978, p. 195-196) as follows:
Evidence for a meteorite impact includes the follow
ing: the probable original circular shape of the struc
ture; the nature of the Onaping Formation which is
similar to suevite breccias of known meteorite impact
sites, the abundant Sudbury breccias and shatter cones;
and the microscopic evidence for shock metamorph
ism. Arguments against a meteorite impact origin in
clude the following: the relationships of the Sudbury
Structure to major tectonic elements such as the Gren
ville Front; to major structures, such as faults of the
Murray and Onaping Systems; to magnetic-gravity an
omalies indicative of larger scale crustal pecularities;
13
` e ^ mqb o =ä
to pronounced facies variations in the adjacent Huron
ian rocks; and to regional orogenic events. These rela
tionships indicate that the Sudbury Structure is an
integral part of its regional setting in space and time, and
is not simply the product of fortuitous meteorite impact
at this particular site.
The Creighton Pluton was described by Dutch
(1979a). The paper was discussed by Card (1979), fol
lowed by further comments by Dutch (1979b).
Numerous geochronologic studies have been car
ried out in the area. The principal studies have been by
Fairbainrna/. (1960, 1965,1968, 1969),Faure^ra/.
(1964), Ulrych and Russell (1964), Souch, Podolsky
Éí=~äK=(1969), Fullagar Éí=~äK=(1971), Gibbins Éí=~äK=
(1972), Hurst and Wetherill (1974), Gibbins and
McNutt (1975a, 1975b), Hurst and Farhat (1977),
Krogh Éí=~äK=E1982), and by Frarey Éí=~äK=(1982). In ad
dition, numerous age determinations have been made
as part of an ongoing study by the Geological Survey
of Canada, chiefly by Wanless and his co-workers; the
results are summarized in Stockwell (1982).
Results of studies published prior to 1982 were
based very largely on the Rb/Sr and K/Ar methods, in
volving both mineral and whole rock ages. Gibbins and
McNutt (1975a) summarized results of earlier work on
the Sudbury Igneous Complex, and based on their Rb/
Sr whole rock data concluded that the Complex was
intruded and crystallized at 1956 98 Ma. These au
thors also concluded that the Murray Granite (Murray
Pluton) is older than the Sudbury Igneous Complex,
dating it at 2260 Ma. In a subsequent paper, Gibbins
and McNutt (1975b) discussed Rb/Sr ages and poly
metamorphism at Sudbury and they concluded that
consistent Rb/Sr ages, calculated using mineral-whole
rock pairs, confirmed the Sudbury Event (i.e. shock
metamorphism, formation of Sudbury Breccia, intru
sion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex) occurred at
1900 Ma; the Penokean (Hudsonian) Orogeny at 1600
to 1800 Ma; a cryptic (Elsonian) thermal event at 1300
to 1450 Ma; and the Grenville Orogeny at 900 to 1200
Ma.
Hurst and Farhat (1972) found that norite whole
rock Rb/Sr data gave an age of 1883 –=136 Ma, while
the micropegmatite (granophyre) Rb/Sr system has
been disturbed and does not yield an isochron. Rb/Sr
studies of Superior Province granites north of Sudbury
yield an age of 2698 162 Ma. U/Pb zircon studies of
these granites, and of granitic clasts in Sudbury Brec
cia northwest of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, gave
an age of 2.71 –=0.05 Ga, suggesting that the granitic
clasts in the breccia in this area were derived from the
Superior Province granites. Hurst and Farhat (1977)
also noted that granitic rocks 150 km north of Sudbury
have been undisturbed for about 2.6 Ga based on Rb/
Sr mineral studies, while granites, Sudbury Breccia,
and norite at the edge of the Sudbury Igneous Complex
14
have been disturbed by the Penokean Orogeny l .7 to
1.75 Ga ago.
Using the U/Pb zircon method, Krogh Éí=~äK=
(1982) dated the felsic norite of the North Range at
1849.6 H=3.47-3.0 Ma, and black norite of the South
Range at 1849.4 H=1.9/-1.8 Ma. Frarey ?r ~äK=(1982),
also using the U/Pb zircon method, obtained a date on
zircon from the Creighton Granite of 2333 H=PPNJOO=
Ma, which they interpreted as being the time of mag
matic intrusion of the Creighton and Murray Granites.
While much of the literature on Sudbury geology
has understandably concentrated on the economically
important Sudbury Igneous Complex and the ores,
rocks of the Sudbury Basin have received considerable
attention in recent years. The work of Thomson
(1956), Williams (1956), Fullagar Éí=~äK=(1971), Ste
venson (1972), and of Peredery (1972a, 1972b) has
been noted earlier. Desborough and Larson (1970) de
scribed nickel-bearing iron sulphides from the Onap
ing Formation. Rousell (1972) presented a detailed
description of the Chelmsford Formation, classifying
it as a proximal turbidite, derived from a tonalitic ter
rain. Cantin and Walker (1972) examined paleocur
rent directions and lateral facies changes in the
Chelmsford Formation, concluding that the Sudbury
Basin was not circular, but elongate during its deposi
tion. Beales and Lozej (1975) suggested that the rocks
of the Whitewater Group resemble the succession of
beds to be expected for sediments accumulated in a
large impact-generated crater. They followed some
earlier writers in classifying the lower Onaping For
mation as a fall-back breccia; suggested the upper On
aping Formation and the overlying Onwatin Formation
represent a restricted crater series of sediments, and
further suggested that the succeeding Chelmsford For
mation represents an open marine turbidite sequence
deposited when the crater rim no longer influenced sea
bottom current circulation. The Whitewater Group is
preserved only within the Sudbury Basin, which they
attributed to preferential preservation due to compac
tion-generated subsidence over the crater and impact-
fractured area.
Although all government reports and many pa
pers in journals describe aspects of the structural ge
ology of the area, only a few papers concern the
structural geology in their entirety. Brocoum and Dal-
ziel (1974) described the structural geology of the area,
concluding that finite-strain analysis of deformed con
cretions within the Chelmsford Formation of the Sud
bury Basin suggested that the Basin was originally
almost circular in outline. Rousell (1975) studied fol
iation and lineation in the Onaping Formation, and
concluded that prior to deformation the Sudbury Basin
was less elliptical than its present form in plan view, but
that it is unlikely that it was ever circular. Rousell
(1976) described crystallographic orientation of quartz

from the basal quartzite breccia of the Onaping For
mation; kink bands in the Onaping Formation (Rou
sell 1980); and mineralization in the Whitewater
Group (Rousell 1982). Jointing in the Sudbury Basin
was described by Rousell and Everitt (1981).
The mineralogy and chemistry of the ores have
been discussed in many papers, most notably those of
Hawley (1962, 1965). Several more recent papers deal
with aspects of the chemistry of the ores and of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex.
Pyrrhotites from the Strathcona Mine were stud
ied by Vaughan Éí~äK=(1971). Gasparrini and Naldrett
(1972) showed that systematic chemical variations in
the opaque oxides of the Sudbury Igneous Complex
resemble those of other differentiated layered intru
sions, supporting the earlier findings of cryptic varia
tion. Duke and Naldrett (1976) discussed the sulphide
mineralogy of the Main Mass. Rare earth elements of
the norite, oxide-rich gabbro, and granophyre were
studied by Kuo and Crocket (1979), who concluded
that the rocks are comagmatic and that they are related
to each other by gravitational fractional crystallization
processes.
Keays and Crocket (1970), and Chyi and Crocket
(1976) described the distribution of precious metals in
Sudbury ores. General aspects of the composition of
nickel sulphides with particular reference to their con
tent of platinum group elements and gold, with some
references to Sudbury ores, were discussed by Nal
drett *f ~äK=(l 979). Hoffman^ ~äK=(l 979) described the
noble metal content of ore from the Levack West (since
re-named McCreedy West) and Little Stobie Mines.
Platinum metals in magmatic sulphide ores were dis
cussed by Naldrett and Duke (1980). Naldrett Éí=~äK=
(1982) described compositional variations within and
between 5 Sudbury ore deposits, with particular em
phasis on the concentration of platinum group ele
ments and gold. Naldrett Éí=~äK=(1982) concluded that
the marked compositional variation across 2 deposits
on the North Range is due to progressive fractional
crystallization of monosulphide solid solution from
sulphide melt, with the residual liquid being expelled
progressively into the Footwall.
Paleomagnetism of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex has been studied by Hood (1961), Sopher (1963),
Larochelle (1969), and Morris (1980, 1981, 1982).
The studies of Hood, Sopher, and Larochelle showed
a marked angular discordance between North and
South Range remanence directions. No significant di
rectional differences were found between sites in the
norite and granophyre. The evidence was interpreted
as indicative of post-intrusion tectonic activity. The
work of Gasparrini and Naldrett (1972) showed that
magnetites from the South Range norite had equili
brated at extremely low temperatures, below 600 0 C,
suggestive of a late reheating event which would make
mK=bK=d f_ i fk
it meaningless to compare remanence directions of the
North and South Ranges. Irving and Lapointe (1975)
suggested an alternative method of defining rotation of
the North Range, but interpretation of the South Range
data remained speculative.
Morris studied paleomagnetic features of the nor
ite, granophyre, and offsets (1980, 1981, 1982, re
spectively) and concluded that noritic magma, which
differentiated to form the norite and plagioclase-rich
phase of the granophyre was intruded into an open
syncline plunging gently to the southwest. Subsequent
folding produced an approximately symmetrical basin.
He suggested that the South and East Ranges were then
metamorphosed and folded to steeper angles; that the
basin was subsequently crosscut by a series of major
faults; and the South and East Ranges were rotated rel
ative to the rest of the basin. Work on the granophyre
suggested that the granophyre-rich phase was intruded
into the plagioclase-rich granophyre, perhaps contem
poraneously with some transbasin faulting. He noted
that the "pepper-and-salt micropegmatite" (grano
phyre) may represent a third intrusive event. His work
on the offsets (Morris 1982) suggested that they
evolved magmatically and tectonically as integral
components of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, having
been formed by a series of separate magmatic pulses in
the same sequence as the main Complex and having
undergone the same tectonic evolution. He also stated
that 3 distinct periods of sulphide genesis were com
mon to all the offsets and to the remainder of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex: the first phase was believed to
be of probable magmatic origin and to have been intro
duced with the granophyre-rich phase. The other 2
phases may represent remobilization and redeposition
of pre-existing deposits, of hydrothermal introduction
of new generations of sulphide.
In other paleomagnetic work in the area, Laro
chelle (1967) and Palmer Éí=~äK=(1977) studied the pa
leomagnetism of the Sudbury diabase dike swarm, and
Schwarz (1977) investigated the depth of burial of the
norite at the time of intrusion of the dike swarm (1250
Ma). Results of the latter study suggested that erosion
has subsequently removed a 7 km thick layer from the
area.
Regional geophysical characteristics of the Sud
bury area have been measured by magnetic, radiomet
ric, and gravity surveys. Aeromagnetic survey data
have been published at a scale of 1:250 000 (ODM-
GSC 1965). Schwarz (1973) investigated the mag
netic characteristics of several Sudbury orebodies and
commented on their aeromagnetic expressions. Air
borne gamma-ray spectrometric maps (at a scale of
1:250 000) and flight-line profiles were published in
1978 (OGS 1978). Gravity surveys have been carried
out by Miller and Innes (1955), Popelar (1971, 1972),
and Gupta (l 981, 1983).
15
` e ^ mqb o =ä
While there is considerable controversy over the
proposed Precambrian meteorite impact origin for the
Sudbury Structure approximately 1850 Ma ago, there
is little controversy over a much younger. Tertiary, im
pact origin for the Lake Wanapitei basin which lies on
the eastern side of the Sudbury Structure.
Dence and Popelar (1972) described evidence for
an impact origin of the Late Wanapitei basin, and in
cluded microscopic evidence of shock metamorphism
in their study. Coesite from the area was described by
Dence Éä=~äK=(1974) and considered by them as addi
tional evidence supporting a hypervelocity impact or
igin. Isotopic studies of shock-metamorphosed rocks
and shock-produced melt glasses from the Lake Wan
apitei Structure were reported by Winzer Åá=~äK=(1976),
who concluded from K/Ar dating that the impact event
occurred 37 Ma ago. Impact melt rocks from the struc
ture were described by Wolf Éä=~äK=(1980). Allen Åá=~äK=
(1982) examined alteration minerals in breccia from
the Lake Wanapitei Structure and from the Onaping
Formation.
Stevenson (1979) presented an extensive review
of the history of geological work and of geological
concepts developed in the Precambrian of Sudbury up
to the time of publication.
Fleet (1979) proposed that the shatter cones of the
area originated through tectonic activity rather than
through meteorite impact. His arguments were refuted
by Pattison (1980), but his original suggestion was res
tated by Fleet (1980).
The origin of the Sudbury Structure in the light of
the meteorite impact theory was reviewed and criti
cized by Stevenson and Stevenson (1980), and the pa
per was responded to in a discussion by Rousell (1981).
Frape and Fritz (1982) studied the chemistry and
isotopic composition of saline groundwaters from sev
eral mines and wells in the area.
The Quaternary geology of the Sudbury area was
mapped in detail and described by Burwasser (1979).
In recent years, the Ontario Geological Survey has
carried out both special studies and systematic geolog
ical mapping in the area.
The Sublayer and adjacent Footwall rocks have
been investigated by Dressler (1979. 1980a, 1981 b,
1982), and the Onaping Formation has been studied by
Muir (1982). A map of the Sudbury area at a scale of
l :50 000, incorporating recent published and unpub
lished data, was compiled by Dressler (1984).
Geological mapping at a scale of l inch to 14 mile
on the North and East Ranges was carried out by Muir
(1979, 1981, 1983),Dressler(1980b, 1981 a). Lafleur
(l981) and Lafleur^/ ~äK=(1982a, 1982b, 1982c), while
on the South Range, recent geological mapping has
16
been carried out by Innes (1978), Giblin (1982), and
Martins (l983).
It is intriguing to note that after nearly a century of
geological work, significant new information contin
ues to emerge. The Manchester Offset was first rec
ognized as recently as the early 1970s, first appeared
on a published map in 1981 (Adlington 1981), and is
described for the first time in this volume (Grant and
Bite 1984, Chapter 12, this volume).
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17
` e ^ mqb o =ä
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1903: The Ore-Deposits of Sudbury; Reprinted in 1913,
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18
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1981: Form 10-K, Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13
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1964: Whole Rock Rb-Sr Age of Norite and Micropeg
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1979: Tectonic Origin for Sudbury, Ontario, Shatter
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1966: Shock Metamorphism of Natural Materials; Sci
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Gasparrini, E., and Naldrett, A.J.
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1981: Cascaden, Dowling and Trill Townships; District of
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1955: A Review of the Falconbridge Ore Deposit; Eco
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1957: Errington and Vermilion Lake Mines; p.363-376 áå=
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1983: Blezard Township, District of Sudbury; p.71-73 áå=
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Paper 103,219p.
21
` e ^ mqb o =ä
Rousell, D.H., andEveritt, R.A.
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22
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23
CHAPTER 2

The Sudbury Structure: Its Regional Geological and Geophysical Setting

K.D. Card1 , V.K. Gupta2 , P.H. McGrauY, and F. S. Grant4
'Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa
^Ontario Geological Survey, Toronto
'Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa
Consulting Geophysicist, Toronto, ~äëç=with Patterson, Grant, and Watson Limited, Toronto

CONTENTS
Abstract. KKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OS
Introduction K KKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OS
Regional Geology K K
KKK KKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OS
Superior Province K K KKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKK OS
Granite-"Greenstone'' and Metasedimentary Subprovinces K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKK ON
High-grade Gneiss Terrains K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ON
Southern Province K K KKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OV
Huronian Supergroup K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK OV
Marquette Range and Animikie Groups .................................................................... 30
Deformation, Metamorphism, and Plutonism ..............................................................31
Patterns of Deposition and Tectonism K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=KKPO
Tectonic Setting ............................................................................................. 33
Grenville Province ............................................................................................. 33
Effects of Grenville Province Orogenic Events on the Sudbury Province .................................. 33
Regional Geophysical Characteristics............................................................................. 34
Superior Province .............................................................................................. 34
Southern Province.............................................................................................. 37
Grenville Province ............................................................................................. 40
Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................................41
Acknowledgments.................................................................................................41
References.........................................................................................................41

TABLE
2. l Precambrian rock units and events in the Sudbury region ....................................................31

FIGURES
2. l Major geological elements of the southern part of the Canadian Precambrian Shield K KKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKON
OKO=General geology of the Sudbury region ....................................................................... 28
2.3 Stratigraphy of the Huronian and Marquette Range Supergroups ............................................ 29
2.4 Cross section showing the structure across the Southern Province in Ontario and Minnesota ............... 32
2.5a Shaded-relief magnetic map of the Sudbury region.......................................................... 35
2.5b Upward continued total field magnetic map of the Sudbury area............................................ 35
2.6 Lithodensity map of the Sudbury region ...................................................................... 36
2 .TGravity profile for the Sudbury region......................................................................... 37
2.8 Magnetic profiles and interpretation of the Temagami anomaly .............................................. 38
2.9 Magnetic profile and interpretation of the North Channel-North Shore of Lake Huron region ............. .40

25
` e ^ mqb o =O
MAPS
Map 2491, l :50 000 Sudbury geology
Map NL-16/17-AM, l: l 000 000 coloured magnetic map
CHART
Chart A, l: l 000 000 Bouguer gravity map
ABSTRACT
Archean and Proterozoic rocks of the Superior, South
ern, and Grenville Provinces of the Canadian Shield
come together near the Sudbury Structure, a unique
Proterozoic feature consisting of mafic and felsic in
trusions called the Sudbury Igneous Complex, breccia
and sediments of the Whitewater Group inside this
complex, and brecciated, shatter-coned country rocks
without. Formation of this structure, variously attrib
uted to meteorite impact or explosive volcanism, oc
curred about 1850 Ma ago. The Superior Province to
the north consists of Late Archean supracrustal, plu
tonic, and gneissic rocks, as well as granulites. Grav
ity and magnetic models indicate that the supracrustal
rocks ("greenstone" belts) and granite plutons gener
ally extend to depths of < 6 km, whereas the granulite
terrains may represent exposures of middle or lower
crust. The Southern Province, consisting of Protero
zoic sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, and mafic and
felsic intrusions, has a number of gravity and magnetic
anomalies. Positive magnetic anomalies in the Mani
toulin Island area are attributed to 1500 Ma old plu
tons. An intense magnetic low over the axis of the
Huronian Basin may be due to basement shearing and
alteration along a major structural zone, the Great
Lakes Tectonic Zone. An intense magnetic anomaly
near Lake Temagami is attributed to magnetite-rich in
trusions at depths of several km. The Sudbury gravity-
magnetic anomaly, like the Temagami anomaly, oc
curs along a linear zone of gravity and magnetic an
omalies that extend some 350 km from Elliot Lake to
Englehart, Ontario.
INTRODUCTION
The Early Proterozoic Sudbury Structure of the
Canadian Shield, in addition to having one of the
world's most significant concentrations of base-metal
sulphide ores, is one of geology's great enigmas. The
genesis of the elliptical Sudbury Igneous Complex and
its sulphide ores, the rocks of the Whitewater Group
within the intrusion, and the collar of brecciated Ar
chean and Proterozoic rocks about the intrusion have
been vigorously debated for many years (for example,
Guy-Bray 1972). On one hand, the presence of abun
dant shock metamorphic textures and structures indi
cates that meteorite impact played an important role in
26
the formation of this structure (Dietz 1964; French
1970). On the other hand, Card and Hutchinson (1972)
argued that Sudbury shows special relationships in
space and time to major geological elements and
events; some of these pre-date the structure by many
millions of years. Therefore, the Sudbury Structure
may have originated from endogenic rather than exo
genic processes.
Any theory of origin for the Sudbury Structure
must take into account its settling in space and time. In
this article, we shall examine Sudbury in relation to the
major geological-geophysical features and evolution of
this part of the Precambrian Shield. We will describe
the rocks and structures of the Archean Superior Prov
ince north of Sudbury, the development and evolution
of the Early Proterozoic volcano-sedimentary basins
of the Southern Province, and the gneissic terrain of the
Grenville Province south of Sudbury. We will attempt
to deduce the deeper crustal structure on a regional ba
sis and at Sudbury by modelling gravity and aerom
agnetic data. The basic aim will be to describe and
interpret the geological and geophysical character of
this part of the Canadian Shield in order to ascertain the
place of the Sudbury Structure within its framework.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The Sudbury Structure is located in the southern
Canadian Shield in the eastern part of the Southern
Province (Figure 2.1). It straddles the main contact
between the Early Proterozoic Huronian supracrustal
rocks of the Southern Province and the Archean plu
tonic rocks of the Superior Province. The Sudbury
Structure lies some 10 km north of the Grenville Front,
the northern limit of the Grenville Province. The Sud
bury Igneous Complex, a major component of the
structure, was ernplaced about 1850 Ma ago, as is
demonstrated by the U-Pb zircon age of the norite
(Krogh Éí~äK=1982a).
Superior Province
Archean rocks of the Superior Province north of
Sudbury can be described in terms of several
major lithostratigraphic components which include
"greenstone" belts, metasedimentary belts, felsic
plutons, and gneissic terrains including granulites
(Card 1979). East-trending volcanic-rich and sedi
ment-rich belts or subprovinces alternate with each
other. A northeast-trending zone of high-grade gneiss
 h K=a K=` ^ o a I=s K=h K=d r mq^ I=mK=e K=j Åd o ^ qe I=^ k a =c I=pK=d o ^ k q
Figure 2.1. Major geological elements of the Southern Part of the Canadian Precambrian Shield.
traverses the east-trending subprovinces (Figure 2.1).
In addition to different rock assemblages, the subprov
inces also have distinctive structural trends and styles,
metamorphic grades, isotopic ages, and geophysical
characteristics {Percival and Card 1983).
GRANITE-"GREENSTONE" AND
METASEDIMENTARY
SUBPROVINCES
The volcanic-rich terrains, the Wabigoon, Wawa, and
Abitibi Subprovinces, are characterized by sinuous
"greenstone" belts, upright folds and domal struc
tures, and low- to medium-grade metamorphism. The
English River, Quetico, and Pontiac Subprovinces
have dominantly metasedimentary supracrustal rocks
(mainly a turbiditic wacke protolith), linear structural
patterns, subvertical to subhorizontal structures, and
marginal low-grade to internal high-grade (migmatite
zone) metamorphic assemblages. Plutonic rocks in
clude: early synvolcanic ultramafic to felsic (com
monly quartz diorite to granodiorite) intrusions;
younger, commonly syntectonic to late tectonic gran
odiorite intrusions; and still younger, commonly
massive granodioritic, granitic, and syenitic plutons
(Card 1982). Much of the Archean of the Abitibi Sub-
province north of Sudbury consists of massive felsic
plutons, the Algoman plutons (AG, Figure2.2). These
intrude tonalite-granodiorite gneiss characterized by
numerous layers and inclusions of amphibolite and
mafic gneiss. The tonalitic component of the gneiss is
PHANEROZOIC
L- - . J Paleozoic,Mesozoic strata
PRECAMBRIAN
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC
Volcanic, sedimentary, intrusive rocks.
Lake Superior - Mid - Continent
Structure (MOR)
MIDDLE AND EARLY PROTEROZOIC
Gneissic and plutonic rocks. Grenville
_ Province; GFTZ Grenville Front
Tectonic Zone
EARLY PROTEROZOIC
Sudbury Structure ISS]
fj".',"-'-*J Thin, little deformed and metamorphosed
pvX-I-l'i supracrustal rocks Huronian (H), Marquette
AnimikielAN]
GLTZ Great Lakes Tectonic Zone
MFZ Murray Fault Zone
Thick, deformed and metamorphosed
supracrustal and intrusive rocks
ARCHEAN
Greenstone granite terrains; Wabigoon (W),
Wawa (WW1, Abitibi (A)
Metasedimentary terrains; Quetico (Q),
OpaticalOI. Pontiac IP)
High grade gneiss. Kapuskasing (K),
Levack (L)
considered to be mainly of plutonic origin, whereas
much of the mafic material is probably of supracrustal
(volcanic) origin (Card 1979).
A time framework for events in the Abitibi Sub-
province can be constructed from U-Pb zircon dates on
volcanic and plutonic rocks. In the western Abitibi
Subprovince, volcanic rocks range in age from 2725
Ma to 2703 Ma (Nunes and Pyke 1980; Nunes and
Jensen 1980). Early, synvolcanic plutons yield age
dates in the range 2744 Ma to 2707 Ma (Krogh and
Davis 1971; Percival and Krogh 1983). A number of
late- to post-tectonic plutons have zircon dates of about
2680 Ma (Krogh Éä=~äK=1982b; Percival and Krogh
1983). These dates bracket the age of major post-vol
canic deformation and metamorphism in this part of
Superior Province between 2700 Ma and 2680 Ma,
and show that major volcanic, plutonic, and tectonic
events were of relatively brief duration, and were es
sentially synchronous throughout the Abitibi Sub
province, a region some 800 km long and 200 km
wide.
HIGH-GRADE GNEISS TERRAINS
The most prominent high-grade gneiss terrain of the
central Superior Province is the Kapuskasing Zone (K,
Figure 2.1). This zone is a narrow, northeast-trending
belt of high-grade gneiss that transects the east-trend
ing subprovinces, and is characterized by positive
aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies (Thurston Éí=~äK=
1977). The rocks include paragneiss, mafic gneiss,
gneissic and xenolithic tonalite, and the Shawmere
27
` e ^ mqb o =O
Layered Anorthosite-Gabbro-Tonalite Complex, that
have been deformed and metamorphosed under upper
amphibolite to granulite facies conditions. The eastern
contact of the high-grade Kapuskasing Zone with the
low-grade Abitibi Subprovince is a fault, whereas
westward there is a complex gradation from high-
grade gneiss of the Kapuskasing Zone to low-grade
rocks of the Michipicoten "Greenstone" Belt near
Lake Superior. This 120 km wide transition zone is
considered to represent an oblique section through
some 20 km of Archean crust, uplifted along a major
northwest-dipping thrust fault (Percival and Card
1983).
The supracrustal rocks of the Kapuskasing Zone,
presently high-grade gneiss, were deposited prior to
2765 Ma, the minimum U-Pb zircon age of tonalite of
the Shawmere Complex (Percival and Krogh 1983).
Consequently, these rocks are older than any supra
crustal rocks yet found in the neighbouring Abitibi
Subprovince. Conversely, metamorphic zircons from
the Kapuskasing gneiss yield U-Pb ages of 2650 to
2627 Ma, demonstrating that high temperature con
ditions persisted in these rocks, presumably at depth,
long after stabilization of the Abitibi Subprovince.
Uplift of the Kapuskasing rocks probably occurred in
the late Archean and Proterozoic in response to oro
genic events in other parts of the Shield.
D
=?= G= Hgs JJD
KD
KLJ=J= ! ! J! ! JKD
=\" G= ?{ JúJ=JD
{Ks { { v Jê=
p{ä
m{ f{ W
{W\ L{ { { =
s t ÜáíÉï ~íÉê=d êçì é
Figure 2.2. General ÖÉçäçÖó=çÑ=íÜÉ=p ì ÇÄì êó=êÉÖáçåK
28
The Levack Gneiss Complex (L, Figures 2. l and
2.2), a terrain with many similarities to the Kapuskas
ing Structural Zone, is in contact with the North Range
of the Sudbury Igneous Complex and constitutes part
of the Archean basement beneath the northern half of
the Sudbury Structure. Rocks of the Levack Gneiss
Complex include migmatitic tonalitic gneiss (quartz
diorite to granodiorite), with abundant, locally domi
nant mafic layers and xenoliths and migmatitic parag-
neiss; metamorphosed to upper amphibolite and lower
granulite facies. In addition, there are foliated tonalitic
and granodioritic intrusions of possible anatectic ori
gin, as well as mafic, ultramafic, and anorthosite in
trusions. The gneisses were intruded and extensively
retrograded by: younger, post-tectonic Algoman gran
ites, late Archean and Middle Proterozoic mafic dikes,
and veins and irregular masses of Sudbury Breccia.
The Levack Gneiss, like that of the Kapuskasing Zone,
may represent older (Middle Archean?) supracrustal
and plutonic rocks brought to surface near the south
ern margin of the Superior craton by faulting or dom
ing. The age of uplift is not known with certainty. The
presence of Sudbury Breccia (pseudotachylite) in the
Levack Gneiss demonstrates that uplift occurred be
fore the Sudbury Event. The lack of deformation and
metamorphism of Late Archean Matachewan dikes
and Algoman Granite that intrude the gneiss indicate
that uplift occurred before or during emplacement of
PHANEROZOIC
â=
IqJ= úTúN=k çêíÜÉêå=äáã áí=çÑ
=mÜ~åÉêçòçáÅ=Åçî Éê
mo b ` ^ j _ o f^ k
j fa a i b =mo l qb o l wl f`
I=qq=qq K= c ÉäëáÅ=éäì íçåë=~åÇ=Åçã éäÉñÉë=ENRMM=j ~F=
fís ís Jä =È =J= ` êçâÉêX=j =J= j ~åáíçì äáåX=
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ä| | | | ä=Ed c qw= d êÉåî áääÉ=c êçåí=qÉÅíçåáÅ=wçåÉF
b ^ o i v =mo l qb o l wl f`
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i çï Éê=e ì êçåá~å=ëÉÇáã Éåíë
i çï Éê=e ì êçåá~å=î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë=
mo l qb o l wl f` =^ k a Ll o =^ o ` e b ^ k =
ä=d ~ÄÄêç=J= ^ åçêíÜçëáíÉ=Åçã éäÉñÉë
ä= d åÉáëë=çÑ=ì åâåçï å=~ÖÉ=ÄÉåÉ~íÜ
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ÑG= D=D=D=j =c ÉäëáÅ=éäì íçå>=E^ d =J= ^ äÖçã ~å=d ê~åáíÉF
K= , i., KN= K=d åÉáëëáÅI=ã áÖã ~íáíáÅK=~åÇ=éäì íçåáÅ=êçÅâë=
cW KJIJDJW
KJKKN=x^ d Epg= ^ äÖçã ~å=d åÉáëëX=o d k = o ~ã ë~ó
Dd åÉáëë>
ä=j Éí~î çäÅ~ã Åë=~åÇ=ã Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåíë
e ^ p = ^ ÄáíáÄá= p ï ~óòÉ=_ ÉäíF
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h ~éì ëâ~ëáåÖX=i =J= i Éî ~Åâ>
c ^ r i q=Ej c wJj ì êê~ó=c ~ì äí=wçåÉX=
y h _ c =J= { éì ëâ~ëáåÖ=_ çì åÇ~êó=c ~ì äíX=
/ c i c =J= c ä~Åâ=i ~âÉ=c ~ì äíX=
d c = d êÉåî áääÉ=c êçåíX=l c =J=l å~éáåÖ=c ~ì äíë=
qc =J= qáã áëâ~ã áåÖ=c ~ì äíë>=
" " " " = j ~ÖåÉíáÅ=äáåÉ~ã Éåí=EÑ~ì äí\ >
\ p çì íÜÉêå=Äçì åÇ~êó=çÑ=e ì êçåá~å=ÄÉåÉ~íÜ=
mÜ~åÉêçòçáÅ=Åçî Éê
 h K=a K=` ^ o a I=s K=h K=d r mq^ I=mK=e K=j Åd o ^ qe I=^ k a =c K=pK=d o ^ k q

these intrusions some 650 to 800 Ma before the for
mation of the Sudbury Structure. The Levack Gneiss
Complex may have constituted the core of a major
domal structure upon which the Sudbury Structure was
later superimposed.
In summary, the heterogeneous collage of supra
crustal and plutonic rock units that constitutes the Su
perior Province (mainly of Late Archean age) was
assembled to form a stable craton by the end of Late
Archean time. Renewed tectonic activity in the Early
Proterozoic, controlled in part by previously estab
lished structural elements, led to the development of
the Southern Province depositional basin along the
southern flank of the Superior craton.
Southern Province
Early Proterozoic supracrustal sequences of the
Southern Province, the Huronian Supergroup (H, Fig
ure 2. l) in the east and the Marquette Range Super
group (MR, Figure 2.1), Animikie Group (AN, Figure
2.1), and correlative rocks in the west, form a discon
tinuous linear fold belt some 1300 km long along the
southern margin of the Superior Province (Card Éí=~äK=
1972). The sequences were deposited between 2500
Ma and 1900 Ma ago (Van Schmus 1976), and consist
mainly of clastic sedimentary and volcanic rocks with
subordinate chemical sedimentary rocks, chiefly iron
formation. These sequences thicken southward from
an erosional edge to a maximum of more than 10 km
(Figure 2.3). The clastic sedimentary rocks were de
rived mainly from the Superior Province Archean cra
ton to the north.
HURONIAN SUPERGROUP
The Huronian Supergroup was deposited between
2100 Ma ago, the age of the Nipissing Diabase, and
about 2500 Ma ago, the minimum age of Archean
basement granites. The lowermost Huronian volcanic
units in the Sudbury area are older than 2333 Ma, the
age of the intrusive Creighton granite (Frarey Éí=~äK=
1982). Recent U-Pb zircon age determinations on
rhyolite of the Huronian Copper Cliff Formation in
dicate that it is 2460 20 Ma old (T.E. Krogh, Geo-
chronologist, Royal Ontario Museum, personal
communication, 1983).
The Huronian Supergroup consists mainly of
clastic sedimentary rocks with local basal volcanic ac
cumulations. The succession displays southward and

NOR=h áäçã ÉíêÉë UM=h áäçã ÉíêÉë

p ì ÇÄì êóJj ~åáíçì äáå=

j Éåçã áåÉÉ=~åÇ=~Çà~ÅÉåí= l åí~êáç
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` ÜçÅçä~ó=d êçì é b ääáçí=

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b äëáÉ=j íåK=c ã K

i fqe l i l d f` =p v j _ l i p = p ~åÇëíçåÉ=~åÇ=èì ~êíòáíÉ= s çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë

s ÉêíáÅ~ä=p Å~äÉ=
í{ êáêá_ = d êÉóï ~ÅâÉ=~åÇ=ëä~íÉ a çäçã áíÉ=~åÇ=äáã ÉëíçåÉ= d ê~åáíÉ=~åÇ=ÖêÉÉåëíçåÉ= å= RMMM= NMMMM=c ÉÉí
E^ ÖÉ=~Äçì í=OTMM=ã óF= {

{ { e =fêçåJÑ
çêã ~íáçå ` çåÖäçã Éê~íÉ d åÉáëë=~åÇ=~ã éÜáÄçäáíÉ= l= NMMM= OMMM= PMMM=j ÉíêÉë
E^ ÖÉ=ã ~áåäó{ l l l =ã óF

c áÖì êÉ=OKPK=p íê~íáÖê~éÜó=çÑ=íÜÉ=e ì êçåá~å=~åÇ=j ~êèì ÉííÉ=o ~åÖÉ=p ì éÉêÖêçì éë=E~ÑíÉê=p áã ë=Éí=~LK=NVUNFK

29
` e ^ mqb o =O
eastward variations in thickness and facies that are
most marked across major east-trending faults of the
Murray System. The Elliot Lake Group, the basal unit,
is a heterogeneous assemblage of sedimentary and
volcanic rocks. In the East Bull Lake and Dunlop
Township areas, there are layered gabbro-anorthosite
intrusions that are probably genetically related to the
Huronian volcanic accumulations. Recent U-Pb zir
con age determinations on the East Bull Lake Gabbro-
Anorthosite Intrusion indicate that it is about 2480 Ma
old (T. Krogh, Geochronologist, Royal Ontario Mu
seum, personal communication, 1984) or approxi
mately the same age as Huronian volcanic rocks next
to Sudbury. In the northwest, in the Sault Ste. Marie
and Elliot Lake areas, the group is about 600 m thick
and consists of arkose, quartz-pebble conglomerate,
and local, thin, subaerial volcanic accumulations,
composed chiefly of tholeiitic and slightly alkalic bas
alts. In the northeast, the Elliot Lake Group appar
ently, is absent. In the southeast, near Sudbury, the
group consists of several thousand metres of tholeiitic
pillow basalt and rhyolite and several thousand metres
of greywacke and siltstone of the McKim Formation.
The McKim Formation near Sudbury is a thick se
quence of mainly thick-bedded wacke with well-de
veloped Bouma cycles. The McKim Formation thins
westward and northward where it consists mainly of
thin-bedded siltstones and pelites.
The overlying Hough Lake and Quirke Lake
Groups constitute 2 major sedimentary cycles, each
comprising a lower conglomeratic unit, a middle
wacke-siltstone unit, and an upper crossbedded sand
stone unit. Both groups thicken from a maximum of
about 1500 m in the northwest to over 6000 m in the
southeast. The upper half of the Huronian Super
group, the Cobalt Group, is much more areally exten
sive than the lower half and consists of a heterogeneous
assemblage of conglomerate, siltstone, wacke, and ar
kose (Gowganda Formation); a thick succession of ar
kose and orthoquartzite (Lorrain Formation); a thin
unit of varicoloured siltstone and sandstone (Gordon
Lake Formation); and an upper unit of orthoquartzite
and hematitic siltstone (Bar River Formation). The
preserved Cobalt Group has a maximum thickness of
about 3500 m in the Elliot Lake area and 5000 m in the
Sudbury-Manitoulin area.
The rocLs of the Huronian Supergroup were de
posited under fluviatile, deltaic, and shallow marine
conditions. The sedimentary cycles of the lower Hu
ronian Supergroup may represent regressive deposi
tional cycles controlled by syndepositional faulting and
differential movements on basement blocks. Each
cycle began with normal faulting and subsidence that
triggered debris flows resulting in deposition of the
conglomerate units. This was followed by wacke and
siltstone, deposited in part by turbidity currents under
relatively deep-water conditions, and in part under
30
deltaic conditions. As basin infilling brought about a
return to shallow water and emergent conditions, the
crossbedded sandstone units were deposited. The Co
balt Group is an extensive blanket of coarse-grained
clastic debris grading upward into shallow-water
sandstone. Evidence exists that rocks of the Gowganda
Formation were deposited by glacial and glacially-re
lated processes (Young 1970).
MARQUETTE RANGE AND
ANIMIKIE GROUPS
Early Proterozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of
the Marquette Range Supergroup and the Animikie
Group were deposited some 2200 to 1900 Ma ago
(Goldich 1973). These sequences are considered to be
younger than the Huronian, with the possible excep
tion of the basal formation in northern Michigan. The
Marquette Range and Animikie sequences form a
southward-thickening wedge of clastic and chemical
sedimentary rocks and mafic-felsic volcanic rocks. In
the north, these successions are thin (1500 to 2000 m)
and dominantly sedimentary; in the south, they are no
tably thicker (up to 9000 m), and consist of interbed
ded volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks. There are
abrupt thickness and facies variations from place to
place indicating deposition in localized, fault-con
trolled basins (Morey 1973; Cannon 1973).
The Marquette Range Supergroup and Animikie
Group rocks represent several major depositional
cycles separated by unconformities. Each cycle begins
with quartz sandstone and/or conglomerate, followed
by stromatolitic dolomite, iron formation, and slate.
The uppermost cycle of the Marquette Range Super
group, the Baraga Group, marks a period of pro
nounced disturbance with mafic and felsic volcanism
and widespread subsidence that culminated in depo
sition of thick greywacke turbidites in the south. The
deposition of wacke and shale forming the upper part
of the Animikie Group in the north indicates founder
ing occurred here as well.
Depositional patterns in the Early Proterozoic se
quences of the Lake Superior region reflect increasing
crustal instability and southward-prograding differ
ential downwarping. The facies variations record a
transition in space and time from a stable craton to an
unstable, deep-water environment. Young (1982) has
tentatively correlated the upper part of the Huronian
sequence with the lower part (Chocolay Group) of the
Marquette Range Supergroup and the upper part of the
Marquette Range Supergroup and Animikie Group
with the Whitewater Group of the Sudbury Basin. He
recognized 4 main stages in the evolution of the South
ern Province depositional basins. During an initial
graben stage, lower Huronian volcanic and sedimen
tary rocks were deposited in fault-controlled basins or
troughs by southeast- to south-flowing paleocurrents.
 h K=a K=` ^ o a I=s K=h K=d r mq^ I=mK=e K=j Åd o ^ qe I=^ k a =c K=pK=d o ^ k q

This was followed by regional subsidence and depo
sition of the upper Huronian and lower Marquette
Range sedimentary rocks over a broad area. Uplift,
mainly in the east, led to a restricted depositional phase
in the west and the development of the Superior-type
iron formations. Finally, a flysch phase was brought
about by widespread foundering and deposition of a
blanket of turbidites (the Virginia, Rove, Michi-
gamme. Chelmsford Formations, for example)
throughout the entire region.
DEFORMATION, METAMORPHISM,
AND PLUTONISM
Throughout the Southern Province, deposition essen
tially ended with the initiation of a protracted series of
orogenic events. In the east, evidence exists for the
early deformation of the Huronian rocks, possibly be
fore they were fully lithified. Card (1978a) and Young
(1982) have described ragged, slumped contacts along
early faults and the presence of major slump blocks.
Field evidence indicates that deformation of the lower
Huronian rocks occurred prior to deposition of the
Gowganda Formation. Major folds were formed be
fore intrusion of the Nipissing Diabase at 2100 Ma be
cause Nipissing intrusions transect the axial surfaces
of some major folds. Following the intrusion of the
Nipissing Diabase, but before emplacement of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex there was a metamorphic
event that produced subgreenschist to lower amphi
bolite assemblages (Card 1978b). Rubidium-stron
tium isotopic studies of Huronian metasediments
indicate that this metamorphism occurred about 1900
50 Ma ago (Fairbairn Éí=~äK=1969). Following em
placement of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, at 1849
Ma, there was further deformation and low grade (re
trograde) metamorphism, emplacement of granite
plutons (Cutler, Chief Lake, Eden Lake Plutons) in the
south about 1750 –=50 Ma ago, and finally intrusion
of anorogenic plutonic complexes (Killarney, Croker,
Manitoulin Island Plutons) about 1500 Ma ago (Table
2.1).
In the Lake Superior region, major deformation,
metamorphism, and plutonism occurred during the
Penokean Orogeny about 1850 50 Ma ago. This was
followed by rhyolitic volcanism and coeval granitic in
trusions about 1760 Ma ago, and finally by emplace
ment of anorogenic plutons (Wolf River Batholith)
about 1500 Ma ago (Van Schmus 1976; Van Schmus Éí=
~äK=1975). The major pre- and post-Sudbury Igneous

TABLE 2.1: mo b ` ^ j _ o f^ k =o l ` h =r k fqp =^ k a =b s b k qp =fk =qe b =p r a _ r o v =o b d fl k K

Event Rock Unit Approximate Age (Ma)

mo b ` ^ j _ o f^ k
j áÇÇäÉ=mêçíÉêçòçáÅ
d êÉåî áääÉ=l êçÖÉåó= NMMMJNOMM=
j ~ÑáÅ=áåíêì ëáçå= p ì ÇÄì êó=Çá~Ä~ëÉ=ÇáâÉë= NORM=
c ÉäëáÅ=áåíêì ëáçå ` êçâÉêI=j ~åáíçì äáå=fëä~åÇI= NRMM
h áää~êåÉó=` çã éäÉñÉë
b ~êäó=mêçíÉêçòçáÅ
a ÉÑçêã ~íáçå=~åÇ=
ã Éí~ã çêéÜáëã ` ì íäÉêI=d êÉåî áääÉ=c êçåí=éäì íçåë= NTRM=–=RM=
p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñ= NUQV
t ÜáíÉï ~íÉê=d êçì é=
p ì ÇÄì êó=b î Éåí= _ êÉÅÅá~I=ëÜ~ííÉê=ÅçåÉë
j Éí~ã çêéÜáëã =~åÇ= NURMJNVMM
ÇÉÑçêã ~íáçå=
EmÉåçâÉ~åF=
j ~ÑáÅ=áåíêì ëáçå= k áéáëëáåÖ=a á~Ä~ëÉ= ONMM
c ÉäëáÅ=áåíêì ëáçå= ` êÉáÖÜíçåI=j ì êê~ó=d ê~åáíÉë= OPPP
b ~êäó=ÇÉÑçêã ~íáçåI= e ì êçåá~å=p ì éÉêÖêçì é OQSM
Ñ~ì äíáåÖI=Ä~ëáå=ëì Ä=
ëáÇÉåÅÉI=î çäÅ~åáëã =
~åÇ=ëÉÇáã Éåí~íáçå
r åÅçåÑçêã áíó
^ êÅÜÉ~å
j ~ÑáÅ=áåíêì ëáçå= j ~í~ÅÜÉï ~å=ÇáâÉë= OSPM
c ÉäëáÅ=áåíêì ëáçå ^ äÖçã ~å=Öê~åáíÉ=
d ê~åçÇáçêáíÉ=ëì áíÉ=áåíêì ëáçåë OSUM
a ÉÑçêã ~íáçå=~åÇ
ã Éí~ã çêéÜáëã
s çäÅ~åáëã ^ ÄáíáÄá=p ì Äéêçî áåÅÉ=î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë=~åÇ OTMMJOTRM
ëÉÇáã Éåíë
iÉî~Åâ=dåÉáëë

31
` e ^ mqb o >

Complex events which occurred at about 1850 to 1900
Ma and 1750 Ma were essentially synchronous
throughout the Southern Province.
PATTERNS OF DEPOSITION AND
TECTONISM
The Early Proterozoic rocks of the Southern Province
display distinctive asymmetrical patterns of volcan
ism, sedimentation, deformation, metamorphism, and
plutonic activity (Sims Éä=~yK=1981). In the northern
parts of their outcrop areas, the Huronian, Marquette
Range, and Animikie sequences rest unconformably
on a Superior Province Archean basement that re
mained relatively stable throughout the depositional
and subsequent orogenic history. Consequently, these
northern sequences are thin, dominantly sedimentary,
and have been little deformed or metamorphosed (Fig
ure 2.4). Proterozoic felsic plutons are absent. In con
trast, in the south, the Early Proterozoic sequences
were deposited on Archean gneissic basement or on
basement of unknown character. These sequences are
thick, contain a high proportion of volcanic rocks, and
are deformed, metamorphosed, and intruded by felsic
plutons.
The boundary between these contrasting Ar
chean and Early Proterozoic terrains coincides with a
zone of faulting and dislocation, the Great Lakes Tec
tonic Zone (GLTZ)-Murray Fault (MFZ) System
(Figure 2.1; Sims Éí=~äK=1980). This zone is a major,
long-lived crustal structure that controlled patterns of
deposition of Early Proterozoic supracrustal rocks
some 1900 to 2500 Ma ago, and subsequent orogenic
activity some 1700 to 1900 Ma ago. It is also the ap
proximate northern limit of 1500 Ma old plutonic and

óDW?W= t ~êã ~å=èì ~êíò=ã çåòçåáíÉ

éK{ î Jg=s áêÖáåá~=c çêã ~íáçå= ä= o ~ÄÄáí=i ~âÉ=c çêã ~íáçå=
ä= áêçåJÑ
çêã ~íáçå
xLñÄá
à=_ áï ~Äáâ=áêçå=c çêã ~íáçå=
qêçã ã ~äÇ=c çêã ~íáçå= c çäá~íáçå=
WWWWGo î W
W= mçâÉÖ~ã ~=n ì ~êíòáíÉ
ä= j ~Üåçã Éå=c çêã ~íáçå= ` äÉ~î ~ÖÉ=
fåÑÉêêÉÇ=Ñ
~ì äí
n ì ~êíòáíÉ=~åÇ=Ççäçã áíÉ=

_ ~ë~äí

` ~êÄçå~íÉJÑ~ÅáÉë=
áêçåJÑçêã ~íáçåë
e çêáòçåí~ä=~åÇ=î ÉêíáÅ~ä=ëÅ~äÉ
^ o ` e b^ k =
l=
Qu MK= d ê~åáíÉ j Åd ê~íÜ=ÖåÉáëë= { N
ä" " " " " ä" " " " " ä" " " " " q
h áäçã ÉíêÉë

j r o o ^ v =c ^ r i q=
p q^ _ i b = wl k b wl k b

{{e=
h áää~êåÉó=Öê~åáíÉ= {{e=
b ääáçí=i ~âÉ=d êçì é

ä= g g=k áéáëëáåÖ=Çá~Ä~ëÉ ^ o ` e b^ k
ä= q= à=c ÉäëáÅ=éäì íçåáÅ=~åÇ
e r o l k f^ k i –" –g=ã Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë
ä
| | g=` çÄ~äí=d êçì é

x| | | =n ì áêâÉ=i ~âÉ=d êçì é= c ~ì äí

XJKXJW
JW
KKW
g=e çì ÖÜ=i ~âÉ=d êçì é mêçã áåÉåí=ëíêì Åíì ê~ä=ä~óÉêáåÖ

c áÖì êÉ=OKQK=` êçëë=ëÉÅíáçå=showing the structure across the Southern mêçî áåÅÉ=áå=Ontario and j áååÉëçí~=E~ÑíÉê=p áã ë=Éí~LK=NVUNFK

32
 h K=a K=` ^ o a I=s K=h K=d r mq^ I=mK=e K=j Åd o ^ qe I=^ k a =c K=pK=d o ^ k q
volcanic rocks that extend southward into the mid-
continent region. Zolnai (1982) concluded that tec
tonic relief across the MFZ is 10 to 15 km. Conse
quently, the GLTZ-MFZ system has major dimensions
and a long, complex history. The Sudbury Structure is
located on the northern margin of the Murray Fault
Zone, and may represent one more manifestation of
Proterozoic activity along this long-lived crustal
structure.
TECTONIC SETTING
Various tectonic models have been proposed for the
Early Proterozoic rocks of the Southern Province, but
in general these can be described in terms of an intra
cratonic, ensialic setting versus a continental margin
setting. Card and Hutchinson (1972) and Card (1978a)
considered the Huronian depositional basin as an elon
gate, graben-style trough bounded on both sides by
Archean rocks. Sims Éí=~äK=(1980, 1981) proposed that
the Early Proterozoic sequences were deposited in
fault-controlled, ensialic basins developed along a
major east-trending structure, the Great Lakes Tec
tonic Zone. Young (1982) proposed that the Early Pro
terozoic rocks were deposited in an aulacogen that
opened eastward into what is presently the Grenville
Province.
Van Schmus (1976), Cambray (1978), and Larue
and Sloss (1980), among others, have proposed a con
tinental margin setting for the Early Proterozoic rocks
of the Lake Superior region. Van Schmus postulated a
south-facing miocline developed along a consuming
continental margin that was subsequently deformed
and intruded as a result of northward-dipping subduc
tion. Cambray and Larue and Sloss invoked a similar
scheme, but with south-dipping subduction and oro
geny due to a terminal continent-continent collision.
Zolnai (1982) has recently proposed that the Huronian
Supergroup is a passive margin sequence deposited
during rifting and ocean basin formation along the
southern margin of the Superior Province craton. This
margin sequence collided at 1850 50 Ma with a
southern, unidentified granitoid terrain, and this re
sulted in northward thrusting and shortening of the
Huronian supracrustal wedge by more than 30 TÅ=
against the Superior Province craton.
Available data are not adequate to conclusively
choose among the various models proposed, but no
matter which model is favoured. Sudbury is in an un
usual setting located either along an Early Proterozoic
rift, a rifted Archean craton margin north of a subduc
tion zone, or near the junction of an aulacogen and a
continental margin. The emplacement of the Sudbury
Igneous Complex, as indicated by the U-Pb zircon age
of the norite of 1849 3 Ma, is penecontempora
neous with the late stages of the Penokean Orogeny, an
event that affected the entire Southern Province.
Grenville Province
The Grenville Province east of Sudbury is a gneissic
terrain that has a complex history of tectonism culmi
nating in major orogenesis about 1200 to 1000 Ma
(Lumbers 1975). The northwestern part of the Gren
ville Province, the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone
(GFTZ, Figure 2.2), is a northeast-trending zone ap
proximately 30 km wide, characterized by northeast-
trending cataclastic foliation and southeast-plunging
rodding lineation that transects older structural trends
in the adjacent Superior, Southern, and Grenville
Provinces (Figure 2.2). Evidence exists for both
northwest-directed thrusting and dextral shear along
the GFTZ (Lumbers 1975).
Archean rocks, including felsic plutons and pos
sibly metasedimentary gneiss equivalent to the Pon
tiac Group of the Superior Province (Davidson Éí=~äK=
1979), are recognized in the northwestern part of the
Grenville Province. So too are plutonic rocks and me
tasedimentary gneiss of Proterozoic age, some of
which are equivalent to rocks of the Southern Prov
ince, notably the Huronian Supergroup. However, it is
not certain how much gneissic rock of the northwest
Grenville Province is equivalent to Archean or Proter
ozoic rocks of the adjacent terrain, nor how far into the
Grenville Province these units extend. Davidson Éí=~äK=
(1982) have recently proposed a Himalayan-type col-
lisional tectonic model for the Grenville with allo
chthonous crustal segments being transported
northwestward by ductile shear and thrusting, proba
bly at deep crustal levels. According to this model, any
Huronian or Archean rocks that did exist here may well
have disappeared under a stack of allochthonous thrust
slices.
EFFECTS OF GRENVILLE PROVINCE
OROGENIC EVENTS ON THE
SUDBURY STRUCTURE
The Sudbury Structure is located some 10 km north
west of the Grenville Front, the faulted northwest mar
gin of the Grenville Province. Orogenic events centred
in the Grenville Province may have affected the Sud
bury Structure and adjacent parts of the eastern South
ern and Superior Provinces. In fact, Brocoum and
Dalziel (1974) have proposed that deformation of the
Sudbury Structure, the eastern Southern Province, and
the adjacent Grenville Province occurred during a
protracted orogenic event some 1600 to 1900 Ma ago.
The effects of any Early Proterozoic events
centred in the Grenville cannot be distinguished from
those of previously described events that affected most
of the Southern Province. It is possible that the same
Early Proterozoic events did affect both the Grenville
33
` e ^ mqb o =O
and Southern Provinces. It is equally possible, how
ever, that the Grenville Province was not even part of
the North American craton in the Early Proterozoic.
The intense Middle Proterozoic events in the
Grenville Province have not greatly affected the
Southern Province, including the Sudbury Structure.
The Grenville Front is essentially the northern limit of
penetrative Grenvillian deformation and high-grade
metamorphism. Rock units younger than the 1750 to
1900 Ma events of the Southern Province and older
than the 1000 to 2000 Ma events of the Grenville Prov
ince, for example, the Chief Lake (1700 Ma) and Kil
larney (1500 Ma) granites, and the olivine diabase
dikes (1250 Ma), are not deformed or metamorphosed
north of the Front. Late movements occurred on some
faults, including some that cut the Sudbury Structure.
Uplift probably occurred at this time as shown by the
regional disturbance of the K-Ar isotopic systems (Van
Schmus 1965). The major deformation of the Sudbury
Structure, notably of its southern part, must have oc
curred prior to 1250 Ma and probably prior to 1700 Ma
ago.
Variations in the earth's magnetic and gravity fields
commonly correspond to lithologic, metamorphic,
and structural features over a range of depths within the
crust. Analysis of the magnetic and gravity fields pro
vides a means of making inferences regarding both the
surface and internal characteristics of the crust. The
analysis is complicated because of the inherent ambi
guity of potential field interpretations. Pattern changes
on gravity and magnetic maps related to short wave
length anomalies, however, can be related to small-
scale, near-surface geologic effects, whereas pattern
changes containing both short and long wavelength
components arc usually caused by large-scale, near-
surface sources. Pattern changes possessing only long
wavelength components are normally attributable to
deeper crustal features. Because geophysical obser
vations are generally made close to earth's surface,
shallow source information tends to dominate geo
physical maps and to mask long wavelength, deeper
source anomalies.
Further, unlike gravity anomalies to which the
contribution of deep sources is limited by detectabil
ity, magnetic anomaly sources are restricted to an outer
layer of crust that extends only to the Curie isotherm,
the depth at which ferromagnetic behaviour ceases.
Crustal temperature profiles, based on surface heat
flow and conductivity and radioactive heat generation
estimates (Jessop and Lewis 1978), suggest that the
Curie isotherm is well within the upper mantle in the
Sudbury region.
To accompany the following discussion, a col
oured magnetic map (Map NL-16/17-AM, back
pocket) and a Bouguer gravity map (Chart A, back
pocket) of the region are included. The l 000 000
scale magnetic map was produced using digital data
derived from 1:50000 scale Federal-Provincial
aeromagnetic maps (Dods Éí=~äK=In Press). The stand
ard survey parameters used for raw data collection
were a flight line spacing of 805 m with a mean terrain
clearance of 305 m. The digitizing interval for the
magnetic map was 812.8m. During compilation of the
map, appropriate International Geomagnetic Refer
ence Field model data representing the core-generated
magnetic field (IAGA Division I Working Group 1981)
were subtracted to give data commonly referred to as
the crustal, residual, or anomalous component of the
geomagnetic field. Also included is a photograph of a
shaded-relief magnetic map (Figure 2.5a) prepared
from the same data set used to generate the coloured
magnetic map. Like topographic data, magnetic
anomaly data can be artificially illuminated from any
given azimuth and inclination angle (Horn and Bach-
man 1978).
The Bouguer gravity map of the region was pre
pared using gravity data of the Earth Physics Branch of
the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources for
that part north of Latitude 48 0 N and of the Ontario
Geological Survey for that part south of this latitude.
Average gravity station spacing in the north was ap
proximately 13 km and in the south, 2.5 km. The data
for the entire region have been gridded at 5 km inter
vals in both north-south and east-west directions; this
cell size is the most convenient compromise between
undersampling of the data in the north and oversam-
pling in the south. A generally good correlation be
tween geology and the gravity field exists, and to bring
this correlation into sharper focus, an apparent density
map (Figure 2.6) has been prepared from the gravity
data. The basis of apparent density mapping consists
of dividing the terrain into vertical-sided prisms of
fixed depth extent on a grid having the same dimen
sions as the data set. The mean densities of the prisms
are calculated such thai: their aggregate gravity effect
matches the gridded Bouguer gravity values. In the in
terpretive map (Figure 2.6), the boundaries of lithod-
ensity units were determined from gravity gradients
and the lithologies of the lithodensity unit from appar
ent density values.
Superior Province
The Archean Superior Province north of Sudbury has
generally higher magnetic background values than do
the Southern and Grenville Provinces to the south.
There are a number of high-amplitude long-wave
length anomalies over the Superior crust that are at
tributable to either, large shallow magnetic sources, or.
 h K=a K=` ^ o a I=s K=h K=d r mq^ I=mK=e K=j Åd o ^ qe I=^ k a =c K=pK=d o ^ k q

c áÖì êÉ=OKR~K=p Ü~ÇÉÇJêÉäáÉÑ=ã ~ÖåÉíáÅ=ã ~é=çÑ=íÜÉ=p ì ÇÄì êó=êÉÖáçåW =^ =J=mêÉáëë~Å=ÇáâÉëX=a =J= Ñ~ì äíX=b=J=
Ñ~ì äí\ X=d =J=
d çï Ö~åÇ~=c çêã ~íáçåJ=d c =J=
d êÉåî áääÉ=c êçåíX=fc=J=
fêçå=c çêã ~íáçåX=h=J=
h ~éì ëâ~ëáåÖ=wçåÉX=h i =J= h áää~êåÉó=_ ~íÜçäáíÜX=j =J= j ~í~ÅÜÉï ~å=ÇáâÉëX=j ä=J=j ~åáíçì äáå=fëä~åÇ=áå=
íêì ëáçåëX=mp=J=m~êêó=p çì åÇ=~åçã ~äáÉëX=p=J=p ì ÇÄì êó=~åçã ~äóX=p a =J= p ì ÇÄì êó=ÇáâÉëX=q=J=qÉã ~Ö~ã á=~åçã ~äóK=i çÅ~íáçå=çÑ=ã ~ÖåÉíáÅ=éêç=
ÑáäÉëW=cJd =~åÇ=e JäI=qÉã ~Ö~ã á=~åçã ~äóI=c áÖì êÉ=OKUX=u Ju D
I=êÉÖáçå~ä=ã ~ÖåÉíáÅ=éêçÑáäÉI=c áÖì êÉ=OKVK

QU=MM=k
f-g.4 oo yv QU=MM=k
í=
TU=MM=t

' 81 00 W
45 00 N

k ^ k l qb p i ^ p
K
'j. Ip Ñ

c áÖì êÉ=OKRÄK=r éï ~êÇ=Åçåíáåì ÉÇ=íçí~ä=ÑáÉäÇ=ã ~ÖåÉíáÅ=ã ~é=çÑ=íÜÉ=p ì ÇÄì êó=~êÉ~K

35
` e ^ mqb o =O

to smaller, but deeper magnetic sources within the
crust.
Archean "greenstone" belts are marked by
aeromagnetic lows with local linear positive anomal
ies over iron formations (IF, Figure 2.5a). Archean
gneissic units produce little magnetic signature, as do
granodioritic and tonalitic intrusions. In contrast, high-
grade gneiss of the Kapuskasing Zone (K, Figure
2.5a), and late potassic granites, syenites, andgabbro-
syenite complexes produce positive magnetic anom
alies. The large Algoman batholiths north and west of
Sudbury are particularly magnetic, possibly due to the
presence of finely disseminated magnetite in fractures
in the otherwise fresh granite. The Algoman granites
also give rise to uranium, thorium, and potassium an
omalies on airborne radiometric survey maps (Char
bonneau 1982). Numerous linear and curvilinear
magnetic anomalies throughout the region mark dia
base dikes of several swarms including north-trending
Matachewan dikes (M, Figure 2.5a), northeast-trend
ing gabbro dikes (A, Figure 2.5a), and northwest-
trending Sudbury dikes (SD, Figure 2.5a). Discontin
uities in the magnetic patterns, for example along the
southeastern boundary of the Kapuskasing anomaly
(D, Figure 2.5a), are probably attributable to faults.
An east-northeast-trending discontinuity north and
west of Sudbury (E, Figure 2.5a) may also mark the
trace of a fault zone.
There is good correlation between the gravity field
and major lithotectonic units of the Superior Province.
The Abitibi-Swayze volcanic domain is expressed as a
distinct positive feature on the gravity map (See

LEGEND
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p ÉÇáã Éåíë=EmÜ~åÉêçòçáÅF=

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j Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=êçÅâë=

d ê~åçÇáçêáíáÅ=EÄ~ëÉã ÉåíF=êçÅâë

c ÉäëáÅ=ã Éí~î çäÅ~ã ÅLã Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=

êçÅâë
j Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êóI=Öê~åçÇáçêáíáÅ=
Ä~ëÉã Éåí=êçÅâë

j Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êóI=Öê~åáíáÅ=Ä~ëÉã Éåí=

êçÅâë
j Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ= ã Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=êçÅâë

j Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=êçÅâëI=ÜáÖÜJÖê~ÇÉ=
ÖåÉáëëáÅ=Åçã éäÉñ

j ~ÑáÅ=ÖåÉáëëÉëI=ã Éí~ì çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë=

LJD
JLq=í=í=ê=í j ~Ñ
áÅ=áåíêì ëáçåë=
q= í=q= í=í
í=í=ä=í=í=
'c.'-A í=í=í=í=í j ~ÑáÅ=ã Éí~ì çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë=
í=í=Jí
r äíê~ã ~Ñ
áÅ=áåíêì ëáçåë

j ~ÑáÅLì äíê~ã ~Ñ
áÅ=êçÅâëI=ã Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=
ã Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåíêó=êçÅâë
j ~Ñ
áÅLì äíê~ã ~Ñ
áÅ=êçÅâë

" =J=
" J=" J= i áíÜçÇÉåëáíó=Äçì åÇ~êó K
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=e ì êçåá~å= j ~ÑáÅLì äíê~ã ~Ñ
áÅ=êçÅâëI=ã ~Ñ
áÅ=
ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=êçÅâë ã Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë
i áíÜçÇÉåëáíó=Äçì åÇ~êó=Äì êáÉÇ= fåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=Ñ~ì äíë= e áÖÜJÖê~ÇÉ=ÖåÉáëëáÅ=Åçã éäÉñ=
~åÇLçê=Öê~Ç~íáçå~ä | | = fåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=ã ~àçê= Eì äíê~ã ~Ñ
áÅF
íÉÅíçåáÅ=ÄêÉ~â
j Éí~ã çêéÜáÅ=Äçì åÇ~êó=
áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ D
" ?" " = d êÉåî áääÉ=c êçåí

c áÖì êÉ=OKSK=i áíÜçÇÉåëáíó=ã ~é=çÑ=íÜÉ=p ì ÇÄì êó=êÉÖáçåW =^ p =J=^ ÄáíáÄáJp ï ~óòÉ=î çäÅ~åáÅ=Ççã ~áåX=` =J=h áêâä~åÇ=i ~âÉJ` ~Çáää~Å=c ~ì äíX=a =J= a ÉëíçêJ=
mçêÅì éáåÉ=c ~ì äíX=b i _ =J=b ääáçí=i ~âÉJb åÖäÉÜ~êí=Öê~î áíó=~åçã ~äóX=h=J=h ~éì ëâ~ëáåÖ=ëíêì Åíì êÉX=m=J=mçåíá~Å=_ ÉäíX=p=J= p ì ÇÄì êó=~åçã ~äóX=p i =J=
p ~Ö~å~ëÜ=i ~âÉ=s çäÅ~åáÅ=_ ÉäíX=q=J= qÉã ~Ö~ã á=Öê~î áíó=~åçã ~äáÉëX=u=J= éçëëáÄäÉ=ä~ì äíK=^ { ^ { ^ { J^ { =J=
äçÅ~íáçå=çÑ=êÉÖáçå~ä=Öê~î áíó=éêçÑáäÉI=c áÖ=
ì êÉ=OKTK

36

JOM
_ çì Öì Éê -30
d ê~î áíó
` ~äÅì ä~íÉÇ
Eã Ö~äF -40
-50
-60
M= RM NMM=
^I
p l r qe b o k = mo l s fk ` b
b ääáçíí=i ~âÉJ
e ì êçåá~å=
b åÖäÉÜ~êí
_ ~ëáå
^ åçã ~äó
l
Figure 2.7. Regional Öê~î áíó=éêçÑáäÉ=Ñçê=íÜÉ=p ì ÇÄì êó=êÉÖáçåK=i çÅ~íáçå=Öáî Éå=çå=c áÖì êÉ=OKS=a çíë=J=mêçíÉêçòçáÅ=ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=êçÅâëX=` êçëëÉë=J=
^ êÅÜÉ~å=Öê~åáíÉX=a á~Öçå~ä=äáåÉë=J= Archean ?ÖêÉÉåëíçåÉ?X=` êçëëJÜ~íÅÜ=J=
Chart A; AS, Figure 2.6). The gravity values sug
gest a concentration of mafic-ultramafic rocks around
the rim of this domain and a generally less mafic inte
rior. The southern boundary of the domain extends be
neath the Cobalt Embayment, while the northern
boundary is precisely indicated by the gravity map.
The southern pan of the Abitibi Belt and the Tema
gami ' 'greenstone'' belt can be traced beneath the Hu
ronian rocks of the Cobalt Embayment which are
generally about 4 to 7 km thick. The Pontiac Metase-
dimentary Belt (P, Figure 2.6) south of the Abitibi
"greenstone" belt has an apparent density of 2.65 to
2.70 g/cm3 , indicating a high proportion of light sedi
mentary and granitic rocks. The orthogneiss units have
variable apparent densities (2.6 to 2.85 g/cm3) attrib
utable to their heterogeneous characteristics; notably,
variation in the relative proportions of tonalite-grano-
diorite gneiss, mafic and amphibolite enclaves, and
granitic intrusive material. Granite plutons are out
lined by gravity lows; many have apparent densities
between 2.6 and 2.7 g/cm3 indicating that they are rel
atively uncontaminated. Major fault zones such as the
Destor-Porcupine (D, Figure 2.6) and Kirkland Lake-
Cadillac (C, Figure 2.6) structures are indicated by
weak, linear gravity lows. The fact that these narrow
features can be perceived in such coarsely gridded data
suggests that they are of major dimensions. A profile
(Figure 2.7) across part of the region shows that the
gravity field can be modeled using a background den
sity of 2.73 g/cm3 for the upper 10 km of the crust.
Within this matrix, which would correspond approxi
mately to tonalite-granodiorite gneiss, there are den
ser bodies (2.75-2.9 g/cm3) corresponding to
"greenstone" belts and mafic intrusions, and lighter
bodies (2.6 to 2.7 g/cm3) corresponding to felsic plu
tons and sedimentary rocks. The Archean "green
h K=a K=` ^ o a I=K h K=d r mq^ I=mK=e K=j Åd o ^ qe I=^ k a =c K=pK=d o ^ k q
NR`F{^ O= OMM ORM PMM= ^ PQDPWRM= QMM QRMâã=
^Ç
p r mb o fl o mo l s fk ` b
^ äÖçã ~å=
mäì íçåë ^ ÄáíáÄáJp ï ~óòÉ= d êÉÉåëíçåÉJd ê~åáíÉ
268 2/5 2 87
O=NLO=a =j çÇÉä=a Éåëáíó=áå=ÖLÅã P
ã ~ÑáÅJì äíê~ã ~ÑáÅ=ÄçÇáÉëX=_ ä~åâ=J=
^ êÅÜÉ~å=ÖåÉáëë=~åÇ=ì åâåçï åK
stone" belts generally extend to depths of < 5 km;
locally, there are "roots" extending to 7 km. Simi
larly, the granitic plutons are probably tabular, extend
ing to depths of 3 to 5 km.
The most striking feature of the region is the Ka
puskasing gravity high, remarkable for its magnitude
(approximately +50 mgal) and linear continuity (K,
Figure 2.6). The anomaly indicates a mass of dense
rock (average density approximately 2.95 g/cm-1) hav
ing a moderate to gentle westward dip. A sharp flexure
in the gravity contours at about Latitude 49 0 N sug
gests left lateral displacement of approximately 30 km
along an east-southeast trending discontinuity (X,
Figure 2.6). This proposed discontinuity is approxi
mately in line with the Destor-Porcupine Fault to the
east and with the Quetico-Wawa Subprovince bound
ary to the west, and may represent a major fault. How
ever, the interpretation that the Kapuskasing Zone has
been offset by an east-southeast-trending fault must be
treated with caution since the density of gravity sta
tions in the area is low. Kapuskasing-type paragneiss
and mafic granulite gneiss are exposed east of the Sa-
ganash Lake Volcanic Belt (SL, Figure 2.6), and no
granulite gneisses are known west of the Saganash
Lake Belt. The Kapuskasing structure probably con
sists of a number of fault blocks in this region, some
with granulites exposed at surface, others with dense
rocks in the shallow subsurface.
Southern Province
Southern Province features are not well-defined by the
gravity field. There are weak gravity lows over the
thicker parts of the Huronian sequence in the area
` e ^ mqb o =O
along the northern shore of Lake Huron. There are po
sitive anomalies over a gabbro-anorthosite intrusion
and Huronian volcanic rocks, and 2 small positive
gravity anomalies (T, Figure 2.6) in the Lake Tema
gami area may correspond to the magnetic anomaly-
causing bodies in this area. A negative anomaly over
Lake Wanapitei may mark an impact crater (Dence and
Popelarl972).
The dominant feature of the gravity field is a lin
ear positive anomaly that extends some 350 km from
Elliot Lake eastward through Sudbury (S, Figure 2.6)
and northeastward to the Englehart area. This feature,
interpreted as a mafic-ultramafic body at depth, is
herein termed the Elliot Lake-Englehart Gravity High
(ELE, Figure 2.6). The most intense positive gravity
anomalies of the ELE are located near Elliot Lake,
Sudbury (S), Lake Temagami (T), and Englehart. In
the Superior Province north and west of Sudbury, an
east-northeast-trending body of anomalously high ap
parent density crosses the granitic-gneissic Archean
terrain, linking the ELE gravity high with the south
western end of the Swayze "Greenstone" Belt. The
apparent density values of this body (2.75-2.85 g/cm3)
indicate that it is mafic gneiss or amphibolite. The
mafic gneiss unit and the ELE mafic-ultramafic body
would thus appear to form a relatively continuous,
dense crustal unit extending southward from the
Swayze Volcanic Belt to Elliot Lake and eastward
through Sudbury to the Abitibi Belt near Englehart.
Much of this mafic-ultramafic zone is not exposed, al
though it coincides in part with mafic gneiss in the
Ramsay Gneiss Domain (RGN, Figure2.2), zones rich
in mafic enclaves between major Algoman batholiths,
Archean mafic volcanic rocks near Elliot Lake and
Lake Temagami, and gneiss of the Levack Gneiss
Complex near Sudbury.
In the Southern Province, the Huronian sedimen
tary and volcanic rocks and the Nipissing intrusions are
OMMMJI
l K=
çJK
JPMM
" á" " " " " ê=
NM OM PM
RJ
10-
15-
a áâÉ
OM=g
c áÖì êÉ=OKUK=j ~ÖåÉíáÅ=éêçÑáäÉë=~åÇ=áåíÉêéêÉí~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=qÉã ~Ö~ã á=~åçã ~äóK=p ÉÉ=c áÖì êÉ=OKp ~ÑÉê=äçÅ~íáçåK
38
mainly weakly magnetic. One stratigraphic unit in the
Gowganda Formation does produce a low positive
anomaly that outlines fold structures (G, Figure 2.5a).
As a consequence of their generally low intensity of
magnetization, the Huronian rocks have a "blanket
ing" effect which tends to produce lower background
values over areas covered by such rocks relative to
areas of exposed Archean basement. In the Sault Ste.
Marie-Elliot Lake and Cobalt Embayment areas,
where the Huronian cover is relatively thin ^5 km),
anomalies produced by magnetic Archean rock units
such as iron formations and mafic dikes are discernible
through the cover. The most striking of these is an
anomaly immediately east of the Sudbury structure
near Lake Temagami which is similar in shape and size
to the Sudbury magnetic anomaly, but which has a far
greater amplitude. The Temagami anomaly (T, Figure
2.5a) is composite, made up of a small wavelength
component caused by Archean iron formation which
outcrops within an area of Archean basement near its
eastern end, and a long wavelength component pro
duced by an anomaly-causing body which appears to
be mainly intrabasement. To the west, the causative
body may be covered by as much as 5 km of Protero
zoic rocks. Combined, these 2 sources produce an
anomaly as large as 10 000 nT, which is one of the
largest aeromagnetic anomalies over the Canadian
Shield. Coles Éä=~äK=(l 981) suggested that the causative
body extends as deep as 15 km into the crust.
Figure 2.8 illustrates 2 profiles over the Tema
gami anomaly. The observed data, represented by the
dashed lines, were digitized at a 370 m interval on one
inch to one mile aeromagnetic maps (GSC Maps
1502G, 1503G). A background value of 2000 nT, and
a regional trend were removed from the digitized data.
The regional trend was calculated using International
Geomagnetic Reference Field model data backdated to
1960, the year the survey was flown. The mean terrain
SQMM=e = J
D
=u Eâã F úu Eâã F
QM=
d
(a) (b)
 h K=a K=` ^ o a I=s K=h K=d r mq^ I=mK=e K=j Åd o ^ qe I=^ k a =c K=pK=d o ^ k q
clearance of the airborne survey was 305 m and the
magnetometer was a fluxgate type. To model the re
sultant digitized data, it was assumed that the causa
tive bodies could be approximated by 2 '/2 dimensional,
n-sided, right-poly gonal models. Initial magnetic pro
files for the assumed models were calculated and com
pared to the observed data. To bring the calculated and
observed profile data into closer agreement, an inter
active computer procedure (McGrath Éí=~äK=1983) was
utilized. Parameter values of the earth's main mag
netic field used in the interpretation were 59275 nT for
intensity (l nT ! =l gamma), 76 0 N for inclination, and
8 0 W for declination (Earth Physics Branch F, I, and D
magnetic charts of Canada, 1965). The polarization
direction of the causative bodies was assumed to be
coincident with the direction of the earth's ambient
field. Best-fit model anomaly curves are illustrated in
Figure 2.8 by solid lines.
The observed data shown in Figure 2.8a can be
reproduced by 2 anomalous bodies. The main body is
funnel-shaped in cross section, and has a strike length
of 10 km, which was estimated from the aeromagnetic
maps. The upper surface of the body is at a depth of
5 km, its maximum width is 15 km, and it extends to a
depth of 15 to 20 km. The structure appears to be tilted
to the north, and some evidence suggests a feeder ex
ists under the southern side of the body. The inter
preted effective susceptibility contrast, K, for the body
is 0.238 SI (l 81 = 4 TT cgs units). If the magnetization
of the enclosing rocks is assumed to be negligible and
the magnetization of the causative bodies is dominated
by induction, a volume percent, V, of STÅ=magnetite
is required to produce a susceptibility of this
value, where V is calculated from the equation,
V :^ 21.8 K090 , derived from an empirical suscepti
bility formula by Balsley and Buddington (1958). This
is a rather large susceptibility value, but still within the
range of many rock types. According to a table of sus
ceptibility values published by Dobrin (1976), the
causative body could be of syenide, dioritic, basic, or
ultrabasic composition. The second body modelled in
Figure 3. 8a represents a Sudbury dike which is known
to cross the southern end of the profile in a northwes
terly direction. For the purposes of interpretation, the
strike length and the depth extent of the dikes were as
sumed to be infinite. The interpreted effective suscep
tibility contrast for the dike is 0.129 SI based on an
assumed thickness of 0. l km. The susceptibility con
trast would be equivalent to an average magnetite con
tent of 3.4^0.
The observed data illustrated in Figure 2.8b are
quite different from that discussed for Figure 2.8a. In
this case, the anomaly amplitude is much greater, and
it is evident that the anomaly is attributable to 2 closely
spaced sources. Interpretation suggests that the Ar
chean iron formation extends from the surface to a
depth of 2.5 km, and dips steeply to the north. The sus
ceptibility contrast obtained was 0.821 SI based on an
assumed thickness of 0. l km. This is equivalent to a
magnetite content of 18.0% by volume for the iron for
mation. The lower body has a more tabular shape than
does the related body to the west. It extends from a
depth of 3.0 to 18.0km, and has a width of 5 km. The
effective susceptibility contrast required in this case
was 0.736 SI for an equivalent magnetite content of
16.5 TÅK=This is an exceptionally large value, larger
than reported by Dobrin (1976) for typical rocks, and
Cornwell (1975) for normal Precambrian rocks in
northern Sweden. One possible rock type for the caus
ative body is iron formation. However, it is unlikely
that such a large body would be of this rock type. The
most probable source would appear to be a serpentin-
ized basic or ultrabasic body. Although these sugges
tions must be regarded as speculative, it is evident that
a large, strongly magnetic, intrabasement body exists
east of Sudbury. This body is more magnetic at its east
ern than at its western end, and appears to shallow
slightly toward the east. The close spatial association
and similarity of the Temagami and Sudbury anomal
ies suggests the possibility of a genetic relationship be
tween the two. Furthermore, the occurrence of
magnetite and hematite in fractures and seams in the
Algoman granite west of Sudbury may be a reflection
of serpentinization of a mafic or ultramafic layer at
depth. These possible interrelationships are enhanced
by the association of the 3 magnetic sources with the
Elliot Lake-Englehart gravity anomaly.
Southwest of Sudbury along the North Channel of
Lake Huron, an intense east-west magnetic low (see
coloured magnetic map. Map NL-17AM, back
pocket) exists over the thickest part of the Huronian
section. This low, the North Channel Magnetic
Anomaly, may be due to a very thick accumulation of
Proterozoic rocks, to a change in character of the base
ment, to intense magnetic highs over 1500 Ma old
Manitoulin Island intrusions which occur to the south
of the low, or to all three. In order to analyze this mag
netic feature, a profile traversing the anomaly was dig
itized at a 370 m interval on l inch to l mile
aeromagnetic maps (GSC Maps 2239-43G, 2269G,
and 3237G). The profile extends along Longitude
83 0 W from Latitudes 45 045'N to 47 0 15'N. The pro
file traverses 3 airborne survey areas which were flown
in different years in the period from 1954 to 1963. The
mean terrain clearance for the surveys was 305 m, ex
cept for the data on Map 3237G (GSC) which was
flown at a mean terrain clearance of 152.5 m. The 3
surveys were conducted using either fluxgate (rela
tive) or proton precession (absolute) magnetometers.
To prepare the digitized data for interpretation, the
profile segment crossing Map 3237G (GSC) was con
tinued upward to 305.0 m; International Geomagnetic
39
` e ^ mqb o =O
Reference Field model data, backdated to the year a
given survey was flown, were calculated and sub
tracted from the appropriate profile segments. The
segments over areas flown with fluxgate magnetome
ters were tied to those segments flown with proton
precession magnetometers using common points at the
survey margins. The resultant composite profile con
sisted of a large data set, and because of limited storage
available within the interactive interpretation software
(McGrath Éí=~äK=1983), it was necessary to upward
continue the profile data from the flight elevation of 305
m to 1220 m and then to decimate the resultant data to
a l .85 km sampling interval. This procedure reduced
the number of observed data points, prevented aliasing
problems (Kanasewich 1973), and simplified the
interpretation by reducing the contribution of local
magnetic sources to the profile data. To interpret the
observed data (Figure 2.9), it is assumed that a major
part of the profile is underlain by Archean tonalite-
granodiorite gneiss with numerous "greenstone" en
claves, and massive to foliated granite, granodiorite,
and syenite intrusions. Toward the centre of the pro
file, the gneisses are overlain by Huronian metasedi-
mentary and volcanic rocks, whereas to the north, the
gneisses are intruded in part by the Algoman granite.
At the southern end of the profile, a body representing
a Manitoulin Island intrusion overlain by Paleozoic
cover is also modelled. The strike lengths of the
models representing the Huronian rocks and the Al
goma gneiss and plutonic domains were assumed to be
very large, while that of the Manitoulin Island intru
sion was estimated to be 30 km. Further, it was as
sumed that all bodies were magnetized in the direction
of the ambient geomagnetic field. The resultant inter
pretation is illustrated by the solid line shown in Figure
2.9. The interpretation suggests that the contact be
tween the gneiss and Algoman granite pluton dips to
the north at an angle of 15 0 to 20 0 . Effective suscep
tibilities of 0.0064 and 0.021 SI were obtained for the
gneiss and the plutonic rocks respectively, assuming
zero magnetization for the Huronian rocks. It was not
Figure 2.9. Magnetic éêçÑáäÉ=~åÇ=áåíÉêéêÉí~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=k çêíÜ=` Ü~å=
åÉäJk çêíÜ=p ÜçêÉ=çÑ=i ~âÉ=e ì êçå=êÉÖáçåK=m~J=m~äÉçòçáÅ=Åçî ÉêX=j ä=
J=j ~åáíçì äáå=fëä~åÇ=áåíêì ëáçåëX=m=J=mêçíÉêçòçáÅ=ëíê~í~X=j c =J=
j ì êê~ó=c ~ì äíX=c i c J=c ä~Åâ=i ~âÉ=c ~ì äíX=^ Öd k =J^ êÅÜÉ~å=ÖåÉáëëX=
^ Öma =J= ^ êÅÜÉ~å=^ äÖçã ~å=éäì íçåëK
possible, however, to model the North Channel mag
netic anomaly using a realistic estimate of the depth
extent of Huronian cover rocks, or with reasonable
values for intensities of magnetization of the basement
and the Manitoulin intrusion. The negative anomaly
over the Huronian section is far more intense than can
be obtained using existing geological models of the
region.
The main area of departure of the model from the
observed curve extends from the Manitoulin Island in
trusion in the south to the Murray Fault Zone in the
north. This departure suggests a major change in the
basement under this area. The Huronian rocks may rest
on non-magnetic oceanic crust rather than resting on
Archean basement as exists farther to the north. This
is unlikely because there is no large gravity anomaly
associated with the negative magnetic anomaly, as
would be expected over a basaltic basement juxta
posed against a less dense granitoid basement. How
ever, if it is assumed that the basement in this area is
indeed Archean, it must have been considerably al
tered from that typically seen to the north. It is possible
that Archean crust under the North Channel area has
been oxidized by fluids or the basement under the Hu
ronian section may possess a strong remanent mage-
tization which opposes the present direction of the
geomagnetic field. It would be easy to produce the re
quired negative anomaly in this manner, but again it
seems unlikely. Large negative anomalies are found
along many geologic province boundaries, for exam
ple along the Thelon Front at the eastern edge of the
Slave Province. It is doubtful that all of these anomal
ies can be explained by reversed magnetization, es
pecially in view of the fact that these boundary zones
are of many different ages. Some indication as to the
cause of the North Channel magnetic anomaly may be
inferred from the Slave area. J.B. Henderson (Geolo
gist, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, personal
communication, 1983) noted the coincidence of a
component of the Thelon magnetic low with a zone of
intense shearing. Hence, it is possible to infer that the
North Channel magnetic anomaly may result from
pervasive shearing of the basement rocks along major
zones of faulting and cataclasis with possible addi
tional modification by circulating fluids.
Grenville Province
The Grenville Province has generally low magnetic
background values and short wavelength anomalies
that are apparently mainly attributable to shallow
magnetic sources. The Grenville Front is expressed by
a discontinuity in the magnetic pattern which is locally
inhanced by a zone of moderately intense circular an
omalies (Map NL-17AM; GF, Figure 2.5a). South of
the Grenville Front and east of Sudbury, there is an area
of high magnetic intensity that apparently continues
 h K=a K=` ^ o a I=s K=h K=d r mq^ I=mK=e K=j Åd o ^ qe I=^ k a =c K=pK=d o ^ k q
eastward and northward into the Pontiac Belt of the
Superior Province. It is possible that the rocks south of
the Grenville Front in this area are the modified equiv
alents of the Pontiac paragneiss and granitoid rock of
the Superior Province. Southeast and south of Sud
bury, there is an area of lower magnetic intensity over
gneisses that may represent modified Archean and
Proterozoic rocks, some of which may be equivalent
to the Huronian Supergroup of the Southern Province.
A number of positive anomalies in the area are situated
over plutonic bodies, the most prominent of which are
associated with the 1500 Ma old Killarney Batholith
(KL, Figure 2.5a). This zone of modified, possibly
Archean and Early Proterozoic crust southeast of the
Grenville Front is approximately 60 to 80 km wide.
Farther to the southeast, there is an area of lower mag
netic intensity with complex, cell-like magnetic pat
terns and sinuous positive anomalies (PS, Figure
2.5a). In the Parry Sound area, these magnetic pat
terns correspond closely to structural domains out
lined by Davidson^ ~äK=(1982).
The Grenville Front is not expressed in the grav
ity field, as several regional anomalies appear to cross
this structure without interruption. This lack of gravity
expression would support the interpretation that the
northwestern part of the Grenville Province in this re
gion represents modified Archean and Proterozoic
rocks corresponding to Superior and Southern Prov
ince sequences. In the north, a positive gravity anom
aly corresponds to the River Valley anorthosite
(Lumbers 1975). In the south, there are a number of
gravity domains that correspond in part to structural
domains outlined in the Parry Sound area (Davidson Éá=
~äK=1982;Lindia^a/. 1983).
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The foregoing analysis has, in our opinion, demon
strated that the Sudbury Structure is clearly associated
with particular rock units, structures, and events some
of which are of regional extent. The Sudbury Structure
is associated with the Archean Levack Gneiss Com
plex of the Superior Province. The Levack gneisses
have characteristics indicating that at one stage in their
history they were at middle or lower crustal depths.
Uplift of these rocks apparently occurred before or
during emplacement of the Algoman granites some
hundreds of million of years before the Sudbury Event.
The Sudbury Structure is spatially associated with par
ticular Early Proterozoic supracrustal sequences of the
Southern Province, the only thick accumulations of
submarine volcanic rocks and turbidites in the eastern
part of the Southern Province. The Sudbury Structure
also is spatially associated with a structure of conti
nental and crustal dimensions, the Great Lakes Tec
tonic Zone. This zone controlled the development and
evolution of the Southern Province basins throughout
the Great Lakes region and may represent the margin
of an intracratonic rift or a suture zone between con
verging crustal plates.
Development of the Sudbury Structure, including
the formation of a large crater, brecciation and shatter-
coning of the country rocks, deposition of the White
water Group, and emplacement of the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex and a possibly eogenetic hidden mafic-
ultramafic complex (Gupta Éí=~äK, Chapter 18, this vol
ume), apparently occurred over a restricted period of
time about 1850 Ma ago. Consequently, the Sudbury
Event is closely associated in time, as well as in space,
with Proterozoic orogenesis that affected the entire
Southern Province.
All of the foregoing inter-relationships have been
previously enunciated (Card and Hutchinson 1972). In
this paper, a number of new concepts and hypotheses
relating to Sudbury have been introduced as a result of
the geophysical studies. The Sudbury Structure occurs
within a linear zone of dense rocks that extends from
Elliot Lake through Sudbury and Lake Temagami to
Englehart in the southern part of Superior Province
and the northern part of the Southern Province. The
Sudbury anomaly is only one of several gravity-mag
netic anomalies that occur along the ELE gravity high.
The ELE anomaly may represent a relatively homo
geneous body of rock analogous to mafic-ultramafic
complexes such as the Great Dyke or the Muskox
Complex. It may also represent a variety of rock units
of diverse ages and origin which are all anomalously
dense and magnetic.
In conclusion, the regional geological-geophysi
cal setting of the Sudbury Structure and its association
with particular rocks, structures, and orogenic events
all indicate that it may be only one of several features
formed over a long period of time in a particularly ac
tive part of the earth's crust.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank D. J. Teskey, who provided us with his com
puter software for the production of shaded-relief
magnetic maps, and S. D. Dods, Peter Hood, and A. G.
Darnley for their cooperation and support in the pro
duction of the l: l 000 000 Magnetic Anomaly Map of
Sudbury.
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43
CHAPTER 3

The Regional Metallogenetic Setting of Sudbury

D.G. Innes 1 and A.C. Colvine2
'Consultant. D.G. Innes and Associates, Callander, Ontario
: Gcologist, Mineral Deposits Section, Ontario Geological Survey, Toronto

CONTENTS
Abstract............................................................................................................ 45
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 46
Characteristic Mineral Deposits .................................................................................. 46
Archean Mineralization ........................................................................................ 46
Early Proterozoic Mineralization .................,............................................................ 47
Huronian Supergroup ....................................................................................... 47
Nipissing Diabase ........................................................................................... 48
Sudbury Igneous Complex and Whitewater Group ......................................................... 48
Mineralization of Younger or Undefined Age..................................................................... 48
Distribution Patterns of Mineralization ........................................................................... 49
Regional Metallogenetic Model ...................................................................................51
Discussion of Metallogenetic Implications ....................................................................... 52
Regional Setting KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKRO
Global Setting ............................................................................................... 53
Summary .......................................................................................................... 53
References......................................................................................................... 54

FIGURES
3.1 General geology and characteristic mineral deposits of the region encompassing Sudbury. ................. 47
3.2 Characteristic zones of metal suites in the region encompassing Sudbury. ................................... 50
3.3 Stratigraphy, composition, and relative metal/mineral enrichment in the Huronian Supergroup.............51
3.4 Generalized paleocurrent trends in the Huronian Supergroup and the Whitewater Group. ..................51
3.5 Metallogenetic model for the development of mineralization in the eastern Southern Province of Ontario. . 53

ABSTRACT metal introduction and concentration in the crust dur

The area of approximately 100 000 km2 encompass
ing Sudbury has experienced a complex geological
history throughout the Precambrian. Several of the
geological events recorded in the rocks of the area have
caused concentration of metallic minerals. Numerous
significant ore deposits of a variety of ages and types
are present in addition to the major deposits associated
with the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The volcano
genic base-metal sulphides of the Kidd Creek type, the
paleoplacer uranium deposits of the Elliot Lake area,
and the silver vein deposits of the Cobalt area are most
prominent examples.
The metallogenetic development of this area is an
integral part of its overall geological development; the
sequence of metallogenetic processes can be largely
explained in that context. The proposed metalloge
netic model demonstrates systematic processes of
ing magmatism and redistribution of metals by subse
quent magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic
processes which were the result of tectonism. This
model shows that the formation of the major ore de
posits of the Sudbury Igneous Complex can be viewed
as one of many metallogenetic events to have affected
this area.
The Sudbury area is a Ni, Cu, PGE metalloge
netic province that has been associated with O=distinct
magmatic events over a period of 600 million years be
fore the formation of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
In addition, this period of the earth's development is
characterized by major magmatic mineral deposits as
sociated with large mafic intrusions. The metalloge
netic style of the ore deposits of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex are, therefore, consistent with their location
in time and space.

45
` e ^ mqb o =P
INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of this chapter is to describe the
characteristic mineral deposits of the region encom
passing Sudbury. A diverse range of types and styles is
present. Specific examples of each are listed. In addi
tion, the economic importance of many of the deposit
types represented in this region is demonstrated. Eco
nomic considerations are, however, only one aspect of
the importance of mineralization.
The geological processes which resulted in con
centration of mineralization are an integral part of the
overall geological development of this region. In the
later part of the chapter, therefore, the patterns of metal
distribution are considered in the context of original
introduction of metals into the crust and subsequent
stages of dispersion and concentration by erosional,
sedimentary, magmatic, and metamorphic processes.
The metallogenetic model which is presented shows a
well-defined metallogenetic province, encompassing
Sudbury, and that this is consistent with a metalloge
netic epoch over the l billion year period of the Late
Archean and Early Proterozoic. This model permits
the examination of the metallogenetic development of
the Sudbury Igneous Complex in the context of its
overall metallogenetic setting. The implications which
can be drawn from this are briefly discussed.
CHARACTERISTIC MINERAL
DEPOSITS
The area of diverse geology covered by this discus
sion, shown in Figure 3. l, and described by Card Ç~äK=
(Chapter 2, this volume), contains many present and
past producing mines. In addition, more than 2000
known anomalous mineral concentrations of a wide
variety of styles and types exist. The principal deposit
types encountered are briefly described and specific
examples are given, where possible. The overall dis
tribution of mineralization and discussion of its signif
icance are addressed in subsequent sections.
Archean Mineralization
The Archean was an epoch of major introduction of
metals and their selective concentration in the earth's
crust. In the Sudbury region, copper, zinc, silver, gold,
iron, and nickel, and a range of associated metals, have
all been economically extracted. Metal distribution
was strongly influenced by the major lithological
subdivisions in this area of complexly interrelated
granitoid, gneissic, and volcano-sedimentary
("greenstone") sequences.
"Greenstone" belts host the majority of mineral
deposits in the Shield. Polymetallic base- and precious
metal massive sulphide deposits were produced by
volcanic exhalative activity in the upper felsic part of
many volcanic sequences; the Kidd Creek Mine, north
of Timmins, is one of the largest of these in the world.
Closer to Sudbury, the Geneva Lake and Stralak De
posits in the Benny Greenstone Belt (Figure 3.1, #1)
are relatively small examples.
The "greenstone" belts also contain major lode
gold deposits commonly hosted by quartz vein sys
tems. Unlike the massive sulphides, these do not have
a consistent lithologic or stratigraphic setting; they
normally occur with mafic volcanic rocks, commonly
adjacent to clastic sedimentary sequences and fre
quently are also associated with felsic intrusions. The
association of gold with zones of apparent structural
discontinuity or "breaks" has long been recognized,
particularly in the Timmins and Kirkland Lake areas
of the Abitibi Belt (Dunbar 1948; Thomson 1948),
which host the largest known Shield concentrations of
lode gold mineralization. The volcanic-hosted Tyren-
ite Mine (Figure 3.1, #2) and the syenite-hosted Ma
tachewan Consolidated Mine (Figure 3.1, #3) are
specific examples.
Algoma-type banded chert-magnetite iron for
mation is also present in most "greenstone" belts,
hosted by mafic volcanic rocks or clastic sediments (for
example. Sherman Mine, Figure 3. l, #4). Locally,
these may host recoverable gold values (for example.
Emerald Lake Mine, Figure 3.1, #5) and anomalous
base-metal concentrations (for example, Moose
Mountain Mine, Figure 3. l, #6) (Lortie 1983).
Komatiitic units in the lower part of many
"greenstone" sequences can host recoverable nickel
mineralization (Coad 1979), for example, the Lang
muir Mine in the Timmins area. These units are also
relatively enriched in chromium and titanium. Altered
komatiites have also been exploited for asbestos (Fig
ure 3. l, #7) and talc (Kretschmar and Kretschmar
1982). Gabbroic intrusions may also host magmatic-
style mineralization (for example, the Kanichi Mine
(Figure 3.1, #8) which produced Ni-Cu-and PGE).
The large areas of the Shield which surround the
obvious volcanic-sedimentary complexes, which con
sist of granitic and gneissic rocks, have been subdi
vided by Card (1979) into domains of orthogneisses,
paragneisses, and plutonic suites. The paragneiss
suites, which represent highly metmorphosed "green
stone" sequences, have the potential for much of the
mineralization characteristic of "greenstone" belts.
Granitoid and orthogneiss suites also host char
acteristic metal concentrations, principally copper,
molybdenum, and uranium, but few important exam
ples have been identified; the Krystina Copper Deposit
(Figure 3. l, #9) may be an example. The Algoma Plu
ton, to the north of Elliot Lake and Agnew Lake, con
tains areas of relatively strong radiometric anomalies
(Charbonneau 1982). Granitoid intrusions adjacent or
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Sault Ste.
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internal to D='greenstone" sequences are a component
in gold concentration.
Early Proterozoic Mineralization
HURONIAN SUPERGROUP
The Huronian Supergroup is a significant clastic sedi
mentary sequence that also contains extensive vol
canic units and mafic intrusions in its lower part (Card
Éí~äK=1977). Each unit comprising the complex, pos
sibly cyclical, depositional history of the Supergroup
has characteristic metal associations. Only the princi
pal deposits are discussed in this section.
The largest and best known deposits are the ura
nium mines of the Elliot Lake area (Figure 3.1, #10).
These occur in pyritic quartz-pebble conglomerates of
the lower Matinenda Formation and are generally ac
cepted to have been concentrated by placer processes
in braided river systems (Robertson 1976). The Pronto
Mine (Figure 3. l, # 11) is an extension of this system
and the Agnew Lake Mine (Figure 3.1, #12) is of sim
ilar style.
` e ^ mqb o p
While analogies are commonly drawn between
the Huronian in Ontario and the Witwatersrand in
South Africa, as yet no major unequivocal paleoplacer
gold concentrations have been located. The Shake
speare Mine (Figure 3. l, #13) in the Matinenda For
mation and the Long Lake Mine (Figure 3. l, #14) in
the Mississagi Formation (Mossman and Harron
1983) are possible examples, but both occur in areas
of intense deformation and alteration.
The Huronian volcanic units contain relatively
small copper deposits, several of which are proposed
to be of the volcanogenic style (Pearson 1979) includ
ing the Pater Mine (Figure 3. l, #15). In addition, the
Vermilion Mine (Figure 3. l, #16) hosted by mafic
volcanic rocks of the Elsie Mountain Formation, is a
chalcopyrite-pyrite orebody with recoverable Au-
Ag-PGE.
NIPISSING DIABASE
A widespread intrusive event(s) of tholeiitic gabbro
dikes and sills, termed the Nipissing-type diabase, fol
lowed deposition of the Huronian sequence and is
dated at approximately 2150 Ma (Van Schmus 1965;
Fairbairn Éí=~äK=1969). It is pervasive throughout the
eastern Southern Province and locally intrudes the
southern Superior Province and is possibly also rep
resented in the northwestern Grenville Province
(Lumbers 1975).
Two distinct types of mineralization associated
with these intrusions are evident. The first consists of
disseminated concentrations of Ni-Cu-PGE within the
gabbros, and characteristic of magmatic segregation.
While these are overshadowed by the younger Sud
bury Igneous Complex deposits, significant concen
trations are present in several locations (for example,
Shakespeare, Sudbury Deposit, Figure 3. l, #17).
The second type of mineralization consists of mi
neralized quartz-carbonate veins, apparently open-
space fillings, in or adjacent to the intrusions. The
range of mineralization which is associated with these
veins includes Au, Ag, Pb, Zn,Cu,Co, As, Bi, U, Ba,
and Fe (Hematite). The best known example of the nu
merous deposits of this type which have been mined are
the silver-cobalt deposits of the Cobalt Camp (Figure
3. l, #18). These have been mined continuously since
discovery in 1903. Similar deposits are present in the
Gowganda (Figure 3.1, #19), Elk Lake (Figure 3.1,
#20) and South Lorrain (Figure 3. l, #21) Camps.
The first copper mine in Ontario, located at Bruce
Mines (Figure 3.1, #22), was one of many which re
covered copper from quartz-carbonate veins in this
area. Similarly, there are numerous gold-bearing
quartz veins of this type, typical examples being the
Crystal (Figure 3. l, #23), Bousquet (Figure 3. l, #24),
and McMillan (Figure 3. l, #25) Mines.
48
The Ni-Cu-PGE deposits of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex and the base-metal mineralization of the
overlying Whitewater Group represent diverse types
and styles. Even after 90 years of mining, exploration,
and research, important new types and environments
of mineralization are being discovered adjacent to tra
ditional mining targets. All are the subject of extensive
description in subsequent chapters of this volume and
are not discussed here. They do, however, represent an
integral part of the regional metallogenetic develop
ment, and should be considered in that context.
MINERALIZATION OF
YOUNGER OR UNDEFINED AGE
Within the regional context, metal enrichment was also
produced by geological events other than those de
scribed above.
Breccia complexes of uncertain ages and origins,
are common throughout the area; some of these are
pipe-like and may have been formed by intrusive dia
treme activity. The range of mineralization hosted by
these complexes includes Au, Ag, Cu, Mo, and W.
The deposits of Scadding Township (Figure 3.1,
#26) contain gold concentrations in a highly altered
breccia within rocks of the Espanola and Serpent For
mations (Harper 1983). Several similar gold-bearing
breccias have been located northeast of Sudbury, south
of Espanola, and east of Sault Ste. Marie.
The Tribag breccia deposits north of Sault Ste.
Marie (Figure 3. l, #27) were mined for copper, but
also host molybdenum and tungsten. Blecha (1974)
suggested that these breccias were the product of por
phyry-type activity associated with Keweenawan
magmatism. The Massey Mine (Figure 3.1, #28),
which produced copper from mineralized breccia,
may also be related to diatreme activity.
Ultramafic to gabbroic rocks of the Mongowin
Pluton (Figure 3.1, #29), dated at 1770 Ma (Van
Schmus 1971), contain associated nickel sulphide mi
neralization. Keweenawan volcanism dated at approx
imately 1000 to 1050 Ma (Van Schmus Éí=~äK=1982)
resulted in the introduction of copper, hosted by both
volcanic and related sedimentary rocks (for example,
Coppercorp Mine, Figure 3.1, #30) (Heslop 1970).
Hydrothermal activity related to Keweenawan mag
matism may also have been responsible for the con
centration of Ag-Pb vein deposits around Sault Ste.
Marie (for example, Prace Mine, Figure 3. l, #31) and
possibly also uranium at Theano Point (Figure 3.1,
#32).

A suite of alkalic and carbonatite complexes
within rocks of the Grenville Province contains con
centrations of Nb-Cb and REE (for example, Iron Is
land, Figure 3.1, #33; Manitou Island, Figure 3.1,
#34; Springer Township, Figure 3.1, #35).
Metallogenetic processes are continuing even in
the present day with gold placer concentrations of
Quaternary-Recent age known in the Wanapitei and
Vermilion River systems north of Sudbury.
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF
MINERALIZATION
The deposits described in the previous section are those
which are traditionally considered of sufficient impor
tance to be included in a description of the minerali
zation of this area. A substantial data base concerning
the overall occurrence of mineralization is thereby ex
cluded. In a metallogenetic, rather than an economic
approach, every occurrence of relative concentration
of metals is a contribution to the overall understanding
of the development of mineralizing systems. This is,
moreover, important from an economic standpoint.
Restricting study to a historical perspective of what has
already proven economically viable may preclude the
recognition of the potential for mineralization of pre
viously undiscovered types.
Initial study, by the authors, of the overall distri
bution of mineralization included deposits associated
with Nipissing Intrusions, because of the large num
ber of known mineral showings (in excess of 1000) of
this association and the widespread occurrence of the
intrusions. Card and Pattison (1973) postulated a
rough zonation of metals which was subsequently bet
ter documented and defined (Innes and Colvine 1979).
Figure 3.2a shows the generalized distribution of
metals associated with the Nipissing gabbros; the
zones are based on distinct metal/mineral suites from
which well-defined patterns are evident. The area
around Sudbury is characterized by disseminated pyr
rhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite with platinum
group elements within the gabbro bodies; locally, other
sulphide and arsenide mineralization may be abun
dant, including millerite, cubanite, and gersdorffite.
With distance from Sudbury, pentlandite and PGE
content decrease; nickeliferous pyrrhotite is an inter
mediate nickel host as nickel content gradually de
creases to background levels in sulphide phases.
As distance from Sudbury increases, vein miner
alization predominates and occurs in or adjacent to
gabbro intrusions and is not common where gabbros
are absent. Westward, these veins are copper-bearing
(chalcopyrite and bornite) and northeastward they
D. G. fk k b p=
^ k a =^ K̀ K=` l i s fk b
contain polymetallic base metals. Silver-cobalt arsen
ides with lesser nickel and copper characterize the Co-
balt-Gowganda areas and there is a possible analogue
around Sault Ste. Marie. Gold-bearing veins are
prominent in specific areas, particularly around Sud
bury and near Sault Ste. Marie. These data confirm and
add substantially to the information gained from the
larger deposits described earlier.
Such empirical patterns must have been the result
of systematic geological processes. This has been the
topic of hypothesis development and field study. A
partial explanation of the apparent zonation around
Sudbury may be found by an examination of the Nip
issing Intrusions. Near Sudbury, the Intrusions are
predominantly steeply dipping gabbros, but with dis
tance they are generally more flat lying with grano
phyric phases common (Card and Pattison 1973). In
addition, the metamorphic grade recorded in the in
truded Huronian sequence is generally low, but
reaches almandine amphibolite facies south and west
of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. These features sug
gest a deeper level of crustal erosion near Sudbury and
a possible centre or focus of intrusion there. This is
consistent with the observed mineralization, with Ni-
Cu-PGE concentrated by magmatic differentiation in
the early sulphide fraction closer to the intrusive centre
or at greater depth. The absolute amount of contained
sulphide decreases along with a relative decrease in
nickel and PGE content with distance from Sudbury
consistent with the indicated upper or outer phases of
the intrusive suite.
The remainder of mineralization in the area (Fig
ure 3.2a) is characterized by open-space vein filling
mineralization with a wide range of mono- or poly
metallic deposits. Vein gangue also varies systemati
cally from dominantly quartz near Sudbury to
dominantly carbonate. This diverse range of metal and
gangue types is not characteristic of the mafic intru
sive affinity, but the close spatial association suggests
a genetic link. It is, therefore, proposed that these de
posits were formed by hydrothermal reconcentration
of metals which were present in the wallrocks prior to
intrusion. If this hypothesis has validity, evidence of
such mineralization must be present in the rocks of the
Huronian Supergroup which host the majority of the
gabbros.
A compilation of mineral occurrences which ap
pear to be directly related to the Huronian volcanic and
sedimentary sequences was carried out to test this hy
pothesis. The data base is not so extensive as that of
mineralization which is gabbro-related (more than 500
occurrences). This might be expected where mineral
ized occurrences typically consist of relatively low
concentrations of sulphides distributed throughout the
rocks, and therefore are not as prominent as the dis
tinctive veins which were the traditional prospecting
49
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O~K= k fmfp p fk d =o b i ^ qb a 2b. HURONIAN SUPERGROUP

NiCuPOE j ~àçê=j Éí~ä=wçåÉë= CuNi Major Metal Concentrations
^ì t ^ ÇÇáíáçå~ä=j Éí~ä= r ê~åáì ã =` çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=
` çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë
d çäÇ=_ É~êáåÖ=^ êÉ~ë=
php~=d çäÇ=` çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë r ééÉê=e ì êçåá~å=
e Éã ~íáíÉ=` çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë= i çï Éê=e ì êçåá~å
k áéáëëáåÖ=d ~ÄÄêç= å=J=fn n n n = 500

OM= QM=j áäÉë

^ -M

30 60 Km

OÅK= ^ o ` e b ^ k OÇK= p r a _ r o v =fd k b l r p =` l j mi b u =

t e fqb t ^ qb o =d o l r m
CuPbZn j ~àçê=j Éí~ä=` çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë

à
î = d åÉáëëáÅ=a çã ~áåë p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñ=
êG=G=ä= mäì íçåáÅ=a çã ~áåë t ÜáíÉï ~íÉê=d êçì é
1 W VVV I
NJî î Jä=s çäÅ~åáÅ=a çã ~áå
NiCuPGE Major j Éí~ä=Concentrations

OM= QM=j áäÉë

l j = {

PM= SM=h ã

c áÖì êÉ=PKOK=` Ü~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=òçåÉë=çÑ=ã Éí~ä=ëì áíÉë=áå=íÜÉ=êÉÖáçå=ÉåÅçã é~ëëáåÖ=p ì ÇÄì êóK=O~K=j áåÉê~äáò~íáçå=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=k áéáëëáåÖ=Ö~ÄÄêçëK=OÄ\ =
j áåÉê~äáò~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=e ì êçåá~å=p ì éÉêÖêçì éK=OÅK=j áåÉê~äáò~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=^ êÅÜÉ~å=Ä~ëÉã ÉåíJ=OÇK=j áåÉê~äáò~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=
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targets. Nevertheless, there are clear patterns in Fig
ure 3.2b which show a strong correlation with the gab-
bro-related patterns (Figure 3.2a).
Most of the Huronian deposits appear to be sedi
mentary or diagenetic in origin. An obvious example
is the uraniferous quartz-pebble conglomerates of the
Elliot Lake Camp. Less obvious are the sandstone- and
siltstone-hosted copper and hematite deposits of the
Desbarats, Flack Lake, Lady Evelyn, and Gowganda
areas. In the Cobalt area, base-metal mineralization in
conglomerates and siltstones of the Gowganda For
mation is less well documented, but appears to be de
rived from a local source of mineralized volcanic
basement. Nickel is present near Sudbury occurring in
disseminated sulphides in volcanic rocks of the Sal-
may Lake and Stobie Formations.
Within the generalized areas, highlighted by the
metal distribution patterns, specific styles and distri
bution of mineralization are largely controlled by sed
imentary environments and restricted to specific
lithostratigraphic units (Figure 3.3). An understand
ing of these factors provides a powerful geological tool
for further exploration, in which paleoplacer gold and
sedimentary copper are considered as prime targets.
A further step in hypothesis development, can be
made by examining the Late Archean and Early Pro
terozoic geological framework. The only available
provenance for Huronian clastic sedimentation was the
Archean craton. The mineralization associated with
these sedimentary rocks must, therefore, also have
been derived from that provenance and, at least in part,
reflect relative abundances in source area. General
ized paleocurrent trends (Figure 3.4) have a consistent
southerly direction of sediment transport showing that
the Archean craton to the north was the principal
source of these sediments.
Characteristic Archean mineralization described
earlier is generalized in Figure 3.2c, based on more
than 500 deposit data points within or adjacent to the
eastern Southern Province. Patterns reflect lithologi-
caltype, granite-gneiss, "greenstone", orboth. While
we are obviously presently looking at post-erosion
basement, derived sedimentary mineralization (Fig
ure 3.2b) is strongly controlled by source abundance.
Granitoid terrains contain occurrences of U, Cu, and
Mo; the most prominent of these is the extensive Al
goma Pluton to the north of the Huronian suite be
tween Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury. The upper phases
of the pluton were probably the provenance for much

50
 a K=d K=fk k b p=
^ka=
^ K=` K=` l i s fk b

p qo ^ qfd o ^ me v = ^ s bo ^ d b= COMPOSITION xs çäKB F

THICKNESS Rock
GROUP c l o j ^ qfl k 12 000m Feldspar F ra ament a
n ì ~êíòG=e É=ã ~í=e É
Bar River e Éã ~íáíÉ=
n ì ~êíò=í=e Éã ~íáíÉ
Gordon Lake

- Carbonate

J=` ~êÄçå~íÉ
Serpent
QUIRKE
i ^ hb= b ëé~åçä~=
_ êì Å~

mÉÅçêë=
o ~ã ëÉî =i ~âÉ

b i i fl q
i ^ h b = ~= j ~íáåÉåÇ~=
ó=fp ~äã ~ó=i ~âÉ=
ééÉê=` äáÑ í=
p íçÄáÉ=
b äëáÉ=j åí
d ~ÄÄêçáÅ=
^ åçêíÜçëáíÉ
^ ï ÉêÉë=
qÜÉëë~äçå=
i áî áå~ëä

p áäíëíçåÉ
Sandstone
Conglomerate
i áã ÉëíçåÉ=
c ÉäëáÅ=î çäÅ~åáÅë

d ~ÄÄêçáÅ=~åçêíÜçëáíÉ

c áÖì êÉ=PKPK=p íê~íáÖê~éÜóI=Åçã éçëáíáçåI=~åÇ=êÉä~íáî É=ã Éí~äLã áåÉê~ä=ÉåêáÅÜã Éåí=áå=íÜÉ=e ì êçåá~å=p ì éÉêÖêçì éK

of the sedimentation in this area (Robinson 1982). Tn
the east, northeast, and extreme west, "greenstone"
belts are present in provenance areas and this is re
flected in a larger variety of derived sedimentary
mineralization.
REGIONAL METALLOGENETIC
MODEL
dependent on provenance, distance of transport, and
prevailing sedimentary environment. Some minerali
zation represents true detrital concentration while
other types may have formed during diagenesis, from
migrating metal-bearing surface, ground, or intrafor
mational waters.
A first stage in the processes of sedimentary con
centration was uplift and erosion of the Archean era-

Within the Sudbury region, specific areas of the east

ern Southern Province are characterized by relative
abundance of mineralization. Patterns of mineraliza
tion appear to be time transgressive and, therefore, de
fine metallogenetic zones or provinces which can be ! J{ =t ÜáíÉï ~íÉê=Group

largely explained and modelled within the geotectonic x= á= e ì êçåá~å=d êçì é=

framework of the area, as presently understood. Fig y=m~äÉçÅì êêÉåí=qêÉåÇ

ure 3.5 shows a proposed comprehensive metalloge

netic model for this area.
The Archean was a major period of primary in
troduction of metals into the crust. Redistribution of
mineralization introduced during the Archean can be
traced in the context of magmatic, sedimentary, and
tectonic processes. Further episodes of metal intro
duction can also be identified.
In the Huronian, redistribution was mainly by c áÖì êÉ=PKQK=d ÉåÉê~äáòÉÇ=é~äÉçÅì êêÉåí=íêÉåÇë=áå=íÜÉ=e ì êçåá~å=p ì =
sedimentary processes. Style of mineralization was éÉêÖêçì é=~åÇ=íÜÉ=t ÜáíÉï ~íÉê=d êçì é=EÑêçã =p áã ë=Éí~LK=NVUNFK

51
` e ^ mqb o =P
tonic basement which itself may have been pre-
enriched in some constituents by deep chemical
weathering. Reworking of sediments in fluvial sys
tems produced placer concentration of minerals, con
taining such metals as Au, Cu, U, Cr, Ti, and Fe. These
minerals were able to withstand the multiple stages of
reworking that allow concentrations to form at con
siderable distances from their source. Many base-
metal sulphides and arsenides have more limited phys
ical transport capability and concentrations of these are
present only close to their source. Breakdown of such
minerals could lead to solution transport in surficial or
meteoric waters or composition fluids, with the poten
tial for subsequent selective precipitation and concen
tration; climatic conditions, probably ranging from
glacial to tropical and oxidation-reduction potentials
are factors which controlled the transportational and
depositional environments.
Tectonic activity exerted a primary control on
Huronian sedimentation (Card Éí=~äK=Chapter 2, this
volume; Sims Éí=~äK=1981) and a strong correlation can
be seen in the resultant mineralization where episodes
of mineral enrichment are restricted in time and space.
An active tectonic environment with vertical faulting
produced the uplift for erosion and sequential hy
draulic regimes necessary for developing placer and
solution concentrations.
Huronian volcanism resulted in relatively minor
metal introduction, and this principally consisted of
copper and nickel. Gabbroic anorthosite intrusions,
probably of Early Proterozoic age (Bennett and Innes
1976), also introduced Ni, Cu, PGE, Cr, and Ti into
the system.
The Nipissing Intrusive Event(s) resulted in sig
nificant metal introduction, mainly Ni-Cu-PGE, and
also caused considerable remobilization and recon-
centration of metals which were present in their host
rocks. In the latter system, 2 processes appear to have
been operative;
1. a kk heat engine" effect, best developed in argillite
units, possibly as a result of the greater availability
of water and also fracture response to intrusion
2. the assimilation of sedimentary rocks into the upper
parts of sill-like gabbros, causing redistribution and
concentration of mineralization. Assimilation may
have been in part responsible for development of
granophyric phases of the gabbroic intrusions.
The metallogenetic development of this region did
not stop with the Nipissing Intrusive Event. The Sud
bury Igneous Complex was formed approximately 290
Ma after emplacement of the Nipissing magmas; as
sociated with this event is the largest known concen
tration of metals in the region, consisting principally
of Ni-Cu-PGE (Figure 3.2d). Quartz-carbonate vein
mineralization, of the style associated with the Nipiss
ing Intrusions is absent from the Sudbury Igneous
52
Complex. The heterolithic breccias, argillites, and
wackes of the Whitewater Group within the Sudbury
Basin are also associated with a range of mineraliza
tion, including large volcanogenic-style base-metal
deposits. Mineralized fragments in the Onaping For
mation, discussdby Rousell (Chapter 9, this volume),
are further evidence of pre-existing mineralization in
the basement of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
The series of geological events which have af
fected this region from the emplacement of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex to the present day are
associated with additional characteristic occurrences
of mineralization representing both reconcentration of
pre-existing metals and introduction of new minerali
zation into the system.
DISCUSSION OF
METALLOGENETIC
IMPLICATIONS
Metallogeny is only one aspect of a complete geolog
ical history, and comprehensive conclusions cannot be
drawn from it in isolation. In addition, a discussion of
the formation of the Sudbury Igneous Complex and its
major ore deposits must follow the detailed descrip
tions which are contained in subsequent chapters. At
this stage, however, some observations can be made
concerning the location of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex relative to its regional metallogenetic setting and
also to Early Proterozoic metallogeny, worldwide.
REGIONAL SETTING
The area within an approximate 60 km radius of Sud
bury is one of great geological complexity which has
been affected by many events both pre- and post-for
mation of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
Often, in a geologically active area, such events
are associated with a large range of characteristic mi
neralizing processes. The diagrammatic representa
tion of 4 main metallogenetic stages (Figure 3.5) must
be linked with the major geotectonic stages outlined by
Card Éí=~äK=(Chapter 2, this volume) in order to evalu
ate Sudbury in the context of its complete metalloge
netic setting.
It can be seen from Figures 3.2 and 3.5 that the
Sudbury Igneous Complex was superimposed upon a
localized Ni-Cu-PGE province, associated with at
least 3 magmatic events which occurred over a period
in excess of 600 Ma, prior to its formation. The major
Ni-Cu-PGE deposits of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex are, therefore, metallogenetically compatible
with their setting on a local and regional scale.
 a K=d K=fk k b p=^ k a =^ K=` K=` l i s fk b

GLOBAL SETTING bile to cratonic in which extensional tectonics pro

duced intracratonic rifting and marginal basin
On a global scale, the Early Proterozoic is character development (Windley 1981). The concomitant
ized by 4 major mineral deposit types: change in metallogenetic style has been discussed ex
1. Paleoplacers in clastic sediments; Au, U: e.g. Wit- tensively (Hutchinson 1981a, 1981b). Paleoplacers
watersrand Basin and layered mafic intrusions are directly related to this
2. Magmatic segregations in layered mafic intrusions, change in tectonic style. Worldwide, the major mafic
PGE, Cr, Ni, Cu: e.g. Bushveldt Complex intrusive complexes in non-orogenic settings (Nal
drett 1981) are largely restricted to this period of the
3. Sedimentary or volcanosedimentary massive sul Latest Archean and through the Proterozoic. Exam
phides; Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu: e.g. Broken Hill and Mt.
ples include:
Isa
4. Superior-type hematitic iron formation; Fe: e.g. p íáääï ~íÉê=` çã éäÉñ= OTRM=j ~ a É=m~çäç=~åÇ=t ~ëëÉêJ
Minnesota Iron Range Äì êÖENVTVF=
` çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=çÑ= k áI` ì Imd b I` ê
All 4 types are represented in the Early Protero
d êÉ~í=a óâÉ= ORPM=j ~= ^ ääëçééENVSRF=
zoic rocks of the Sudbury region. Major deposits of the j ~àçê=o ÉëÉêî Éë= `ê
first type are present (Elliot Lake uranium deposits). ` çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=çÑ= k áI` ì Imd b
While the Sudbury Igneous Complex is clearly not a _ ì ëÜî ÉäÇ=` çã éäÉñ= ONRMJNVOMj ~= ` çÉêíòÉÉÑ~LK=ENVTUF=
typical layered mafic intrusive complex as discussed in j ~àçê=o ÉëÉêî Éë= md b =
subsequent chapters, it represents a major mafic mag ` çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=çÑ= ` êIk áI` ì Imd b
matic event with associated Ni-Cu-PGE mineraliza a ì äì íÜ=` çã éäÉñ= NNNRj ~= c ~ì êÉÉê~LK=ENVSVF
tion and it must also be considered in that context. ` çåÅÉåíê~íáçåë=çÑ k áI` ì Imd b

The Archean to Early Proterozoic period was
characterized by a change in tectonic style from mo-
2. HURONIAN SEDIMENT
ATION 8. MAGMATISM
4. SIC 8. WHITEWATER
FORMATION 1860 Ma
While there is no standard type of intrusion and
associated mineralization, the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex exhibits some differences in comparison to many
of these Precambrian intrusions; the Sudbury Igneous
Complex is more siliceous, the Ni-Cu-PGE minerali
zation occurs as a discrete unit at the base of the intru
sion, and chromite concentrations are absent.
As discussed by Card Éí=~äK=(Chapter 2, this vol
ume), the developing Great Lakes Tectonic Zone
played a role in controlling both magmatism and sedi
mentation. The Sudbury Igneous Complex formed
across the northern margin of the developing tectonic
zone. The younger Duluth Complex also formed ad
jacent to this tectonic zone, related to the Late Proter
ozoic mid-continent rift system (Sims Éí=~äK=1980; Sims
Éí=~äK=1981) and is associated with extremely large
concentrations of Ni-Cu-PGE; the average nickel and
copper concentration is lower than that of mineraliza
tion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, but the total
contained metals in sulphide concentrations at the Du
luth Complex are considerably higher than those of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex (Bonnichsen 1974). On a
larger scale, the mobile or orogenic zones peripheral
to the Superior Province host additional concentra
tions of Ni-Cu-PGE, principally on the northwestern
margin in Manitoba (Peredery Éí=~äK=1982) and the
northern margin in Ungava. The major Ni-Cu-PGE
deposits of the Sudbury Igneous Complex are, there

l
fore, compatible with their regional tectonic setting,
j fk b o ^ i fw^ qfl k = ` e ^ o ^ ` qb o fp qf` =
fk =p l r o ` b =o l ` h a b ml p fq and also with characteristic Early Proterozoic metal
mo l ` b p p =l c =
logenetic processes.
mo l ` b p p =l c =
` o r p q^ i =
qo ^ k p ml o q^ qfl k =
Uí=` l k ` b k qo ^ qfl k
fk qo l a r ` qfl k =l c =
j fk b o ^ i fw^ qfl k SUMMARY
c áÖì êÉ=PKRK=j Éí~ääçÖÉåÉíáÅ=ã çÇÉä=Ñçê=íÜÉ=ÇÉî Éäçéã Éåí=çÑ=ã áåÉê~ä=
The superposition of many major geological events
áò~íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=É~ëíÉêå=p çì íÜÉêå=mêçî áåÅÉ=çÑ=l åí~êáçK during the Archean and Proterozoic on the region en-

53
` e ^ mqb o p
compassing Sudbury has controlled a variety of me
tallogenetic processes which formed a large range of
important mineral deposits. By relating these proc
esses to the sequence of geological events, a model has
been developed which explains the occurrence of mi
neralization throughout the Early Proterozoic.
Subsequent chapters demonstrate that many of the
immediate geological characteristics of the Sudbury
Igneous Complex and its wallrocks cannot be readily
explained as being consistent with normal or unifor
mitarian geological processes. This regional metallo
genetic discussion is not intended to supercede these
critical detailed descriptions and their evaluation. The
metallogenetic data, however, clearly demonstrate
that, whether the Sudbury Igneous Complex was
formed as a result of normal, although not fully under
stood, geological processes, or was triggered by an ex
ternal unique event, the mineralization represented at
Sudbury is metallogenetically consistent with its lo
cation in time and space.
Major magmatic mineral deposits of similar me
tallogenetic style to the Sudbury Igneous Complex are
largely restricted to this period of the Earth's history.
The Sudbury Igneous Complex occurs in an area
which was a well-defined Ni-Cu-PGE metallogenetic
province prior to its formation. This period of time
lasted for approximately one quarter of the total re
corded geological history of the area.
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55
` e ^ mqb o p
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1209.
Van Schmus, W.R., Green. J.C., and Halls, H.C.
1982: Geochronology of Keweenawan Rocks of the Lake
Superior Region: A Summary; Geological Society of
America, Memoir 156, p. 165-171.
Windley,.B.F.
1981: Precambrian Rocks in the Light of the Plate Tectonic
Concept; p. l-20 áå=Precambrian Plate Tectonics, ed
ited by A. Kroner, Developments in Precambrian Ge
ology 4, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New
York.
General Geology of the Sudbury Area
BurkhardO. Dressler
Ontario Geological Survey, Toronto

CONTENTS
Abstract............................................................................................................ 58
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 59
General Geology ............................................................................................... 59
Superior and Southern Provinces .............................................................................. 59
Archean ..................................................................................................... 59
Granodioritic-Quartz Dioritic Gneisses and Associated Mafic Rocks ................................... 59
Metavolcanic-Metasedimentary Rocks .................................................................. 61
Felsic Intrusive Rocks .................................................................................... 62
Migmatites ............................................................................................... 63
Mafic Plutonic Rocks and Anorthosite ................................................................... 63
Diabase ................................................................................................... 64
Early Proterozoic............................................................................................ 64
Huronian Supergroup .................................................................................... 64
Creighton, Murray, and Skead Plutons................................................................... 66
Nipissing Intrusive Rocks ................................................................................ 70
The Sudbury Structure ...................................................................................71
Breccias in the Footwall of the Sudbury Structure ....................................................71
Whitewater Group .....................................................................................71
Sudbury Igneous Complex ............................................................................71
Main Mass ..........................................................................................71
Sublayer ............................................................................................ 72
Gabbroic Rocks Within the Sudbury Basin ........................................................ 73
Trap Dikes .......................................................................................... 74
Grenville Province ............................................................................................. 74
Early and Middle Proterozoic ............................................................................... 74
Southern, Superior, and Grenville Provinces .................................................................. 75
Middle Proterozoic.......................................................................................... 75
Mafic Intrusions .......................................................................................... 75
Diabase ................................................................................................ 75
Metamorphism ................................................................................................. 76
Superior Province ........................................................................................... 76
Southern Province........................................................................................... 77
Grenville Province .......................................................................................... 77
Shock-Metamorphic and Contact-Metamorphic Features Related to the Sudbury Structure ............... 78
The Wanapitei Lake Crater..................................................................................... 78
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................. 79
References...................................................................................................... 79

TABLES
4. l Precambrian lithostratigraphy, Sudbury area ................................................................. 60
4.2 Generalized stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Huronian Supergroup in the Sudbury area.............. 68
4.3 Geochronology of the Sudbury Structure ..................................................................... 72
4.4 Chemical analyses of gabbro from the interior of the Sudbury Basin and of trap dikes....................... 74

RT
` e ^ mqb o =Q
4.5 Pre-Sudbury Igneous Complex metamorphic and retrograde mineral assemblages,
Levack Gneiss Complex....................................................................................... 76
4.6 Metamorphic mineral assemblages of metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks, Benny area K KKKKKKK
KKKKKKKNN

FIGURES
4. l Generalized lithological sections across the eastern part of the Benny Belt................................... 62
4.2 Cation plot of metavolcanic rocks, Benny Belt................................................................ 62
4.3 Modal composition of Archean granitic rocks ................................................................ 63
4.4 Cation plot of gabbro-anorthosites at the base of the Huronian Supergroup and of diabase dikes ............ 64
4.5 Cation plot of Huronian metavolcanic rocks .................................................................. 66
4.6 Modal composition of Creighton and Murray Plutons........................................................ 70
4.7 Cation plot of Nipissing Intrusive Rocks ......................................................................71
4.8 Cation plot of gabbroic rocks from inside the Sudbury Basin and of trap dikes............................... 74
4.9 Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of olivine diabase, Sudbury area ............................... 76

PHOTOGRAPHS
4. l Banded, granodioritic "Levack Gneiss" ..................................................................... 61
4.2 Coarse-grained anorthosite cut by Sudbury Breccia .......................................................... 64
4.3 Pillowed basalt ................................................................................................ 67
4.4 "Eye and eyebrow" structures in a dacite flow ............................................................... 67
4.5 Planar crossbeds .............................................................................................. 67
4.6 Trough crossbeds.............................................................................................. 67
4.7 Bedded, kink folded arkose ................................................................................... 67
4.8 Mushroom shaped body of re-melted, contaminated Creighton Granite intruding South Range
Sudbury Igneous Complex .. ................................................................................. 70
4.9 Sublayer (oldest phase)........................................................................................ 72
4.10 Sublayer (younger phase) .................................................................................... 73
4.11 Partly disintegrated laminated metasedimentary rock in the Sublayer....................................... 73
4.12 Staurolites in metapelite of the Huronian Supergroup ....................................................... 78
4.13 Ptygmatic mobilizate in Huronian Supergroup metasediment .............................................. 78

ABSTRACT The ore deposits of the Sudbury area are found in

The Sudbury Structure is at the "junction" of 3 struc
tural provinces of the Canadian Shield; namely the Su
perior, Southern, and Grenville Provinces. Archean
gneiss, metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, and
granitic rocks of the Superior Province occur north of
the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Early Proterozoic me
tavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Huronian
Supergroup occur mainly south and northeast of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex. The granitic Creighton
(2333 Ma), Murray (2388 Ma), and Skead Plutons,
and the Nipissing gabbros (2150 Ma) intrude the Hu
ronian rocks.
The Sudbury Igneous Complex (1849 Ma), is
emplaced at the base of the Whitewater Group, which
is a lithostratigraphic sequence of heterolithic breccias
(Onaping Formation), mudstones (Onwatin Forma
tion), and wackes (Chelmsford Formation). The rocks
of the Onaping Formation are related to the origin of
the Sudbury Structure, which is thought to be the re
sult of either the impact of a meteorite or an endogenic
explosion.
the Sublayer, the Footwall, and the Footwall Breccia
along the lower contact of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex and in the so-called offsets.
Trap dikes are probably related to the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex and intruded it and the Footwall. Oli
vine diabase (1250 Ma) dikes are the youngest igneous
rocks of the area.
High rank metamorphic rocks of the Grenville
Province occur south of the Grenville Front Boundary
Fault. The Archean gneisses north and east of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex have been subjected to amphi
bolite to granulite facies regional metamorphism.
Migmatites are common. The Huronian rocks south of
the Sudbury Igneous Complex have been subjected to
greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism. The
rocks of the Whitewater Group in the Sudbury Basin
and the Sudbury Igneous Complex itself exhibit
greenschist facies mineralogy in the southern half of
the Sudbury Structure, and subgreenschist facies min
eral assemblages in the northern half. Shock-meta
morphic features, including shatter cones, are

58

common in the Footwall rocks for as much as 10 km
away from the Sudbury Igneous Complex and in the
breccias of the Onaping Formation. The Wanapitei
Lake Structure, interpreted in the literature to be an
impact site, lies east of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
INTRODUCTION
The Sudbury area is at the " 'junction1 ' of 3 major geo
logical subdivisions of the Canadian Shield; these are
the Superior, Southern, and Grenville Provinces. All
bedrock in the area is Precambrian in age (Table 4.1).
Archean gneisses, metavolcanic-metasedimentary
rocks, migmatites, and felsic and mafic plutonic rocks
are unconformably overlain by Early Proterozoic me-
tavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Huronian
Supergroup. The Archean and Huronian rocks form
the Footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Felsic
rocks of the Creighton, Murray, and Skead Plutons in
trude the Huronian sequence south and east of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex. Nipissing gabbro, also of
Early Proterozoic age, is widespread in its occurrence.
The Sudbury Structure as defined in this volume con
sists of
1. breccias in the Archean and Proterozoic Footwall
rocks of the Sudbury Igneous Complex
2. the Whitewater Group, consisting of the Onaping,
Onwatin, and Chelmsford Formations
3. the Sudbury Igneous Complex
Post-Igneous Complex mafic dike rocks, the so-called
"trap" dikes, are found mainly in the South Range of
the Igneous Complex and South Range Footwall rocks,
and are possibly related to the Complex itself. Middle
Proterozoic olivine diabase dikes intrude all the fore
going rocks.
Southeast of the Sudbury Structure and south of a
major northeasterly-trending tectonic zone, the Gren
ville Front Tectonic Zone, high rank metamorphic
gneisses of the Grenville Province have experienced a
complex geological history. These rocks are Middle to
Early Proterozoic in age.
Archean gneisses north of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex in the vicinity of the Town of Levack were af
fected by amphibolite to granulite facies metamorph
ism. The age for this high rank metamorphic event is
not known, but it is considered to be of Archean age
and to be older than the emplacement of most felsic
plutons in the area. In the Early Proterozoic, renewed
tectonism led to crustal foundering and deposition of
the Huronian Supergroup.
The northern parts of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex and the Whitewater Group are almost unmeta-
morphosed. The southern parts of these units, the
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
Huronian rocks, the felsic plutons south of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex, and the Nipissing gabbro,
however, were affected by low to middle rank Early
Proterozoic metamorphism. Contact metamorphic ef
fects are present in narrow zones around the Sudbury
Igneous Complex.
Shock-metamorphic features in the Footwall
rocks and fragments in the breccias of the Onaping
Formation are related to the Sudbury Event. This event
was either caused by an endogenic volcanic process or
was caused by a meteorite impact.
Southeast of the Sudbury Structure, and south of
the major northeast-trending Grenville Front Tectonic
Zone, the rocks reflect a complex history of metamor
phic events. Regional metamorphism in the Grenville
Province probably accompanied the emplacement of
Early Proterozoic felsic plutons. Middle Proterozoic
high rank regional metamorphism occurred having a
temperature of at least 650 0 to 750 0 C, and an operative
pressure of 6 to 9 kb (Lumbers 1975). Retrograde me
tamorphism accompanied later deformation along the
Grenville Front Tectonic Zone.
The geology of the area covered by the Sudbury
geological compilation map at a scale of l :50 000
(Map 2491, back pocket), is described on the follow
ing pages. This compilation map and also much of the
following descriptions are based on the work of many
researchers whose contributions are listed in the leg
end of the map. Some lithological units are described
in more detail than others. In the more detailed ac
counts, new data is presented that is not covered else
where in this volume.
General Geology
Superior and Southern Provinces
ARCHEAN
Granodioritic-Quartz Dioritic Gneisses and
Associated Mafic Rocks
Grey, banded gneisses of granodioritic, tonalitic to
quartz dioritic composition of Archean age in many
places, form the Footwall to the Sudbury Igneous
Complex. Associated with these gneisses are mafic
rocks, granitic gneisses, and various amounts of ana
tectic mobilizate. These rocks are most common
northwest of the Igneous Complex where they were
termed "Levack gneisses'' and were grouped together
in the "Levack Complex" (Langford 1960). Such
rocks may underlie large parts of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex.
These gneisses have very inhomogeneous com
positions and textures. Compositional layering is
59
` e ^ mqb o =Q

TABLE 4.1: mo b ` ^ j _ o f^ k =i fqe l p qo ^ qfd o ^ me v I=p r a _ r o v =^ o b ^ K

GRENVILLE PROVINCE SOUTHERN PROVINCE SUPERIOR PROVINCE

j fa a i b = j ~ÑáÅ=íç=r äíê~ã ~Ñ áÅ=p íçÅâëG?=

mo l qb o l wl f` i ~íÉ=mÉÖã ~íáíÉ=EVMMJNNMM=j ~F
e áÖÜ=ê~åâ=êÉÖáçå~ä=ã Éí~ã çêéÜáëã =
i ~íÉ=j ~ÑáÅ=fåíêì ëáî É=o çÅâëG=
^ åçêíÜçëáíÉ=p ì áíÉ=fåíêì ëáî É=o çÅâë
ENOMMJNRMM=j ~F= l äáî áåÉ=a á~Ä~ëÉ=ENORM=j ~F l äáî áåÉ=a á~Ä~ëÉ=ENORM=j ~F
b^ o i v = b ~êäó=mÉÖã ~íáíÉ
mo l qb o l wl f` ENSMMJNTMM=j ~F=
d ê~åáíáÅ=fåíêì ëáî É=o çÅâë
(1590-1700 M a) p= qê~é=a =áâÉëG=
r= p= fåíêì ëáî É=` çåí~Åí=
a= q= p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñ=
_= o= p ì Ää~óÉêGG=
r= r= fåíêì ëáî É=` çåí~Åí=
o= `= j ~áå=j ~ëë=ENUQV=j ~FJ~" { Jd ~ÄÄêçG=
v= q= E_ ~ëáå=fåíÉêáçêF=
r= t ÜáíÉï ~íÉê=d êçì é=
o= ` ÜÉäã ëÑçêÇ=c çêã ~íáçå=
b= l åï ~íáå=c çêã ~íáçå
l å~éáåÖ=c çêã ~íáçåG~" { Jp ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=
c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~=
ëÜçÅâ=ã Éí~ã çêéÜáëã =
p ì ÇÄì êó=b î Éåí=
b ~êäó=j ~ÑáÅ=fåíêì ëáî É=o çÅâëG= k áéáëëáåÖ=fåíêì ëáî É=o çÅâë=EONSM=j ~F
Eëçã É=óçì åÖÉê=íÜ~å=d ê~åáíáÅ= fåíêì ëáî É=` çåí~Åí=
fåíêì ëáî É=o çÅâëF ` êÉáÖÜíçåI=j ì êê~ó=~åÇ=E\ F=p âÉ~Ç=mäì íçåë
EOPPP=j ~F=
fåíêì ëáî É=~åÇ=j Éí~ã çêéÜáÅ=` çåí~Åí= fåíêì ëáî É=` çåí~Åí=
j Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=o çÅâë e ì êçåá~å=p ì éÉêÖêçì é
r åÅçåÑçêã áíó=
^ o ` e b^ k ^ êÅÜÉ~å=p ì éÉêáçê=mêçî áåÅÉJëíóäÉ=Ä~ëÉã Éåí a á~Ä~ëÉG
fåíêì ëáî É=` çåí~Åí=
j ~ÑáÅ=mäì íçåáÅ=o çÅâë=~åÇ=
^ åçêíÜçëáíÉ=fåíêì ëáî É=
` çåí~Åí=j áÖã ~íáíÉ=~åÇ=
c ÉäëáÅ=mäì íçåáÅ=o çÅâë=
EORMMJOSMM=j ~F
fåíêì ëáî É=~åÇ
j Éí~ã çêéÜáÅ=` çåí~Åí=
j Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=~åÇ=
j Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=o çÅâë=
d ê~åçÇáçêáíáÅ=J
n ì ~êíòÇáçêáíáÅ=d åÉáëëÉë
~åÇ=^ ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=j ~ÑáÅ
o çÅâë

G=^ Äëçäì íÉ=~ÖÉ=ì åâåçï å

^ ÖÉ=êÉä~íáçåëÜáé=íç=i ~íÉ=mÉÖã ~íáíÉ=åçí=âåçï å=
G=G=^ Äëçäì íÉ=~ÖÉ=ì åâåçï åI=éêÉJj ~áå=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñ=éÜ~ëÉë=ã ~ó=Éñáëí=íçç

prevalent in all the gneisses (Photo4. l), with individ
ual units ranging in thickness from a few mm to several
l Os of m. Most of the gneisses are medium grained and
grey. Pinkish varieties and fine-grained varieties also
occur. Dark grey to black mafic layers 10 cm to a few
m thick occur in Levack Township, and, in places (map
unit l b on the Sudbury compilation map; Map 2491
back pocket), make up more than SO 1??; of the Gneiss
Complex.
In some places, such as in southern Levack Town
ship, the gneisses exhibit granulite facies mineralogy.
In other places, such as in northern Levack Township,
amphibolite facies mineralogy is present. The meta
morphic mineral assemblages of the Levack gneisses
are listed in Table 4.5. Retrograde metamorphism.
and, near the Sudbury Igneous Complex, contact-
metamorphic overprinting are common.
The amphibolite facies gneisses are more com
mon than the granulite facies gneisses, and, in Levack
Township, occur farther away from the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex. These rocks appear to be more in-
homogeneous texturally than the granulite facies
gneisses, and exhibit blastomylonite and perlic rock
textures as well as the more common equigranoblastic
textures.
The mafic layers are conformable with the gneis
sosity and the compositional layering of the tonalitic,
granodioritic-quartzdioritic rocks. In places, the mafic
layers are strongly boudinaged. The mafic rocks are
common in Levack Township for as much as l km

60

mÜçíç=QKNK=_ ~åÇÉÇI=Öê~åçÇáçêáíáÅ=?i Éî ~Åâ=d åÉáëë?=ï áíÜ=N= ã ~ÑáÅ=
Ä~åÇK
away from the Sudbury Igneous Complex. According
to Doucet (1981), the mafic rocks are composed of au
gite (4 to 51 96), hypersthene (as much as 2496), horn
blende (as much as 8296), biotite (l to 3296),
plagioclase (as much as 49 96), and accessory minerals
such as apatite, zircon, and opaque minerals.
The Levack Gneiss Complex, in many places,
contains some granitic to quartz dioritic mobilizate.
Homogeneous, not banded, somewhat gneissic rocks
of quartz dioritic composition, Langford's( 1960) ton-
alites, are regarded by the author to be dialectic in
origin.
The compositional layering of the rocks suggests
that the Levack Gneiss Complex originated from a su
pracrustal sedimentary-volcanic or layered-intrusion
protolith. The author believes that the great composi
tional variations, such as that of the quartz content in
the gneisses, support the idea that the Levack Gneiss
Complex, and possibly most of the similar gneisses of
the North Range Footwall, represent a metamor
phosed sequence of clastic sediments, minor mafic to
ultramafic volcanic rocks, and possibly minor felsic
volcanic rocks. The Complex as a whole, therefore, is
probably not meta-igneous in origin. In a few places,
minor gabbro and anorthosite gabbro bodies occur in
areas underlain by the Levack Gneiss Complex and
were also intersected by diamond drilling at the Strath
cona Mine near the Town of Levack (Falconbridge
_r oh =
e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
Limited, Geological Staff, personal communication,
1982). These "minor" bodies are not considered by
the author to be part of the Levack Gneiss Complex
proper.
The metamorphic grade and appearance of these
"Levack Gneisses" differ greatly from the lower met
amorphic grade Archean metavolcanic-metasedimen-
tary ' 'greenstones'' north and northeast of the Sudbury
Igneous Complex. This suggests that the gneisses of
the Levack Gneiss Complex represent the oldest rocks
in the area covered by the Sudbury compilation map
(Map 2491, back pocket).
The gneisses may underlie large parts of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex.
Metavolcanic-Metasedimentary Rocks
Archean metavolcanic rocks and associated metase-
dimentary rocks are exposed northwest and northeast
of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Northwest of the
Complex, the easternmost section of the Benny Belt
(Card and Innes 1981) is exposed in the area covered
by the Sudbury compilation map (Map 2491, back
pocket). In Hutton and Parkin Townships, northeast of
Sudbury, a metavolcanic-metasedimentary sequence
has been mapped by Meyn (1970). Metavolcanic-me
tasedimentary remnants, from < l m to several
hundred m in size also form inclusions within the Ar
chean felsic plutonic rocks. This indicates a wide orig
inal distribution of the volcanic-sedimentary rock units
north of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The following
description of the Archean metavolcanic-metasedi
mentary rocks is based mainly on the work of Card and
Innes (1981) with minor additional observations by
Meyn (1970) and Dressler (1982).
The Benny Belt is approximately 38 km long and
has an average width of 2.4 km. The belt is bordered
by Archean felsic plutonic rocks to the north and south.
Eastward, the belt gradationally passes into migmati-
tic rocks where the volcanic and sedimentary rocks
were metamorphosed under greenschist to amphibol
ite facies conditions and were intruded and assimilated
by mobile granitic material.
The Benny Belt is characterized by distinct lon
gitudinal facies variations. The western part, that part
west of the area covered by the Sudbury compilation
map (Map 2491, back pocket), is underlain mainly by
tholeiitic and calc-alkalic metabasalts and metagab-
bros. The central parts of the "greenstone" belt con
sist of several cyclically repeated calc-alkalic and
minor tholeiitic mafic, intermediate, and felsic units.
The eastern sector is composed mainly of calc-alkalic
andesite to rhyolite tuff-breccia and lapilli-tuff.
The Benny Belt is considered by Card and Innes
(1981) to be a homoclinal sequence facing south. In
Figure 4.1, two generalized lithological sections
across the eastern part of the Benny Belt are shown.
61
` e ^ mqb o =Q
c áÖì êÉ=QKNK=d ÉåÉê~äáòÉÇ=äáíÜçäçÖáÅ~ä=ëÉÅíáçåë=~Åêçëë=íÜÉ=
É~ëíÉêå=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=_ Éååó=_ Éäí=EÑêçã =` ~êÇ=~åÇ=fååÉë=
NVUNFK
Figure 4.2 shows a cation diagram for the metavol-
canic rocks.
The Archean metasedimentary rocks of the Benny
Belt consist of metamorphosed wacke, siltstone, gra
phitic siltstone, and chert. Minor quartz-feldspar ar
enite and an oxide facies iron formation unit also occur.
The metasedimentary units are interstratified with the
metavolcanic rocks and occur as units commonly 15 to
30 m thick, and are rarely up to 60 m thick. Copper,
lead, and zinc sulphide minerals are associated with the
more common pyrite and pyrrhotite mineralization.
The sulphide minerals are stratabound, and com
monly are at the contacts of mafic flow and pyroclastic
units with felsic to intermediate pyroclastic rocks.
The rocks of the Benny Belt have been metamor
phosed under greenschist to amphibolite facies con
ditions. Most lithologies are strongly deformed.
Flattened rock fragments and pillows, a penetrative
foliation with a down-dip rodding lineation, and many
faults and minor folds occur throughout the "green
stone" belt.
In Parkin and Hutton Townships (Meyn 1970),
northeast of Sudbury, the volcanic-sedimentary lith
ologies are similar to the Benny Belt lithologies. In
contrast to the Benny area, where no economic iron
deposits are known, several oxide facies iron forma
tion deposits have, until recently, been exploited at the
Moose Mountain Mine in Hutton Township. Iron for-
62
pv j _l i p
ã áÉ=êçÅâë=J= Ñäçï ë
ã áÉ=êçÅâë=J= éóêçÅä~ëíáÅ
ÑÑ~ÅÉçì ë
åáÅ=êçÅâë=J= éçêéÜóêáíáÅ=
! çÅâë
j ÖÇ
c áÖì êÉ=QKOK=` ~íáçå=éäçí=çÑ=ã Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâëI=_ Éååó=_ Éäí=EÑêçã =
` ~êÇ=~åÇ=fååÉë=NVUNFK
mation and other Archean rocks also occur northwest
of Lake Wanapitei (Dressler 1982). The same litholo
gies also underlie part of the terrain presently occu
pied by the Sudbury Structure; these occur as
fragments in the Footwall Breccias (Dressler, Chapter
6, this volume) and the Onaping Formation (Muir and
Peredery, Chapter 7, this volume).
Felsic Intrusive Rocks
Massive felsic intrusive rocks underlie much of the
terrain extending from Agnew Lake, southwest of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex, around the North Range
of the Complex to about the position of Bowlands Bay
in Wanapitei Lake which lies to the east of the Sudbury
Igneous Complex. These rocks form part of the Car
tier Granite or Cartier Batholith (Card and Innes
1981). Near Agnew Lake, a felsic pluton was termed
Birch Lake Granite or Birch Lake Batholith (Card and
Palonen 1976). These 2 batholiths are mesozonal,
composite plutons that belong to the "Algoman Gran
ites" emplaced 2500 Ma or more ago (Van Schmus
1965).
Texturally, the felsic rocks are equigranular, and
in places are porphyritic and commonly non-foliated.
Rapakiwi textures were observed by Card and Innes
(1981). In Hart, Ermatinger, and Totten Townships,
Choudhry (formerly Geologist, Ontario Geological
Survey, personal communication, 1982) mapped the
contact of the Birch Lake Granite which is medium-
grained, equigranular, in places foliated and some
what altered. He concluded that the Birch Lake Gran
ite is probably older than the Cartier Granite which is
coarser grained, in many places, porphyritic, and is
unaltered. Similar observations were made by the au-

c áÖì êÉ=QKPK=j çÇ~ä=Åçã éçëáíáçå=çÑ=^ êÅÜÉ~å=Öê~åáíáÅ=êçÅâëK=n J=
èì ~êíòI=^ J~äâ~äáJÑÉäÇëé~êëI=mJéä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉK
thor (Dressler 1980) in Emo, Rhodes, and Botha
Townships, a few km northwest of the area covered by
the Sudbury compilation map (Map 2491, back
pocket), where porphyritic granites intrude older, me
dium-grained, equigranular felsic plutonic rocks.
The felsic intrusive rocks are medium to coarse
grained, pink or grey, and range in modal composition
from granite to granodiorite and minor tonalite (Figure
4.3). Biotite and/or hornblende make up as much as
15 TÅ=of the rocks, but on average constitute 2 to 4 TÅ=of
the rocks. Accessory minerals are muscovite, titanite,
zircon, and iron oxide minerals. The plagioclase is
commonly an oligoclase, and in many places is partly
saussuritized. Secondary chlorite and epidote are
common.
Fine- to medium-grained aplite and coarse-
grained pegmatite are common in all felsic plutonic
rocks and are also common in Archean gneisses and
metavolcanic-metasedimentary rocks. These older
Archean supracrustal rocks also occur as inclusions in
the plutonic rocks.
Migmatites
Migmatites occur west, north, and east of the Sudbury
Igneous Complex and commonly border terrains un
derlain by Archean gneisses and metavolanic-meta-
sedimentary rocks. The migmatites occur also within
areas underlain predominantly by granitic rocks and
represent remnants of formerly more extensive gneiss
or metavolcanic-metasedimentary units.
All the common migmatite structures were ob
served in the Archean migmatites that compose part of
the Footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Meta-
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
texites are more common than diatexites, and exhibit
breccia, net and raft structures, or are layered and
veined. Schlieren and nebulitic structures form tran
sitions to inhomogeneous to scarce homogeneous dia
texites in which the paleosome is no longer
recognizable.
The mobilizates have a granitic, granodioritic to
quartz dioritic composition, are medium grained,
coarse grained, or are pegmatitic, and range in colour
from red to pink and white.
All gradations exist from gneisses and metavol
canic-metasedimentary rocks to granites. The granitic
mobilizate of the migmatites is, therefore, probably
partly magmatic-intrusive, and in part are anatectic,
and/or hybrid.
Mafic Plutonic Rocks and Anorthosite
Gabbroic rocks occur in several places within the
Footwall of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Most oc
currences lie close to the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
These rocks have probably been brought to their pres
ent position by the Sudbury c rate r-form ing event. An
orthosite bodies occur at the base of the Huronian
sequence in Drury, Hyman, and Falconbridge
Townships.
The gabbroic rocks are medium to coarse grained,
and are dark greenish grey to black. These rocks are
commonly coarser grained than the Early Proterozoic
Nipissing gabbros, and in a few places, are intruded by
diabase dikes EëÉÉ=section on "Nipissing Intrusive
Rocks", this article). Primary rock forming minerals,
such as pyroxene and plagioclase, are commonly
completely altered to actinolite and saussurite. Near
the Sudbury Igneous Complex, contact metamorphic
recrystallization has led to the growth of clinopyrox
ene, hornblende, and clear, very fine grained decus
sate plagioclase.
The anorthosite bodies at the base of the Huron
ian Supergroup range in thickness from 30 to 900 m in
Drury and Hyman Townships (Card Éí=~äK=1977) to ap
proximately 750 to 2000 m in Falconbridge Township.
The relative age of the anorthosite bodies is a mat
ter of debate. The rocks have not been dated radi-
ometrically, and Card Éí=~äK=(1977) stated that the
intrusions occur at the base of the Huronian metavol-
canic sequence and locally intrude Huronian metase-
dimentary rocks. The author remapped a small area in
Hyman and Drury Townships, and studied the anor
thosite in Falconbridge Township. The author, based
on these observations, cannot substantiate the inter
pretations made by Card Éí=~äI=(1977). In Drury and
Falconbridge Townships, the anorthosite was found to
be intruded by diabase dikes identical in appearance to
diabase dikes in the granitic terrain nearby. The radio-
63
` e ^ mqb o =Q
metric age of these diabase dikes also is not known, but
the dikes were not found to intrude the Huronian se
quence. Furthermore, in Drury Township, just south
of the Chicago Mine, a Huronian conglomerate lo
cated just west of Highway 658 and containing coarse-
grained anorthosite clasts appears to overlie the anor
thosite. Therefore, the Gabbro-Anorthosite Intrusions
probably are Late Archean or pre-Huronian Early
Proterozoic in age 1 .
The intrusive bodies range in composition from
gabbro to anorthositic gabbro and gabbroic anorthos
ite. Minor trondhjemitic and syenitic segregations also
occur.
All these rocks are coarse grained or very coarse
grained (Photo 4.2) and consist of saussuritized pla
gioclase, and bluish green hornblende and actinolite
after pyroxene. Magmatic layering is 0.5 to 100 m
thick, and is defined by compositional and textural
variations. Chemical plots (Card Ç~äK=1977) show that
most of the gabbro-anorthosite rocks are subalkalic and
tholeiitic. A cation plot of the analyses by Card Åá=~äK=
(1977) is shown in Figure 4.4.
Diabase
Metamorphosed mafic dike rocks intrude the Archean
felsic plutonic and older rocks, as noted above and also
the gabbro-anorthosite suite rocks in Drury, Hyman,
and Falconbridge Townships, but not the sedimentary
and volcanic rocks of the Huronian Supergroup. These
dike rocks are therefore Late Archean or Early Proter
ozoic in age.
mÜçíç=QKOK=` ç~êëÉJÖê~áåÉÇ=~åçêíÜçëáíÉ=Åì í=Äó=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~K=
` ÜáÅ~Öç=j áåÉI=a êì êó=qçï åëÜáéK
'The gabbro at East Bull Lake (a Gabbro-Anorthosite In
trusion) has an age of 2480 Ma (T. Krogh, Geochron-
ologist. Royal Ontario Museum, personal
communication, 1983). This indicates an Early Proter
ozoic age for this intrusion, and possibly also for the
Gabbro-Anorthosite Intrusions near Sudbury EëÉÅ=
Krogh ^ a/.. Chapter 20, this volume).
G=^ êÅÜÉ~å=a á~Ä~ëÉ=
á
= d ~ÄÄêç=^ åçêíÜçëáíÉ
^ fKl j Öl
c áÖì êÉ=QKQK=` ~íáçå=éäçí=çÑ=Ö~ÄÄêçJ~åçêíÜçëáíÉë=EëçäáÇ=íêá~åÖäÉëF=~í=
íÜÉ=Ä~ëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=e ì êçåá~å=p ì éÉêÖêçì é=~åÇ=çÑ=Çá~Ä~ëÉ=ÇáâÉë=
EëçäáÇ=ÅáêÅäÉëFK=a ~í~=Ñêçã =éì ÄäáëÜÉÇ=~åÇ=ì åéì ÄäáëÜÉÇ=l åí~êáç=
d ÉçäçÖáÅ~ä=p ì êî Éó=êÉéçêíëK
The mafic dikes range in thickness from approx
imately 20 cm to 30 m, and in many places form
swarms of parallel dikes. North of the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex, dike sets commonly strike north
west, whereas southwest of the Complex, in addition
to northwestern striking directions, there are east-
striking and northeast-striking dikes. The east-strik
ing dikes parallel the trend of a pre- to early Huronian
east-striking graben system (Card Éä=~äKK=Chapter 2,
this volume) and possibly represent feeders for the
mafic volcanic rocks of the lower Huronian
Supergroup.
Most of the dikes are dark green to black, fine
grained, and equigranular. Plagioclase porphyritic and
glomeroporphyritic varieties also occur. All dike rocks
exhibit a common metagabbroic mineralogy of pla
gioclase, actinolitic hornblende, biotite, with minor
quartz, epidote, chlorite, titanite, epidote, iron ox
ides, and sulphide minerals. Chemically, analyses of
the rocks plot in the iron tholeiitic basalt field of a ca
tion plot (Figure 4.4).
EARLY PROTEROZOIC
Huronian Supergroup
The Huronian Supergroup is an Early Proterozoic as
semblage of volcanic and sedimentary rocks that forms
part of the Penokean Fold Belt of the Southern Prov
ince in Ontario. The sequence was deposited between
about 2500 Ma ago and 2150 Ma, the Rb-Sr radio
metric age of the Nipissing Intrusive Rocks (Van
Schmus 1965; Fairbairn Å= í=~äK=1969). South west of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex in the Sudbury-Espanola

area, the Huronian Supergroup has a total thickness of
over 10 700 m (Card Éí=~äK=1977). Northeast of the
Complex, in the Wanapitei Lake area, it has a total cu
mulative thickness of approximately 8000 m (Dressler
1982).
The Huronian sedimentary sequence is charac
terized by cyclical repetitions of conglomerate, mud
stone, and wacke, and quartz-feldspar arenites. Based
on this cyclicity, the Huronian Supergroup is subdi
vided into 4 groups, namely the Elliot Lake, Hough
Lake, Quirke Lake, and Cobalt Groups. Volcanic
rocks occur only in the lowermost group, the Elliot
Lake Group. The volcanic rocks consist of subalkalic,
tholeiitic, mafic, and felsic flows and pyroclastic rocks.
Poorly sorted quartz-feldspar arenites occur in the
Matinenda Formation, the lower Mississagi Forma
tion, Serpent, and Lorrain Formations in the area cov
ered by the Sudbury compilation map (Map 2491, back
pocket). These rocks represent a milieu where rapid
deposition occurred in a high energy environment. The
Upper Mississagi Formation, and the Serpent and
Lorrain Formations are characterized by submature to
mature arenites deposited in an environment, where,
in contrast to the lower sections of the formations,
winnowing was moderate or strong (Card 1978a). The
finer grained detritus was deposited locally, or farther
away, mainly south and southwestward down the
paleoslope.
McDowell (1957) proposed a fluvial origin for the
Mississagi Formation quartz-feldspar arenites of the
Blind River area. Mudstones and wackes of the Mid
dle Mississagi Formation represent a marine submer
gence or a large lake (McDowell 1957). Frarey and
Roscoe (1970) also suggested a fluvial or fluvial-del
taic origin for the Huronian arenite units. Casshyap
(1971) described the Mississagi and Serpent deposits
in the Espanola-Willisville area and considered the de
posits to be fluvial-deltaic in origin. The Gowganda
Formation arenites he considered to be prograding
deltaic deposits, and the Lorrain Formation he consid
ered to be deltaic, beach, and marine deposits. Ac
cording to Palonen (1971, 1973), the Mississagi
Formation sandstones in the Elliot Lake area represent
a generally regressive sequence deposited in a tidal flat
environment. South of Elliot Lake, the Mississagi
Formation is interpreted to be a marine shelf deposit.
Long (1976) considered the Mississagi and Serpent
Formations to have been deposited in fluvial environ
ments, principally from bedload and mixed load
streams. According to Long (1976), paleocurrent and
petrographic trends indicate that 2 major regional
braided river systems existed during the deposition of
the rocks that comprise the Mississagi and Serpent
Formations. One of these systems flowed east and
south from the Sault Ste. Marie-Elliot Lake region to
meet another southwesterly flowing system originat
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
ing in the Cobalt Embayment northeast of the Sudbury
Structure. Card (1976) suggested that the mature
quartz arenites and quartz-feldspar arenites of the Lor
rain Formation represent nearshore coastal shelf en
vironments and that they were laid down during
cyclically repeated marine transgressions and
regressions.
Wackes and mudstones occur mainly in the
McKim, Pecors, Espanola, and Gowganda Forma
tions. These rocks are immature, poorly sorted, or un
sorted rocks deposited below wave base. Some rocks
in these formations were deposited by turbidity cur
rents. Thinly laminated wackes of the Gowganda For
mation possibly represent varves.
The Espanola Formation contains the only major
development of carbonate rocks in the Huronian
succession. Limestone and dolostone occur either as
thin interbeds in mudstone and wacke, or form lami
nated and pure carbonate beds up to 15m thick. The
Limestone Member of the Espanola Formation (Card
1978a) in the Sudbury-Manitoulin area is up to 60 m
thick. Northeast of Sudbury, large areas appear to be
underlain by rocks of the Espanola Formation (Dres
sler 1982; Sudbury compilation map. Map 2491, back
pocket). The outcrop density of the Espanola Forma
tion northeast of Sudbury, however, is poor, and no re
liable estimate of the thickness of the formation is
possible. At Quirke Lake, near Elliot Lake, stroma
tolites in the Espanola Formation (Hofmann Éí=~äK=
1980) indicate local depositional conditions stable for
time periods long enough to allow the growth of
benthic organisms. Limestones with fine laminae re
sembling algal mats were observed by the author in the
Espanola Formation in Street Township east of
Sudbury.
The Ramsay Lake, Bruce, and Gowganda Formations
contain conglomerates that, in general, are polymictic
and unsorted, or are poorly sorted. The conglomerates
range in composition from orthoconglomerate to peb
bly wacke. Several workers have suggested a glacial or
marine-glacial origin for these rocks (Coleman 1905a,
1905b; Casshyap 1969; Young 1970; Lindsey 1971).
Pebbly wackes are characterized by k 'dropstones'' that
probably represent ice-rafted fragments which have
been dropped into fine-grained, muddy wackes from
floating ice. Legun (1984) interpreted the Gowganda
Formation rocks of the Cobalt area to have been de
posited in a glaciolacustrine valley environment below
an ice shelf, similar to deposition in the present Ant
arctic (Drewry and Cooper 1981). Parviainen (1973)
considered the Ramsay Lake and Bruce Formations to
have been deposited as land-laid tills. The glacial ori
gin of all of the Huronian conglomerates, however, is
not undisputed. Card (1978a), for instance, stated that
glaciation may have initially supplied coarse detritus
to the depositional basin. Subsequent redeposition by
65
` e ^ mqb o =Q
turbidity currents and debris flows then may have
played an important role.
Volcanic rocks occur in the Elsie Mountain, Sto
bie, and Copper Cliff Formations of the Elliot Lake
Group. Most of the Elsie Mountain and Stobie vol
canic rocks are tholeiitic, massive, or pillowed basal
tic flows with minor basaltic pyroclastic rocks and very
minor felsic to intermediate flows. The Copper Cliff
Formation consists of rhyolitic to dacitic flows or sub
volcanic intrusions and minor pyroclastic rocks. In a
few places, basalts are also found in the Copper Cliff
Formation. Chemical data (Figure 4.5) in general
show a tholeiitic iron-enrichment trend for all the vol
canic rocks of the Huronian Supergroup in the Sud
bury area.
Table 4.2 shows 3 generalized stratigraphic sec
tions of the Huronian Supergroup. The first section
in this table is a composite section after Card Éí=~äK=
(1977) with minor modifications by the author. The
section of Card Éí=~äK=(1977) represents the Huronian
Supergroup west of the City of Sudbury in the Sud-
bury-Espanola area. The Gordon Lake and Bar River
Formations of the Cobalt Group were omitted by the
author from the section of Card Éí=~äK=(1977) because
these formations appear to be absent from the present
study area. The anorthosite bodies shown by Card Éí=
~äK=(1977) as part of the Huronian Supergroup at the
base of the succession were omitted because they are
probably pre-Huronian in age EëÉÉ=section on " Mafic-
Plutonic Rocks and Anorthosite", this Chapter).
The second section of Table 4.2 is based on recon
naissance investigations by the author in Falconbridge
and Street Townships east of Sudbury. There, the Hu
ronian succession appears to be incomplete. The third
c áÖì êÉ=QKRK=` ~íáçå=éäçí=çÑ=e ì êçåá~å=ã Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë=EÇ~í~=Ñêçã =
fååÉë=NVTTFK
66
section, representing the Huronian just north of Wan-
apitei Lake, is based on investigations by the author
(Dressler 1981, 1982), and is characterized again by
the absence of some formations and by the great range
in thicknesses of individual formations.
Primary sedimentary and volcanic structures are
also listed in Table 4.2. A few of these structures are
shown in Photos 4.3 to 4.7.
Creighton, Murray, and Skead Plutons
Three Early Proterozoic granitic plutons occur along
the South Range of the Sudbury Igneous Complex;
from west to east these are the Creighton, Murray, and
Skead Plutons. The Creighton and Murray Plutons
may be parts of a larger granitic body and be connected
at depth. A former connection between the 2 plutons
may once have existed above the present level of ex
posure (Dutch 1979). The Murray Pluton may repre
sent a higher level intrusion than the Creighton Pluton
because it is commonly finer grained than the latter.
The Creighton and Murray Plutons intrude the
rocks of the Huronian Supergroup and several apo-
physes appear to extend outward from the main masses
of these plutons into the Huronian rocks. Inclusions of
Huronian metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks
are also present within the granitic rocks and range in
size from a few cm to 8 km. Card (1978a) has de
scribed potassic feldspar porphyroblasts in country
rocks near the Creighton Pluton. All these observa
tions prove the Creighton and Murray Plutons to be
post-Huronian in age. The relative age of the "gran
ites" and the Sudbury Igneous Complex, however, has
been a matter of debate. Field evidence exists for both
a pre- and a post-Sudbury Igneous Complex age for the
granitic plutons. Yates (1938) and Burrows and Rick
aby (1935) pointed to granitic dikes, similar to the
Creighton and Murray Plutons, that intrude the Sud
bury Igneous Complex north of the main masses of the
plutons, and concluded that the k 'granites'' are younger
than the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
Evidence for a pre-Sudbury Igneous Complex age
for the granitic plutons includes: alteration and im
pregnation with sulphide minerals of the granites at
their contacts with the Sudbury Igneous Complex;
Sudbury brecciation of the granitic rocks; the cross
cutting relationship of the Copper Cliff Offset with the
Creighton Pluton; and radiometric age determina
tions. Krogh Éí=~äK=(1982) obtained a U-Pb zircon age
of 1849 Ma for the norite of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex. Gibbins Éí=~äK=(1972) published a Rb-Sr is
ochron age of 2230 Ma for the Main Mass of the Mur
ray Pluton and an age of 2050 Ma for the Murray
Offshoot, a granitic dike that intrudes the norite in the
vicinity of the Little Stobie Mine. The Creighton Plu
ton has been dated at 2333 Ma (U-Pb zircon; Frarey Éí=
~äK=1982). The Murray Pluton is dated at 2388 Ma

mÜçíç=QKPK=máääçï ÉÇ=Ä~ë~äíK=p íçÄáÉ=c çêã ~íáçåI=c ~äÅçåÄêáÇÖÉ=qçï å=
ëÜáéK=n ì ~êíò=ÑáääáåÖ=ÄÉíï ÉÉå=áåÇáî áÇì ~ä=éáääçï ëK
mÜçíç=QKQK=?b óÉ=~åÇ=ÉóÉÄêçï ?=ëíêì Åíì êÉë=áå=~=Ç~ÅáíÉ=Ñäçï K=p íçÄáÉ=
c çêã ~íáçåI=j Åh áã =qçï åëÜáéK=qÜÉ=ëíêì Åíì êÉë=~äï ~óë=~ëëì ã É=
íÜÉ=ë~ã É=~ííáíì ÇÉ=ï áíÜáå=íÜÉ=Ñäçï ëX=íÜÉ=Åçåî Éñ=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÉóÉ=
Äêçï ë=éçáåíáåÖ=íç=íÜÉ=íçé=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñäçï K=?b óÉ=~åÇ=ÉóÉÄêçï ë?=Åçå=
ëáëí=ã ~áåäó=çÑ=èì ~êíòI=~êÉ=Åçã ã çåäó=ä~êÖÉê=íçï ~êÇ=íÜÉ=íçé=çÑ=íÜÉ=
Ñäçï =~åÇ=ã ~ó=êÉéêÉëÉåí=Ö~ë=Äì ÄÄäÉë=ï ÜáÅÜ=áåÅçêéçê~íÉÇ=ëã ~ää=
Äì ÄÄäÉë=ï ÜÉå=íÜÉó=ëäçï äó=ã çî ÉÇ=ì éï ~êÇ=áå=~=ëí~Öå~åí=Ñäçï K
mÜçíç=QKRK=mä~å~ê=ÅêçëëÄÉÇëK=j áëëáëë~Öá=c çêã ~íáçåI=d ~êëçå=
qçï åëÜáéK
(Krogh Éí=~äK, Chapter 20, this volume). Gibbins Éä=~äK=
E1972) also obtained a Rb-Sr isochron age of 1780 Ma
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
mÜçíç= QKSK= qêçì ÖÜ= ÅêçëëÄÉÇëK= p ÉêéÉåí= c çêã ~íáçåI= p íêÉÉí=
qçï åëÜáéK
mÜçíç=QKTK=_ ÉÇÇÉÇI=âáåâ=ÑçäÇÉÇ=~êâçëÉK=j ~íáåÉåÇ~=c çêã ~íáçåI=e ó=
ã ~å=qçï åëÜáéK
for small granitic dikes which crosscut the Murray
Pluton, the Huronian metavolcanic rocks, and the nor
ite of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Krogh Éí=~äK=
(Chapter 20, this volume) obtained U-Pb zircon ages
of 1865 and 1855 Ma for a granitic dike that intrudes
the norite near the Little Stobie Mine.
The contradictory field observations and radio
metric age determinations may be explained by as-
67
` e ^ mqb o =Q

TABLE 4.2: d b k b o ^ i fwb a =p qo ^ qfd o ^ me v =^ k a =p b a fj b k ql i l d v =l c =qe b =e r o l k f^ k =

p r mb o d o l r m=fk =qe b =p r a _ r o v =^ o b ^ K
p l r qe =^ k a =p l r qe t b p q=l c =p r a _ r o v =fd k b l r p =` l j mi b u =È ^ o a =Éí=~äK=NVTTF
d o l r m=b p qfj ^ qb a = p qo ^ qfd o ^ me v mo fj ^ o v =
qe f` h k b p p p qo r ` qr o b p
` çÄ~äí= NRMMJOQMM=ã Lorrain Formation c Éëíççå=ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=Öê~ÇÉÇ=
~êâçëÉI=ÑÉäÇëé~íÜáÅ= ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=êáééäÉëI=
éêçíçèì ~êíòáíÉI=ï ~ÅâÉI= êáééäÉJÇêáÑí=ÅêçëëJä~ã áå~íáçå
èì ~êíò~êÉåáíÉI=ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ
NUMJNOMM=ã Gowganda Formation mä~å~ê=ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=ÑÉëíççå=
éçäóã áÅíáÅ=é~ê~ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉI= ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=é~ê~ääÉä=ä~ã áå~íáçåI=
çêíÜçÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉI=ä~ã áå~íÉÇ= Ä~ää=~åÇ=éáääçï =ëíêì Åíì êÉëI=ëäì ã é=
ï ~ÅâÉ=~åÇ=ã ì ÇëíçåÉI=áêêÉÖì ä~êäó= ÑçäÇëI=êáééäÉJÇêáÑí=ÅêçëëJä~ã áå~íáçåI=
ä~ã áå~íÉÇ=ï ~ÅâÉ=~åÇ=ã ì ÇëíçåÉ ÇêçéëíçåÉë
n ì áêâÉ= NUMJNRMM=ã = Serpent Formation c Éëíççå=ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=
i ~âÉ éêçíçèì ~êíòáíÉI= é~ê~ääÉä=ä~ã áå~íáçå
ÑÉäÇëé~íÜáÅ=èì ~êíòáíÉI=
~êâçëÉI=ã áåçê=ëáäíëíçåÉI=
ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉI=äáã ÉëíçåÉ
NRMJRRM=ã Espanola Formation _ ~ää=~åÇ=éáääçï =ëíêì Åíì êÉëI=
äáã ÉëíçåÉI=ÇçäçëíçåÉI= Åä~ëíáÅ=ÇáâÉëI=ëäì ã é=ÑçäÇëI=éä~å~ê=
ï ~ÅâÉI=éêçíçèì ~êíòáíÉI ä~ã áå~íáçåI=êáééäÉJÇêáÑí=ÅêçëëJ=
ä~ã áå~íáçåI=ÇÉëáÅÅ~íáçå=Åê~Åâë
SMJQSM=ã Bruce Formation a êçéëíçåÉë
éÉÄÄäó=ï ~ÅâÉI=
ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ
e çì ÖÜ= TSMJPMMM=ã = Mississagi Formation c Éëíççå=ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=éä~å~ê=
i ~âÉ çêíÜçèì ~êíòáíÉI= ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=êáééäÉJÇêáÑí=
~êâçëÉI=ï ~ÅâÉI= ÅêçëëJä~ã áå~íáçå
ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ
SMJSMM=ã Pecors Formation _ çì ã ~=ä~óÉêáåÖI=Ä~ää=~åÇ=éáääçï =
ï ~ÅâÉI=èì ~êíò= ëíêì Åíì êÉëI=Åä~ëíáÅ=ÇáâÉë
ÑÉäÇëé~ê=~êÉåáíÉ
SMJNUM=ã Ramsey Lake Formation a êçéëíçåÉë
éçäóã áÅíáÅ=é~ê~ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉI=
éÉÄÄäó=ë~åÇëíçåÉ
b ääáçí= NRMMJNUMM=ã = McKim Formation _ çì ã ~=ä~óÉêáåÖI=Åä~ëíáÅ=
i ~âÉ ä~ã áå~íÉÇ=ï ~ÅâÉ=~åÇ=ã ì ÇëíçåÉ= ÇáâÉëI=Ä~ää=~åÇ=éáääçï =
éêçíçèì ~êíòáíÉ ëíêì Åíì êÉëI=é~ê~ääÉä=ä~ã áå~íáçå
NUMJPMM=ã Matinenda Formation mä~å~ê=ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖ
ÑÉäÇëé~íÜáÅ=éêçíçèì ~êíòáíÉI=
ä~ã áå~íÉÇ=ï ~ÅâÉI=çäáÖçã áÅíáÅ=
èì ~êíòJéÉÄÄäÉ=ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉI=
éçäóã áÅíáÅ=ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ
ì é=íç=TPM=ã = Copper Cliff Formation ` êçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=Öê~ÇÉÇ=ÄÉÇÇáåÖI=
ÑÉäëáÅ=Ñäçï ëI ~ã óÖÇì äÉëI=Ñäçï ë
ÑÉäëáÅ=éóêçÅä~ëíáÅ=êçÅâë
ì é=íç=NRMM=ã Stobie Formation c äçï I=éáääçï ÉÇ=Ñäçï I=
ã ~ÑáÅ=Ñäçï ëI= ~ã óÖÇì äÉëI=ÄêÉÅÅá~
éóêçÅä~ëíáÅ=êçÅâëI=
ã áåçê=ï ~ÅâÉ
ì é=íç=NMMM=ã Elsie Mountain Formation c äçï ëI=éáääçï ÉÇ=Ñäçï ëI=
ã ~ÑáÅ=Ñäçï ëI=ã áåçê= ~ã óÖÇì äÉëI=éáääçï =ÄêÉÅÅá~
éÉäáíáÅ=ã Éí~ëÉÇáã ÉåíëI=
~åÇ=ã ~ÑáÅ=íì ÑÑ~ÅÉçì ë=
êçÅâë

68
 _r o=
h e=^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o

c ^ i ` l k _ o fa d b =^ k a =p qo b b q=ql t k p e fmp =
Eo b ` l k k ^ fp p ^ k ` b =fk s b p qfd ^ qfl k p =_ v =_ K=a o b p p i b o =fk =NVUOF
d o l r m=b p qfj ^ qb a = p qo ^ qfd o ^ me v mo fj ^ o v =
qe f` h k b p p p qo r ` qr o b p

` çÄ~äí= \ Gowganda Formation a êçéëíçåÉëI=

ï ~ÅâÉI=ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉI= ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖ=áå=ï ~ÅâÉ
~êâçëÉ
n ì áêâÉ= NMMMJNRMM=ã = Serpent Formation mä~å~ê=ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=
i ~âÉ ~êâçëÉI=~êâçëáÅ= ÑÉëíççå=ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖ
ï ~ÅâÉI=ã áåçê=
ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ
PTRã = Espanola Formation m~ê~ääÉä=ä~ã áå~íáçåI=
ï ~ÅâÉI=äáã ÉëíçåÉ ~äÖ~ä=ã ~íë=E\ F
ORMã Bruce Formation a êçéëíçåÉë
ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉI=éÉÄÄäó=
ï ~ÅâÉ
e çì ÖÜ= NNRMã = Mississagi Formation mä~å~ê=ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=ÑÉëíççå=
i ~âÉ ~êâçëÉI=~êâçëáÅ= ÅêçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=êáééäÉëI=
ï ~ÅâÉI=ã áåçê= ë~åÇï ~î Éë
ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ
RMJQVR=ã Ramsey Lake Formation a êçéëíçåÉë
éçäóã áÅíáÅ=ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ=
íç=éÉÄÄäó=ï ~ÅâÉ
b ääáçí= MJNMM=ã = McKim Formation m~ê~ääÉä=ä~ã áå~íáçåI=êáééäÉëI=
i ~âÉ ä~ã áå~íÉÇ=ã ì ÇëíçåÉ= Ä~ää=~åÇ=éáääçï =ëíêì Åíì êÉëI=
~åÇ=ï ~ÅâÉ _ çì ã ~=ä~óÉêáåÖ
NMMMã Stobie Formation c äçï I=éáääçï ÉÇ=Ñäçï ëI=
ã ~ÑáÅ=Ñäçï ë=~åÇ= ~ã óÖÇì äÉëI=éóêçÅä~ëíáÅ=
éóêçÅä~ëíáÅ=êçÅâëI=ã áåçê= ÄêÉÅÅá~ë
ÑÉäëáÅ=Ñäçï ë=~åÇ=ï ~ÅâÉë

k l o qe b o k =t ^ k ^ mfqb f=i ^ h b =^ o b ^ =
Ea o b p p i b o =NVUNI=NVUOF
d o l r m=b p qfj ^ qb a = p qo ^ qfd o ^ me v mo fj ^ o v =
qe f` h k b p p p qo r ` qr o b p

` çÄ~äí= PPMM=ã Lorrain Formation ` êçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=êáééäÉëI=

~êâçëÉI=èì ~êíò=~êÉåáíÉI= ä~Ö=ä~óÉêëI=Öê~ÇÉÇ=
ã áåçê=ï ~ÅâÉI= ÄÉÇÇáåÖ
é~ê~ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ
VRMJOTMM=ã Gowganda Formation m~ê~ääÉä=ä~ã áå~íáçåI=
ã ~ëëáî É=~åÇ=ä~ã áå~íÉÇ= ëçÑí=ëÉÇáã Éåí=
ï ~ÅâÉX=ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ= ÇÉÑçêã ~íáçåI=ÇêçéëíçåÉëI=
Eã áåçê=àì ëí=åçêíÜ=çÑ= Åä~ëíáÅ=ÇáâÉë
t ~å~éáíÉá=i ~âÉI=Åçã ã çå=
áå=äçï Éê=d çï Ö~åÇ~=
c çêã ~íáçå=~ééêçñáã ~íÉäó=
NR=âã =åçêíÜ=çÑ=
t ~å~éáíÉá=i ~âÉFI=
ã áåçê=~êâçëÉ
n ì áêâÉ= MJPUM=ã = Serpent Formation ` êçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖI=
i ~âÉ ~êâçëÉI=ã áåçê=ï ~ÅâÉ Öê~ÇÉÇ=ÄÉÇÇáåÖ
MJORM=ã = Espanola Formation m~ê~ääÉä=ä~ã áå~íáçå
äáã ÉëíçåÉ=~åÇ=ï ~ÅâÉ
l J[ NMM=ã Bruce Formation a êçéëíçåÉë
ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ=~åÇ=
éÉÄÄäó=ï ~ÅâÉ
e çì ÖÜ= ì é=íç=QOR=ã = Mississagi Formation ` êçëëÄÉÇÇáåÖ
i ~âÉ ~êâçëÉI=~êâçëáÅ=ï ~ÅâÉI=
ã áåçê=ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ

69
` e ^ mqb o =Q
suming granitic intrusions of several ages or by
assuming a remelting of pre-Sudbury Igneous Com
plex granitic rocks by heat emanating from a noritic
magma with a crystallization temperature well above
the melting point of a granite. Remelting of the
Creighton Pluton and small intrusions of the melt into
the norite can be observed along the granite's northern
contact (Photo 4.8).
The Creighton Pluton rocks are pink or grey and
coarse grained, and commonly have a porphyritic tex
ture. Phenocrysts consisting of microcline and sodic
plagioclase (Card 1978a) are up to 2.5 cm in size and
occur in a medium- to coarse-grained groundmass of
quartz, plagioclase, perthitic microcline, and minor
biotite (Figure 4.6). Secondary minerals such as
chlorite, sericite, and epidote also occur. The Murray
and Skead Plutons are medium grained, and are com
monly equigranular. Like the Creighton Pluton, these
"granites" exhibit a common mineralogy for granitic
rocks. The Skead Pluton, lying close to several major
faults, has been strongly cataclastically deformed and
is stained dark pinkish red by hydrothermal hematite
alteration. The "granite" has not been dated radi-
ometrically, and exhibits contradictory contact rela
tionships with rocks of the Huronian Supergroup and
the Nipissing gabbros. The classification of the Skead
Pluton as being Early Proterozoic in age, therefore, is
tentative.
Nipissing Intrusive Rocks
Early Proterozoic gabbro bodies intrude Huronian and
older rocks throughout the Southern Province in an
area extending from Sault Ste. Marie to Cobalt,
Ontario. These rocks are collectively termed Nipiss
ing Diabase, or, in the Sudbury area. Sudbury gabbro.
Their Rb/Sr whole rock radiometric ages have been
determined at 2150 –=50 Ma in the Blind River area
(Van Schmus 1965) and as 2160 60 Ma in the
Gowganda area (Fairbairn Éí=~äK=1969). Symons (1970)
mÜçíç=QKUK=j ì ëÜêççã =ëÜ~éÉÇ=ÄçÇó=çÑ=êÉJã ÉäíÉÇI=Åçåí~ã áå~íÉÇ=
` êÉáÖÜíçå=d ê~åáíÉ=áåíêì ÇáåÖ=p çì íÜ=o ~åÖÉ=p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=
` çã éäÉñK=d ê~Ü~ã =qçï åëÜáéK
70
` êÉáÖÜíçå= mäì íçå=
j ì êê~ó=mäì íçå
\
c áÖì êÉ=QKSK=j çÇ~ä=Åçã éçëáíáçå=çÑ=` êÉáÖÜíçå=EëçäáÇ=ÅáêÅäÉF=~åÇ=j ì ê=
ê~ó=E=eJ=F=mäì íçåëK=n Jèì ~êíòI=^ J~äâ~äáJÑÉäÇëé~êëI=mJéä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉK
has determined a paleomagnetic pole position for the
Nipissing gabbro at Cobalt of 91.9 0 E, 19.4 0 N.
The Nipissing gabbro intrusions were emplaced
after early faulting and folding of the Huronian rocks,
tectonic events that probably are correlative with the
Penokean Orogeny (Church 1968). Regional faults and
contacts between rock units acted as channelways for
the gabbroic magma to form dikes, sills, and basin and
arch structures.
Petrographical and geochemical studies of the
Nipissing Intrusive Rocks have been made by Bowen
(1910), Coleman (1914), Collins (1917, 1925), Hris-
kevich (1968), Card (1976), Card and Pattison (1973).
Finn (l981), and Dressler (l982), among others.
Petrographically, Nipissing gabbro bodies can be
described as hypersthene gabbro, feldspathic pyrox
enite, 2-pyroxene quartz gabbro, and hornblende gab
bro (Card and Pattison 1973). Minor, more felsic
differentiates are granodiorite and granophyre. In the
Sudbury area northeast of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex, 2-pyroxene quartz gabbro predominates. Gran-
odioritic differentiates are common on the southern
shore of Lake Wanapitei (Dressler 1982).
Olivine has not been observed in the Nipissing
gabbro of the Sudbury area. Orthopyroxene makes up
l to 10 modal *^, uncommonly as much as 18 modal TÅ=
of the gabbro in the Lake Wanapitei area (Dressler
1982) and up to 43 TÅ=of the gabbro in the southern Sud
bury area (Card and Pattison 1973). Clinopyroxene
makes up 30 to 46 modal TÅ=of the rock (Card and Pat
tison 1973; Dressler 1982). Zoned plagioclase rim
compositions are about An45 to Ans? , and core com
positions are about AnS5 to An,,, (Dressler 1982) in a
common 2-pyroxene quartz gabbro. In feldspathic py
roxenite, rim compositions are about An6S (Card and

Pattison 1973). Quartz (up to 10 modal %), biotite, ti
tanite, apatite, and opaque minerals are common ac
cessory constituents. Products of metamorphic
alterations are amphibole, chlorite, epidote, leucox
ene, and carbonate.
In the Sudbury area, the gabbroic rocks were
commonly subjected to regional greenschist facies
metamorphism. Only south of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex were these rocks subjected to greenschist to
amphibolite facies metamorphism.
Geochemically, the Nipissing Intrusive Rocks are
tholeiitic in composition (Figure 4.7). Thick gabbroic
sills are differentiated with granophyric, gabbro-peg-
matitic, or granodioritic rocks at their tops. The Lake
Wanapitei Nipissing Gabbro Intrusion (Dressler 1982;
Finn 1981), at the northeastern shore of Lake Wanap
itei, exhibits an initial Mg enrichment differentiation
trend at its base.
Base- and precious-metal mineralization is com
monly associated with Nipissing Intrusions (Innes and
Colvine 1979; Chapter 3, this volume). Card and Pat
tison (1973) have described regional variations in mi
neralization. These authors stated that in the Sudbury
area, copper-nickel sulphide disseminations and mas
sive pods occur within the gabbroic rocks and in as
sociated quartz-carbonate veins. In the Cobalt area,
silver, cobalt, and nickel mineralization occurs in car
bonate veins. In the Elliot Lake-Sault Ste. Marie re
gion, quartz-carbonate veins with copper sulphide
mineralization are associated with Nipissing gabbro
intrusions.
The Sudbury Structure
Lithological units of the Sudbury Structure are listed
in geochronological order in Table 4.3. The following
j Öl
c áÖì êÉ=QKTK=` ~íáçå=éäçí=çÑ=k áéáëëáåÖ=fåíêì ëáî É=o çÅâëK
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
description of these units is very limited; all rock units
associated with the Sudbury Structure are dealt with in
other chapters of the present volume.
_ob``f^p=fk=qeb=cllqt^ii=lc=qeb=
pra_rov=pqor`qrob
The breccias in the Footwall of the Sudbury Structure,
namely the Sudbury Breccia and the Footwall Breccia,
are described in detail by Dressler (Chapter 6, this vol
ume), and are not discussed herein.
WHITEWATER GROUP
The Whitewater Group occurs only within the Sud
bury Basin. The group comprises 3 formations; the
Onaping, Onwatin, and Chelmsford Formations. The
group is older than the Sudbury Igneous Complex and
gabbroic rocks (map unit 35, Sudbury compilation
map, Map 2491, back pocket) that intrude the group in
several places at or near the boundary between the On
watin and Chelmsford Formations. The Onaping For
mation is described in detail by Muir and Peredery
(Chapter 7, this volume), and the Onwatin and
Chelmsford Formations by Rousell (Chapter 8, this
volume).
SUDBURY IGNEOUS COMPLEX
Main Mass
The Main Mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex is a
1850 Ma old (Krogh Éä=~äK=1982, Krogh Éí=~äK, this vol
ume) differentiated intrusion. On the Sudbury compi
lation map (Map 2491, back pocket), it is divided into
3 phases, termed the Lower, Middle, and Upper
Zones. The South Range Lower Zone is made up of
norite, and quartz-rich norite, whereas the North
Range Lower Zone consists of felsic norite and mafic
norite. The quartz gabbro of the Middle Zone corre
sponds to the "transition zone norite" on older maps
on which the Upper Zone of granophyre and plagio-
clase-rich granophyre appeared as "micropegmatite''.
The Sudbury Igneous Complex has an elliptical
outline, is approximately 60 km long and 25 km wide,
and has the shape of an asymmetric funnel. The south
ern and eastern limbs of the intrusion dip steeply
northward or vertically, the northern limb dips about
30 0 to50 0 south.
Naldrett Éí=~äK=(1970) have described the petro-
graphical and mineralogical variations of rocks en
countered in several traverses across the Sudbury
Igneous Complex, and discussed the principal differ
ences between the South Range and North Range lith-
ologies EëÉÉ=also Naldrett, Chapter 10, this volume).
The North and East Range rocks resemble each
other and are different to the South Range rocks. The
North and East Range felsic norite (Naldrett Éí=~äK
71
` e ^ mqb o =Q

TABLE 4.3: d b l ` e o l k l i l d v =l c =qe b =p r a _ r o v =p qo r ` qr o b K

p ì ÇÄì êó=
c ççíï ~ää fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñ p ì ÇÄì êó=_ ~ëáå

qê~é=a áâÉë=
l ÑÑëÉí=p ì Ää~óÉê= " " " j ~êÖáå~ä=p ì Ää~óÉê
j ~áå=j ~ëë=çÑ=
p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=J~= d ~ÄÄêçáÅ=o çÅâë=
` çã éäÉñ ` ÜÉäã ëÑçêÇ
c çêã ~íáçå=
l åï ~íáå
c çêã ~íáçå=
p ì ÇÄì êó=~åÇ l å~éáåÖ
c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~ë c çêã ~íáçå
?G" " " =ÅçåíÉã éçê~åÉçì ëJ éêçÄ~Ääó=ÅçåíÉã éçê~åÉçì ë

k çíÉë=
Z=éêÉJj ~áå=j ~ëë=éÜ~ëÉë=ã ~ó=ÄÉ=éêÉëÉåí=íçç

1970) is described as a plagioclase orthocumulate, ov

erlain by the oxide-rich gabbro. This is the quartz gab
bro of the Middle Zone, a plagioclase-augite-
ulvospinel orthocumulate, which in turn is overlain by
the granophyre and plagioclase-rich granophyre of the
Upper Zone.
In the South Range Igneous Complex, the
"quartz-rich norite" at the base is characterized by an
upward decrease in quartz and granophyre content
from a combined 22^ to just under 10^ . The quartz-
rich norite is overlain by the "South Range norite", a
plagioclase-hypersthene mesocumulate, which in turn
is overlain by the "upper gabbro", a rock unit similar
to the North Range oxide-rich gabbro. The "upper
gabbro'' grades upward into the granophyre (Naldrett,
Chapter 10, this volume).

Sublayer2
The Sublayer (Igneous Sublayer of Pattison 1979) oc
curs as lenses and flat sheets along the contact of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex norite with the underlying
Footwall and Footwall Breccias, and also forms "off
sets" intruding into the Footwall rocks and "internal
offsets" intruding the Sudbury Igneous Complex nor
ite. The Sublayer consists of an inclusion-bearing gab
broic to quartz dioritic rock. It hosts many of the
nickel-copper ore bodies of the Sudbury area. Several
intrusive Sublayer phases are recognized. mÜçíç=QKVK=p ì Ää~óÉê=EçäÇÉëí=éÜ~ëÉFK=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK

The oldest phase consists of a fine- to medium-

grained, in places, coarse-grained, gabbroic rock that
contains mainly ultramafic and mafic plutonic rock
fragments and sulphide fragments. The fragments
range in size from I to O=cm, to approximately I m, and
are commonly rounded to spherical (Photo 4.9). Rae
2This short account on the Sublayer is based on the work of
the author and some of the observations and interpre
tations are a matter of controversy amongst Sudbury
geologists.
(1975) in a study of the Sublayer from the Strathcona
Mine in Levack Township, described fragments of
wehrlite, clinopyroxenite, websterite, lherzolite, dun
ite, and several other mafic and ultramafic rocks. The
matrix contains minor scattered to abundant amounts
of nickel and copper sulphide minerals. In several
places, for example at a small open pit at the road that
leads to the Victoria Mine in Denison Township, the
matrix is strongly altered, chloritized, and sheared.

72

Surface exposures of the younger Sublayer phases
are much more common than exposures of the older
phase. These consist of medium-grained, gabbroic to
quartz dioritic rocks. Fragments are composed of
Footwall rocks, mainly mafic metavolcanic and gab
broic rocks. Fragments of the oldest, ultramafic and
mafic fragment-rich Sublayer phase, fragments of
clastic Huronian metasedimentary rocks, granitic
rocks, anorthosite, Footwall Breccia, and Sudbury Ig
neous Complex norite also occur. Sudbury Breccia
fragments are also observed. The fragments are sub
angular to subrounded (Photo 4.10) in contrast to the
rounded to spherical shape of the mafic and ultramafic
fragments in the oldest Sublayer phase. These frag
ments are commonly l to 50 cm in size. The arrange
ment of tabular inclusions of feldspathized laminated
metasedimentary rocks (Photo 4.11) and of other sim
ilarly shaped fragments indicate flowage parallel to the
Sudbury Igneous Complex-Foot wall contact. In one
place in McKim Township, 2 almost identical phases
of the younger Sublayer were recognized.
mÜçíç=QKNMK=p ì Ää~óÉê=Eóçì åÖÉê=éÜ~ëÉFK=t ÜáëíäÉ=mêçéÉêíóI=k çêã ~å=
qçï åëÜáéK
mÜçíç=QKNNK=m~êíäó=ÇáëáåíÉÖê~íÉÇ=ä~ã áå~íÉÇ=ã Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=êçÅâ=
áå=p ì Ää~óÉêK=p åáÇÉê=qçï åëÜáéK
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
The younger phases of the Sublayer post date the
norite of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. These phases
contain inclusions of norite from the Sudbury Igneous
Complex and form "internal offsets" that intrude the
norite EëÉÉ=Naldrett Éí=~äK, Chapter 11, this volume).
Along contacts with the norite, inclusions within the
Sublayer are aligned by flow parallel to the contact
which also suggests a post-norite intrusive relation
ship. The author did not encounter any field evidence
for a pre- or post-norite age of the oldest Sublayer phase
described above.
Gabbroic Rocks Within the Sudbury Basin
Several small intrusive bodies of gabbroic rocks occur
near the contact of the Chelmsford Formation with the
Onwatin Formation. Burrows and Rickaby (1930),
who first described the rocks, stated that the dip of the
elongate dike-like bodies appears to be toward the
centre of the Sudbury Basin, suggesting sill-like intru
sions. The rocks post date the Whitewater Group.
Their absolute age is unknown.
Burrows and Rickaby (1930) described the rocks
as being very highly altered to carbonate and chlorite.
A few unaltered specimens examined by the author
show the primary mineralogy of augite, hornblende,
plagioclase, quartz, and pyrite.
The author studied an occurrence of the gabbroic
rocks in northeastern Fairbank Township (easting
474900, northing 5154075). Here, the very northern
part of the outcrop consists of an unaltered medium-
grained, equigranular gabbroic rock that resembles the
North Range felsic norite. One 2 cm-sized inclusion of
a strongly altered medium-grained gabbroic rock was
observed in this gabbroic rock. In thin section, the fel
sic norite-like rock is revealed to consist of a brown,
primary hornblende, and also small relicts of primary
clinopyroxene, quartz, granophyre, and apatite. Pla
gioclase is completely saussuritized. Actinolite,
chlorite, epidote, and leucoxene are alteration
products.
The main mass of the outcrop consists of a me
dium-grained, porphyroblastic, dark greenish grey
rock. It is completely altered, consisting of very pale
brownish amphibole porphyroblasts set in a fine- to
medium-grained dense mass of pale greenish actinol
ite and very little carbonate and epidote. The rock is cut
by pink, medium-grained, hornblende-rich aplite
veins. The aplite consists of brown hornblende in a
dense mass of completely saussuritized plagioclase,
minor actinolite, apatite, and very minor carbonate and
quartz.
In Table 4.4, analyses of the above described
rocks are presented. The analyses lie in the high mag
nesium-basaltic komatiite field of a cation plot (Figure
4.8).
TP
` e ^ mqb o =Q

TABLE 4.4:

d ^ __o l p
qo ^ m=a fh b p
p l r qe =o ^ k d b k l o qe =o ^ k d b
p ^ j mi b UO_ l a UO_ l a UO_ l a UO_ l a UO_ l a UO_ l a UO_ l a UO_ l a UO_ l a UO_ l a UM_ l a
k r j _bo TPMN TPMP TPMQ PMNM PPMV PPOP NNMQ NNNO NOMR NOMS SVMO

p ál O RNKN QVKR RNKV SRKM RQKT RPKQ QRKU QTKV QTKT ROKU RPKM
^ f Ol P NQKM VKNS NMKM NRKM NQKN NPKU NOKP NQKO NQKO NOKT NRKNM
c ÉOl P OKRO NKTU OKNT NKSV PKNO PKRV QKUN OKUU PKMP QKTV OKMS
c Él SKTO UKOR TKQR QKPR UKQS VKMP NPKR VKVN VKST VKRN UKPO
j Öl UKQN NQKU NOKO NKQR QKOP QKSQ RKNU SKQQ RKUP PKPO QKSS
` ~l NNKQ UKUU TKQU PKNM TKQU UKNV NMKM VKOR VKOV TKMR UKPS
k ~Ol NKOT NKQP OKNU QKPT OKPU OKNR OKMV OKTT OKQT PKOP OKSN
h Ol MKQO MKVT MKUS OKQP NKQU MKVQ MKSM NKPM NKQN NKTQ NKRN
qál O MKTR MKVS MKTV MKVR NKQU NKRR OKMQ NKTP NKUP NKUT NKOT
mOMI MKNQ MKNQ MKNU MKOU MKNR MKNS MKMU MKOV MKPO MKNU MKNU
j ål MKNQ MKNS MKNT MKMS MKNU MKOM MKOQ MKNT MKNV MKOM MKNU
`l \ MKVN MKPP OKMR MKMV MKNT MKMT MKQO MKOQ MKOT MKPR MKMS
p MKNV MKNQ MKMR MKMN MKMS MKNO MKNT MKNM MKMV MKMS MKNP
e Ol G OKMU OKPS OKPQ MKTU MKTP MKUQ NKNQ NKPM NKOU MKTT NKSP
e Ol MKNQ MKNM MKNU MKM MKMT MKMT MKMQ MKMP MKMP MKMV MKOO
il f OKV OKU PKR MKP MKS MKR MKV NKQ NKP MKU NKQM
qçí~ä NMMKO VVKM NMMKM VVKS VUKU VUKT VUKQ VUKR VPKS VUKT VVKOV

c Él Hc É=IMIHqál KK
^ fKl K
c áÖì êÉ=QKUK=` ~íáçå=éäçí=çÑ=Ö~ÄÄêçáÅ=êçÅâë=EëçäáÇ=íêá~åÖäÉëF=Ñêçã =áå=
ëáÇÉ=íÜÉ=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ ~ëáå=~åÇ=çÑ=íê~é=ÇáâÉë=EëçäáÇ=ÅáêÅäÉëFK
Trap Dikes
Several post-norite diabase dikes, locally known as
"trap" dikes, occur within and just south of the South
Range of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. In the North
Range, only l trap dike is known to occur, that is the
one near the Fraser Mine in Levack Township.
The rocks are possibly related to the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex and are younger than the Main Mass
of the Complex. The trap dikes are cut by Middle Pro
terozoic olivine diabase dikes. Analyses of the fine-
grained, dark grey to black uralitic diabases lie in the
iron tholeiite field of the cation plot of Figure 4.8.
Chemical analyses are listed in Table 4.4.
Grenville Province3
b^oiv=^ka=jfaaib=molqbolwlf`
The northwestern boundary of the Grenville Province
is a tectonic zone up to 30 km wide. This zone is char
acterized by a northeasterly-cataclastic foliation and a
southeasterly-plunging rodding lineation (Lumbers
1975). The northern and southern boundaries of the
zone are gradational and the only mappable boundary
between the Southern Province and the Grenville
Province is the Grenville Front Boundary Fault. It sep
arates high metamorphic grade, gneissic rocks of the
Grenville Province from low metamorphic grade, ca
taclastic rocks of the Southern Province, and is a zone
of extreme cataclasis and mylonitization up to 30 m
wide. At the Boundary Fault, lineationsanddipsofthe
j Öl cataclastic foliation steepen and, therefore, the Fault
possibly dips subvertically. Present geological data
suggest that the strike-slip component along the Fault
may be minor, and Lumbers (1975) constructed a
model to show that the dip-slip component may also be
minor.
Rocks of the Grenville Province underlie the
southeastern part of the Sudbury compilation map area
southeast of the Grenville Front Boundary Fault. The
most abundant rocks here are metasediments, these are
mainly siliceous arenites and siltstones. Probably,
these rocks represent deep water facies equivalents of
Huronian sedimentary rocks of the Southern Province
northwest of the Boundary Fault (Lumbers 1975). The
Grenville sedimentary gneisses commonly were less
'For a detailed account of the Grenville Province part of the
compilation map area, the reader is referred to Lum
bers (l 975).

TQ

mature than their equivalents in the Southern Prov
ince. Mature shallow water facies rocks also occur,
however, and locally are abundant. Minor marble and
calc-silicate gneisses in places are interlayered with the
clastic metasedimentary rocks (Lumbers 1975).
The Grenville sedimentary gneisses comprise
biotite gneiss, feldspathic gneiss, muscovite gneiss,
and hornblende gneiss, and are migmatitic in many
places.
Granitic plutons form a 105 km long elongate
mass, the Killarney Batholith, and lie along the north
western margin of the Grenville Province. These plu
tons range in age from about 1590 Ma to 1700 Ma
(Davis Éä=~äK=1970). In the Sudbury compilation map
area, the Chief Lake Batholith forms part of the Kil
larney Batholith and was previously mapped as feld-
spathized quartzite (Phemister 1960). Subsequent
work by Lumbers (1975) and others, however, indi
cates an intrusive origin for these rocks.
Metamorphosed mafic intrusive rocks form dikes,
stocks, and small plutons within the metasedimentary
rocks. Most of these Early Proterozoic mafic rocks are
within the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone, and are most
likely metamorphic equivalents of the Nipissing gab
bro bodies in the Southern Province (Lumbers 1975).
Gneissic pegmatite dikes are locally present and
cut across the metasedimentary rocks and some older
mafic intrusive rocks. Gneissic to rarely massive an
orthosite to anorthosite gabbro occur in Awrey, Dry
den, and Cleland Townships. Monzonitic and granitic
rocks are associated with the anorthosite. The anor
thosite suite rocks are thought to be younger than the
Middle Precambrian granitic rocks. Lumbers (1975)
stated that the rocks may range in age from about 1500
Ma to somewhat less than 1200 Ma.
Late mafic intrusive rocks form several small
bodies consisting of cataclastic, recrystallized dia
base. Most of the bodies are elliptical to circular in
plan, and in general are only up to approximately 100
m across. The only larger stock of gabbro, diorite, and
minor ultramafic rocks, the Wanapitei Complex
(Lumbers 1975), is located southwest of the village of
Wanapitei. The stock is cut by numerous dikes of rel
atively quartz-rich trondhjemite, granodiorite, and as
sociated contaminated felsic rocks. The complex is
younger than the anorthosites because the gabbroic
rocks of the complex intrude the anorthosite suite rocks
along its southwestern flank (Lumbers 1975).
Late granite pegmatite dikes occur in all rocks of
the Grenville Province except the post metamorphic
mafic intrusions. These dikes were emplaced after the
culmination of the Grenville Orogeny and are approx
imately 1100 to 900 Ma old (Shillibeer and Cumming
1956). The pegmatites within the Grenville Front Tec
tonic Zone are generally zoned with a quartz-rich
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
centre. These pegmatites are hematitized, and are
somewhat radioactive due to the presence of allanite
and minor amounts of other radioactive minerals. The
pegmatites are unzoned farther away from the Gren
ville Front Tectonic Zone, and are low in radioactivity
and consist of the common pegmatite minerals such as
quartz, alkalic feldspar, and minor micas. The peg
matites in the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone, in addi
tion to these minerals, contain minor amphibole,
garnet, magnetite, and specularite, minerals that are
found very sparingly in the pegmatites away from the
Grenville Front Tectonic Zone.
Following the Grenville Orogeny, a few mafic to
ultramafic stocks were emplaced in the Grenville
Province by gneisses. Within the Sudbury compila
tion map area (Map 2491, back pocket) itself, only l
small ultramafic body occurs. It lies in southwestern
Cleland Township and consists of partly serpentinized
peridotite with occasional rare plagioclase. Accord
ing to Lumbers (1975), the Cleland Township, and
other ultramafic bodies in adjacent townships nearby,
are either within or near the southeastern margin of the
Grenville Front Tectonic Zone, and reflect late tec
tonic activity associated with the Zone.
Southern, Superior, and Grenville
Provinces
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC
Mafic Intrusions
DIABASE
Two types of Middle Proterozoic diabase dikes are
present in the Sudbury compilation map area: olivine
diabase and diabase that contain only traces or no oli
vine. The olivine diabase dikes were given the term
"Sudbury Swarm" by Fahrig and Jones (1969).
Radiometric K-Ar and Rb-Sr age determinations
by Van Schmus (1965) and by Fahrig and Wanless
(1963) show that most of the olivine diabase dikes of
the Sudbury Swarm are approximately 1250 –=50 Ma
old. More recently, Gates and Hurley (1973) obtained
a Rb-Sr isochron age of 1460 130 Ma on Sudbury
dikes in the Sudbury area. Fahrig and Wanless (1963)
reported K-Ar whole rock ages of 431 80 and 416
76 Ma from dikes that extend across the Grenville
Front Tectonic Zone near Killarney southwest of Sud
bury. Grant Éä=~äK=(1962) provided geomagnetic evi
dence that one Southern Province olivine diabase dike
terminates at the Grenville Front Boundary Fault. All
olivine diabase dikes in the Sudbury compilation map
area also do not appear to cross into the Grenville
Province. In the Tomiko area, however, Lumbers
75
` e ^ mqb o =Q
(1971 a, 1971 b) showed that some olivine diabase dikes
do in fact intrude rocks of the Grenville Province.
The radiometric ages, the widespread occur
rence, and the rather constant geographic orientation
of most dikes imply that the intrusion of the dikes oc
curred under regional tensional stress over a long pe
riod of time. This tensional stress appears to have been
a large scale tectonic feature because the Sudbury
Swarm dikes are similar in trend, paleomagnetic prop
erties, and age to the Mackenzie Swarm in the north
ern Canadian Shield (Fahrig and Jones 1969).
The olivine diabase dikes are common through
out the Superior and Southern Province rocks within
the Sudbury area. The dikes are post-tectonic, unme-
tamorphosed, and commonly trend northwest. The
dikes are from 10 cm to about 250 m wide. Some can
be traced for distances of 80 km at least. They are dark
grey, brown weathering, commonly medium grained,
and in places are very coarse grained and plagioclase
porphyritic. Plagioclase (An 65 5), augite, olivine
(Fo 55-70; Fa 45-30), and biotite are the main rock-
forming minerals.
Chemical and mineralogical characteristics (Fig
ure 4.9) of the olivine diabases indicate that they were
derived from a common magma. Their chemical com
position and low initial Sr 87/Sr 86 ratio of 0.703
(Gates 1971) indicate an homogeneous mantle source
origin.
Little is known about the post-metamorphic dia
base dikes that contain little or no olivine. These dikes
c áÖì êÉ=QKVK=` ÜÉã áÅ~äEe JF=E^ =Z=k ~Ol =G =h \ l X=c= { =c Él =H=MKUVVU=
c ÉOl PX= j =Z=j Öl FI=~åÇ=ã áåÉê~äçÖáÅ~ä=EëçäáÇ=ÅáêÅäÉëF=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉê=
áëíáÅë=çÑ=çäáî áåÉ=Çá~Ä~ëÉI=p ì ÇÄì êó=~êÉ~K=a ~í~=Ñêçã =éì ÄäáëÜÉÇ=
l åí~êáç=d ÉçäçÖáÅ~ä=p ì êî Éó=êÉéçêíëK
76
are very scarce and only l occurrence is known in the
Sudbury compilation map area. It lies in Dryden
Township, and is exposed over a length of little more
than l km. Like most of the olivine free post-meta
morphic diabase dikes, it strikes westerly, as do the
"trap" dikes on the opposite side of the Grenville
Front Tectonic Zone. This suggests a common origin
and age.
Lumbers (1975) described the olivine-free dikes
in the Burwash area east of Sudbury as being mainly
slightly altered. In a few places, however, these dikes
consist of extensively saussuritized diabase.
Metamorphism
The metamorphic geology of the Sudbury area reflects
several metamorphic episodes during Archean and
Proterozoic times.
SUPERIOR PROVINCE
North and east of the Sudbury Igneous Complex in the
terrain underlain by Archean rocks, 2 distinct and dif
ferent metamorphic regimes can be recognized. The
first is documented by granulite and amphibolite facies
gneisses that occur mainly in Levack and neighbour
ing townships. The second is characterized by
greenschist and amphibolite facies metascdimentary
and metavolcanic rocks.
The granulite and amphibolite facies gneisses
north of the Sudbury Igneous Complex are commonly
known as the "Levack Gneiss Complex" (Langford
1960) and are characterized by the mineral assem
blages listed in Table 4.5.
The occurrence of high rank metamorphism so
close to the Sudbury Igneous Complex is intriguing. It
may be explained by assuming either a pre-Sudbury
event metamorphic high at the present site of the Sud
bury Structure; or, by assuming an uplifting or up-
thrusting of deeper crustal material during the Sud
bury crater forming event.
TABLE 4.5: mo b Jp r a _ r o v =fd k b l r p =` l j mi b u
j b q^ j l o me f` =^ k a =o b qo l d o ^ a b =j fk b o ^ i =
^ p p b j _ i ^ d b p =l _ p b o s b a =fk =qe b =?i b s ^ ` h =
d k b fp p =` l j mi b u ?=l c =i b s ^ ` h =ql t k p e fmK
ÅéñúEçéñFJéäJèíò= MJNI=ê~êÉäó=NKR=âã =~ï ~ó=Ñêçã =íÜÉ=
ÅéñJçéñJéäJÄáJèíò= p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñI=ã áåçê=
ÅéñJéäJÄá=~åÇLçê=ÜÄäJèíò= êÉíêçÖê~ÇÉ=ã áåÉê~äëX=NP=íÜáå=
ÅéñJéäJÄáJÖ~êåÉíJèíò= ëÉÅíáçåë=ëíì ÇáÉÇ
ÅéñJéäJèíò
ÄáJéäJèíò k çêíÜÉêå=~åÇ=åçêíÜJÅÉåíê~ä=i Éî ~Åâ=
éäJÅÜäçêáíÉJèíò qçï åëÜáéX=LíÜáå=ëÉÅíáçåë=ëíì ÇáÉÇ=
éäJÄáJ~ÅíáåçäáíÉJèíò E~ã éÜáÄçäáíÉ=Ñ~ÅáÉë=~åÇ=
êÉíêçÖê~ÇÉ=ã Éí~ã çêéÜáëã F

The greenschist to amphibolite facies mineral as
semblages of the metasedimentary and metavolcanic
rocks of the Benny Belt were studied in detail by Card
and Innes (1981). Meyn (1970) listed modal analyses
of greenschist and amphibolite facies metavolcanic
rocks from Hutton and Parkin Townships. Card and
Innes (1981) presented a metamorphic map of the
Benny area showing that most of the Benny Belt is un
derlain by amphibolite facies rocks. The eastern part
of the Benny Belt in Moncrieff, Hess, and Munster
Townships is characterized by greenschist facies rocks
from north of Bannerman Lake to somewhat north of
the northern Moncrieff Township boundary, and
mainly amphibolite facies rocks in Hess Township.
Table 4.6 lists mineral assemblages observed by Card
and Innes (l981).
TABLE 4.6: j b q^ j l o me f` =j fk b o ^ i =^ p p b j _ i ^ d b p =l c =
j b q^ p b a fj b k q^ o v =^ k a =j b q^ s l i ` ^ k f` =
o l ` h p I=_ b k k v =^ o b ^ =E~ÑíÉê=` ~êÇ=~åÇ=fååÉë=NVUNFK
^ j me f_ l i fqb =c ^ ` fb p =
j ~ÑáÅ=~åÇ=áåíÉêã ÉÇá~íÉ=ã Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë
ÜÄäJéä
ÜÄäJéäJÉéáÇKJèíò
ÜÄäJéäJÄáJÖ~êåÉíJÉéáÇKJèíò=
c ÉäëáÅ=ã Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë
éäJh ëé~êJèíò=E–=ÄáI=ÜÄäI=ÉéáÇF=
mÉäáíáÅ=ã Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=êçÅâë
éäJÜÄäJÄáJèíò
d o b b k p ` e fp q=c ^ ` fb p =
j ~ÑáÅ=~åÇ=áåíÉêã ÉÇá~íÉ=ã Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâë
ÅÜäJã ì ëÅKJéäJÉéáÇKJèíò
ÅÜäJÄáJã ì ëÅKJéäJÉéáÇKJèíò
ÅÜäJÄáJ~ÅíáåKJéäJÉéáÇKJèíò=
c ÉäëáÅ=ã Éí~î çäÅ~åáÅ=êçÅâëI=ÉéáÇçíáòÉÇ
ã ì ëÅJéäJh ëé~êJèíò
ÅÜäJã ì ëÅJÑ ÉäÇëé~êëJèíò
ÄáJã ì ëÅJÑ ÉäÇëé~êëJèíò=
mÉäáíáÅ=ã Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=êçÅâëI=ÉéáÇçíáòÉÇ
ã ì ëÅJÅÜäJéäJèíò
ÄáJã ì ëÅJÅÜäJéäJÉéáÇKJèíò
SOUTHERN PROVINCE
The Early Proterozoic supracrustal and intrusive rocks
of the Sudbury compilation map area were deformed
and metamorphosed during several metamorphic
events. Card Éí=~äK=(1973) and Dressler (1982) pre
sented evidence suggesting large scale pre-Gowganda
folding and faulting of the pre-Cobalt Group Huronian
sequence in the Cobalt Embayment. Card (1978b)
listed evidence for a pre-Nipissing deformation and a
later low to middle rank grade metamorphism affect
ing rocks of the Huronian Supergroup which probably
occurred during the emplacement of the Murray and
Creighton Plutons. Stockwell (1982, Figure 11) listed
a K-Ar age of approximately 2080 Ma for a Huronian
rock in the Murray metamorphic node and Stockwell
(1982, Figure lOa) presented several K-Ar and Rb-Sr
ages that are all closely correlative with the age of Nip
issing intrusions.
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
Most metamorphosed rocks of the Huronian Su
pergroup and other rocks of the Southern Province
yield K-Ar and Rb-Sr mineral and whole rock iso
chron ages ranging from about 1600 to 1900 Ma. Many
of the radiometric ages listed by Stockwell (1982, Fig
ure l Ob) cluster around approximately 1700 to 1800
Ma and around 1900 Ma. The first cluster of ages
characterizes the Hudsonian Orogeny (Stockwell
1982, Table 3), and the second, the Penokean Oro
geny. Because of the rather wide spread of ages, Stock
well (1982, p.53) considered the Penokean Orogeny to
be equivalent to an early phase of the Hudsonian
Orogeny.
Card (1978b) has published a large scale meta
morphic map of the Southern Province showing am
phibolite facies rocks in a zone extending from Cutler,
130 km southwest of Sudbury, to Falconbridge Town
ship. This zone is up to 12 km wide and is bounded to
the south by low to upper greenschist facies metamor
phic rocks that extend to the Grenville Front Tectonic
Zone. To the north, it is bounded by low to middle
greenschist facies rocks. The northern half of the Sud
bury Basin and the North Range Sudbury Igneous
Complex is of subgreenschist facies rank.
Card (1978b) listed subgreenschist to amphibol
ite facies mineral assemblages obtained from the rocks
of the Southern Province, including the Sudbury com
pilation map area. The assemblages range from quartz -
kaolinite in the subgreenschist facies rocks, to staurol
ite and/or andalusite-garnet-biotite-plagioclase and
garnet-muscovite-biotite-plagioclase in the amphibol
ite facies rocks. Staurolites in metapelites (Photo4.12)
in places are up to 25 cm in length. East-northeast of
the Creighton Mine, a zone of Huronian metasedi
mentary rocks has been anatectically remobilized, and
shows äáíJé~êJäáí=and ptygmatic granitic mobilizates
(Photo4.13). This migmatization probably was caused
by the intrusion of the Creighton Pluton. Amphibolite
facies mafic metavolcanic rocks may be very coarse
grained, and gabbro-like.
GRENVILLE PROVINCE
It is beyond the scope of this summary report to de
scribe in detail the metamorphic history and mineral
assemblages of the rocks of the Grenville Province.
The following account is based solely on the work of
Lumbers (l975).
The Grenville Province is characterized by a
complicated history of metamorphism, deformation,
and plutonism. In the Middle Proterozoic, after the
emplacement of the major plutons, all the rocks of the
Grenville Province were subjected to high rank re
gional metamorphism that culminated between ap
proximately 1400 and 1200 Ma ago. In the waning
stagesv of this metamorphic event, granite pegmatites
were emplaced approximately 1100 to 1000 Ma ago.
TT
` e ^ mqb o =Q
mÜçíç=QKNOK=p í~ì êçäáíÉë=áå=ã Éí~éÉäáíÉçÑ=íÜÉ=e ì êçåá~å=p ì éÉêÖêçì é=
àì ëí=ï Éëí=çÑ=c êççÇ=j áåÉI=j Åh áã =qçï åëÜáéK
mÜçíç=QKNPK=míóÖã ~íáÅ=ã çÄáäáò~íÉ=áå=e ì êçåá~å=p ì éÉêÖêçì é=ã Éí~=
ëÉÇáã ÉåíI=P=âã =åçêíÜ=çÑ=j É~íÄáêÇ=i ~âÉI=OKR=âã =É~ëíJåçêíÜÉ~ëí=
çÑ=` êÉáÖÜíçå=j áåÉK
An older Early Proterozoic metamorphism that
had affected the Grenville metasedimentary rocks of
the Sudbury compilation map area is indicated by syn-
or pretectonic, intensely-deformed Early Proterozoic
granites within the sedimentary gneisses, and also by
the presence of Early Proterozoic gneissic pegmatites
that occur mainly within the Grenville Front Tectonic
Zone.
Mineral assemblages of the sedimentary gneisses
reflect the Middle Proterozoic metamorphism only,
and are typical of the kyanite-almandine-muscovite
subfacies of the amphibolite facies. Most gneisses
contain only plagioclase, quartz, biotite, hornblende,
and garnet; an assemblage also compatible with the
lower metamorphic staurolite-almandine subfacies.
Staurolite has not been observed by Lumbers (1975),
whereas kyanite is found in a few places, suggesting
that probably all the metasedimentary rocks had been
subjected to high rank metamorphism typified by the
kyanite-bearing subfacies.
78
SHOCK-METAMORPHIC AND
CONTACT-METAMORPHIC
FEATURES RELATED TO THE
SUDBURY STRUCTURE
Shatter cones, the macroscopic deformational features
related to high pressure shock waves, occur all around
the Sudbury Igneous Complex, and are most abundant
and best developed in fine- to medium-grained arkoses
and wackes of the Huronian Supergroup (Dietz 1964;
Dietz and Butler 1964; French 1972; and Dressler,
Chapter 6, this volume). These features occur also in
the Archean Footwall rocks north of the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex, and are absent in rocks of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex and the Whitewater Group.
Microscopic shock-metamorphic deformational
features occur in the Footwall rocks around the Sud
bury Igneous Complex and in rock and mineral frag
ments of the Onaping Formation (French 1972;
Peredery 1972b; Dressler, Chapter 6, this volume;
Muir and Peredery, Chapter 7, this volume). Shock-
metamorphic features observed in Footwall rocks are
planar features in quartz and feldspar and kink bands
in micas. There is a distinct zoning of diaplectic defor
mation within the Footwall rocks (Dressler, Chapter 6,
this volume), indicating a concentric decrease of
shock-metamorphic pressure away from the Sudbury
Igneous Complex. Diaplectic features near the Sud
bury Igneous Complex in the North Range Footwall
rock, in all of the South Range Footwall rocks, in in
clusions of the Sublayer and Footwall Breccias, and
also in many inclusions in the Onaping Formation have
been completely or partly obliterated by recrystalliza
tion due to regional metamorphism, or contact-meta
morphic effects related to the Sudbury Igneous
Complex.
Contact-metamorphic rocks around the Sudbury
Igneous Complex are characterized by stubby, decus
sate plagioclase. The contact-metamorphic zone so
defined by this is up to about l. 3 km wide in the North
Range Footwall rocks EëÉÉ=Dressler, this volume).
Near the North Range norite, pyroxene-hornfels-fa-
cies mineral assemblages grade northward into a horn-
blende-hornfels-facies assemblage and farther into a
zone where only plagioclase and quartz appear to be
recrystallized. In the South Range Footwall rocks.
Hudsonian metamorphism that post-dated the Sud
bury Igneous Complex destroyed almost all contact-
and shock-metamorphic mineral assemblages.
THE WANAPITEI LAKE CRATER
Dence and Popelar (1972) presented topographic,
geophysical, and petrographical evidence for a meteo
rite impact origin of the Wanapitei Lake Structure. The

topographic indications of this are the approximately
circular shape of the lake and the predominantly con
centric pattern of streams and lakes within 5 km of
Wanapitei Lake. This concentric pattern is substanti
ated by structural measurements around the lake
(Dressler 1982). Geophysical evidence is a local, al
most circular gravity depression over the circular part
of Wanapitei Lake with a horizontal gradient of more
than 4 mgal/km outward from the centre of the depres
sion. This, according to Dence and Popelar (1972)
suggests a superficial mass deficiency having a circu
lar plan. Petrographic evidence comes from suevite
pebbles and boulders scoured from the lake during the
last period of glaciation. The suevite of the type loca
tion, the Nordlinger Ries in Germany, is an impact
breccia containing fragments of shock-metamor
phosed rocks and diaplectic glass set in a matrix of fine
grained mineral, rock, and glass fragments. The Wan
apitei Lake suevite is identical to the Ries suevite in its
macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Like the
Ries suevite, it contains coesite (Dence Éí=~äK=1974).
Further petrographic evidence for a meteorite impact
origin of the Wanapitei Lake Structure comes from
shatter cones found on the shore, or on the islands of
Wanapitei Lake (Dressler 1982), and from shock-met
amorphic planar features in quartz observed at several
locations. These microscopic features, however, were
observed only in rocks on the western shore of Wan
apitei Lake and on an island close to this shore and,
therefore, are possibly related to the Sudbury Struc
ture located about 5 km to the west. Winzer Éí=~äK=
(1976) obtained a K-Ar age of 37 Ma from diapletic
glasses from Wanapitei suevites. This young age is
close to a 34 Ma meteorite impact suggested by Gan-
apathy (1982) to have occurred on the earth approxi
mately at this time.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The manuscript has benefited from the most helpful,
critical reviews of many individuals. The author also
extends his appreciation to his colleagues in the
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, especially to
T.L. Muir, for fruitfull discussions that helped to clar
ify the presentation.
REFERENCES
Bowen, N.L.
1910: Diabase and Granophyre of the Gowganda Lake
District, Ontario; Journal of Geology, Volume 18,
éKSRUJSTQK
Burrows, A.G., and Rickaby, H.C.
1930: Sudbury Basin Area; Ontario Department of Mines,
Annual Report for 1929, Volume 38, Part 3, 55p.
_ r o h e ^ o a l K=a o b ppi b o
1935: Sudbury Nickel Field Restudied; Ontario Depart
ment of Mines, Annual Report for 1934, Volume 43,
Part2,49p. Aecompaniedby Map43d, Part of the Sud
bury Nickel Area, District of Sudbury, scale l inch to 3/
4 mile; and Map 43e, Falconbridge Nickel Mine,
Township of Falconbridge, District of Sudbury. Plans
and Section showing Geology of Workings, scale l inch
to 60 feet.
Cantin, R., and Walker, G.W.
1972: Was the Sudbury Basin Circular During Deposition
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CHAPTERS

Structural Geology of the Sudbury Basin

D.H. Rousell
Geology Department, Laurentian University, Sudbury

CONTENTS
Abstract............................................................................................................ 83
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 84
Foliation and Lineation............................................................................................ 84
Slaty and Fracture Cleavage....................................................................................... 86
Folds............................................................................................................... 87
Kink Bands ........................................................................................................ 87
Faults .............................................................................................................. 88
Longitudinal Faults............................................................................................. 88
Transverse Faults ............................................................................................... 89
Diagonal Faults................................................................................................. 89
Joints .............................................................................................................. 89
Tectonic History of the Sudbury Basin ............................................................................ 90
Pre-Deformation Shape of the Basin .............................................................................. 92
References......................................................................................................... 94

TABLES
5. l Outline of the tectonic history of the Sudbury Basin .......................................................... 85
5.2 Major joint sets in the Sudbury Basin ......................................................................... 91

FIGURES
5. l Generalized map of the structural elements of the basin ...................................................... 85
5.2 Lower hemisphere equal-area plot of the average orientation of elements of kink
bands located on the Gordon Lake Road ...................................................................... 88
5.3 Map showing the average orientation of major joint sets...................................................... 90

PHOTOGRAPHS
5.1 Tectonically elongated quartzite fragments and foliation in the Onaping Formation ......................... 84
5.2 Fracture cleavage in the Chelmsford Formation .............................................................. 86

ABSTRACT
The Sudbury Basin was deformed by the Penokean
Orogeny approximately 1750 Ma ago. The maximum
principal stress was directed toward the northwest and
the deformation intensity decreased in that direction.
In the South and East Ranges, the rocks of the Onaping
Formation and the granophyre behaved in a ductile
manner, were shortened, tectonically thickened, and
developed a foliation and lineation. Isoclinal similar
folds formed at the top and bottom of the Onaping For
mation. The brittle norite yielded by reverse faulting.
Toward the later stages of deformation, the South
Range was rotated in a reverse sense. This led to an
overturning to the northwest of the isoclinal folds and
the contact between the Onaping Formation and the
Onwatin Formation. Farther to the northwest, the
rocks of the Onwatin Formation developed a slaty
cleavage. In the central part of the basin, the rocks of
the Chelmsford Formation formed relatively open,

83
` e ^ mqb o =R

upright, concentric folds. The pelitic rocks of the for FOLIATION AND LINEATION
mation developed an axial-plane cleavage, while in the
greywacke layers, a fracture cleavage formed in the A tectonic foliation and lineation (Photo 5.1) occur in
outer arc of the hinges of the folds. In the North Range, the Onaping Formation of the South and East Ranges
the only vestige of the deformation is a local and weak (Brocoum and Dalziel 1974; Rousell 1975; Everitt
foliation. 1979). These structures gradually fade out into the
Kink bands in the Onaping Formation have hori North Range, although a weak foliation occurs in the
zontal hinges and a reverse sense of external rotation central part of the North Range. The foliation is due to
and represent late orogenic features. Steeply dipping the dimensional preferred orientation of elongated
north-northwest-striking extension joints formed as a rock and mineral fragments, platy minerals such as
result of post-orogenic uplift and extension of the basin biotite and chlorite, and prismatic tremolite-actinol-
along a west-northwest east-southeast axis. An epi ite. The fragments are tectonically elongated such that
sode of regional crustal extension led to the formation the long and intermediate axes lie in the foliation plane
of west-northwest extension joints and diabase dikes and with the short axes perpendicular to this plane. The
(1250 Ma). This was followed by a reactivation of the long axes define a lineation that is oriented down the
faults of the Onaping set and the development of north- dip of the foliation plane (pitch is 90 0 ) in the central
northwest trending shear joints parallel to the faults. part of the South Range, and has a southwesterly pitch,
Finally, the Wanapitei meteorite impact (37 Ma) de as little as 39 0 , at either end of the South Range. These
flected the East Range so to become convex to the structures also occur in the granophyre and locally in
southwest. the norite of the South Range. In the South Range, the
foliation generally strikes northeasterly. At the south
The Sudbury Basin was certainly less elliptical in western end of this Range, the foliation, however,
the past, than its present form in plan view, but it is un
wraps around a fault block of the Sudbury Igneous
likely that it was ever circular. The basin, prior to de Complex. There are bulges at either end of the East
formation, may have been approximately 62 km long Range and the foliation strikes parallel to the axes of the
and 41 km wide. The ratio long axis/short axis of the
bulges. The foliation in the Onaping Formation dips a
restored basin is l .5 compared to a ratio of 2.2 for the little or at 30 0 , and as much as 85 0 , and invariably to
present basin. the southeast, south, or southwest.
In almost all quartzite breccia fragments in the
INTRODUCTION Onaping Formation of the South and East Ranges, the
quartz is completely recrystallized and optic axes lack
The Sudbury Basin was effected by an orogenic event
that took place 1750 –=50 Ma ago. Deformation ap
parently began relatively soon after the formation of
the basin (1849 Ma). The basin was shortened by a
push toward the northwest, and this produced a num
ber of structural elements including foliation, linea
tion, cleavages, folds, faults, and joints. The
deformation intensity decreased toward the northwest
as is indicated by a change in the style and degree of de
velopment of certain elements. Kink bands developed
late in the orogenic period and 2 post-orogenic epi
sodes of crustal extension produced joints. This was
followed by faulting and the formation of joints in the
North Range. Finally, the arcuate-shape of the East
Range may have been produced by the Wanapitei Event
(37 Ma). An outline of the tectonic history of the Sud
bury Basin is given in Table 5. l. A generalized repre
sentation of the structural elements of the basin, except
joints, is shown on the map of Figure 5. l, plots of kink
bands are shown in Figure 5.2, and the orientation of
the major joint sets are indicated in Figure 5.3.
In the following account, the structural elements
are first described. This is followed by an interpreta
tion of the tectonic history of the basin. Finally, var mÜçíç=RKNK=qÉÅíçåáÅ~ääó=ÉäçåÖ~íÉÇ=èì ~êíòáíÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=~åÇ=Ñçäá~=
ious attempts to reconstruct the original shape of the íáçå=áå=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=c çêã ~íáçåK=k çêíÜÉ~ëíÉêå=ÉåÇ=çÑ=íÜÉ=p çì íÜ=
basin are discussed. o ~åÖÉ=~åÇ=ëçì íÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=` ~å~Çá~å=^ êã ÉÇ=c çêÅÉë=ê~Ç~ê=ëí~íáçåK
 a K=e K=o l r pb i i

TABLE 5.1: l r qi fk b =l c qe b =qb ` ql k f` =e fp ql o v =l c qe b =p r a _ r o v =_ ^ p fk K

b s b k q=^ k a =^ d b =Ej ~F o bj ^ o hp

t ~å~éáíÉá=b î Éåí=EPTF a ÉÑçêã ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=b ~ëí=o ~åÖÉ

c ~ì äíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=p Éí=~åÇ=k k t =àçáåíë
a á~Ä~ëÉ=ÇáâÉë=ENORMF t k t =ÉñíÉåëáçå=àçáåíë=
mçëí=çêçÖÉåáÅ k k t =ÉñíÉåëáçå=àçáåíë=
Late orogenic h áåâ=Ä~åÇëI=~ååÉ~äáåÖ=êÉÅêóëí~ääáò~íáçå
mÉåçâÉ~å=l êçÖÉåó=ENTRM=–=RMõ _ ~ëáå=ëÜçêíÉåáåÖX=Ñçäá~íáçåI=äáåÉ~íáçåI=ÅäÉ~î ~ÖÉI=
ÑçäÇëI=äçåÖáíì Çáå~ä=Ñ~ì äíëI=~åÇ=Çá~Öçå~ä=Ñ~ì äíë=
qÜêÉÉ=àçáåí=ëÉíë=áå=p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñ=
d ~ÄÄêç=ëáääë
p ì ÇÄì êó=b î Éåí=ENUQVF t ÜáíÉï ~íÉê=d êçì éI=p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñ

CLEAVAGE, FOLIATION, LINEATION

DIP OF SUDBURY IGNEOUS COMPLEX
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c áÖì êÉ=RKNK=d ÉåÉê~äáòÉÇ=ã ~é=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëíêì Åíì ê~ä=ÉäÉã Éåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ä~ëáåK=f` Jp ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñI=l mJl å~éáåÖ=c çêã ~íáçåI=l t Jl åï ~íáå=
c çêã ~íáçåI=` e J` ÜÉäã ëÑçêÇ=c çêã ~íáçåI=h _ Jh áåâ=_ ~åÇëI=` ` c J` ~ã Éêçå=` êÉÉâ=c ~ì äíI=s i c Js Éêã áäáçå=i ~âÉ=c ~ì äíI=c _ i c Jc ~áêÄ~åâ=i ~âÉ=
c ~ì äíI=c i c Jc ÉÅì åáë=i ~âÉ=c ~ì äíI=p ` c Jp ~åÇÅÜÉêêó=` êÉÉâ=c ~ì äíI=~åÇ=c c Jc ~äÅçåÄêáÇÖÉ=c ~ì äíK

a consistent preferred orientation (Rousell 1976). This
suggests an episode of post-tectonic annealing recrys
tallization. The quartzite breccia at the eastern end of
the South Range apparently escaped annealing recrys
tallization. There, the quartz occurs as elongate rib
bons displaying exteme undulatory extinction and has
small recrystallized grains at their boundaries. The
ribbons impart a foliated character to the rock. Ster
eographic plots indicate that the optic axes of the rib
bon and recrystallized quartz lie on small circle girdles
with the girdle axes perpendicular to the foliation
plane. The texture and the orientation of the optic axes
in the quartzite breccias are similar to those in quartz-
ites experimentally deformed by Tullis Éí=~äK=E1973) at
temperatures of 700 0 C and strain rates of 10~"VS.
Quartz grains are flattened to form a foliation and the
girdle axes and maximum principal stress are normal
to the foliation. The ribbon quartz in the Onaping brec
cias represent a mylonitic texture produced by intra
granular plastic deformation.

85
 ` e ^ mqb o =R

Burrows and Rickaby (1930) regarded the folia steeply and strikes in a northeasterly direction. The
tion as a product of shearing and referred to the texture cleavage does not displace the bedding.
as cataclastic. Thomson (1957) also considered the
rocks of the South Range to be "well-sheared"; the The Chelmsford Formation overlies the Onwatin
shearing was ascribed to overthrust faulting and Formation and is composed largely of greywacke lay
folding. ers, commonly graded, having an average thickness of
approximately l m. The greywacke layers are gener
Rousell (1975) argued that the foliation planes in ally separated by layers of argillite and siltstone ap
the Onaping Formation cannot be shear planes be proximately 15 cm thick. The formation is folded. The
cause: the long axes of glass fragments lie in the fol greywacke layers display a fracture cleavage (Photo
iation plane even in weakly deformed rocks; and the 5.2) that is normal to the bedding and strikes parallel to
fragments are not cut and offset by the foliation planes. the axial planes of the folds. The cleavage is fan-like,
Rousell (1975) suggested that the rocks behaved in a opening upward in anticlines and downward in syn-
ductile manner and that the foliation and lineation were clines. In graded beds, the cleavage is arcuate; it is
produced by a constriction-type pure strain (a > k > normal to the bedding at the base, curving toward par
l, Flinn 1962). Considerable shortening took place allelism with the axial plane at the top. The argillite and
normal to the foliation, there was moderate shortening siltstone layers have a slaty cleavage that is more
normal to the lineation and parallel to the foliation, and closely spaced and regular than the fracture cleavage.
extreme extension occurred parallel to the lineation. Layer-parallel slippage, at the contact between grey
Slickensides that locally occur in the foliation plane are wacke and argillite-siltstone, caused a slight rotation
ascribed to slippage that took place after the formation of the cleavage. The cleavage, in passing from argil
of the foliation. lite-siltstone to greywacke, is refracted toward the nor
The schistosity (S) that initially develops in duc mal to bedding planes.
tile shear zones is parallel to the X Y plane of the finite Brocoum and Dalziel (1974) suggested that the
strain ellipsoid (Ramsay and Graham 1970). The axis of maximum shortening strain is normal to the
schistosity intersects the shear zone boundary at 45 0 . cleavage in the Onwatin and Chelmsford Formations.
As deformation proceeds, the schistosity in the central
part of the zone rotates so that the angle with the
boundary decreases and may eventually approach O 0 .
As strain becomes large, descrete slip planes (C) may
develop. These are oriented parallel to the shear zone
boundaries, display slickensides, and may eventually
destroy the schistosity (Berthe Éí=~äK=1979).
If the foliation in the Onaping Formation repre
sents a schistosity (S) that developed in a reverse duc
tile shear zone, then the foliation should dip steeply to
the northeast (where it dies out) and decrease in dip to
the southeast. Such a pattern is not clearly evident on
existing maps (Brocoum and Dalziel 1974; Rousell
1975; Everitt 1979). There are microfabric criteria that
can be used to deduce the sense of movement in shear
zones (Simpson and Schmid 1983), but none have been
reported from the Onaping Formation.
In conclusion, the foliation in the South and East
Ranges could have formed parallel to the X Y plane of
the finite strain ellipsoid, or it could be due to a pure
strain. Available evidence tends to favour the latter
origin.

SLATY AND FRACTURE

CLEAVAGE
The Onwatin Formation overlies the Onaping For
mation and consists of argillite and siltstone. The for- mÜçíç=RKOK=c ê~Åíì êÉ=ÅäÉ~î ~ÖÉ=áå=íÜÉ=` ÜÉäã ëÑçêÇ=c çêã ~íáçåK=^ Ä~å=
ation is characterized by a slaty cleavage that dips ÇçåÉÇ=ëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=e áÖÜï ~ó=NQQ=åçêíÜ=çÑ=ê~áäêç~Ç=çî Éêé~ëëK

86

The refraction of the cleavage in the Chelmsford For
mation indicates this is an oversimplification. Accord
ing to Rousell (1975), the fracture cleavage formed in
the greywacke layers at an early stage of the folding and
the cleavage rotated as folding proceeded. The more
ductile argillite-siltstone layers flowed during folding
such that the slaty cleavage remained normal to the axis
of maximum finite shortening.
The greywacke layers in the Chelmsford Forma
tion buckled under a lateral compression and formed
concentric folds. In concentric folds, the strain is ex-
tensional in the outer arc and compressional in the in
ner arc. These arcs are separated by a neutral surface
of no strain near the centre of the layer (Park 1983).
Strain is greatest at the fold hinges and decreases to
ward the limbs. Thus, the fracture cleavage in the
greywacke layers formed in the outer arcs and in the
hinge areas of the folds.
FOLDS
Folds occur in rocks of the South Range and the central
belt. There is a change in fold style from southeast to
northwest.
In the South Range, isoclinal mesoscopic similar
folds are present in the basal member of the Onaping
Formation (Stevenson 1960). The axial planes dip
steeply to the southeast and the folds are overturned to
the northwest. The Vermilion and Errington Mines are
located in the southwestern part of the basin EëÉÉ=Fig
ure 9.1 for location). In the mines, rocks of the upper
part of the Onaping Formation and those of the On-
watin Formation display macroscopic, similar folds
that are isoclinal, doubly plunging, and overturned to
the northwest with the axial planes dipping to the
southeast. Some of the folds are asymmetrical with a
long southeastern limb and a short northwestern limb
(Thomson 1957; Martin 1957).
North of Vermilion Lake, mesoscopic folds occur
in slaty cleavage of the Onwatin Formation. Most of
the folds plunge to the northeast, but some plunge
northwest and others, southwest.
The Sudbury Basin may be divided by an arcuate
axis that is convex to the northwest. Fold axes in the
Chelmsford Formation trend parallel to this axis and
vary in strike from N48 0 E in the southwest to N72 0 E
in the northeast (Rousell 1972). The folds display an Éå=
ÉÅÜÉäçå=pattern, the limbs generally dip < 45 0 , axial
planes are vertical, wave lengths vary from approxi
mately 150 m to as much as 1500 m, and most of the
folds are doubly plunging. The folds formed by the
flexural-flow mechanism; the thick greywacke layers
flexed and the thin pelitic layers flowed. The folds are
nearly concentric in style, and geometrically, are plane
non-cylindrical folds. In map view, anticlines are nar
row and synclines are broad. In concentrically folded
a K=e K=o l r pb i i
piles, anticlines became broader upward and narrower
downward; synclines exhibit the opposite geometry
(Ramsay 1967). This suggests that the preserved rocks
of the Chelmsford Formation are near the lower part of
a unit that was orginally thicker. Minor northwesterly
trending cross folds are also present in the formation.
In summary, folds in the South Range are iso
clinal, similar, and overturned to the northwest; those
in the central part of the basin are relatively open, con
centric, and upright. This change in fold style is due to
a decrease in deformation intensity toward the north
west, and because rocks in the South Range were at a
lower level than those in the central belt during
deformation.
KINK BANDS
Rotation of the tectonic foliation in the Onaping For
mation produced kink bands that are present at several
localities along the entire length of the South Range.
Kink bands at the Gordon Lake Road, located at the
southwestern corner of the basin (shown as KB on Fig
ure 5. l), are described in detail by Rousell (1980), and
those at the other sites have a similar orientation and
geometry.
The kink bands are narrow with a maximum width
of 4 cm and have an average width of 0.8 cm. The av
erage distance between kink bands is approximately 20
cm, but locally are so closely spaced as to be penetra
tive. The external foliation strikes northeasterly and
dips moderately steeply to the southeast. The internal
foliation within the kink bands has been rotated to the
vertical and beyond so as to dip steeply to the north
west. The kink band boundaries or kink planes dip at
shallow angles to the northwest and the hinge lines
trend east-northeasterly and are nearly horizontal. The
average orientation of these elements are plotted on the
stereogram of Figure 5.2. Micro fractures and former
open spaces (presently filled by quartz and calcite) oc
cur at the kink band boundaries and the boundaries are
locally offset in a step-like fashion.
The angle between the external foliation and the
kink planes (a) is approximately 60 0 in kink bands in
slates and phyllites formed by the fixed-boundary
mode of propagation. If slip between foliation planes
within the kink band is the sole operating mechanism,
then rotation proceeds until the angle between the fol
iation plane inside the kink band (a) equals /3; the kink
band is then locked and no further rotation can take
place. In the Onaping kink bands, a is unusually large
(average is 84 0 ), exceeds that of EP=(average is 73 0 ), and
86 % of the kink bands are over-rotated EëÉÉ=Figure
5.2). Thus, Onaping kink bands differ from those
found in slates and phyllites.
87
` e ^ mqb o =R
c áÖì êÉ=RKOK=i çï Éê=ÜÉã áëéÜÉêÉ=Éèì ~äJ~êÉ~=éäçí=çÑ=íÜÉ=~î Éê~ÖÉ=çêá=
Éåí~íáçå=çÑ=ÉäÉã Éåíë=çÑ=âáåâ=Ä~åÇë=äçÅ~íÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=d çêÇçå=i ~âÉ=
o ç~ÇK=b c JÉñíÉêå~ä=Ñçäá~íáçåI=fc JáåíÉêå~ä=Ñçäá~íáçåI=h mJâáåâ=
éä~åÉI=~åÇ=e i JÜáåÖÉ=äáåÉK=fåëÉêí=áë=~=éêçÑáäÉ=î áÉï =çÑ=íÜÉ=~î Éê~ÖÉ=
l å~éáåÖ=âáåâ=Ä~åÇ=E~ÑíÉê=o çì ëÉää=NVUMFK
The mechanism of formation of the Onaping kink
bands is by slip along closely spaced foliation planes
and along the margins of fragments together with so
lution and redeposition and possibly ductile flow of the
matrix. The large a angle is a function of the nature of
the planar anisotropy as it is more widely spaced and
less well developed than in slates and phyllites. The
amount of shortening achieved by kinking is trivial and
is approximately Q.7% parallel to the external folia
tion. The axis of the maximum principal stress that
formed the kink bands at the Gordon Lake Road trends
normal to the long axis of the basin and plunges south
easterly between 15 0 and 50 0 . The kink bands proba
bly formed during a late stage of the Penokean
Orogeny.
FAULTS
The map of the Sudbury Basin prepared by Burrows
and Rickaby (1930) shows only 3 faults. A detailed ac
count of faulting is given by Thompson (1957) and nu
merous faults are shown on his map; several of those
indicated are questionable. The fault pattern on the
l :50 000 map accompanying this volume is similar to
that of Thomson (1957), but includes several addi
tional faults. For purposes of discussion, all faults are
classified in terms of the orientation of fault traces with
respect to the long axis of the basin as follows: longi
tudinal, transverse, and diagonal.
88
Longitudinal Faults
Several northeasterly striking longitudinal faults oc
cur at the southwestern corner of the Basin where they
offset rocks of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Card
and Hutchinson (1972) suggested that these faults are
part of the Murray Fault System located north of Lake
Huron. The maps of Thomson (1957), Card (1968),
and this volume extend these longitudinal faults
through the central part of the basin to the northeastern
end, where they bend to the southeast and pass out of
the basin at the junction between the South and East
Ranges. The proposed traces of the faults, in the cen
tral part of the basin, are along drift-covered valleys,
and it is difficult to be certain that these features are the
site of faults. The area where these faults strike to the
southeast is covered by thick glacial deposits and con
tains few outcrops. The orientation of some longitu
dinal faults has been deduced from the attitude of
schistosity supposedly produced by shearing (Thom
son 1957). Caution should be exercised because some
"schistosity" might actually represent a tectonic fol
iation formed by a process other than shearing.
In the southwestern corner of the basin, the Cam
eron Creek Fault has produced a left-lateral strike sep
aration of approximately 3400 m in the granophyre.
Thomson (1957) considered the fault to be a steeply
dipping reverse fault with a large net slip, and noted
that drill cores cutting the fault contain recemented
breccia, silicification, and quartz-feldspar-calcite
veins. The fault and the granophyre have attitudes of
approximately N40 0 E, 75 0 SE; and N9 0 W. 42 0 NE,
respectively. Assuming the slip is entirely dip slip, then
the dip slip is 2800 m and the throw 2680 m, south-side
up. Northeast of Vermilion Lake, a branch of the
Cameron Creek Fault supposedly occurs at the contact
between the Onaping Formation and the Onwatin For
mation (Thomson 1957; Map 2491,back pocket).
Rocks of the Onaping Formation form a southeasterly
facing cliff at the contact. Thomson (1957) suggested
that this feature may represent a fault-line scarp of the
Cameron Creek Fault. The cliff faces are parallel to a
well-developed joint set (Rousell and Everitt 1981). A
more plausible explanation is that the cliffs formed by
mass-wasting along joint surfaces.
Faults in the Vermilion and Errington Mines are
considered to lie within the Vermilion Lake fault zone
(Thomson 1957). The faults in the Vermilion Mine dip
approximately 35 0 SE, whereas those in the Errington
Mine dip 67 0 to 77 0 SE. The faults are parallel to the
axial plane of folds and the amount of dip slip varies
between a few 10s of m to as much as 150 m.
At the southwestern margin of the basin, the Fair
bank Lake Fault (FBLB on Figure 5.1) branches into 3
faults, each of which displaces the Sudbury Igneous

Complex. Evidence for the northeasterly continuation
of the fault, south and southeast of Vermilion Lake, in
cludes outcrops of silicified gouge and the presence of
red alteration, brecciation, chlorite shears, and quartz
stringers in drill cores (Thomson 1957). The fault trace
passes through the Gordon Lake "gold mine" EëÉÉ=
Figure 9.1). The large mass of quartz-rich rock on the
property is interpreted as a fragment derived from the
basal member of the Onaping Formation and faulted
into its present position (Rousell 1982).
In northeastern Balfour Township, a longitudinal
reverse fault occurs at the contact between the
Chelmsford Formation and the Onwatin Formation.
The south-side is up and the throw is only a few m
(Rousell 1972). Several minor longitudinal faults in the
Chelmsford Formation display slickensides indicating
that the latest movement on them was horizontal (Rou
sell 1972).
Transverse Faults
The rocks of the North Range are cut by north-
northwesterly striking faults of the Onaping set that dip
steeply and, in general, display a left-lateral strike sep
aration. The fault traces are marked by prominent top
ographic lineaments. The faults extend a considerable
distance north of the basin where, in general, the
strikes swing a few degrees toward the north-south di
rection. The faults do not cross the central part of the
basin.
The strike of the Fecunis Lake Fault (FLF on Fig
ure 5.1), the most westerly of the set, swings from
N23 0 W in the North Range to N5 0 W north of the
basin. The fault dips steeply to the west (Cowan 1968),
the left-lateral strike separation is approximately 800
m and the vertical component of displacement, west
side up, may be in the order of 150 m (Card and Meyn
1969). According to Burkhard O. Dressler (Geolo
gist, Ontario Geological Survey, written communica
tion, 1983), the Fecunis Lake Fault, a right-lateral
transverse fault located 3 km to the east of the Fecunis
Lake Fault, and a northeasterly striking thrust fault lo
cated 2 km northeast of the basin, outline a block that
was displaced upward and to the northeast EëÉÉ=Map
2491, back pocket, for fault locations).
Movement on the Sandcherry Creek Fault (SCF
on Figure 5.1) has produced a left-lateral strike sepa
ration of 450 m on the base of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex in the North Range. Approximately 9 km to
the northwest and along the fault trace, the Foy Offset
Dike has a right-lateral strike separation of 700 m.
There are several transverse faults northeast of the
Sandcherry Creek Fault that indicate relatively minor
strike separations. The most easterly transverse fault
in the North Range strikes north-south; north of the
basin the strike of this fault, unlike the other transverse
faults, swings to the northwest. In the East Range, a
a K=e K=o l r pb i i
left-lateral fault that strikes N l O 0 W may be a member
of the Onaping set.
North of the basin, faults of the Onaping set are
parallel to Matachewan dikes of pre-Huronian age
(Meyn 1973). The faults may represent Archean ex
tension fractures that were reactivated after the for
mation of the basin (Rousell and Everitt 1981). The
later movement could be left-lateral strike slip, a ver
tical displacement with the west side up relative to the
east side, or an oblique slip. Perhaps movements of dif
ferent magnitudes and directions occurred at different
times (Card and Meyn 1981).
Diagonal Faults
A set of right-lateral diagonal faults occurs in the cen
tral part of the basin. These faults strike N25 0 to 30 0 E,
locally displace fold axes and longitudinal faults, or are
themselves displaced by longitudinal faults (Thomson
1957). None of the faults cut rocks of the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex. Minor northeasterly trending diago
nal faults are also present in the East Range.
The Falconbridge Fault is a prominent feature in
the Falconbridge Mine (Davidson 1948; Lochead
1955). The fault strikes east and dips steeply north
from the surface to a depth of approximately 365 m
where the dip reverses to 60 0 to 80 0 S. The fault is at
the contact between norite and "greenstone" and the
ore shoots occur in the hangingwall. The fault may be
older than the norite and there is evidence of pre- and
post-ore faulting. According to Davidson (1948), the
slip along the fault is oblique with the north side dis
placed upward and westward relative to the south side.
The Falconbridge Fault supposedly joins the Fairbank
Lake Fault; however, the sense of displacement of the
dip slip component of the latter fault is south-side up.
JOINTS
Numerous joint sets exist in the rocks of the Sudbury
Basin and they formed in mechanically inhomoge-
neous rocks. Some joint sets are geometrically related
to certain stuctural elements. Several of these elements
trend from west-northwest to north-northwest; joint
sets, related to these elements, overlap in orientation.
Some joint sets can be related to particular episodes in
the evolution of the basin EëÉÉ=Table 5.1), whereas the
age of other sets is uncertain.
Rousell and Everitt (1981) measured the orienta
tion and intensity of development of joints at 456 sta
tions located throughout the basin. Plumose structures
and slickensides were seldom observed, and this pre
vented a direct classification of the joints. There are as
many an 7 joint sets at a given station and joint sets at
virtually every orientation are present throughout the
basin. A summary plot of the average orientation of
89
` e ^ mqb o p
major joint sets in 9 subareas (Figure 5.3) indicates that
sets with northwesterly strikes and steep dips predom
inate. The data for Figure 5.3 were obtained from
maxima on contoured stereograms. The length of a
given strike line is proportional to the strength of the
corresponding maximum on the stereogram for that
subarea. Subareas l to 8 are within the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex and Onaping Formation; subarea 9 is
within the Onwatin and Chelmsford Formations.
Table 5.2 lists the major joint sets shown in Figure
5.3 and indicates their relationship, if any, with struc
tural elements or rock units. The rocks of the East
Range are the most intensely jointed. Joint sets are
geometrically related to a local fault, to the strike of
rock units, to diabase dikes, and to the norite-Foot wall
contact. Mitchell and Mutch (1957) noted 3 well de
veloped joint sets in the norite of the Hardy Mine (lo
cated in subarea 4). These are: parallel to the plane of
the Footwall contact of the norite; parallel to the strike
and normal to the dip of the same contact; and vertical
and striking normal to the contact. The same set occur
on the surface in the North Range. However, the set
that is parallel to the plane of the Footwall contact is too
weak to plot on Figure 5.3. Other sets in the North
Range strike parallel to the strike of faults of the On
c áÖì êÉ=RKPK=j ~é=ëÜçï áåÖ=íÜÉ=~î Éê~ÖÉ=çêáÉåí~íáçå=çÑ=ã ~àçê=àçáåí=ëÉíëK=qÜÉ=äÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëíêáâÉ=äáåÉë=E~êêçï ëF=~êÉ=éêçéçêíáçå~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ëíêÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=
maxima çå=Åçåíçì ê=Çá~Öê~ã ëK=a áéë=~êÉ=î ÉêíáÅ~ä=ì åäÉëë=çíÜÉêï áëÉ=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇK=p ì Ä~êÉ~ë=~êÉ=ëÜçï å=~ë=åì ã ÄÉêë=ÉåÅäçëÉÇ=Äó=ÅáêÅäÉëK=IC-
l m=Z=p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñ=~åÇ=l å~éáåÖ=c çêã ~íáçåX=~åÇ=l t J` e =Z=l åï ~íáå=~åÇ=` ÜÉäã ëÑçêÇ=c çêã ~íáçåëK
90
aping set or are parallel to diabase dikes. The domi
nant joint set in the South Range is vertical and strikes
normal to the strike of the tectonic foliation. Of the 4
sets of joints in the central belt, l set is parallel to dia
base dikes, another set represents cross joints on folds,
and 2 other sets cannot be related to structural features.
TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE
SUDBURY BASIN
An outline of the tectonic history of the basin is given
in Table 5.1. The basin represents a remnant of an
original structure that may have been 80 km in diam
eter (Dence 1972). The change from the pelagic sedi
mentation of the Onwatin Formation to turbidite
sedimentation of the Chelmsford Formation suggests
that orogenic activity began soon after the formation of
the basin (1849 Ma). The 3 joint sets in the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex of the North Range, geometrically re
lated to the norite-Footwall contact, may have formed
during the cooling of the Complex. The absence of
these joints in the Sudbury Igneous Complex of the
South Range may be because they were obliterated by
later ductile deformation.
 a K=e K=o l r pb i i

The Sudbury Basin was deformed by the Peno
kean Orogeny approximately 1750 Ma (Gibbins and
McNutt 1975). The deformation was due to a 'push'
from the southeast and directed toward the northwest
(Brocoum and Dalziel 1974; Rousell 1975). The On
aping Formation of the South and East Ranges yielded
by flow. The formation was shortened toward the
northwest and tectonically thickened, a prominent tec
tonic foliation and lineation formed, and rocks at the
top and bottom of the unit developed isoclinal, similar
folds. A foliation and lineation also formed in the gran
ophyre, but only locally in the norite. Farther to the
northwest, rocks of the Chelmsford Formation buc
kled and formed open, concentric folds. A slaty cleav
age formed in rocks of the Onwatin Formation and in
pelitic layers in the Chelmsford Formation. A fracture
cleavage developed in greywacke beds in the Chelms
ford Formation. Still farther to the northwest, the de
formation was slight as only a local and weak foliation
occurs in the Onaping Formation of the North Range.
The weighted average near-surface dip of the base
of the Sudbury Igneous Complex is 42 0 SE in the North
Range and 65 0 NW in the South Range (Souch, Podol-
sky Éí=~äK=1969). In the South Range, the complex lo
cally dips steeply to the southeast. Paleomagnetic
studies by Sopher (1963) suggested that the 2 ranges
originally had the same dip; reverse movement along
the longitudinal faults rotated the South Range and
steepened the dip. The paleomagnetic data of Morris
(Chapter 19, this volume) indicate that the original dip
of the North and South Ranges was between 20 0 and
30 0 SW, and that of the East Range 15 0 SW. Stevenson
and Colgrove (1968) and Naldrett Éí=~äK=(1970) sug
gested that deeper sections of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex are exposed in the South Range than in the
North Range. They ascribe this to upthrust of the South
Range along the longitudinal faults. According to
Souch, Podolsky Éí=~äK=(1969), Naldrett *f ~äK=(1970),
and Card and Hutchinson (1972) the total vertical dis
placement along these faults was 4.8 km, 6.4 km, and
l .6 km, respectively.
The longitudinal faults cannot be traced through
the central part of the basin with certainty. Well docu
mented faults in the Vermilion and Errington Mines

TABLE 5.2: j ^ gl o =gl fk q=p b qp =fk =qe b =p r a _ r o v =_ ^ p fk K

p r _ ^ o b ^ p =p b q=l o fb k q^ qfl k o bj ^ o hp

MQMM= SUMk t ëíêáâÉë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=~=äçÅ~ä=Ñ~ì äí=

MRQM= VMM ëíêáâÉë=åçêã ~ä=íç=ëíêáâÉ=çÑ=êçÅâ=ì åáíë
OUQM= TOMk b
OVSM= VMM é~ê~ääÉä=íç=Çá~Ä~ëÉ=ÇáâÉë
PMPM= PMMk b ëíêáâÉë=ëì Äé~ê~ääÉä=íç=ëíêáâÉ=~åÇ=åçêã ~ä=íç=íÜÉ=Çáé=çÑ=íÜÉ=åçêáíÉJ
Ñççíï ~ää=Åçåí~Åí
OSO 0 90 0
296 0 90 0 é~ê~ääÉä=íç=Çá~Ä~ëÉ=ÇáâÉë
318 0 90 0 ëíêáâÉë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=ëíêáâÉ=çÑ=~=Ñ~ì äí=çÑ=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=ëÉí
PK MSQ` RUMk t ëíêáâÉë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=ëíêáâÉ=~åÇ=åçêã ~ä=íç=íÜÉ=Çáé=çÑ=íÜÉ=åçêáíÉJ
Ñççíï ~ää=Åçåí~Åí
OVTM VMM é~ê~ääÉä=íç=Çá~Ä~ëÉ=ÇáâÉë
PNUM VM M ëíêáâÉë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=ëíêáâÉ=çÑ=~=Ñ~ì äí=çÑ=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=ëÉí
PPVM VMM ëíêáâÉë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=ëíêáâÉ=çÑ=~=Ñ~ì äí=çÑ=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=ëÉí
QK MSTM TSM kt ëíêáâÉë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=ëíêáâÉ=~åÇ=åçêã ~ä=íç=íÜÉ=Çáé=çÑ=åçêáíÉJÑççíï ~ää
Åçåí~Åí
PMS=M VMM ëíêáâÉ=åçêã ~ä=íç=ëíêáâÉ=çÑ=åçêáíÉJÑççíï ~ää=Åçåí~Åí
PPTM VM M ëíêáâÉë=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=~=Ñ~ì äí=çÑ=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=ëÉí
RK OVQM VMM é~ê~ääÉä=íç=Çá~Ä~ëÉ=ÇáâÉë
PQT=M VMM
SK PPR=M VMM ëíêáâÉë=åçêã ~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ëíêáâÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñçäá~íáçå=
TK POUM VMM ëíêáâÉë=åçêã ~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ëíêáâÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñçäá~íáçå=
UK ëÉÉ=åçíÉ=P ëíêáâÉë=åçêã ~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ëíêáâÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñçäá~íáçå
VK MMR=M VM M
OTM=M VMM
OVRM VM M é~ê~ääÉä=íç=Çá~Ä~ëÉ=ÇáâÉë=
PPQ VMM Åêçëë=àçáåíë=çå=ÑçäÇë

k çíÉë
NK=pÉÉ=c áÖì êÉ=RKP=Ñçê=äçÅ~íáçå=çÑ=ëì Ä~êÉ~ë
OK=" gçáåí=ëÉí=åçí=êÉä~íÉÇ=íç=~=ëíêì Åíì ê~ä=ÉäÉã Éåí
PK=p íêáâÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñçäá~íáçå=î ~êáÉë=áå=ëì Ä~êÉ~=U

91
` e ^ mqb o =R
have maximum vertical displacements of only 152 m.
The above led Rousell (1975) to suggest that the role of
reverse faulting in the uplift of the South Range has
been exaggerated. Most of the uplift was accom
plished by flowage, folding, and rotation. During the
later stages of the Penokean Orogeny, the forward mo
tion at the surface exceeded that at depth. This stee
pened and uplifted the South Range, rotated the
foliation to dip consistently to the south, overturned
mesoscopic folds at the base of the Onaping Formation
(Stevenson 1960) and macroscopic folds at the top of
the formation (Thomson 1957) to the northwest, and
overturned the Onaping-Onwatin contact to the north
west (Thomson 1957). The lack of foliation in the
South Range norite, and the presence of the longitu
dinal faults at either end of the South Range, suggest
that the relatively brittle norite yielded by reverse
faulting. These faults died out as they passed into the
ductile rocks above the norite.
The exact time of formation of the kink bands in
the Onaping Formation is not known; they may have
formed at a late stage of the Penokean Orogeny. The
orientation of the maximum principal stress that
formed the kink bands, in terms of trend and plunge, is
150 0 and 15 0 to 50 0 SE (Rousell 1980). The trend is
perpendicular to the long axis of the basin and approx
imately parallel to the maximum principal stress direc
tion associated with the Penokean Orogeny.
The prominent joint set in the South Range, ver
tical and striking north-northwest, may represent post
orogenic extension fractures. The basin may have
undergone regional uplift with extension parallel to the
long axis of the basin and with a residual maximum
principal stress parallel to that of the Penokean
Orogeny.
Joints parallel to diabase dikes (1250 50 Ma,
Van Schmus 1975) are apparently extension fractures
and indicate an extension of the basin along a north-
northeast south-southwest axis in Middle Proterozoic
time. West-northwesterly trending diabase dikes are
abundant in the Superior Province to the northwest of
the basin suggesting that this extension was a regional
phenomena.
In the North Range, faults of the Onaping set
strike from 336 0 toOOO 0 and display a left-lateral strike
separation. North of the basin, these faults trend ap
proximately 345 0 and are parallel to Matachewan dikes
ofpre-Huronianage(Meyn 1973). The Onaping faults
may represent Archean extension fractures that were
reactivated after the formation of the basin. The later
movement could be a left-lateral strike slip, a dip slip
with the west side up, or an oblique slip. A joint set is
parallel to the faults; the joints are shear fractures if
they are genetically related to the faults.
Rousell (1975) suggested that the embayment of
the East Range, and the bulges at both ends, may have
92
been formed by opposing stresses from the southwest
and the northwest that produced a pincer-like squeeze.
Dence and Popelar (1972) and Dressler (1982) present
evidence that Wanapitei Lake was formed by meteorite
impact. A K-Ar date of 37 Ma (Winzer Éá=~äK=1976)
suggests a Paleogene age for the event. The northeast
ern margin of the East Range is only 2 to 4 km south-
west of the shoreline of the lake, and the arcuate shape
of the East Range is parallel to the trend of lakes be
tween the East Range and Lake Wanapitei. Dence and
Popelar (1972) considered that the arcuate shape of the
East Range is tectonic in origin. However, impact
could have embayed the East Range, produced the
bulges at either end, and rotated the foliation to strike
parallel to the axes of the bulges.
PRE-DEFORMATION SHAPE OF
THE BASIN
Several attempts have been made to estimate the shape
of the Sudbury Basin prior to deformation. The basin
was originally less elliptical than its present form in
plan view; most investigations suggest that it was never
circular.
The presence of dominant paleocurrent direc
tions to the west-southwest and the lack of facies
change along the basin axis led Cantin and Walker
(1972) and Rousell (1972) to conclude that the sedi
ments of the Chelmsford Formation were not depos
ited in a circular or semi-circular basin, but rather in
an elongate trough. The axis of the trough was parallel
to the present axis of the basin with the paleoslope to
the west-southwest. Rousell (1972) unrolled the folds
in the Chelmsford Formation and suggested that the
original outcrop belt of the formation should be ex
tended l .6 km in a southeasterly direction.
Peredery (1972) noted that meltrock bodies at the
base of the Onaping Formation in the North Range oc
cur in clusters that have the shape of an equilateral tri
angle in plan view. Meltrock bodies in the deformed
rocks of the eastern part of the South Range also have
an overall triangular shape, except that the triangles are
skewed to the northwest. Fragments in the Onaping
Formation in the undeforrned North Range are sube-
quidimensional; those in the South Range are de
formed and are the shape of triaxial ellipsoids with an
average axial ratio of 1:4:8. Peredery (1972) esti
mated the strain in the South Range by the change of
shape of equilaterial triangles to skewed triangles. The
degree of area change, in plan view, was estimated
from the shape change of the fragments. Peredery
(1972) concluded that, prior to deformation, the con
tact between the norite and the Footwall rocks was ap
proximately 15.3 km southeast of the present contact.
The ratio of the long axis/short axis of the present basin
is 2.2. This same ratio, for the pre-deformation basin

is 1.5. Assuming an initial spherical shape, deformed
fragments with axial ratios of l :4.8 have undergone the
following approximate strain: a 65 *^ shortening in a
direction normal to the foliation, a 26'^ extension in a
direction normal to the lineation and parallel to the fol
iation, and a 1529k extension parallel to the lineation.
The weighted-average near-surface dips of the
outer margin of the Sudbury Igneous Complex are 42 0
in the North Range and 65 0 in the South Range (Souch,
Podolsky Éí=~äK=1969). The reader should consider that
these 2 planes are projected to depth so as to intersect
along an axis and that the South Range is rotated about
this axis so as to dip 42 0 NW. The outer margin of the
Complex, projected to a horizontal plane, would then
be 10.4 km southeast of the present outer margin.
Finite-strain analysis on flattened concretions in
the Chelmsford Formation and on elongate rock and
mineral fragments in the Onaping Formation led Bro-
coum and Dalziel (1974) to suggest that the deposition
area of the Chelmsford Formation and the Sudbury
Basin were circular or nearly so prior to deformation.
The absence of basic data in the paper makes it difficult
to directly verify these conclusions.
According to Brocoum and Dalziel (1974), the
lack of a preferred grain elongation in the foliation
plane of the Chelmsford Formation indicates defor
mation is in the field of flattening with maximum
shortening normal to the foliation plane. These au
thors further proposed that the flattening is spectacu
larly displayed by concretions which, apart from local
variable shapes, are always flattened in the foliation
surface, and therefore, must have been originally
sphericial or nearly so. The assumption of an original
spherical shape is actually incorrect; objects will al
ways be flattened in the foliation plane if the X/Z axial
ratio of the strain ellipse exceeds the X/Z ratios of in
itial ellipses of any orientation. Finite strain analysis
(Brocoum and Dalziel 1974) suggests that the Chelms
ford Formation was shortened 30 TÅ=in a direction nor
mal to the foliation plane, was extended IQ'%
subhorizontally in the foliation plane, and was ex
tended 40 TÅ=subvertically in the plane of the foliation
(no volume change assumed).
Concretions in the Chelmsford Formation dis
play a variety of shapes including spherical, elliptical,
pipelike, as coalesced beads, and as lenses parallel to
bedding (Rousell 1972). These concretions occur only
in greywacke and never in argillite-siltstone. The "fol
iation" of Brocoum and Dalziel (1974) is actually a
fracture cleavage and it does not appear to represent a
plane of flattening. Primary sedimentary structures in
the greywacke have not undergone an intense flatten-
ing-type strain. The greywacke layers form concentric
folds; the fracture cleavage may have developed as a
result of extension in the outer arc of hinge areas.
Compression in the inner arc may have flattened the
a K=e K=o l r pb i i
concretions. Accordingly, flattenedconcretionsmay be
a local feature. Strain analysis of them cannot be di
rectly used to calculate the shortening of the Chelms
ford Formation.
In the Onaping Formation of the South Range, the
tectonic foliation dips steeply southeast, and a linea
tion formed by elongate mineral and rock fragments,
lies in the foliation plane and plunges steeply to the
southeast. Finite strain analysis (Brocoum and Dalziel
1974) using the fragments, suggests the formation was
shortened by 40 TÅ=normal to the foliation, shortened by
309o normal to the lineation and in the foliation plane,
and extended by 140*?c parallel to the lineation (assum
ing no volume change).
Rousell (1975) drew attention to some of the dif
ficulties involved in calculating the finite strain of de
formed fragments from the Onaping Formation of the
South Range. The X, Y, and Z axes of the fragments
were measured in 2 thin sections from a single speci
men. X and Z are the long and short axes in a thin sec
tion cut normal to the foliation and parallel to the
lineation, and the Y and Z are the long and short axes
in a section normal to the foliation and lineation. The
mean, maximum, and minimum X/Z ratios are as fol
lows: glass 13.7, 35.3, and 3.6; quartzite 4.3,
15.5, and 1.1; and quartz l .7, 3.3, and 1.0. The
mean, maximum, and minimum Y/Z ratios are as fol
lows: glass 3.6, 8.0, and 1.1; quartzite 2.0, 6.4.
and 1.0; and quartz l .6,2.3, and 1.0. Assuming that
the fragments were originally spherical and there has
been no volume change, strain calculations for the
mean values of glass fragments are as follows: X
273% extension, Y OTÅ=shortening, and Z 73 TÅ=
shortening. Similar calculations for the mean value of
quartzite fragments are: X 110*^ extension, Y 29c
shortening, and Z 51 TÅ=shortening. There is consid
erable variation in the degree of strain between the 3
fragment types. The relative deformation of glass,
quartzite, and quartz can be described as strong, mod
erate, and weak, respectively. There is also a variation
in the amount of strain in a given fragment type. Glass
fragments are the most elongate and it might appear
that the strain in glass would best reflect the strain in the
unit as a whole. The undeformed glass fragments have
very irregular shapes, including a shard-like shape.
The glass fragments were most likely to have been de
posited in a molten or semi-molten state. They may
have become flattened and welded by compaction
(Stevenson 1972) and, if so, they assumed a dimen
sional preferred orientation prior to deformation. The
3 axes of individual fragments cannot be directly
measured; shapes must be characterized in terms of
ratios. Finally, there is a variation in the intensity of
development of the tectonic foliation and lineation in
the South and East Ranges. Accordingly, finite strain
varies from place to place.
93
` e ^ mqb o p
The rocks of the North Range appear to be essen
tially undeformed. If the North Range represents an arc
of a circle, then this circle extends to Pointe au Baril, a
locality approximately 113 km south of Sudbury
(Rousell 1975). This preposterous location suggests
that the basin was not originally circular. Paleomag
netic studies of Morris (Chapter 19, this volume) sug
gest that the original configuration of the basin was that
of an open syncline, elliptical in plan view, and with a
gentle plunge to the southwest. The North and South
Ranges dipped between 20 0 and 30 0 , the East Range
dipped approximately 15 0 SW, and the southwestern
end of the basin was subhorizontal. There is no paleo
magnetic evidence to suggest that the basin was ever
circular.
Folds in the Chelmsford Formation plunge and
this suggests that the basin was shortened somewhat
along its major axis. The East Range is convex to the
southwest. Prior to the Wanapitei Event, the East
Range was probably convex to the northeast with the
base of Sudbury Igneous Complex, in the central part
of the Range, possibly 4 km to the northeast of the
present contact.
In conclusion, the available data suggest that prior
to deformation, the Sudbury Basin was an elliptical
basin with a southwesterly paleoslope and with the
northwestern and southeastern margins dipping in
ward at approximately 30 0 . The southeastern margin
was approximately 15 km to the southeast of its pres
ent position and the northeastern margin was approx
imately 4 km to the northeast of its present position.
The original basin was 62 km long and 41 km wide and
had a ratio of long axis/short axis of l .5.
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1957: Geology of the Sudbury Basin; Ontario Department
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95
CHAPTER 6

The Effects of the Sudbury Event and the Intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex on the Footwall Rocks of the Sudbury Structure
BurkhardO. Dressler
Ontario Geological Survey

This work was partly funded by the Ontario Ministry of Northern Affairs

CONTENTS
Abstract............................................................................................................ 99
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 99
Structures of the Sudbury Footwall ............................................................................... 99
Megascopic Structures ......................................................................................... 99
Mesoscopic Structures ........................................................................................ 100
Footwall Rock Foliations................................................................................... 100
Footwall Joints ............................................................................................. 100
Shock Metamorphism......................................................................................... 101
Shatter Cones........... ....................................................................................101
Shock-Metamorphic Features in Minerals .........................................,.......................... 103
Zoning of Shock-Metamorphic Features in the Footwall ..................................................... 107
Breccias in the Footwall of the Sudbury Structure ............................................................ 107
Sudbury Breccia............................................................................................... 107
Distribution................................................................................................. 107
Orientation ................................................................................................. 107
Description ................................................................................................. 109
Chemistry ..................................................................................................113
Comparison of the Sudbury Breccia with Breccias in Other Geological Structures ....................... 120
Origin of the Sudbury Breccia.............................................................................. 123
Footwall Breccia .............................................................................................. 124
Distribution................................................................................................. 124
Description .................................................................................................125
Macroscopic Features ...................................................................................125
Microscopic Features ................................................................................... 125
Chemical Investigations.................................................................................... 129
Origin of the Footwall Breccia ............................................................................. 129
Relationships of the Footwall Breccia with Other Rock Units of the Sudbury Structure .................. 129
Contact Metamorphism of the Footwall Rocks .................................................................. 130
Conclusion .......................................................................................................133
Acknowledgments................................................................................................133
References ........................................................................................................133

TABLES
6. l Shock pressure in North Range Footwall rocks from quartz deformation ................................... 105
6.2 Chemical analyses comparing host rock and Sudbury Breccia matrix compositions ........................116
6.3 Chemical analyses comparing host rock and fragment compositions with compositions of
Sudbury Breccia matrix ...................................................................................118
6.4 Chemical analyses of Sudbury Breccia ......................................................................119
6.5 Chemical analyses of Sudbury Breccia ......................................................................119
6.6 Whole rock analyses. Footwall Breccia...................................................................... 126

97
` e ^ mqb o =S

FIGURES
6. l Ring fractures in North Range Footwall ..................................................................... 100
6.2 Stereograms for Footwall rock foliations .....................................................................101
6.3 Stereograms for Footwall rock joints......................................................................... 102
6.4 Shatter cone occurrences and orientations K KK KK
KKKKKK
KK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKyMP
6.5 Shock-metamorphic features in the Footwall rocks of Levack Township.................................... 105
6.6 Sudbury Breccia occurrences ................................................................................ 108
6.7 Orientation of Sudbury Breccia dikes ........................................................................ 109
6.8 Sudbury Breccia in Levack Gneiss Complex ................................................................110
6.9 Photomicrograph of Sudbury Breccia.. ......................................................................111
6.10 Sudbury Breccia matrix versus host rock ...................................................................114
6.11 Plots of SiO2 versus K2O, Na;O, A12O,, and MgO, Sudbury Breccia ...................................... 120
6.12 More plots of SiO2 versus K26, Na2O, A12O,, and MgO, Sudbury Breccia................................ 121
6.13 Some more plots of SiO2 versus K26, Na:O, A12O,, and MgO............................................. 122
6.14 Zone analogous to the "Zone of Silence" .................................................................. 124
6.15 Footwall Breccia and Megabreccia ......................................................................... 126
6.16 Footwall Breccia grading into granophyric mobilizate ..................................................... 126
6.17 Relicts of planar features in partly recrystallized quartz .................................................... 127
6.18 Granophyre intergrowths of quartz and plagioclase ........................................................ 128
6.19 Contact metamorphism, Levack Township .................................................................131

PHOTOGRAPHS
6. l Shatter cones in arenite of the Mississagi Formation .............................. ......................... 102
6.2 Kink bands in biotite gneiss, Levack Township .................................... ......................... 104
6.3 Planar features in quartz............................................................ ......................... 104
6.4 Planar features in plagioclase ................................................................................ 106
6.5 Concentric extinction pattern in shock-metamorphic plagioclase ........................................... 106
6.6 Planar features in potassic feldspar........................................................................... 106
6.7 Strongly fractured garnet..................................................................................... 106
6.8 Vesicle in migmatic gneiss ................................................................................... 106
6.9 Sudbury Breccia in rocks of the Cobalt Group ...............................................................112
6.10 Steeply dipping Sudbury Breccia dike in Creighton Pluton. 12
6.11 Sudbury Breccia in Creighton Pluton 12
6.12 Recrystallized, deformed glass(?) fragment in Sudbury Breccia matrix 12
6.13 Contact of Sudbury Breccia with granitic host rock NO
6.14 Filled vesicles in matrix of Sudbury Breccia NP
6.15 Sudbury Breccia fragment in Sudbury Breccia 13
6.16 Sudbury Breccia ............................................................................................113
6.17 Footwall Breccia ............................................................................................ 124
6.18 Matrix of Footwall Breccia .................................................................................127
6.19 Porphyroblastic quartz filled with stubby plagioclase crystals.............................................. 127
6.20 Stubby plagioclase laths replacing quartz................................................................... 127
6.21 Porphyroblastic biotite and magnetite ...................................................................... 127
6.22 Subophitic gabbro........................................................................................... 128
6.23 Subophitic gabbro........................................................................................... 128
6.24 Transition between Sudbury Breccia and Footwall Breccia ................................................ 130
6.25 Incipient melting, contact metamorphism, Hornfels facies, Levack Township ............................ 131

98

ABSTRACT
Megascopic features related to the Sudbury Event are
ring fractures north of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
Such features also include a steepening of dip, and an
eventual overturning of stratified rocks in the vicinity
of the southern crater rim. Foliation and jointing in the
Footwall rocks do not show clear evidence that they are
related to an impact feature.
Shatter cones occur all around the Complex.
Other shock-metamorphic features such as planar fea
tures and kink bands in Footwall rock-forming min
erals also exist and indicate a decrease in shock
pressure with distance away from the Complex.
Sudbury Breccia occurs all round the Complex,
and for distances as great as 80 km away from it. Lith-
ological and chemical evidence suggests that it origi
nated essentially áå=ëáíì =prior to the emplacement of the
Complex. The breccia was formed mainly by brittle
fracture, comminution of Footwall rocks in an explo
sive event, and by later readjustments of the earth's
crust.
The Footwall Breccia is heterolithic and para-au
tochthonous to autochthonous. It occurs at the lower
contact of the Complex. Brecciation and shock meta
morphism are related to the Sudbury Event.
Contact metamorphism affected all the Footwall
rocks including the breccias near the lower contact of
the Complex in a zone up to l .2 km wide.
The effects of the Sudbury Event on the Footwall
rocks can be explained by assuming an impact origin
for the Sudbury Structure.
INTRODUCTION
The Sudbury Structure lies near the junction of 3
structural provinces of the Canadian Shield. These are
the Superior, Southern, and Grenville Provinces. The
lithologies, structure, and metamorphic features of the
Sudbury area span approximately 2 Ga of complicated
geological history. Features related to the Sudbury
Event, which is considered by the author to have been
a volcanic explosion or the impact of a meteorite, are
superimposed upon older structural and metamorphic
characteristics. Such features have been affected by
later geological events such as the later phases of the
Hudsonian-Penokean Orogeny.
The author defines the term "Footwall" to con
sist of rock units characterized by deformational and
metamorphic features related to the Sudbury crater-
forming event. The "Footwall" is approximately 35
to 40 km, possibly 80 km wide north and east of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex, and is about 9 to 40 km
wide south of the Complex. The northern, eastern, and
southwestern limits of the "Footwall" are defined by
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
the first occurrences of the Sudbury Breccias. The
southern and southeastern limits of the "Footwall" are
defined by the Grenville Front Boundary Fault.
Structural, deformational, and metamorphic fea
tures are described in this chapter that are relevant to
the origin of the Sudbury Structure. In the first part of
the chapter, large scale structures, not described in
other chapters of the Sudbury Volume, are dealt with.
The second section describes the breccias. The third
section describes shock-metamorphic features. The
fourth section describes the contact-metamorphic ef
fects found in the Footwall rocks near the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex.
This paper does not address the origin of the Sud
bury Structure. This is covered by Muir (Chapter 21,
this volume) and Peredery and Morrison (Chapter 22,
this volume). Interpretations of the features observed
in the Footwall rocks that are relevant to the origin of
the Sudbury Structure were avoided by the author so as
to provide as unbiased an account as possible.
Throughout the following account, the author
uses many terms that are specific to Sudbury geology.
These terms are defined in the chapter on the General
Geology of the Sudbury Area (Dressler, Chapter 4,
this volume). A geological map (Map 2491, back
pocket) should be consulted by the reader unfamiliar
with the geography of the Sudbury area.
STRUCTURES OF THE
SUDBURY FOOTWALL
In this section, regional and local structural features of
the Footwall will be discussed that may be related to the
origin of the Sudbury Structure. The regional geotec
tonic setting of the Sudbury Structure is discussed by
Card Éí=~äK=(Chapter 2, this volume); the structure of
the Sudbury Igneous Complex and the Sudbury Basin
is described by Rousell (Chapter 5, this volume).
Megascopic Structures
A ring graben or ring fault system and an overturned
crater collar, similar to those known to exist in the
footwalls of several cryptoexplosion craters or meteo
rite impact craters, are found in the Footwall rocks of
the Sudbury Structure.
On Landsat satellite images, a distinct ring frac
ture that is located at a distance of 18 to 27 km from the
Sudbury Igneous Complex can be recognized (Figure
6.1). The ring fracture position coincides with several
outliers of rocks of the Huronian Supergroup, is
crudely concentric with the North Range Sudbury Ig
neous Complex, and is similar in appearance to ring
99
 ^
` e ^ mqb o =S
graben or ring fault zones known to exist around sev
eral terrestrial and lunar craters. Two terrestrial ex
amples showing these structures are the Wells Creek
Structure in Tennessee (Stearns Éí=~äK=1968) and the
Manicouagan Structure in Quebec. Ring and multi-
ring systems are common on the surface of the earth's
moon and other bodies in the solar system (Taylor
1982).
No comprehensive detailed study of this outer
fault zone has been made. Only 3 large outcrop areas
at the southern limit of the zone, just east of the Benny
"Greenstone" Belt, which occurs northwest of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex, have been visited by the
author. At 2 of the 3 outcrop areas, vertical fault planes
with vertically plunging slickensides were found. The
strike of these faults is subparallel to the strike of the
fault zone seen on the satellite image at these locations.
These limited observations do not allow the postula-
tion of a continuous ring fault or ring graben system
around the entire structure; however, they are signifi
cant enough to be mentioned here.
The South Range crater collar consists mainly of
the Huronian Supergroup and granitic rocks of the
Creighton and Murray Plutons. The Huronian rocks
are folded and faulted, but it is not possible to establish
in the Sudbury area to what extent the large scale struc
tures of these rocks are the result of conventional, en
dogenic processes (Hudsonian-Penokean Orogeny),
or are the result of the Sudbury crater-forming event.
At a few places in the South Range near the Sudbury
Igneous Complex, for instance, just south of the Ellen
pit in Denison Township (Card 1 968 ; Map 2119), and
south of Falconbridge and Happy Valley in Falcon
bridge and Garson Townships (Map 2491, back
pocket), the collar rocks dip vertically or may even be
overturned. Farther away from the Complex, dip di
rections are away from the Complex and decrease in
magnitude, such as in Falconbridge and Garson Town
ships, where the dip changes from 900 to 35 0 south
Figure SK1. o áåÖ=Ñê~Åíì êÉë=áå=k çêíÜ=Range Footwall EÑêçã =i ~åÇë~í=
áã ~ÖÉëFK
100
over a distance of about 1750 m. This steepening of
dip, including the eventual overturning of stratified
rocks in the vicinity of the "crater", has been ob
served at several craters. Examples of such craters are
the Vredefort Structure in South Africa and the Deca-
turville Structure in Missouri (Ofheld and Pohn 1977).
Mesoscopic Structures
FOOTWALL ROCK FOLIATIONS
The pre-Sudbury event foliations of the East and North
Range Footwall rocks are represented by 4 stereo-
grams in Figure 6.2. The gneissosity in all North and
East Range sectors dips steeply. This is not consistent
with a pre-Sudbury domal structure as suggested by
Speers(1957).
Schistosity and gneissosity south of the Sudbury
Igneous Complex also dip steeply and strike approxi
mately parallel to the South Range Complex. These
features are post-Sudbury Igneous Complex in age be
cause the South Range Complex has been affected by
the same deformation as the South Range Footwall.
FOOTWALL JOINTS
The joint orientations of the North Range Footwall
rocks have been studied by the author. The objective
was to determine the nature and radial extent of pos
sible modifications of the regional joint patterns due to
the Sudbury crater-forming event. Figure 6.3 shows 22
equal area stereograms of joints in the North Range
Footwall rocks. Stereograms of Sector 14 (Dressler
1980), of Sectors 15 to 20 (Dressler 1982), Sector 21
(Dressler 1979), and Sector 22 (Meyn 1977) have been
obtained from published Ontario Geological Survey
reports. The other stereograms are based on joint
measurements taken by junior assistants during 1979
to 1982 aerial mapping programs undertaken by the
Ontario Geological Survey.
The regional northwest to west-northwest trend is
most evident in stereograms of sectors farthest away
from the Sudbury Igneous Complex, and is also visi
ble in some stereograms of sectors near the Complex,
for instance in Sector 9. Other stereograms, however,
show the regional trend only faintly, or not at all, and
are characterized by a more random distribution of
joint directions (Sectors 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10). The ster
eograms of Sectors 15 to 20 show regional trends and
also reflect the Wanapitei Lake impact crater (Dence
and Popelar 1972; Dressler 1982). The stereograms of
Sectors 12 and 13, and possibly Sector 4, show indi
cations of preferred jointing parallel to the lower con
tact of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
In Sector l, east-striking, steeply north-dipping
joints are parallel to 90 0 to 110 0 shearing observed by
the author in many places west of the Sudbury Igneous

c áÖì êÉ=SJOK=p íÉêÉçÖê~ã ë=äçê=c ççíï ~ää=êçÅâ=Ñçäá~íáçåëK
Complex. A broader maximum strikes approximately
parallel to the fault zone that cuts across the south
western Sudbury Igneous Complex, and indicates a dip
of approximately 70 0 to 80 0 for the joints and the fault
zone.
The joint patterns north and east of the Sudbury
Igneous Complex can be interpreted as being charac
terized by a random strike and steep dips that are su
perimposed on regional trends near the Sudbury
Igneous Complex. East of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex, around Wanapitei Lake, the joint patterns are the
result of regional deformation, the Sudbury Event, and
the later Wanapitei Lake impact. No obvious effect on
regional joint patterns can be recognized at distances
greater than 30 km measured in directions radiating
from the lower contact of the Complex.
SHOCK METAMORPHISM
The term shock metamorphism describes all the
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
changes affected in rocks and minerals which result
from the passage of high pressure shock waves. The
passage of such waves through the rocks causes per
manent structural damage to minerals and rocks. Nat
ural shock waves are produced by the instantaneous
transfer of kinetic energy from an impacting meteorite
to the target rocks, or, as some more conventional re
searchers maintain, by endogenic, volcanic processes
to the enveloping rocks.
In the Sudbury Footwall rocks, microscopic and
macroscopic shock-metamorphic features are com
mon . In the South Range Footwall rocks, microscopic
features are all but destroyed due to regional metamor
phic recrystallization.
Shatter Cones
Shatter cones (Photo 6.1), first discovered by Branco
and Fraas (1905) in the Steinheim impact crater in
southern Germany, are conical fracture surfaces with
` e ^ mqb o =S

14

LEGEND

` çåíçì ê=fåíÉêî ~ä

296 MKRJNKMJOKMJPKMJQKNC=
PPN MK SJNKOJOKQJPK MG=
OSP MK UJNKRJPKMJPK UG=
326 MK RJNKTJPK QJSKUJUKRG=
PNR MK SJNKPJPKOJPK UG=
PPM MK RJNKOJOK QJPKSJQKUG=
NOM MK RJNKTJPKPJRK RG=
UQU MK RJNKOJOKSJPJPG =
9 NOR MK RJNKSJPKOJQK UJSJQG=
NM QQU MK RJNKNJOK RJPKUJRKUG=
NN NRO MK RJNKPJOK SJRKPJTKVG=
12 NOV MK RJOKPJQKSJTK MG=
NP NNN MK RJNKUJPKTJRK QG=
NQ NSR MK SJNKOJPKMJQK OG=
NR NMS MKVJNKÖJPKUB =
NS PMP n KPJMKTJNKPJOKSB =
NT 253 MK QJMKUJNKSJPK OG=
NU 263 MKQJMKUJNKp JPKMB =
NV OTV MK QJMKTJNKQJOK VG=
R= NM= NR OM NOP MKUJNK SJPKOG =
âáäçã ÉíêÉë 21 ONN MK RJMKVJNKUJPK TJRKRG
=
k l qbI=p ÉÅíçê=OO=áåÅäì ÇÉë=íÜÉ=ï ÜçäÉ=çÑ=` äÉã Éåí=qçï åëÜáçK 22 OSP OKMJRK MJUKMJNNK MG

c áÖì êÉ=SKPK=p íÉêÉçÖê~ã ë=Ñçê=c ççíï ~ää=êçÅâ=àçáåíëK

striae that fan from an apex (Dietz 1968, 1972). The

striae are sharp grooves between intervening, rounded
ridges. The Sudbury shatter cones are up to 3 m long
(Guy-Bray and Geological Staff 1966).
The origin of shatter cones is a matter of debate.
In several publications, Dietz (1959, 1962, 1964,
1968, 1972) advocated a meteorite impact origin for
the Sudbury shatter cones. Milton (1977) stated that
"one must be unusually broadminded to entertain hy
potheses for shatter coning other than that it results
from shock generated by impact". Broad minded re
searchers, however, still exist. Sage (1978) proposed
a volcanic origin for the Slate Islands structure where
shatter cones also occur. Fleet (1979) proposed a con
ventional tectonic origin for the Sudbury shatter cones.
mÜçíç=SKNK=p Ü~ííÉê=ÅçåÉë=áå=~êÉåáíÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=j áëëáëë~Öá=c çêã ~íáçåK=
Shatter cones occur around the entire Sudbury Ig o ~ã ëÉó=i ~âÉ=o ç~Ç=åÉ~ê=i ~ì êÉåíá~å=r åáî Éêëáíó=` ~ã éì ëK=c áäíÉê=
neous Complex for distances as much as 17 km (Guy- áë=R=Åã =áå=Çá~ã ÉíÉêK=EmÜçíçÖê~éÜó=Åçì êíÉëó=çÑ=t K=j ÉóÉêI=
Bray and Geological Staff 1966) away from it. Figure p ì ÇÄì êóFK

102
 _ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o

i bd bk a
p qo l k d = a b s b i l mj b k q=

n = c ^ fo =a b s b i l mj b k q

l =t b ^ h = a b s b i l mj b k q
qo b k a = ^ k a =fk ` i fk ^ qfl k = l c = ` l k b = ^ u fp =
H^ mb u =r mI=J^ mb u =a l t k F=
Iu q?^ mb u = r k a b qb o j fk b a

J` { J^ u fp = s b o qf` ^ i =E^ mb u =r mF=

l =^ u fp =r k a b qb o j fk b a

p r a _ r o v = fd k b l r p = ` l j mi b u

p =d o b k s fi i b = c o l k q=_ l r k a ^ o v =c ^ r i q
l

c áÖì êÉÉKQK=p Ü~ííÉê=ÅçåÉ=çÅÅì êêÉåÅÉë=~åÇ=çêáÉåí~íáçåëK=^ ÑíÉêd ì óJ_ ê~ó=~åÇ=d ÉçäçÖáÅ~ä=p í~ÑÑ=ENVSSFI=~åÇ=~ÇÇáíáçå~ä=çÄëÉêî ~íáçåë=Äó=íÜÉ=~ì íÜçêK

6.4 is based on Figure l of Guy-Bray and Geological
Staff (1966). Approximately 60 additional shatter cone
locations have been observed and added to this figure
by the author. Many of the conical features point to
ward the Sudbury Basin, but random orientations and
opposite directions at one and the same shatter cone lo
cation are also common.
Roddy and Davis (1977) stated that the apices may
point in random directions, "but after the host rocks
are stereographically rotated back to their original po
sition, the cones invariably point toward the shock
wave source area, and indicate the source came from
above rather than below ground (Milton Éí=~äK=1972;
Howard and Offield 1968)''. The observation of shat
ter cone orientations in 2 opposite directions at some
locations around the Sudbury Igneous Complex and
also at the Gosses Bluff (Australia), Sierra Madera
(Texas), Steinheim (Germany), and other structures
(F. Horz, Experimental Planetology Branch, NASA
Johnson Space Center, Houston, personal communi
cation, 1983) is not in agreement with this statement.
Shock-Metamorphic Features in
Minerals
Kink bands in biotite (Photo 6.2) and other micaceous
minerals are the first sign of shock-induced mineral
deformation seen under the microscope and indicate
weakly shocked rocks. Kink bands occur in shocked
rocks formed by meteorite impact and observed in nu
clear explosion craters (Cummings 1968), but also oc
cur in micas of tectonically deformed rocks. In shock
metamorphosed rocks, kink bands coexist with other
shock-metamorphic features characteristic of a rather
wide range of shock pressures. In strongly shocked
rocks, all biotite grains are kinked. At still higher shock

103
` e ^ mqb o =S
mÜçíç=SKOK=h áåâ=Ä~åÇë=áå=ÄáçíáíÉ=ÖåÉáëëI=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK=` êçëëÉÇ=
éçä~êáòÉêëK=p Å~äÉ=MKN=ã ã K
mÜçíç=SKPK=mä~å~ê=ÑÉ~íì êÉë=áå=èì ~êíòK=d ê~åáíáÅ=êçÅâI=k çêíÜ=o ~åÖÉ=
c ççíï ~ääK=` êçëëÉÇ=éçä~êáòÉêëK=p Å~äÉ=MKO=ã ã K
pressures, the birefringence and pleochroism of bio
tite are reduced and biotite becomes oxidized. The ox
idation is probably secondary, and is caused by the
shock-induced rise in temperature. In the Footwall
around the Sudbury Igneous Complex, kinked micas
are common, and were observed up to 10 km away
from the Sudbury Igneous Complex, and may possi
bly occur at even greater distances than this.
Quartz in the Sudbury Footwall rocks exhibits
well-preserved shock-metamorphic features. Weakly
shocked quartz is characterized by fracturing oblique
or parallel to crystallographic planes (von Engelhardt
Éí=~äK=1969; Dressler 1970). Shock waves of 100 and
more kbar peak pressures (Horz 1968; Muller and De-
fourneaux 1968) produce shock lamellae (Photo 6.3).
Weakly shocked quartz contains one or a few sets of la
mellae commonly parallel to the (0001), (1013), and/
or (0113) crystallographic planes. Up to 11 parallel sets
(Robertson Éí=~äK=1968) per quartz grain were ob
served in severely shocked quartz grains from
104
Canadian craters and von Engelhardt and Bertsch
(1969) noticed up to 18 sets in quartz from the Ries
crater in Germany.
In the Sudbury Footwall rocks, the author ob
served up to 3 sets per quartz grain.
Robertson and Grieve (1977) estimated the shock
attenuation at terrestrial impact structures by compar
ing experimental results for various shock levels with
observations made at 3 Canadian structures (Brent
Crater, Slate Islands, and Charlevoix Crater). These
authors distinguish 4 deformation types (A, B, C, and
D) based on characteristic planar feature frequency
and orientation in quartz, and a fifth type characterized
by rocks that show no planar features in quartz. Rocks
of this fifth type may contain shatter cones. The Rob
ertson and Grieve (1977) method was used to roughly
estimate the shock pressures in rocks outside the con
tact metamorphic aureole in Levack Township. The
results are shown in Table 6. l and Figure 6.5.
Diaplectic quartz glass and the 2 SiO: high pres
sure modifications, coesite and stishovite, have not
been observed in the Footwall rocks. These minerals
are metastable and, if present in the first place, did not
survive contact and regional metamorphism.
Shock-metamorphic features in plagioclase have
been well studied (von Engelhardt Éí~äK=1969; Stoffler
1967; Chao 1968b; Dressler 1970). Pressures below
approximately 100 to 150 kbar do not produce any typ
ical shock-metamorphic features other than fracturing
of crystals, bending of twin lamellae, and possibly de
velopment of twins. These features are not necessarily
diagnostic of such shock.
Pressures between approximately 150 and 300
kbar (von Engelhardt Éí=~äK=1967) produce planar fea
tures and isotropizations within plagioclase grains.
Above 300 and under 500 kbar, whole plagioclase
crystals become diaplectic glass (maskelynite), and
above 500 kbar, normal glass of plagioclase compo
sition is produced. Recent shock experiments (Oster-
tag 1981) with single crystals of various feldspars
indicate that at shock pressures of 280 to 300 kbar all
feldspar crystals except for l perthitic microcline were
changed into diaplectic glass. In more recent experi
ments, Ostertag (1983) obtained planar features at 140
kbar in plagioclase and at 105 kbar in alkali feldspars.
In the Footwall rocks of the Sudbury Structure,
fracturing of plagioclase crystals and bending of pla
gioclase twin lamellae are commonly observed. Planar
features (Photo 6.4) are also present. Partial or com
plete diaplectic isotropization was not observed in
Footwall plagioclase. Photo 6.5, however, shows a
concentric extinction pattern in a shock-metamorphic
plagioclase, possibly representing recrystallized mas
kelynite. Potassic feldspar (Photo 6.6) shows the same
shock-metamorphic features as plagioclase.
 _ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o

TABLE 6.1: p e l ` h =mo b p p r o b =fk =k l o qe =o ^ k d b =c l l qt ^ i i =o l ` h p =c o l j =n r ^ o qw=a b c l o j ^ qfl k =

Ej b qe l a =l c =d o fb s b =^ k a =o l _ b o qp l k =NVTSX=o l _ b o qp l k =^ k a =d o fb s b =NVTTFK

a fp q^ k ` b =ql
pr a _r o v j b^ k =
fd k b l r p ql q^ i = çLç=n r ^ o qw pe l ` h=
` l j mi b u J k r j _ b o =l c = t fqe qv mb =^ = qv mb p = qv mb =` = mo b p =
c l l qt ^ i i n r ^ o qw= mi ^ k ^ o a bcl o = a bcl o = a bcl o = pr o b= p e l ` h =a b c l o j ^ qfl k =
` l k q^ ` q=Eâã F= d o ^ fk p c b ^ qr o b p j ^ qfl k j ^ qfl k j ^ qfl k Ed m~FG o bj ^ o hp fk =n r ^ o qw

NKQQ 93 NNKU m~êíäó

êÉÅêóëí~ääáòÉÇ=
EMMMNFI=ENMNMF=
~åÇ= ENMNOF=
çÄëÉêî ÉÇ
1.84 RP 9.3 6.1 a ÉÑçêã ~íáçå=qóéÉ=` Ü~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=
éä~å~ê=ÑÉ~íì êÉ=
çêáÉåí~íáçå
NKUQ QU 31.4 NM 6.9

OKQU 89 SKT RKU p Ü~ííÉê=ÅçåÉëI=

Äì í=åç=éä~å~ê=
ÑÉ~íì êÉë
OKTM QS ONKT 6.3 (0001)
OKUU RM 16.0 6.1 ENMNPF=
EOOQNFI=ENMNNF
PKMQ RU NO S RKV= EMNNNFIENNOOF=
QKQM 14.8 NP RKV ENMNOF

G=N= d m~=Pê= NMh Ä~ê

LEGEND
A Kink bands in biotite
D Planar features in quartz
(.2,3) (1,2,3 sets grain)
Planar features in plagioclase
O Shatter cones
5.9 Mean shock pressure (GPa)
Hi Sudbury Igneous Complex
Fault

c áÖì êÉ=SKRK=p ÜçÅâJã Éí~ã çêéÜáÅ=ÑÉ~íì êÉë=áå=íÜÉ=c ççíï ~ää=êçÅâë=çÑ=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK

105
` e ^ mqb o =S

mÜçíç=SKSK=mä~å~ê=ÑÉ~íì êÉë=áå=éçí~ëëáÅ=ÑÉäÇëé~êK=d ê~åáíÉK=k çêíÜ=

mÜçíç=SKQK=mä~å~ê=ÑÉ~íì êÉë=áå=éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=EÜ~êÇäó=î áëáÄäÉ=çå=éÜçíç= o ~åÖÉK=p Å~äÉ=MKMR=ã ã K
Öê~éÜI=O=ëÉíë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=Äó=~êêçï ëFK=d åÉáëëI=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK=
` êçëëÉÇ=éçä~êáòÉêëK=p Å~äÉ=MKN=ã ã

mÜçíç=SKTK=p íêçåÖäó=Ñê~Åíì êÉÇ=Ö~êåÉíK=d åÉáëëI=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK=

mÜçíç=SKRK=` çåÅÉåíêáÅ=ÉñíáåÅíáçå=é~ííÉêå=áå=ëÜçÅâJã Éí~ã çêéÜáÅ= mä~åÉ=éçä~êáòÉÇ=äáÖÜíK=p Å~äÉ=MKO=ã ã K
éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉK=d åÉáëëI=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK=` êçëëÉÇ=éçä~êáòÉêëK=
p Å~äÉ=MKN=ã ã K

Shock-metamorphosed hornblende and pyroxene

exhibit deformation bands and planar features; apatite
displays a parting or cleavage parallel to (1011). Gar
net is strongly fractured (Photo 6.7) in rocks approxi
mately 0.9 km north of the Sudbury Igneous Complex
in Levack Township.
Vesiculated country rocks are known to occur as
inclusions in the suevite, the impact breccia of the Ries
Crater in south Germany (von Engelhardt Éí=~äK=1969),
and as parautochthonous and allochthonous rocks in
the Manicouagan Crater in Quebec (Murtaugh 1976).
mÜçíç=SKUK=s ÉëáÅäÉ=áå=ã áÖã ~íáíáÅ=ÖåÉáëë=çÑ=k çêíÜ=o ~åÖÉ=ÑáääÉÇ=ï áíÜ=
Similar fragments occur also in the breccias of the On ÜóéáÇáçã çêéÜáÅ=èì ~êíò=En F=~ÖÖêÉÖ~íÉ=íÜ~í=áë=êáã ã ÉÇ=Äó=~=ÑáåÉ=
aping Formation (W. V. Peredery, Staff Geologist, Inco éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=EmF=ëÉ~ã K=` êçëëÉÇ=éçä~êáòÉêëK=p Å~äÉ=MKO=ã ã K
Limited, personal communication, 1983) and in vol
canic breccias (H.U. Schmincke, Professor, Ruhr
University, Bochum, personal communication, 1983).
l .2 km east of West Cameron Lake. The elongate or ir
Filled vesicle-like features were noticed in a thin regularly shaped ''vesicles" are up to 2 mm in size.
section (Photo 6.8) of a gneissic migmatite specimen These consist of xenomorphic to idiomorphic quartz
collected from the North Range at a site approximately rimmed by small plagioclase grains. Small amounts of

106

carbonate may be present in the centres, and in one
case, a stubby apatite crystal was observed. In hand
specimen, the "vesicles" cannot be recognized and
distinguished from pink, recrystallized feldspars.
The features represent either amygdules, which
were originally gas-filled cavities, or strongly shocked,
diaplectic, and later recrystallized quartz-feldspar ag
gregates (W.V. Peredery, Staff Geologist, Inco Lim
ited, personal communication, 1983), or, most likely,
a shock-induced, normal quartz-feldspar melt trapped
in an otherwise still solid rock (G. Graup, Max Planck
Institut fur Chemie, Mainz, personal communication,
1983).
Zoning of Shock-Metamorphic
Features in the Footwall
The size and structural complexity of the Sudbury
Structure make impractical the study of shock-meta
morphic features and the zonal distribution of them
around the entire Sudbury Igneous Complex. The
South Range Footwall rocks were subjected to a higher
rank, post-Sudbury Event metamorphism than the
North Range rocks (Card 1978b; Dressler, Chapter 4,
this volume). For these 2 reasons, a small section of the
North Range Footwall in Levack Township was cho
sen for a more detailed investigation of the zoning of
shock-metamorphic features EëÉÉ=Figure 6.5). More
than 100 thin sections indicate that a crude zoning of
such features can be recognized in the rocks. Very
close to the contact, and up to about 500 m (or about
1000 m in the Strathcona Mine sector) north of the
contact, shock-metamorphic features, however, are
commonly no longer visible, or are present only
as relicts due to a strong contact-metamorphic
recrystallization.
Planar features in quartz were observed by the au
thor for as much as 5.5 km north of the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex, but may be present as far as
approximately 8 km away as is shown by Dence
(1972). Two or more sets of lamellae occur up to about
3 km north of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The
shock pressures responsible for the formation of the
planar features in the quartz grains were estimated for
a few samples using Robertson and Grieve's (1977)
method EëÉÉ=Table 6. l). These pressures are shown at
the appropriate locations in Figure 6.5. The mean
shock pressures appear to be somewhat low compared
with shock experiments based on this method (Horz
1968; Muller and Defourneaux 1968). The result, in
general, however, indicates a decrease in shock pres
sure with distance from the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex. Planar features in plagioclase occur up to 2.9 km
north of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. These are ab
sent at closer distances due to the strong contact-met
amorphic recrystallization of the country rocks.
_ r o h e=^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
_ob``f^p=fk=qeb=cllqt^ii=
lc=qeb=pra_rov=pqor`qrob
The breccias in the Footwall of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex are some of the most intriguing rocks related
to the Sudbury Structure. A study of these breccias
may reveal an understanding of the origin of the Sud
bury Structure. In spite of many studies, the origin of
the breccias remains the subject of considerable
debate.
Sudbury Breccia
The areas around the Sudbury Igneous Complex host
many unusual breccia bodies known as Sudbury Brec
cia, previously also called Sudbury-type breccia, Lev
ack Breccia, or Common Sudbury Breccia. The
breccias have been the subject of several publications
(examples are: Fairbairn and Robson 1942, 1943;
Speers 1957; Card 1978a; Muir 1981, 1983; Dupuis
Éí~äK=1982).
DISTRIBUTION
The Sudbury Breccia occurs as numerous, irregular,
or crudely tabular bodies around the Sudbury Igneous
Complex. It is abundant within a distance of 5 to 10km
from the Sudbury Igneous Complex, but it is known to
occur much farther away. For instance, in Emo,
Rhodes, and Botha Townships, it occurs up to 25 km
northwest of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (Dressler
1980), in the Chiniguchi Lake area, 50 km northeast
of the Complex (Dressler 1981 b); in Janes and Mc-
Nish Townships (Dressler 1979), about 50 km to the
east; and near Espanola (Card 1978a), about 28 km
west of the Complex. Peredery and Morrison (Chap
ter 22, this volume) indicate that the breccias exist also
80 km northeast of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
Close to the Complex, the breccia bodies, in general,
are larger and more abundant than farther away. Evi
dence, however, exists for the presence of 2 specific
zones of increased brecciation about 20 to 25 km and
80 km away from the Complex. These zones are char
acterized by more, commonly much larger breccia
bodies than in the annuli which are about 10 to 20 km
and about 35 km wide. Figure 6.6, showing the brec
cia distribution around the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex, is based on the work of many investigators. In
this figure, breccia bodies (large and small) appear to
be more common south of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex than to the north. This, however, is not the case,
and the apparent distribution merely reflects outcrop
density that is greater in the south than in the north.
ORIENTATION
The geographical distribution of the Sudbury Breccia
around the Sudbury Igneous Complex indicates that
107
 ` e ^ mqb o =S
the breccia is somehow related to the Sudbury Struc
ture. Therefore, it should be possible to relate the ori
entation of the breccia bodies to the geometry of this
structure. Card (1978a, p. 195) studied the Sudbury-
Manitoulin area southwest of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex, and stated "that there is a suggestion of both
radial and concentric patterns about the Nickel Irrup
tive" (Sudbury Igneous Complex). Similar trends
were not recognized by T. Muir (Geologist, Ontario
Geological Survey, personal communication, 1981)
and the author of this chapter north and east of the
Complex. This is possibly due to the different struc
tural properties of the rocks north and south of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex. The rock units in the south, in
general, trend parallel to the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex boundary. Since breccia bodies commonly follow
contacts between lithological units, the concentric
breccia distribution may reflect only pre-breccia lith
ological trends. In the north, in the predominantly
granitic rocks, gneisses, and migmatites, random pre-
Sudbury Breccia lithological and structural weak
nesses, such as rock contacts, foliations, joints, and
faults, caused more random orientations of breccia
bodies. The large breccia bodies can be mapped in only
c áÖì êÉ=SKSK=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=çÅÅì êêÉåÅÉë=EáåÑçêã ~íáçå=Ñêçã =éì ÄäáëÜÉÇ=~åÇ=ì åéì ÄäáëÜÉÇ=l åí~êáç=d ÉçäçÖáÅ~ä=p ì êî Éó=ã ~éëF=EëÉÉ=~äëç=c áÖì êÉ=
OOKQ=çÑ=mÉêÉÇÉêó=~åÇ=j çêêáëçåI=` Ü~éíÉê=OOI=íÜáë=î çäì ã ÉFK
108
a few places, such as in part of the well-exposed South
Range Footwall terrain. The longest and largest brec
cia body investigated by the author hosts the Frood and
Stobie Mine orebodies, and is approximately 11 km
long EëÉÉ=Map 2491, back pocket). It is neither con
centric nor radial with respect to the Sudbury Igneous
Complex, but, in general, follows the trend of the Hu
ronian lithologies.
The orientation of many breccia bodies is not
known because of the commonly discontinuous ex
posures of the rock. No attempt was made by the au
thor to document the orientation of irregularly shaped
breccia bodies. The orientation of 739 breccia dikes,
however, is shown in the 6 stereograms of Figure 6.7.
A clear and convincing correlation between orienta
tion maxima and the shape of the Complex is not pos
sible in most stereograms. In the southeastern
stereogram, a maximum exists for breccia orientations
subparallel to the trend of the Complex. The other
South Range stereogram is similar. The East Range
stereogram shows steeply dipping, randomly ori
ented, breccia dikes. Concentric breccia orientation is
indicated by the eastern, and possibly also the western

North Range stereograms. The central North Range
stereogram exhibits a more or less random distribution
of steeply to vertically dipping breccia dikes.
In both the North and South Range Footwall, the
Sudbury Breccia dikes dip steeply or vertically. The
South Range measurements were taken from rocks lo
cated at least 2 km south of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex, so as to avoid measuring and recording breccia
orientations in overturned lithologies. Nevertheless,
the South Range data are very similar to North and East
Range data. This probably indicates that the major de-
formational event of the Hudsonian-Penokean Oro
geny is pre-Sudbury Event in age. A distinct tectonic
foliation, however, is present in many South Range
breccias, and is related to later phases of this orogeny.
DESCRIPTION
Sudbury Breccia bodies range in size from large zones
up to 11 km long to small patches that are only a few
cm across or to seams a few mm thick. The breccias
5 10
W
KW
=D= á
" {{
kilometres
` e NJN=
Çz= OJO=óK
H 4-3 "A
H 8-6 "A
c áÖì êÉ=SKTK=l êáÉåí~íáçå=çÑ=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=ÇáâÉëK
_ r o h e ^ o a l K=a o b ppi b o
form irregularly shaped bodies, veins, and dikes. In a
few places, breccia dikes appear to radiate away from
more irregularly shaped breccia bodies (Figure 6.8).
The contacts with the host rocks are sharp.
In Figure 6.9, several Sudbury Breccia bodies are
sketched. Offsets along breccia dikes, as seen in sketch
A, are not common. The dikes may follow lithological
contacts (sketch E), but in the granitic terrain of the
North Range, do not seem to be controlled in this way.
Several Éå=ÉÅÜÉäçå=dikelets (sketches B and C) were
observed in a few places. The dikes bifurcate and send
apophyses into the host rocks (sketches D and F). The
area between bifurcating dikes may be strongly brec
ciated as is shown in sketch D of Figure 6.9. In a very
few places, deformed clasts within the breccia bodies
and dikes indicate shearing. In sketch F, a few clasts
imbedded in the thicker dike XX show strong plastic
deformation due to shearing parallel to XX. The ma
trix in this dike shows flow lines parallel to XX, and
wraps around the fragments. No flow lines, however,
15
109
` e ^ mqb o =S
were observed in the small apophysis Y that forms a
right angle with dike XX. Photos 6.9 to 6.11 show
Sudbury Breccia occurrences in the North and South
Range Footwalls.
The size of the fragments in the breccias depends
on the size of the breccia bodies. For example, large
fragments, in general, are found in large breccia bod
ies, and small fragments in small bodies. Fragments up
to 10 m in diameter are not uncommon in the larger
bodies. Speers (1957) reported fragments up to 120 m
long, and Yates (1948) described a 275 by 800 m large
fragment near the Stobie Mine. Most fragments are
rounded or subrounded, the very small rock and min
eral fragments, however, are subangular to angular.
The fragments, in general, are of the same rock
type as the host rock. Exotic fragments, however, are
common as well. These may be derived from rocks
nearby, or sources not exposed on the surface. In the
areas north of the Sudbury Igneous Complex which are
underlain mainly by granitic rocks, gabbroic frag
ments and diabase clasts are very common within the
breccias, even though neither gabbro nor diabase out
crop nearby. In Rhodes Township, approximately 50
km northwest of Sudbury, Dressler (1980) observed
quartz sandstone clasts of the Lorrain Formation in a
c áÖì êÉ=SKUK=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=áå=i Éî ~Åâ=d åÉáëë=` çã éäÉñ=~ééêçñáã ~íÉäó=MKR=âã =åçêíÜ=çÑ=` çäÉã ~å=j áåÉI=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK=k çíÉ=íÜÉ=~Äêì éí=
ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ëíêáâÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=Ñçäá~íáçå=áå=Ñ~ì äíÉÇ=ÖåÉáëë=ÄäçÅâë=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ä~Åâ=çÑ=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ã ~íêáñ=~êçì åÇ=ëçã É=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=Éã ÄÉÇÇÉÇ=áå=ÖåÉáëëK=
_ êÉÅÅá~=ÇáâÉë=~ééÉ~ê=íç=ê~Çá~íÉ=~ï ~ó=Ñêçã =íÜÉ=ã ~áå=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ÄçÇó=Eã çëí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëâÉíÅÜF=çê=íç=ÄÉ=~ééêçñáã ~íÉäó=ÅçåÅÉåíêáÅ=íç=áíK
110
Sudbury Breccia body within Archean metavolcanic
rocks. The closest outcrops of Lorrain Formation
sandstone are more than 200 m away from the breccia
body, and are at a slightly higher elevation. Small
breccia bodies and dikes contain proportionally fewer
visible fragments than large ones. Many breccia dikes
and seams contain either few fragments or none. Ves
icles up to l .5 cm in diameter have been observed in the
breccia matrix by the author l .9 km east-northeast of
the southwestern corner of Trill Township.
In a few thin sections, small, angular, shard-like,
in places plastically deformed fragments were ob
served that exhibit schlieren-type flow lines (Photo
6.12). Such fragments possibly represent recrystal-
lized glass incorporated into the breccia matrix. The
glass may have originated in the same breccia body,
possibly during the initial phase of breccia formation.
In hand specimen, the Sudbury Breccia matrix is
commonly grey, dark grey, or black (massive breccia
of Peredery and Morrison, Chapter 22, this volume).
In quartz sandstones, arkoses, or other light-coloured
rocks, the breccia matrix is lighter coloured than in
"greenstone", gabbro, or biotite-rich granite host
rocks. The colour of the matrix also depends on the de
gree of recrystallization from contact metamorphism
near the Sudbury Igneous Complex, or from regional

c áÖì êÉ=SKVK=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~K=b ñ~ã éäÉë=Ñêçã =íÜÉ=k çêíÜ=o ~åÖÉ=
c ççíï ~ääK
_ ä~Åâ=çå=ëâÉíÅÜÉë=áë=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ã ~íêáñK
^ Jn ì ~êíò=î Éáå=áë=çÑÑëÉí=~äçåÖ=î Éêó=íÜáå=ÄêÉÅÅá~=î ÉáåëK
_ Je ÉêêáåÖÄçåÉ=íÉåëáçå~ä=Ñê~Åíì êÉë=ÑáääÉÇ=ï áíÜ=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~K
` JqÉåëáçå~ä=Ñê~Åíì êÉë=ÑáääÉÇ=ï áíÜ=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~K
a J?n ì ~ëá=ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ?=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=ÄçÇó=ÄçêÇÉêÉÇ=Äó=~=
ÄáÑì êÅ~íáåÖ=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ÇáâÉX=N= çÑÑëÉí=ÇáâÉ=ëì Äé~ê~ääÉä=íç=ëÜ~ííÉê=
ÅçåÉ=~ñÉë=Eëã ~ää=~êêçï ëF=~åÇ=~ééêçñáã ~íÉäó=éÉêéÉåÇáÅì ä~ê=íç=
ÄêÉÅÅá~=ÇáâÉK=^ êêçï W =a áêÉÅíáçå=éÉêéÉåÇáÅì ä~ê=íç=p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖ=
åÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñ=Åçåí~Åí=åÉ~ê=e ~êÇó=j áåÉI=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéI=
OKQâã =~ï ~óK
b Jp ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=ÇáâÉ=Ñçääçï ë=êçÅâ=Åçåí~ÅíK
_ r o h e=^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
c J` ~í~Åä~ëíáÅ=Ñäçï =~åÇ=ÇÉÑçêã ~íáçå=çÑ=Åä~ëíë=ï áíÜáå=ÇáâÉ=u u =áåÇá=
Å~íáåÖ=ëÜÉ~êáåÖ=ã çî Éã Éåí=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=u u K=k ç=Å~í~Åä~ëíáÅ=Ñäçï =
áå=~éçéÜóëáë=v K=qÜÉ=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ã ~íêáñ=~Äçî É=u u =~ééÉ~êë=íç=ÄÉ=
ëèì ÉÉòÉÇ=Ñêçã =íÜÉ=ëÜÉ~ê=òçåÉ=u u =áåíç=íÜÉ=Üçëí=êçÅâK=e çëí=êçÅâ=
~åÇ=ä~êÖÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=~êÉ=Çá~Ä~ëÉI=ëã ~ää=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=~êÉ=Öê~åáíáÅ=
êçÅâëK
metamorphism around the Complex. The contact me
tamorphosed matrix is somewhat lighter coloured than
unmetamorphosed matrices due to the growth of fine-
grained plagioclase within it. Greenschist facies rank
regional metamorphism commonly has lead to growth
of biotite in the matrix, thus causing darker colour
shades.
The contacts between matrix and host rock or
fragments are sharp (Photo 6.13). Very small matrix
apophyses are seen to intrude fractures in Footwall
rocks and fragments. In thin section, the apophyses can
be seen to form fine seams branching off from the main
matrix body. Cataclastic flow structures (flow banded
breccia of Peredery and Morrison, Chapter 22, this
volume) in the matrix were observed around frag
ments, or parallel to contacts with the host rocks. These
flow structures are more common in the South Range
than in the North Range (W.V. Peredery, Staff Geolo
gist, Inco Limited, personal communication, 1983),
and indicate that Archean high metamorphic rank
rocks and igneous bedrock (North Range) reacted in a
different manner to the breccia-forming process than
did the South Range lower metamorphic rank rocks
and possibly less competent Proterozoic metasedi-
mentary and metavolcanic rocks.
The most common breccia matrix consists of a
microscopic and submicroscopic rock and mineral
flour. The lithologies that form the dominant mineral
and rock fragments in the breccia are the same as the
adjacent host rock. Most small fragments are angular
to subrounded in shape. Quartz, when not recrystal-
lized, has a wavy extinction, and in a few places, ex
hibits diaplectic planar features. The polysynthetic
twinning of plagioclase fragments commonly is dis
torted. Speers (1957) described a deformed plagio
clase fragment, parts of which appeared isotropic
under crossed nicols. This isotropization is possibly
diaplectic in origin. Fine, recrystallized chlorite, bio
tite, and epidote group minerals can also be seen in the
matrix, especially in breccias of the South Range
Footwall where, in places, regional metamorphism
reached amphibolite facies rank. Most of the matrix
material in weakly recrystallized breccias, however, is
too fine grained to be resolved under the microscope.
Vesicular (Photo 6.14) and non vesicular, recrys
tallized melt matrices (igneous) are not common and
were observed by the author only at localities close to
the North Range Sudbury Igneous Complex, outside
the zone of contact-metamorphic plagioclase recrys
tallization EëÉÉ=Figure 6.19). In a vesicular breccia in
111
` e ^ mqb o =S
mÜçíç=SKVK=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=áå=êçÅâë=çÑ=íÜÉ=` çÄ~äí=d êçì éK=El ì íÉê=
òçåÉ=çÑ=ëíêçåÖ=ÄêÉÅÅá~íáçåFK=t Éëí=ëÜçêÉ=çÑ=_ ~ëëÑáå=i ~âÉK=o ~íÜ=
Äì å=qçï åëÜáéK
mÜçíç=SKNMK=p íÉÉéäó=ÇáééáåÖ=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=ÇáâÉ=áå=` êÉáÖÜíçå=
mäì íçåK=k çêíÜ=çÑ=` ä~ê~ÄÉääÉ=i ~âÉI=p åáÇÉê=qçï åëÜáéK
Trill Township, the vesicles make up approximately
20 TÅ=of the matrix. The remainder of the vesicular ma
trix is very fine grained, rich in iron-oxide, and in
cludes many angular to subrounded fragments of
quartz and plagioclase. The filled vesicles are spheri
cal or slightly elongated and filled with calcite and ac
tinolite; epidote and actinolite; quartz, epidote, and
112
mÜçíç=SKNNK=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=áå=` êÉáÖÜíçå=mäì íçåK=b ~ëí=çÑ=i çÅâJ=
ÉêÄó=j áåÉI=d ê~Ü~ã =qçï åëÜáéK=È ~ã Éê~=äÉåë=Å~é=áë=R=Åã =áå=
Çá~ã ÉíÉêFK
mÜçíç=SKNOK=o ÉÅêóëí~ääáòÉÇI=ÇÉÑçêã ÉÇ=Öä~ëë=E\ F=Ñê~Öã Éåí=áå=p ì Ç=
Äì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=ã ~íêáñK=MKV=âã =åçêíÜï Éëí=çÑ=p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=
` çã éäÉñI=MKU=âã =ï Éëí=çÑ=åçêíÜÉêå=t áåÇó=i ~âÉ=éä~åÉK=mçä~ê=
áòÉÇ=äáÖÜíK=p Å~äÉ=MKO=ã ã
mÜçíç=SKNPK=` çåí~Åí=çÑ=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=ï áíÜ=Öê~åáíáÅ=Üçëí=êçÅâK=MKV=
âã =åçêíÜï Éëí=çÑ=p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñI=MKU=âã =ï Éëí=çÑ=
åçêíÜÉêå=t áåÇó=i ~âÉK=p Å~äÉ=MKP=ã ã K
actinolite; or chlorite, calcite, and actinolite. Very fine
grained plagioclase microlites can be recognized
within the vesicular matrix, and indicate the rock
 _ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o

mÜçíç=SKNQK=c áääÉÇ=î ÉëáÅäÉë=áå=ã ~íêáñ=çÑ=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~K=MKU=âã =

ï Éëí=çÑ=p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñI=MKQ=âã =åçêíÜ=çÑ=ëçì íÜÉêå=
Äçì åÇ~êó=çÑ=qêáää=qçï åëÜáéK=p Å~äÉ=MKQR=ã ã K

formed by rapid crystallization from a melt. Similar

tiny plagioclase crystals were also observed in a few
thin sections of unvesiculated Sudbury Breccia ma
trix. In l thin section, the arrangement of plagioclase
laths is spherulitic, suggesting either recrystallization
of a glass, or primary spherulitic crystallization from a
melt'.
In a few places. Sudbury Breccia bodies exhibit
evidence of more than l episode of brecciation. Photo
6.15, for instance, shows a Sudbury Breccia fragment
mÜçíç=SKNRK=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=Ñê~Öã Éåí=áå=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=MKU=âã =
imbedded in fiow-textured Sudbury Breccia from the ëçì íÜ=çÑ=t Üáíëçå=i ~âÉI=MKT=âã =É~ëí=çÑ=e áÖÜï ~ó=SVK=_ äÉò~êÇ=
South Range. In Photo 6.16,2 differently coloured and qçï åëÜáéK
textured breccia matrices can be seen in sharp contact
with one another.

CHEMISTRY
Speers (1957) analyzed 6 matrix-host rock pairs and
concluded that "the chemical composition of the brec
cia matrices reflects the composition of the host rock
and also indicates that foreign material has been mixed
with material derived from the host rocks".
Card (1978a, p. 193), from a similar study, con
cluded that the bulk chemical composition of the ma
trix materials corresponds closely to the average
composition of the rock fragments, thus indicating that
the breccias were formed primarily by an áå=ëáíì =mill
ing process. Apparently, the only significant additions mÜçíç=SKNSK=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~K=a ~êâ=ÖêÉó=íç=Ää~Åâ=ã ~íêáñ=~åÇ=~=ëÉÅ=
çåÇI=óçì åÖÉêI=äáÖÜíÉê=ÖêÉó=ã ~íêáñK=k çêíÜ=o ~åÖÉ=c ççíï ~ääK=EqÜáå=
were water and carbon.
ëÉÅíáçå=Åçì êíÉëó=çÑ=qKi K=j ì áêFK=p Å~äÉ=N= ã ã K
'It is noteworthy that the melt matrices and also the small
fragments of recrystallized glass described above, appear
In a recent paper, Dupuis Åá=~äK=(1982) published
to be derived from the surrounding country rocks, proba
results of a chemical investigation of Sudbury Brec
bly by frictional heat during the generation of finely
comminuted material. In the Ries (Germany) and cias exposed along a contact between a Nipissing gab
Rochechouart (France) impact craters, dike melts are bro body and Mississagi Formation quartz sandstone
chemically associated with the impact melts (F. Horz, Ex and arkose. These authors claimed that "although the
perimental Planetology Branch, NASA Johnson Space gross compositions of matrix materials can be ac
Centre. Houston, personal communication, 1983). counted for by a mixing of comminuted host gabbro

113
 ` e ^ mqb o =S

a?*

Ti'l-

ÅLR= O

OM= QM= SM= UM=

e çëí=o çÅâ=Eï ÉáÖÜí e çëí=o çÅâ=Eï ÉáÖÜí=?LáF

^ =NIMI

U= NO= NS= OM
e çëí=o çÅâ=Eï ÉáÖÜí=D e çëí=o çÅâ=Eî LÉáÖÜí=DX>çF

M=d ê~åáíáÅ=äçÅâ
^ =d åÉáëë
r =^ DâçëÅ
í= d ~ÄÄêç

MgO

U= NM U= NM
e çëí=o çÅâ=Eï ÉáÖÜí=?~F e çëí=o çÅâ=Eï ÉáÖÜí=D

c áÖì êÉ=SKNMK=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=ã ~íêáñ=î ëK=Üçëí=êçÅâI=ã ~àçê=ÉäÉã Éåí=ÅÜÉã áëíêóK

114

e çëí=o çÅâ=Eï ÉáÖÜí
q=a á~Ä~ëÉ=
M=d á~åáíáÅ=êçÅâ=
^ =d åÉáëë=
_ =^ êâçëÉ=
JÑ= d ~ÄÄêç
Ti0 2
MKU= NKO=
e çëí=o çÅâ=Eï ÉáÖÜí=?áI
and quartzite, enrichments in K2O, Rb, TiO2 , Zr, Y,
Ba, Sr, and P2O5 also occur".
In Table 6.2, the compositions of 24 matrix-host
rock pairs are listed. Table 6.3 shows chemical anal
yses of rocks taken from within the area investigated by
Dupuis Éä=~äK=(1982). Tables 6.4 and 6.5 list analyses
of rocks from 2 other large breccia bodies sampled in
detail. All these chemical data (Tables 6.2 to 6.5) are
plotted in Figures 6.10 to 6.13. The locations of the
chemically studied breccia bodies are listed in the
tables.
In Figure 6.10 (Table 6.2), the major elements of
host rocks are compared to the breccia matrices. In
general, no definite SiO2 loss or enrichment trend for
all matrices can be recognized by comparing these
analyses. In detail, however, some specific changes are
quite evident. The SiO2 content of matrices is higher
than in the host diabase, and the SiO2 content of mat
rices is lower than in host arkoses and most granitic
rocks. Analyses of A12O3 behave similarly, but the ar
koses and most of the gneisses plot above the mixing
Na 20
e çëí=o çÅâ=Eï ÉáÖÜí
c áÖì êÉ=SKNMK=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~=ã ~íêáñ=î ëK=Üçëí=êçÅâI=ã ~àçê=ÉäÉã Éåí=
ÅÜÉã áëíêóK
line. The figure shows iron-enrichments for almost all
matrices except for the ones hosted by mafic rocks. The
same is valid for the MgO and CaO diagrams. Anal
yses for Na2O and K2O, which are mobile compo
nents, show that no clear trends of enrichments or
losses of these components can be detected. No con
sistent variation exists among analyzed host rock-
breccia matrix pairs.
Thus, Figure 6. l O indicates clearly that the chem
ical characteristics of the breccia matrices can be ex
plained by assuming that the breccia-form ing process
not only affected the immediate host rocks, but also
some other, "foreign" material. Breccia matrices in
mafic host rocks such as diabase probably incorpo
rated some granitic or arkosic material, or at least,
rocks closer to the felsic end of the chemical spectrum.
On the other hand, breccia matrices in arkosic host
rocks are enriched in elements that are more common
in more mafic rocks, and thereby suggest the incor
poration of such rocks during the breccia-forming
process.
115
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= ÑäP= ` TF= MP= ` l = { ñI=l ={ Jàä= ` =l = ôy= íëà= { =l
e ` l w ` l Gír Jr I>
RWl W
wWG>
e n i pl ` l u u Ige Åçò ÅçYäg| ì | >p l w{ ml i Ol Åçññ| à{ "
117
 ë{
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ëJl á
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ëJ
` a=
Åç= { =ã = ê{ JÅççÅåÅj ÅåÅçÅj áåê{ J l =
l F ê{ Jl l l l l l ` j l l l l l l l l l =l =
MM= l
l f{ JÑ
J` n ` l ` ål l l l l l l ` j l ` l = Åå=
Éå
` l i a= ` l ` j ` j ` j áåÅl ` l ` l { J l =
`j t#b^`hb=kfm=
mfpgk d= l F
áå=êJ= Gú= ç
l R
á
å= q J= q J= q J
q Já
å= ` l l l ` l JD
J` l fëJD
PJ` j l l
ÅçÅj áåÅj l FqJêëJD
ëFJáåçqú` j l DD
êçÅç ç l =
ÅçÅj { êá
{ i åççÅçÅj ççÅççÅj l { =ç
l R
{
kfj_ob``f
cd^__ol
pra_rov=
om^^qofdfpjbpfkqd=u^p= = l J Éå=
íJq JÜJ` j q Jl l l l l l l ` j l Ñ ! í=JêJ= l
ã =qJ= qJ= qJ= Éå
áå=î J= ` a= ÅçÅa ÅçJ{ JqJ~àáJÅj áåqJ
MM
l f{ J` j n l ` a ` ål l l l l l l ` s fl ` j MM
á
å= qJ Éå
`j =
MF ` l ` l l l l l íJl l l l l l l l l =l =
MM= l
l`p^ijcelt^ka=
_ob``f
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q^_ib=
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l J{ Jl l l l l ` l l ` j Mõ=
ã= qJ l õ
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ÅåáåÅçÅj ÅçÅçD { JqJÅj ççççÅåçÅå=fëJ
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ç çççÅççá
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MM= l
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åç l î J` s g` j l l l l l l l l l ` l l l ` l l l f{ á
å` j l l {` j l ` l
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jp^jb^k=mib=à
= Éå ` j
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úçÅå=GJ
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l F ÅåêJç ç ç ç Åî à
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Éå ç ç êJç ç ç ç JêJç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç JÑ
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MM= l =
ç
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Éå= f{ l l l l l l ` j l l l l l l l l l =l =
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Jçn ` j Åçî JÅå=
ççÅj Ååá{ JÅçÅçççççáåççk JÅj ` j l Åa
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á
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# Jelpqol`hq= ! { =q{ = Éå=
Åç
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Éå=
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`j =
`a ç ê{ q JÅç áåç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç ç Åç ç Åç =l F=
Éå áå= qJ= çF
ç
` a = êJ={ ú= {={ ú= M
Éå
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gJl l ` j ` l ` j ` j ` j l ` l ` j qJ` l l F= l ` å` j ` l ` l l Fq Jl l l l l l ` j l á
J= MM
áå= qJ= lF
` a = qJ U=
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à ! =D=
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Oi i p l wá
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ñÖ # á= e
 _ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o

TABLE 6.4: ` e b j f` ^ i =^ k ^ i v p b p =l c =p r a _ r o v =_ o b ` ` f^ K=l k b =l r q` o l mI=p l r qe J` b k qo ^ i =

_ ^ p p c fk =i ^ h b I=o ^ qe _ r k =ql t k p e fm=È l j m^ o b =t fqe =c fd r o b =SKOUF

^ o hl pb=
p r a _ r o v =_ o b ` ` f^ = ^ o hl pb=
c o ^ d j b k qp
j ^ qo fu e l p q=o l ` h
p ^ j mi b = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a =
k r j _bo QUOM= QUON= QUOO QUOP= QUOQ= QUOR QUOS= QUOT= QUOU

p ál O TTKN TSKQ TPKM UNKM USKM URKT SPKS SPKV TOKS

^ fOMP NOKN NOKP NPKN VKQO UKTV TKRP NUKO NTKU NPKU
c ÉOMP OKPR NKSM OKPN NKQT MKTS MKTV PKSR OKVS NKUO
c Él NKOV NKON OKOS NKNP MKQU MKTP NKVP NKUR OKNU
j Öl NKMN MKVT NKTS MKVM MKOO MKRO OKNO OKNM OKMN
` ~l MKNP MKOR MKNU MKTN MKPP MKQP MKPQ MKOQ MKOM
k ~Ol NKTP OKQN OKUT OKTQ OKMS NKMM NKOO NKUM OKUQ
h Ol OKTQ OKTT OKRM NKON NKPV OKMV SKMP RKQO OKRP
qál O MKPV MKQR MKQV MKPP MKOP MKOP MKTP MKUU MKQQ
mOMR MKMN MKMM MKMO MKMM MKMM MKMM MKNN MKMS MKMM
j ål MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMO MKMO MKMN MKMN MKMN
` MO MKMR MKON MKNP MKUV MKPR MKRR MKMQ MKMQ MKQV
p MKMQ MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMN MKMO MKMN MKMN MKMN
e Ol G NKMU NKMV NKQU MKQQ MKNT MKPQ OKQN OKPQ NKTO
e OmJ MKNN MKNM MKNM MKNT MKNSN MKNP
MKNQ MKNM MKNP
i Kl KfK NKO NKQ NKQ NKQ MKQ NKM OKP OKQ NKU
qçí~ä NMMKO VVKT NMMKP NMMKQ NMMKU NMMKM NMMKS VVKS NMMKU

TABLE 6.5: ` e b j f` ^ i =^ k ^ i v p b p =l c =p r a _ r o v =_ o b ` ` f^ K=l k b =l r q` o l mI=` b k qo ^ i =_ ^ p p c fk =i ^ h b I=

t b p qb o k =p e l o b I=o ^ qe _ r k =ql t k p e fm=È l j m^ o b =t fqe =c fd r o b =SKOVF

i ^ j fk ^ qb a =t ^ ` h b =
p r a _ r o v =_ o b ` ` f^ = ^ o hl pb= ^ o hl pb=
c o ^ d j b k qp
j ^ qo fu e l p q=o l ` h c o ^ d j b k qp

p ^ j mi b = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a = UO_ l a =
k r j _bo QUNN= QUNO= QUNP QUMU= QUMV= QUNM QUNQ= QUNR= QUNS QUNT= QUNU= QUNV

p ál O SRKT TMKS SVKP TTKT UTKM UOKS UUKP UTKN TVKS RUKR RVKT SMKN
^ f OMP NSKN NQKQ NQKT NNKV UKQP VKTU TKVS UKRS NNKP NVKP NUKQ NUKQ
c ÉOMP PKTV OKTT OKVU NKPU MKOU MKUV MKSV MKOU NKPN QKSO RKOS QKTQ
c Él OKRM NKVP OKRM NKMR MKPO MKRS MKQM MKQM NKSN PKMS OKSS OKSS
j Öl OKNM NKSV OKMN MKVN MKMM MKPM MKMO MKSN NKQM OKTT OKQO OKUU
` ~l MKPM MKOQ MKOQ MKNT MKNN MKNS MKNS MKNO MKNS MKNU MKPO MKOV
k ~Ol NKQS OKRP PKQP OKNU NKTS PKOT OKMQ OKNQ PKRT MKTO NKOT NKQP
h Ol PKTN OKSQ OKPP OKNN NKSS MKUT NKPP MKVP NKNU RKUU RKPP RKNT
qál O MKSV MKRR MKSM MKPO MKMV MKPR MKOM MKNR MKON MKUQ MKUO MKUS
mIMR MKMQ MKMP MKMO MKMP MKMN MKMM MKMM MKMM MKMM MKMR MKMV MKMV
j ål MKMR MKMR MKMR MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMM MKMM MKMN MKMR MKMN MKMN
` l O MKNP MKNN MKMT MKNN MKMR MKMT MKNM MKMQ MKMP MKMR MKMQ MKMS
p MKMN MKMO MKMO MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMN
e Ol G OKPO NKTR NKUS NKOS MKNP MKQP MKPO MKOP MKPQ PKPV OKUQ PKMS
e Om MKNU MKNS MKNP MKNS MKMV MKMV MKMS MKMT MKNN MKNV MKNS MKOM
i l KfK OKQ NKT NKS NKQ MKR MKU MKM MKP NKNN PKN PKP PKP
qçí~ä VVKS VVKR NMMKP VVKP NMMKM VVKP NMNKN NMMKM NMMKV VVKS VVKQ NMMKM

To demonstrate this mixing process somewhat
clearer, 3 larger breccia outcrops were sampled in de
tail . These are the one studied by Dupuis Éí=~äK=E1982),
and 2 at Bassfin Lake east of Wanapitei Lake. The
chemical compositions of the host rocks, matrices, and
fragments listed in Tables 6.3, 6.4, and 6.5 are plotted
in Figures 6.11 to 6.13. All diagrams except for the
MgO/SiCK plot in Figure 6.11 present clear chemical
evidence that the Sudbury Breccias were formed by an
áå=ëáíì =milling process involving host rocks and frag
ments. The breccia compositions, in all but l diagram,
plot between the various compositions of host rocks
and fragments. The "enrichment" of the breccia ma
trix in K:O and other elements observed by Dupuis Éí=
~äK=(1982), is caused by the incorporation of biotite-
rich metasedimentary rocks that are not uncommon in

119
` e ^ mqb o =S

! =p ì ÇÄì êó=_ íKá

! Ñ
=_ áçíáíáDJáK
Çá=á
! =j ÅÇáì ã JÅàáááá=
^ ^ íâì ëÅ=Ñ ì èê=
l c áåKj àáÇáêááKD
Ç=
a k áéáëëKááè=Ö~í=
^ =^ êâçëáJ=ÜçëíJ

J
QM= SM= UM= NMM QM= SM=
p ál ç=Eï ÉáÖÜ>=?Jç p ál O=Eï ÉáÖÜí={

i 40 60
p ál O= Eï ÉáÖÜí\ {

c áÖì êÉ=SKNNK=mäçíë=çÑ=p ál O=î ëK=h Ol I=k ~Ol I=^ fOl PI= ~åÇ=j Öl K=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~I=åÉ~ê=i ~ì êÉåíá~å=r åáî Éêëáíó=` ~ã éì ëI=j Åh áã =qçï åëÜáéK

the Sudbury Breccia body studied near the Laurentian
University Campus in Sudbury. These biotitic meta-
sedimentary rocks were not detected by Dupuis Éä=~äK=
(1982)2 .
COMPARISON OF THE SUDBURY
BRECCIA WITH BRECCIAS IN OTHER
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
The Sudbury Breccia has been compared with pseu-
dotachylites (Speers 1957; Card 1978a; Dressler
1982) and other breccias that have been found in sev
eral geological structures, for instance, the Vredefort
Structure in South Africa, the Ries crater in south Ger-
2The MgO-enrichment in Figure 6.11 is probably meta
morphic in origin. The outcrop represented by this figure
is located in middle to high greenschist facies terrain. The
other outcrops represented by Figures 6.12 and 6.13 are
located in low greenschist facies terrain.
many, and the Manicouagan crater in Quebec. Pseu-
dotachylites are also known to occur along faults
(Philpotts 1964). A Himalayan hyalomylonite (Scott
andDrever 1953), very similar to pseudotachylite, was
interpreted by Masch and Preuss (1977) to be partly
fused rock at the base of a huge landslide.
Many definitions and uses of the term "pseudo-
tachylite" exist in the geological literature. Shand
(1916) who introduced the term pseudotachylite for
branching, dark coloured, glassy looking, dike-like
rocks that resemble tachylite, and which are found in
rocks of the Vredefort Structure in South Africa, came
to the conclusion that "'.. .the pseudotachylite has
originated from the granite itself through melting,
caused not by shearing but by shock, or alternatively,
by gas-fluxing". Philpotts (1964) concluded his paper
on the origin of pseudotachylites to state that such rocks
were formed by frictional fusion and could be distin
guished "...from similar appearing rocks of purely
cataclastic origin by the presence of glass, vesicles,
and microlites of intermediate to high temperature

120

l= SM=
p áMO= Eï ÉáÖÜí=WXçF
js
MU
c áÖì êÉ=SKNOK=mäçíë=çÑ=p ál O=î ëK=h Ol I=k ~Ol I=^ fOl PI=~åÇ=j Öl X=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~X=ëçì íÜJÅÉåíê~ä=ï ÉëíÉêå=ëÜçêÉ=çÑ=_ ~ëëÑáå=i ~âÉI=o ~íÜÄì å=qçï åëÜáéK
feldspars''. The pseudotachylites of the South African
type location, however, do not contain much clear evi
dence effusion as Wilshire (1971) has shown. The
only indication that the Vredefort pseudotachylites
ever contained glassy material are "newly crystallized
feldspar laths possibly formed by recrystallization
from partly fused material" that occur in rare small
pseudotachylite veins (Wilshire 1971). Higgins (l971)
defined pseudotachylites to be "a glassy rock resem
bling tachylite, commonly of intrusive habit, and
closely associated with faults or fault zones". Waters
and Campbell (1935), as stated by Higgins (1971),
concluded that pseudotachylite formed not by fusion,
but by extreme crushing of rock material. Higgins
(1971) retained the prerequisite of fusion as a distinc
tive property of pseudotachylite. Weiss and Wenk
(1983) stated that to date no identifiable relict glass has
been discovered in any pseudotachylite. These au
thors experimentally produced pseudotachylite-like
veins during catastrophic failure of gabbroic rocks un
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
QM= SM=
p áMO= Eï ÉáÖÜí=DÅ
der rapidly applied stresses in the 2.0 to4.0 GPa range.
The Sudbury Breccias contain fused, recrystal-
lized material in only a very few places. The charac
teristic properties of the breccias, however, are
identical to those described by Wilshire (1971) from
the South African type location. Therefore, the author
of this chapter feels that it is justified to classify the
Sudbury Breccias as pseudotachylites.
In the Ries crater in southern Germany, dike brec
cias occur in a few large crystalline basement rock
blocks ejected from the crater during the crater form
ing impact event. The breccias were called "crystal
line explosion breccias" in the older literature. These
rocks macroscopically resemble the Sudbury Breccias
(Dressler Éí~äK=1969, p.222). These breccias show an
astomosing veins penetrating the host rocks or form
long thin dikes that, as in Figure 6.8, seem to radiate
away from a more irregularly shaped breccia body.
Dressler and Graup (1969) found fine, glassy pseu-
121
` e ^ mqb o =S
QM= SM=
p ál T= Eï ÉáÅàÜí=TçF
a
^
OM= QM= SM=
p ál \ = Eï ÉáÖÜí=TçF
c áÖì êÉ=SKNPK=mäçíë=çÑ=p ál \ î ëK=h Ol I=k ~Ol I=^ fOl PI= ~åÇ=j Öl X=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~X=ÅÉåíê~ä=ï ÉëíÉêå=ëÜçêÉ=çÑ=_ ~ëëÑáå=i ~âÉI=o ~íÜÄì å=qçï åëÜáéK
dotachylite veinlets in thin sections of crystalline rocks
ejected from the Ries crater. Dike breccias were also
recorded in core obtained from a scientific drillhole put
down to a depth of 1207 m, near the centre of the crater
(D. Stoffier Éí=~äK=1977). These breccias cross-cut the
crystalline basement rocks and contain first generation
breccia fragments and also contain fragments of glass
(Stoffler, Professor, University of Munster, personal
communication, 1984). Stettner( 1974) interpreted the
Mesozoic rocks and the glass to have been "sucked in
during the expansion of the rocks after shock compres
sion". Graup (1977) and Hiittner (1977) concluded
that the Ries dike breccias formed along pre-Ries im
pact faults and joints.
In the Manicouagan impact structure, pseudota-
chylites occur in dikes and rootless pods within the
basement rocks (Dressler 1970; Murtaugh 1976).
122
UM= NMM= OM=
Dikes here appear to be more common than irregu
larly shaped bodies or anastomosing veinlets. The
fragments in the pseudotachylite are derived from the
host rocks and are subangular to rounded. These frag
ments are embedded in a pinkish grey, red, or black
matrix that commonly exhibits flow textures. The
Manicouagan pseudotachylites macroscopically re
semble Sudbury Breccias.
Examination of thin sections of the Manicouagan
pseudotachylites reveals the presence of rock and min
eral fragments that are unaltered, shock metamor
phosed, or that have even been melted and presently
consist of recrystallized glass. The matrix in some
places consists of devitirified glass and in other places
is cryptocrystalline, composed for example, of devi-
trified glass or very fine grained recrystallized rock
flour.

ORIGIN OF THE SUDBURY BRECCIA
The origin of the Sudbury Breccia is related to the for
mation of the Sudbury Structure as deduced from the
spatial relationship of the breccia occurrences around
the Sudbury Structure.
Speers (1957) proposed a magmatic-tectonic or
igin for the Sudbury Breccias, and stated:
"Forces accompanying the Killarnean mountain-
building were instrumental in forming a great dome
structure in the Huronian and older rocks, which in
turn was instrumental in guiding magma toward its
apex. The central core of crystalline rocks was thrust
upward as if by a punch from below, possibly by forces
which resulted from magmatic action in the deeper
parts of the structure, and Sudbury breccias were
formed in the resulting tension fractures.
This may have been followed by the intrusion of
Nipissing gabbros into the early-formed breccias.
After the Nipissing gabbros had solidified, the central
core of older rocks was again driven bodily upward,
and gaping tension fractures developed on the old sur
face, especially along the old contacts. Volcanic gases
burst through the centre of the dome along major rifts
and thus ushered in one of the most violent periods of
explosive volcanic activity ever recorded in the rocks
of the earth's crust. The actual eruption was continu
ous and may have taken place in a relatively short pe
riod of time. Tilting and undulation of the surface,
resulting from the eruption, caused multitudes of ten
sion fractures to open and close like jaws on giant
crushers. Fragments which sloughed from the walls of
the gaping fissures or which tumbled into the fractures
from the rubble-covered surface were crushed and
ground to fine sizes. In the deeper fissures, rock-burst
ing played a prominent role in the development of the
breccia."
French (1968) advocated a meteorite impact ori
gin for the Sudbury Structure. Speers (1957) stated that
the origin of the Sudbury Breccia, "could without se
rious modification, apply to the explosive after-effects
of a large meteorite impact. The debate over the origin
of the Sudbury structure thus concentrates less on the
nature of events, and more on the source of the energy
required to produce them''.
Dupuis Éí=~äK=(1982), based on chemical investi
gations, interpreted the Sudbury Breccia to be related
to diatreme activities. These authors suggested that the
breccia studied by them represented fragmented rock
above an underlying fenite breccia and alkali igneous
body.
_ r o h e ^ o a l K=a o b ppi b o
The author has shown in this paper that the major
chemical results of Dupuis Éí=~äK=E1982), for example
the K-enrichment, can be interpreted by a simple ca
taclastic mixing process involving the various rock
types found in the breccia body studied.
Fairbairn and Robson (1942) excluded a direct ig
neous origin for the breccia. These authors concluded
that "the matrices are too rich in quartz to have been
molten during their formation unless unusual temper
atures are assumed". They also stated that the age of
the breccia is fixed as a definite finite event in the geo
logical time scale, and that the close chemical and mi
neralogical relation between matrix and host rock or
fragment makes a magmatic origin quite untenable.
The hypothesis was also forwarded that the breccia
formed by a combination of movement and hydroth
ermal activity which occurred after the intrusion of the
gabbro, norite, and later granites.
The observations made by the author of this chap
ter and many other Sudbury geologists disagree with
the hypothesis of Fairbairn and Robson (1942) and
suggest that the breccias, in general, formed prior to
the emplacement of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
These observations also suggest that the breccias orig
inated mainly by brittle fracture and comminution of
Footwall rocks in an explosive event followed instan
taneously by forceful intrusions and later readjust
ments of the crust. Most breccia bodies show either
minor or no indications of shear movement or dis
placements of host rock features EëÉÉ=Figure 6.9). Such
indications of movement during brecciation, how
ever, could suggest that a directional force was in
volved. This force was responsible for the brecciation
of the Footwall rocks, mainly along pre-existing
weaknesses such as joints, faults, bedding planes, or
lithological contacts. Intrusion occurred during sud
den dilation after the passage of the shock waves
through the rocks, when crushed rock material was
forced into larger openings and fine cracks. In places,
such movement possibly occurred over large dis
tances as is indicated by the presence of "exotic" frag
ments in some breccia bodies. The structureless filling
of some cracks commonly occurred perpendicular to
breccia dikes in which a shearing component is indi
cated by deformed fragments and cataclastic flow.
Frictional heat close to the explosive event led to par
tial or complete melting of crushed rock material.
Crustal readjustment following the catastrophic
Sudbury Event led to more brecciation and milling of
rocks in existing breccia bodies and along faults, and
also to a brecciation of breccia bodies formed a little
earlier. This readjustment must have occurred over a
long period of time, as breccias, similar to Sudbury
Breccia, have been observed in rocks of the Sudbury
123
 ` e ^ mqb o =S

Igneous Complex, for example at the Fraser Mine in
Levack Township (Dressler 1981 a).
The distribution of the breccia bodies around the
Sudbury Igneous Complex suggests a central breccia-
forming event took place. The outer, second zone of
stronger brecciation suggested in Figure 6.6, how
ever, is not explained solely by a central explosion. The
author interprets the breccia-poor annulus as an ana
log to the accoustic "zone of silence" around large
man-made surface explosions. The explosion can be
heard in 2 zones, l close to the explosion, and in an
other located far away and separated by a considerable
distance from the central zone (Figure 6.14). A second
zone of strong brecciation at approximately a distance
of 80 km from the Sudbury Igneous Complex shown
by Peredery and Morrison (Chapter 22, this volume.
Figure 22.4) can be interpreted in a similar manner by
assuming refraction of the shock wave at deeper levels
in the earth's crust or upper mantle.
c áÖì êÉ=SKNQK=^ å=~ííÉã éí=íç=Éñéä~áå=íÜÉ=çì íÉê=òçåÉ=çÑ=~Ö~áå=ëíêçåÖÉê=
ÄêÉÅÅá~íáçå=~å~äçÖçì ë=íç=íÜÉ=?wçåÉ=çÑ=p áäÉåÅÉ?=~êçì åÇ=ä~êÖÉ=
ÉñéäçëáçåëK=^ =~åÇ=_=Ñêçã =_ ÉêÖã ~åå=~åÇ=p ÅÜ~ÉÑÉê=ENVSNF=^ W
m~íÜ=çÑ=ëçì åÇ=ï ~î É=áå=~íã çëéÜÉêÉK=` W =m~íÜ=çÑ=ëÜçÅâ=ï ~î É=áå=
c ççíï ~ääK
The author is aware that an accoustic phenome
non is not necessarily a good analogy for a possibly hy
personic brecciation process around the Sudbury
Igneous Complex. This was pointed out to the author
by one of the reviewers of this chapter, who interpreted
the observations as an analogy to multiple ring systems
around large impact craters where brecciation should
be particularly intense.
The Frood Offset Dike, exposed outside the open
pits, consists of metamorphosed Sudbury Breccia.
Sublayer material is absent from the presently acces
sible exposures. Burrows and Rickaby (1935, p.27),
however, described "quartz-diorite and another rock
of gabbroic nature" in the Frood Offset Dike, and
showed these rock types on their geological map (Sud
bury Nickel Area, No.43d, eastern half) that accom
panies their report. These gabbroic, quartz-dioritic
rocks are presently mined out. but the author believes
that these rocks introduced the sulphide minerals into
the pre-existing Sudbury Breccia body.
Footwall Breccia
The Footwall Breccia, also known as granite breccia
or leucocratic breccia, is one of the most puzzling rock
types in the Sudbury area. It contains much of the sul
phide mineralization of the Sudbury Structure. As
"leucocratic breccia'', this rock formerly had been in
cluded in the Sublayer (Pattison 1979). It has been de
scribed under various names by several researchers
(for example, Langford 1960; Pattison 1979; Muir
1981, 1983; Souch, Podolsky Éä=~äK=1969). No con
sensus has been reached as to its origin or its age-re
lationship with respect to the Sublayer and the Main
Mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
DISTRIBUTION
The Footwall Breccia forms discontinuous lenses and
sheets along the lower contact of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex. It is most common in the East and North
Ranges. The best exposures are located in Levack
Township, in an area extending from the Fecunis Lake
Fault eastward to just east of the Coleman Mine (Photo
6.17); in Capreol Township, at Capre Lake; and in Trill
Township, at the Trillabelle and Sultana properties. In
the South Range, the Footwall Breccia was observed
by the author near the Chicago Mine. Pattison (1979,
Figure 11) classified the ore-bearing breccia at the Sto
bie Mine as "leucocratic breccia", that is. Footwall
= Breccia. Several small, l to 10 m wide, inclusion-
bearing granitic bodies occur along the lower contact
of the Sudbury Igneous Complex in the South Range,
and may very well represent remobilized Footwall
Breccia.
mÜçíç=SKNTK=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~I=åÉ~ê=` çäÉã ~å=~åÇ=p íê~íÜÅçå~=
j áåÉëI=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK

124

The contacts of the Footwall Breccia with the nor
ite or Sublayer of the Sudbury Igneous Complex are
commonly sharp or rather abrupt. Gradational con
tacts with the Sublayer were observed where the Sub
layer incorporated many Footwall and Footwall
Breccia fragments. The presence of rusty stains and
strong weathering, however, does not make an inter
pretation of the contact relationships possible in all
places. A sharp intrusive contact of a norite apophysis
into the Footwall Breccia is exposed near the eastern
boundary of Levack Township, indicating a pre-norite
(Lower Zone of the Main Mass) age for the Footwall
Breccia (Dressler 1981 a). The contact of the lower
Footwall Breccia with the underlying rocks is grada-
tional for distances of as much as over 150 m (Figure
6.15). This gradational zone, termed "megabreccia"
by Pattison (1979), is characterized by autochthonous
Footwall fragments, up to several 10s of m in size
embedded, in and intruded by the Footwall Breccia.
The Footwall Breccia forms small dikes or offshoots up
to 250 m away from the main Footwall Breccia body.
Small bodies of remobilized breccia also intrude the
norite of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (A.J. Nal
drett, Professor, University of Toronto, personal com
munication, 1983).
Footwall Breccia material is also found in offset
dikes, as in the Foy and Whistle Offsets. It is not known
if the Footwall Breccia of the offsets was transported
passively as inclusions to its present positions, or if it
was intruded as dikes prior to the emplacement of the
Sublayer.
DESCRIPTION
Macroscopic Features
The Footwall Breccia is a heterolithic breccia charac
terized by a variety of angular to subrounded frag
ments of diverse sizes, set in a pinkish grey, grey, or
dark grey matrix. The author has observed very rare
sulphide fragments, up to about 5 cm in size, and frag
ments of medium-grained gabbro, diabase, porphyri
tic and glomeroporphyritic diabase, granulite facies
and amphibolite-facies granodioritic and mafic
gneisses, granitic rocks, mafic metavolcanic rocks,
anorthosite, banded cherty ironstone, and minor Hu
ronian arenites. Most fragments appear to be of local
derivation. Anorthosite and ironstone fragments in the
Footwall Breccia of Capre Lake in the East Range,
however, have no local equivalents. The nearest ex
posed anorthosite lies 9 km to the southeast in Falcon
bridge Township; the nearest exposed ironstone lies
approximately 10 km to the north in Rathbun
Township.
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
Greenman (1970) studied the Footwall Breccia in
and close to the Strathcona Mine in Levack Township.
He described 2 phases, the "grey breccia" and the
' 'barren breccia''. The ' 'barren breccia'' contains only
traces of sulphide minerals, whereas much of the
nickel-copper ore at the Strathcona Mine is contained
in the "grey breccia" which also has olivine-bearing
inclusions similar to those of the Sublayer (Greenman
1970). Greenman did not observe the 2 breccia types
in contact with each other, and therefore, could not es
tablish their age relationship. According to him, the
textures of their matrices are similar. Greenman (1970,
p. 130, 131) stated that the Footwall Breccia is younger
than the Sudbury Igneous Complex and the "grey
breccia" is younger than the Sublayer (xenolithic nor
ite). He advanced the hypothesis that the "grey brec
cia" incorporated sulphide ore, and mafic and
ultramafic fragments formed the lower parts of the
Sublayer during its emplacement. The author, how
ever, has clear evidence EëÉÉ=below) from several
places around the Sudbury Igneous Complex which
indicates that the Footwall Breccia formed prior to the
intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The au
thor reinterprets Greenman's (1970)' 'grey breccia'' to
be a rock formed by the incorporation of much barren
breccia material in the sulphide-rich and mafic inclu
sion-rich Sublayer.
The inclusions in the Footwall Breccia are ran
domly oriented, and indicate that no large-scale move
ment occurred within the breccia relative to the
underlying Footwall after its formation and original
emplacement. Footwall Breccia dikes and veinlets, in
trude the underlying host rocks and larger fragments
of megabreccia, and commonly are rich in grano
phyre. Some of these dikes and veins consist largely of
an inclusion-bearing granophyre grading into an in
clusion-free granophyre away from the main breccia
body (Figure 6.16). Medium- and coarse-grained to
pegmatitic granophyre dikes that cut across the Foot
wall Breccia also exist, for instance at Capre Lake (Ta
ble 6.6). These rocks represent a mobilizate formed
within the breccia. In the South Range Footwall, where
a deeper section of the Sudbury Structure is exposed,
the remobilization possibly affected all the Footwall
Breccia resulting in a granitic rock (Table 6.6) that re
tained only the most resistant mafic fragments.
Microscopic Features
Pattison (1979) described the matrix of the Footwall
Breccia as "mosaic-granoblastic metamorphic". This
characterization, however, does not encompass all the
microscopic features observable in this rock.
Microscopic observations substantiate the mac
roscopic, heterolithic character of the Footwall Brec
cia (Photo 6.18). All fragment types observed
125
` e ^ mqb o =S

c áÖì êÉ=SKNRK=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~=~åÇ=j ÉÖ~ÄêÉÅÅá~=áå=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáé

TABLE 6.6: t e l i b =o l ` h =^ k ^ i v p b p I=c l l qt ^ i i =_ o b ` ` f^

N O P Q R

p áMO SQKTT RSKO TOKSM TPKTM TNKVM

^ fOMP NQKTQ NRKM NPKOM NPKPM NPKTM
cÉOl P MKRT MKSO MKQU
c Él íçí= PKSQ íçí= SKRM NKUP NKVP NKSS
j Öl NKPQ QKVN MKSV MKOV NKNU
` ~l PKTT RKUT NKQN NKOS NKNQ
xD
?fD
Gz=ã ~ÑáÅ=i Éî ~Åâ=ÖåÉáëë
k ~Ol RKOU åKÇK OKRT OKSM QKMT
ÑàWWu Wu Wà= Öê~åçéÜóêÉ=ï áíÜ=åç=çê=î Éêó=ÑÉï =Åä~ëíë= h Ol NKQM NKSQ QKRM RKMN PKSU
qál O MKQS MKU MKTS MKPQ MKRV
ä= ä= c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~=Öê~ÇáåÖ=áåíç=Öê~åçéÜóêÉ
m^ åKÇK åKÇK MKMV MKMM MKMU
j ål MKMQ MKNO MKMP MKMU MKMP
c áÖì êÉ=SKNSK=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~=Öê~ÇáåÖ=áåíç=Öê~åçéÜóêáÅ=ã çÄáäáò~íÉK
`l O åKÇK åKÇK MKNS MKNM MKNM
p MKON åKÇK MKMN MKMN MKNM
e Ol G íçí= MKVP åKÇK MKSO MKQT MKVT
macroscopically can also be seen in thin section as "
e Ol åKÇK MKMV MKMQ MKOP
small to microscopic fragments. The rock fragments
k ál MKMR åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK
and mineral fragments are angular to rounded, and in ` ìl MKMR åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK
many cases, do not have sharp boundaries with the en ` êOMP MKMQ MKMT åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK
closing matrix. Scarce, angular, shard-like fragments
are also present. These fragments are very fine
k çíÉëW
grained, recrystallized, and possibly were glass
NK=^ î Éê~ÖÉ=?Ä~êêÉå=äÉì ÅçÅê~íáÅ=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ã ~íêáñ?I=p íê~íÜÅçå~=
shards. j áåÉI=å=Z=UI=d êÉÉåã ~å=ENVTMF
OK=^ î Éê~ÖÉ=?Ä~êêÉå=äÉì ÅçÅê~íáÅ=ÄêÉÅÅá~?I=c çó=l ÑÑëÉí=å={ =NNI=
The most characteristic microscopic feature of the m~ííáëçåENVTVF
Footwall Breccia matrix, and also of many of the rock PK=o Éã çÄáäáòÉÇ=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~I=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=ëçã É=î áëáÄäÉ=
fragments, is the presence of small stubby plagioclase áåÅäì ëáçåëK=i çÅ~íáçå=~ë=Q
QK=?o Éã çÄáäáòÉÇ=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~\ ?I=áåÅäì ëáçå=ÑêÉÉ=Öê~åáíáÅ=êçÅâI=
laths (Photos 6.19 and 6.20). These laths form decus p çì íÜ=o ~åÖÉ=MKS=âã =É~ëí=çÑ=i çÅâÉêÄó=j áåÉ
sate textures, or form small clusters or single crystals RK=d ê~åçéÜóêáÅ=ã çÄáäáò~íÉ=Ea áâÉFI=` ~éêÉ=i ~âÉI=` ~éêÉçä=qçï åëÜáé
in porphyroblastic minerals. These laths may be clear
and unaltered, or are dusty and saussuritized. Granob
lastic textures of polygonal plagioclase and quartz, and
a granophyric intergrowth of quartz and feldspar, also Several minerals may form porphyroblasts in the
occur in the breccia matrix. The granophyric quartz- matrix. Quartz and plagioclase are the most common
feldspar intergrowth may be indicative of partial melt (Photo 6.20). Biotite, hornblende, clinopyroxene,
ing. Triple junctions of polygonal plagioclase grains magnetite, and potassic feldspar porphyroblasts also
indicate subsolidus equilibrium. Stubby plagioclase occur (Photo 6.21). All porphyroblasts contain inclu
also replaces quartz (Photo 6.20). sions of other rock-forming minerals. Quartz porphy-

126

mÜçíç=SKNUK=j ~íêáñ=çÑ=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~K=MKR=âã =åçêíÜÉ~ëí=çÑ=` çäÉ=
ã ~å=j áåÉI=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK=mä~åÉ=éçä~êáòÉÇ=äáÖÜíK=p Å~äÉ=N=
ããK
mÜçíç=SKNVK=mçêéÜóêçÄä~ëíáÅ=èì ~êíò=EäáÖÜíF=ÑáääÉÇ=ï áíÜ=ã ~åó=ëíì ÄÄó=
éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=Åêóëí~äëK=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~I=p ì äí~å~=mêçéÉêíóI=qêáää=
qçï åëÜáéK=` êçëëÉÇ=éçä~êáòÉêëK=p Å~äÉ=MKOR=ã ã K
mÜçíç=SKOMK=p íì ÄÄó=éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=ä~íÜë=EéáF=êÉéä~ÅáåÖ=èì ~êíò=En FK=
i Éì Åçëçã É=çÑ=~=ã áÖã ~íáíÉ=Ñê~Öã ÉåíK=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~I=_ çï Éää=
qçï åëÜáéK=` êçëëÉÇ=éçä~êáòÉêëK=p Å~äÉ=MKO=ã ã K
roblasts are up to 1.5 mm across, in places make up to
30 TÅ=of the breccia matrix, and commonly contain
densely packed stubby plagioclase laths. These por-
phyroblasts may have grown around quartz fragments
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
mÜçíç=SKONK=mçêéÜóêçÄä~ëíáÅ=ÄáçíáíÉ=EÄF=~åÇ=éçêéÜóêçÄä~ëíáÅ=ã ~Ö=
åÉíáíÉ=Eã FK=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~K=qêáää~ÄÉääÉ=mêçéÉêíóK=p Å~äÉ=MKN=ã ã K
mi ^ d fl ` i ^ p b
mi ^ d fl ` i ^ p b
MKOU=ã ã
MKOU=ã ã
c áÖì êÉ=SKNTK=o ÉäáÅíë=çÑ=éä~å~ê=ÑÉ~íì êÉë=áå=é~êíäó=êÉÅêóëí~ääáòÉÇ=
èì ~êíòK=qÜÉ=êÉäáÅíë=çÅÅì ê=ã ~áåäó=áå=åçåJêÉÅêóëí~ääáòÉÇ=ÅÉåíêÉë=çÑ=
èì ~êíò=Öê~áåëK=få=Öê~áå=_I=é~ê~ääÉä=ëÉíë=~êÉ=áå=íÜÉ=ÅÉåíêÉë=çÑ=
åÉáÖÜÄçì êáåÖ=èì ~êíò=Öê~áåë=çÑ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=çéíáÅ~ä=çêáÉåí~íáçåK
that, in places, exhibit relict planar features (Figure
6.17). Plagioclase porphy rob lasts are up to approxi
mately 0.8 mm in size. These are untwinned, or are
weakly twinned, and optically have the same compo
sition as the plagioclase laths which they commonly
enclose.
Quartz not only has grown porphyroblastically
within the Footwall Breccia matrix, but also has re
placed plagioclase and other minerals within both the
matrix and fragments. In places, granophyre has
grown around larger plagioclase laths (Figure 6.18).
The central parts of granophyric intergrowths are
somewhat coarser than their rims, indicating that the
granophyre grew "in place" and does not represent
rock fragments. In the places where granophyre lo
ll?
 ` e ^ mqb o =S

b ñíáåÅíáçå=áå=èì ~êíò

{ b ñíáåÅíáçå=áå=éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ

" " = n ì ~êíò=Äçì åÇ~êó

mä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=Äçì åÇ~êó

" " = n ì ~êíò=~åÇ=éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=

Äçì åÇ~êó

N=ã ã
c áÖì êÉ=SKNUK=d ê~åçéÜóêáÅ=áåíÉêÖêçï íÜ=çÑ=èì ~êíò=EÄä~ÅâF=~åÇ=éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉK=få=O=éä~ÅÉëI=íÜÉ=^ ÄJêáÅÜ=éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=áë=íï áååÉÇI=íÜÉ=íï áååáåÖ=ÄÉáåÖ=
é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ä~êÖÉ=éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=Åêóëí~äK=qÜÉ=çéíáÅ~ä=çêáÉåí~íáçå=çÑ=éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=áå=íÜÉ=Öê~åçéÜóêÉ=áë=ÅçåíêçääÉÇ=Äó=íÜÉ=O=áÇáçã çêéÜáÅ=éä~=
ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=ä~íÜëK

cally forms a major component of the breccia matrix,

the breccia resembles a granitic, granophyric rock,
both microscopically and macroscopically.
In a few thin sections, hypidiomorphic apatite
crystals were observed. These occur in the matrix and
in the fragments, and are up to 0.7 by 2.4mm in size.
Shock-metamorphic features are not common in
rock or mineral fragments.Planar features in the
centres of some quartz and quartzite fragments EëÉÉ=
Figure 6.17) and kink bands in non-recrystallized mi
cas, are the only shock features that escaped complete
recrystallization. Shock-metamorphic features may
have been more common in the Footwall Breccia be
fore the intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex,
because they are more common away from the Com mÜçíç=SKOOK=p ì ÄçéÜáíáÅ=Ö~ÄÄêçK=o ÉäáÅíë=çÑ=éóêçñÉåÉ=EmFX=éä~Öáç=
Åä~ëÉ=EmfFK=k çêíÜ=o ~åÖÉ=cççíï ~ääK=mä~åÉ=éçä~êáòÉÇ=äáÖÜíK=p Å~äÉ=
plex, and are more common outside the contact-met MKOã ã K
amorphic aureole than within the aureole where the
Footwall Breccia occurs. Shock metamorphism
should be strongest at and near the explosion centre.
One would, therefore, expect any shock features to be
more common in the Footwall Breccia and "mega
breccia" than they are. Instructive in this regard is the
presence of recrystallized plagioclase in Footwall
Breccia fragments of gabbro containing non-recrystal
lized, relatively unaltered pyroxene and hornblende
(Photos 6.22 and 6.23).
The author believes that plagioclase recrystalli
zation is not after saussurite or unaltered plagioclase,
but is after strongly shocked plagioclase, possibly after
maskelynite, because, during retrograde regional me
tamorphism, pyroxene and hornblende normally
break down to form actinolite or chlorite before pla
gioclase shows much alteration (Dressler 1982). In
contradistinction to shock metamorphism, mafic min mÜçíçSKOPK=p ì ÄçéÜáíáÅ=Ö~ÄÄêçK=o ÉäáÅíëçÑ=ÅäáåçéóêçñÉåÉ=EmFK=k çêíÜ=
erals are more resistant to alteration than feldspars, and o ~åÖÉ=c ççíï ~ääK=` êçëëÉÇ=éçä~êáòÉêëK=p Å~äÉ=MKO=ã ã K=
may occur as modestly deformed or unaltered individ- Eë~ã É=íÜáå=ëÉÅíáçå=~ë=mÜçíç=SKOOFK

128

uals embedded in maskelynite (Dressler 1970). The
author, therefore, believes that the presence of recrys-
tallized plagioclase in gabbroic rocks containing rather
unaltered pyroxene and hornblende suggests that the
recrystalization occurred from diaplectic plagioclase,
possibly from maskelynite. Shock-metamorphic fea
tures, therefore, were more common in the Footwall
Breccia before the contact-metamorphic overprinting
due to the intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.
The temperatures at which the annealing of shock-
metamorphic features took place can be estimated by
studying the contact metamorphic mineral assem
blages, including those of the Footwall Breccia, near
the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Observations on re-
crystallized shock-metamorphic rocks similar to the
ones described above, were made by Schreyer (1983).
Ostertag (1981) performed annealing experiments on
diaplectic feldspar glasses and noted that diaplectic
oligoclase glass recrystallized at temperatures above
900 0 C. Ostertag's experiments substantiate the re
sults obtained by Bunch Éä=~äK=(1967) and by Dressler
(1970). These authors also substantiate the author's
interpretations of the microscopic observations made
on samples of the Footwall Breccia.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
No attempt has been made by the author to chemically
study the Footwall Breccia. A few chemical analyses
listed in Table 6.6 reflect the heterolithic character of
the Footwall Breccia.
ORIGIN OF THE FOOTWALL
BRECCIA
The Footwall Breccia occurs mainly adjacent to the
Sudbury Igneous Complex of the North and East
Ranges, where a level of the Sudbury Structure is ex
posed that is possibly 3 to 5 km higher in the crust than
that exposed in the South Range (Naldrett et al. 1970).
The North and East Range Footwall Breccia bodies are
much thicker than those of the South Range. These
features and the distribution of the Footwall Breccia,
suggest that the latter was formed along the upper parts
of a Sudbury crater wall.
The Footwall Breccia components have been af
fected by several geological processes. The breccia
tion and shock metamorphism probably are related to
a single event. The contact-metamorphic overprint
was caused by the intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex. A later period of regional metamorphism
followed and obliterated many primary features. At the
deeper South Range level, the temperature increase
due to the intrusion of the norite magma of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex was high enough to melt the
small breccia bodies and possibly parts of the Footwall
rocks to form granitic mobilizates. The original nature
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
of the breccia matrix is no longer clearly recognizable
because of contact metamorphic overprint, partial re-
mobilization, and/or melting. The petrographic fea
tures of the North Range breccia bodies can be more
easily interpreted than those of the South Range. The
author believes that the Footwall Breccias originally
consisted of a predominantly parautochthonous mass
of crushed, and pulverized, partly shock-metamor
phosed rocks. The Footwall Breccia appears to grade
into Sudbury Breccia bodies, the weakly metamor
phosed matrix of which consists in most places of
finely crushed rock powder.
Sulphide fragments in the Footwall Breccia pos
sibly represent brecciated pre-Sudbury event sulphide
bodies, as do the sulphide fragments in the Onaping
Formation. The large sulphide ore bodies within the
Footwall Breccia in several of the mines of the Sud
bury district were introduced into the breccia tectoni-
cally and/or as sulphide magmas.
The Footwall Breccia, to the author's knowledge,
has no equivalent in volcanic regimes. In contradis
tinction, terrestrial breccias, similar to those de
scribed here, occur in the Ries impact crater in
Germany (Geologica Bavarica 1974). Peredery
(1972b) compared the various breccias of the Ries cra
ter with the breccias of the Sudbury Structure. Dres
sler (1983) found microscopic and macroscopic
similarities between the Footwall Breccia and lunar
fragmental, polymict breccias.
RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FOOTWALL
BRECCIA WITH OTHER ROCK UNITS
OF THE SUDBURY STRUCTURE
An understanding of the relationship of the Sudbury
Breccia and the Footwall Breccia is important to the
interpretation of the origin of the Sudbury Structure. If
the structure originated in a single, catastrophic event
such as a meteorite impact, the 2 breccias should be
contemporaneous or almost contemporaneous.
In the Levack Township Footwall Breccia, a mafic
gneiss fragment was found to be cut by a Sudbury
Breccia dikelet. This suggests that the Sudbury Brec
cia is older. On the other hand, just northeast of the
Coleman Mine, also in Levack Township, and on the
Sultana property in Trill Township, the Footwall me
gabreccia appears to grade into Sudbury Breccia over
distances of 10 to 20 m (Photo 6.24). In outcrops closer
to the main Footwall Breccia bodies and the Sudbury
Igneous Complex, typical Footwall "megabreccia" is
exposed, whereas farther away, typical Sudbury Brec
cia occurs. In the transition zone between, Sudbury
Breccia dikes merge with brecciated host rocks, that in
turn appear to merge with typical' 'megabreccia '. The
matrix of the transitional breccia has similar charac-
129
` e ^ mqb o =S
mÜçíç=SKOQK=qê~åëáíáçå=p ì ÇÄì êó=_ êÉÅÅá~Jc ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅÅá~K=MKR=âã =
åçêíÜÉ~ëí=çÑ=` çäÉã ~å=j áåÉI=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK=È ~ã Éê~=äÉåë=
Å~é=áë=R=Åã =áå=Çá~ã ÉíÉêFK
teristics to those of both the Footwall Breccia and the
Sudbury Breccia matrices.
The observations are contradictory. Neverthe
less, the occurrence of the fragment of Sudbury Brec
cia in the Footwall Breccia, namely, the occurrence of
multiple breccias in l deposit, is not conclusive evi
dence that the 2 breccias were not formed by contem
poraneous processes. Multiple breccias have been
formed in the Bunte Breccia (Horz Éä=~äK=1983) and in
the suevite (G. Graup, Max Planck Institut fiir
Chemie, Mainz, personal communication, 1983) of
the Ries impact crater in Germany. The author does not
wish to imply that Sudbury Breccia and Footwall
Breccia were produced by the same process. The above
observations suggest that originally, both breccias
simply consisted of crushed rocks and that as pointed
out previously, the Footwall Breccia has features in
dicative of contact metamorphism related to the intru
sion of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The Sudbury
Breccia, however, has features merely reflecting a per
vasive regional metamorphism.
The Footwall Breccia and Sudbury Breccia are
probably related to the first stages of the development
of the Sudbury Structure. These breccias originated
before the emplacement of most other rock units re
lated to the Sudbury Structure.
An apophysis of norite originating from the Sud
bury Igneous Complex intrudes the Footwall Breccia
just east of the Coleman Mine (Dressler 1981 a) in
Levack Township. Plagioclase laths occurring within
the norite that occurs very close to the Footwall Brec
cia and around inclusions of Footwall Breccia, are, in
plates aligned parallel to the norite-Footwall Breccia
contact (Muir 1983). These observations indicate that
the norite is younger than the Footwall Breccia. In the
past (Pattison 1979, p.265), noritic gabbro fragments
in the breccia at the Strathcona Mine were interpreted
130
to be derived from the Sudbury Igneous Complex nor
ite, suggesting that the Footwall Breccia is younger
than the norite. The fragments could have been de
rived from a Nipissing gabbro intrusion, a pre-Sud-
bury event rock unit.
The Sublayer locally projects into and contains in
clusions of the Sudbury Igneous Complex norite (Nal
drett c/ ~äK, Chapter 11, this volume), In places, it also
has elongate inclusions and plagioclase laths aligned
parallel to the Sublayer-norite contact. The Sublayer is
post-norite in age, and therefore, is younger than the
Footwall Breccia. Further evidence for this conclu
sion is indicated by the occurrence of Footwall Breccia
inclusions within the Sublayer at several places in Trill
Township.
The relationship of the Footwall Breccia to the
Basal Member of the Onaping Formation is uncertain.
Some similarities exist between the 2 rock units, but
some major differences also are present. Locally, the
Basal Member resembles the Footwall Breccia, for
example in a rock cut along the road that leads from
Highway 545 to Ella Lake in Capreol Township (T.L.
Muir, Geologist. Ontario Geological Survey, personal
communication, 1980). Examination of thin sections
made from rocks taken from this road-cut reveals the
presence of stubby plagioclase recrystallization typi
cal for rocks underlying the North and East Range
Sudbury Igneous Complex. In most other places,
however, the Basal Member (Muir and Peredery,
Chapter 7, this volume) is different from the Footwall
Breccia. For instance, the Basal Member contains only
very few mafic rock fragments and many more and
much larger fragments of Huronian arenites than does
the Footwall Breccia. The matrix is also different
(Muir and Peredery, Chapter 7, this volume). Further,
it is hard to imagine that the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex would have intruded exactly along a contact of 2
physically similar breccia units, that is, along the con
tact between the breccias of the Basal Member of the
Onaping Formation with the Footwall Breccia. Evi
dence exists that the Complex cuts across lithological
units. Such evidence is the variable thickness and, in
places, the absence of the Footwall Breccia. The au
thor speculates that the Footwall Breccia and the Basal
Member of the Onaping Formation originally be
longed to l breccia sequence, with a lower parauto
chthonous (Footwall Breccia) unit and an upper
allochthonous (Basal Member) unit.
CONTACT METAMORPHISM OF
THE FOOTWALL ROCKS
The Footwall rocks including the Sudbury Breccia and
the Footwall Breccia, were subjected to contact meta-

morphism in a zone that is up to l .2 km wide adjacent
to the Sudbury Igneous Complex. This zone is char
acterized by the occurrence of stubby to decussate, re-
crystallized plagioclase. Similar plagioclase also
occurs in fragments in the Onaping Formation above
the Sudbury Igneous Complex (W.V. Peredery, Staff
Geologist, Inco Limited, personal communication,
1983). In the South Range Footwall rocks, contact-
metamorphic mineralogy and textures have been all
but obliterated due to a strong post-Sudbury Igneous
Complex regional metamorphic overprint that also af
fected the South Range Sudbury Igneous Complex
itself.
In Levack Township (Figure 6.19), in the North
Range, the contact metamorphic aureole was investi
gated by the author. Within the aureole, the following
assemblages of recrystallized minerals can be
recognized:
1. clinopyroxene-plagioclase
2. clinopyroxene-(brown-green) hornblende-biotite-
quartz plagioclase
3. Clinopyroxene-biotite-quartz-plagioclase
4. Biotite-hornblende-quartz-plagioclase
5. Biotite-quartz-plagioclase
6. Quartz-plagioclase
Based on these contact metamorphic mineral assem
blages, facies boundaries are drawn in Figure 6.19.
The contact-metamorphic recrystallization did
not alter the primary rock textures. In an ophitic gab
bro, for instance EëÉÉ=Photos 6.22 and 6.23), decussate
plagioclase fills the spaces between the primary, mag
matic plagioclase laths and in banded gneisses it re
places the primary, granoblastic plagioclase. In hand
ä= e =p ì ÇÄì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã çäÉñ
móêçñÉåÉ=ÜçêåÑÉäë=Ñ~ÅáÉë=
i g=
e çêåÄäÉåÇÉ=ÜçêåÑÉäë=Ñ~ÅáÉë=
ö
{ g=
mä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ=êÉÅêóëí~ääáò~íáçå=çåäó
c áÖì êÉ=SKNVK=` çåí~Åí=j Éí~ã çêéÜáëã I=i Éî ~Åâ=qçï åëÜáéK
_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
specimen, the contact-metamorphic recrystallized
rocks still exhibit their primary textures and the re
crystallized plagioclase can be recognized by a porce-
lainous lustre.
The anorthite content of the stubby, decussate pla
gioclase does not show any trend within the contact
metamorphic zone. The optically determined anor
thite content reflects the primary plagioclase compo
sition, and there is no Ca-increase as one approaches
the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Within the zone of
contact metamorphic plagioclase recrystallization, the
size of the plagioclase stubs increases from 0.06 mm
farthest away from the Complex to 0.33 mm very close
to it. Contact metamorphic plagioclase does not only
occur in stubby, decussate form, but, in the Footwall
Breccia matrix, also occurs as porphyroblasts or as
granophyric intergrowths with quartz (Photo 6.25).
Porphyroblasts of quartz and other minerals also oc
cur in the rocks.
mÜçíç=SKORK=fåÅáéáÉåí=ã ÉäíáåÖI=Öê~åáíáÅ=Ñê~Öã Éåí=áå=c ççíï ~ää=_ êÉÅ=
Åá~=EêÉÅêóëí~ääáòÉÇFI=MKR=âã =åçêíÜÉ~ëí=çÑ=` çäÉã ~å=j áåÉI=i Éî ~Åâ=
qçï åëÜáéK=mä~åÉ=éçä~êáëÉÇ=äáÖÜíK=p Å~äÉ=NKR=ã ã K
o ÉÅêóëí~ääáò~íáçå p ááÉ=çä=êÉÅêóëí~=
G=mä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ= Åä~ëÉä=NM= ã ã =
Ä=_ áçíáíÉ= åëÑë~= ^ å=ÅçåíÉåí=çÑ=êÉÅêóëí~ääááÉÅ=
Ü=e çêåÄäÉåÇÉ= éä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉä~î Éê~áàÉ=çÑ=R=
ÇÉíÉêã =á=å=~í=à=çåëLã =~=ñ=á=ã =ì =ã
` =` äáåçéóêçñÉåÉ=
" " = j Éí~ã çêéÜáÅ=Ñ~ÅáÉë=
ã= j ~ÖåÉí=áäÉ
Äçì åÇ~êó=J= çÄëÉêî ÉÇ
G=k ç=êÉÅêóëí~ääáò~íáçå
" " = j Éí~ã çêéÜáÅ=Ñ~ÅáÉë=
Äçì åÇ~êó=" =~ëëì ã ÉÇ
131
` e ^ mqb o =S
Contact-metamorphic recrystallized, clear, and
unstrained quartz forms polygonal aggregates replac
ing larger primary quartz crystals. Individual grains
within these aggregates may be idiomorphic. Some
larger, not completely recrystallized grains may con
tain relicts of planar features in dusty centres sur
rounded by clear quartz. Relicts of decorated planar
features, that is, the aligned decorations alone, with
out the connecting lamellae, can also be seen cutting
across grain boundaries of recrystallized quartz. Or the
relicts have the same orientation in neighbouring
quartz crystals (Figure 6.17). Schreyer (1983) made
the same observations on recrystallized quartz in base
ment rocks of the Vredefort Dome and stated that "the
fluid inclusions (the decorations) have fully retained
their positions in the quartz volume despite the growth
of new quartz crystals''.
Contact-metamorphic biotite, hornblende, and
clinopyroxene are clear, show no kink bands or defor
mation bands in spite of their close proximity to the
Sudbury Igneous Complex. Commonly, these min
erals contain inclusions of contact-metamorphic pla
gioclase stubs. Hypidiomorphic to xenomorphic
magnetite containing stubby plagioclase occurs in a
few places.
Incipient melting is indicated by textures in some
granitic fragments in the Footwall Breccia, and in a few
places is indicated in granitic Footwall rocks very close
to the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The incipient melt
ing is of a contact-metamorphic and/or shock-meta
morphic origin.
An accurate estimate of the physical conditions
under which the Footwall rocks were contact meta
morphosed cannot be made. The depth at which the
Sudbury Igneous Complex was intruded into the crust
and the Proterozoic geothermal gradient are not
known. It is also unknown what temperature increase
resulted from the Sudbury Event. If the Sudbury Basin
has a volcanic origin, a volcanic area existed with an
especially high geothermal gradient. Similarly, a
higher than normal temperature in the Footwall has to
be assumed if a meteorite impact was the crater-form
ing event. The residual, or after-shock temperature can
be roughly estimated. The Footwall rocks located ap
proximately l .2 km distant from the Sudbury Igneous
Complex belong in Chao's (1968a, 1968b) zone l of
shock-metamorphic alterations. This zone is charac
terized by planar features in quartz and feldspars and
by a residual temperature of approximately 80 0 C. An
accurate estimate of the residual temperature in the im
mediate vicinity of the Sudbury Igneous Complex
based on shock-metamorphic features is not possible
because such features were almost completely de
132
stroyed by later contact-metamorphic recrystalliza
tion. A conservative estimate of the residual
temperature before intrusion of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex is 100 0 to200 0 C.
The pre-erosion depth of the intrusion of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex is not known. Naldrett Éí=~äK=
(1970) stated that the South Range of the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex has been elevated approximately 5 km
with respect to the North Range along faults that dip
steeply and that parallel the long axis of the Sudbury
Basin. Dence (1972, p. 15) assumed removal of 5 km
of rock by "normal'' erosion to obtain the present level
of basin exposure.
The pre-Sudbury Igneous Complex temperature
of the basement at an assumed depth of 5 km cannot be
estimated with a high degree of confidence. A con
servative figure for both the volcanic and impact scen
ario is 200 0 to 250 0 C.
Naldrett and Kullerud (1967) assumed that the
Sudbury Igneous Complex was a rapidly intruding hot
(1000 0 C) norite sheet, which had a 20 0 C per l km
geothermal gradient, and was emplaced at a depth of 5
km. These authors concluded "that the country rocks
adjacent to the Nickel Irruptive (Igneous Complex) at
one time have been at a high temperature, around
700 0 C, for over 300,000 years, that for some of this
period the temperature gradient was very steep (60 0 C
per 100 feet, 180 0 C per 100m); and that for all of this
period the temperature gradient was moderately steep
(at least 14 0 C per 100 feet, 42 0 C per 100 m)". Ac
cording to Naldrett and Kullerud (1967, Figure 22A),
the Footwall rocks approximately 220 m away from the
Sudbury Igneous Complex were at about 600 0 C (py
roxene hornfels facies) 720 000 years after the
intrusion.
The albite-epidote hornfels facies starts at a tem
perature of somewhat under 400 0 C, the hornblende
hornfels facies at approximately 520 0 to 540 20 0 C,
and the pyroxene hornfels facies at 580 0 to 630 ^20 0 C
(Winkler 1967).
In Figure 6.19, the hornfels facies zones are nar
rower than one would expect according to these esti
mates. W.V. Peredery (Staff Geologist, Inco Limited,
personal communication, 1983) has evidence of cli
nopyroxene in Sudbury Breccia up to 500 m away from
the Sudbury Igneous Complex, an observation that is
not in agreement with the author's observation from
Levack Township EëÉÉ=Figure 6.6).
Coats Éí=~äK=(1984) reported the pyroxene horn
fels zone to extend up to 250 m from the contact with
the Sudbury Igneous Complex, a distance very close
to that determined by Naldrett and Kullerud (1967).

CONCLUSION
Until the early 1960s, the geological community in
general had accepted a volcanic or tectonic-volcanic
origin for the Sudbury Structure. It was in 1962, at the
beginning of the modern era of impact-cratering stud
ies, that Robert S. Dietz proposed a meteorite impact
origin for the Sudbury Structure. This unconventional
proposal generated new interest in Sudbury geology,
and since then many scientific papers, both in favour
of or against an impact origin, have been published
EëÉÉ=Giblin, Chapter l, this volume).
It is not the purpose of this somewhat descriptive
chapter to discuss the origin of the Sudbury Structure
in depth EëÉÉ=Muir, Chapter 21, this volume; Peredery
and Morrison, Chapter 22, this volume). The authorD=s
investigations of the Footwall rocks, however, re
sulted in some new observations and expanded the data
on many of the older observations. Because of the size
of the Sudbury Structure and its complex geology,
these investigations are far from complete. A conclu
sive theory on the origin of the Sudbury Structure can
not yet be made with a high degree of confidence at the
time of writing.
The author favours a meteorite impact origin for
the Sudbury Structure, even though he has only stud
ied the Footwall of the Sudbury Structure and has less
than complete knowledge of the rest of the Structure.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Numerous constructive comments on draft manu
scripts were received from the critical reviewers of this
paper. The author gratefully acknowledges the help
from these people, wants to thank his summer and
winter student assistants who contributed to the suc
cess of the investigations, and also wishes to thank E.
Grunsky for processing most of the structural data by
computer. Last, but not least, the author is grateful to
Mrs. A.E. Branicky and Mrs. P. Arora for typing and
retyping the manuscript.
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Naldrett, A.J., Bray, J.G., Gasparini, E.L., Podolski,T.,
and Rucklidge, J.C.
1970: Cryptic Variation and the Petrology of the Sudbury
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p.122-155.
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1967: A Study of the Strathcona Mine and its Bearing on
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1977: Deformation at the Decaturville Impact Structure,
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1981: Annealing Experiments on Experimentally Shocked
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_ r o h e ^ o a =l K=a o b ppi b o
1983: Shock Experiments on Feldspar Crystals; Proceed
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Volume 88, Supplement, p.B364-B376, November 15.
Pattison, E.F.
1979: The Sudbury Sublayer; Canadian Mineralogist,
Volume 17, p.257-274.
Peredery, W. V.
1972a: Chemistry of Fluidal Glasses and Melt Bodies in
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Canada, Special Paper Number 10, p.49-59.
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Formation, Sudbury, Ontario; Ph.D. Thesis, Univer
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1964: Origin of Pseudotachylites; American Journal of
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135
` e ^ mqb o =S
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WHITEWATER GROUP
CHAPTER?

The Onaping Formation

T.L. Muir1 and W.V. Peredery2
'Geologist, Ontario Geological Survey. Toronto
: Staff Geologist, Inco Limited, Sudbury

CONTENTS
Abstract.......................................................................................................... 142
General Description............................................................................................. 142
Nomenclature ................................................................................................ 143
Basal Member................................................................................................... 144
Basal Member in the North Range ........................................................................... 145
Fragments ................................................................................................. 147
Matrix ..................................................................................................... 150
Basal Member in the South Range ........................................................................... 151
Fragments ................................................................................................. 152
Matrix ..................................................................................................... 152
Melt Bodies...................................................................................................... 152
Inclusions..................................................................................................... 153
Matrix ........................................................................................................ 154
Gray Member ................................................................................................... 155
Type 4 Breccias............................................................................................... 157
Type 2 Breccias............................................................................................... 157
Type 3 Breccias............................................................................................... 157
Relationship Between Gray and Black Members ............................................................... 158
Black Member................................................................................................... 158
Type 4 Breccias............................................................................................... 161
Type 5 Breccias............................................................................................... 161
Type 2 Breccias............................................................................................... 163
Dikes ............................................................................................................163
Lithology of Fragments in Breccias of the Gray and Black Members .......................................... 163
Country Rock Fragments..................................................................................... 163
Crystalline Basement Rocks............................................................................... 163
Metasedimentary Rocks................................................................................... 164
Shock-Metamorphic Features ............................................................................. 165
Microbreccia Fragments ..................................................................................... 165
Sulphides and Sulphide Fragments........................................................................... 166
Fluidal-Textured Fragments and Bodies ..................................................................... 166
Glass Fragments.............................................................................................. 167
Simple Glass Fragments................................................................................... 167
Complex Glass Fragments ................................................................................ 167
Crystals and Crystal Fragments .............................................................................. 167
Composite Fragments ........................................................................................ 169
Miscellaneous Fragments .................................................................................... 170
Petrochemistry .................................................................................................. 170
Summary ........................................................................................................ 175
References........................................................................................................ 198
Discussion of the Onaping Formation by T.L. Muir ............................................................ 200
References.................................................................................................... 203
Discussion of the Onaping Formation by W.V. Peredery ....................................................... 205
References ....................................................................................................210

139
` e ^ mqb o =T

TABLES
7. l Nomenclature: Present and Past ............................................................................. 144
7.2 Basal Member Components: Dowling and Garson Areas ................................................... 150
7.3 Modal Data for Crystalline Melt Bodies ..................................................................... 154
7.4 Descriptions of Some Breccias in the Gray Member ........................................................ 156
7.5 Descriptions of Some Breccias in the Black Member........................................................ 161
7.6 Varieties of Glass in the Gray and Black Members .......................................................... 168
7.7 Chemical Analyses of Basal Member Matrix Specimens.................................................... 172
7.8 Chemical Analyses of Melt Body Specimens (Set A)........................................................ 174
7.9 Chemical Analyses of Melt Body Specimens (Set B) ........................................................ 176
7.10 Chemical Analyses of Gray Member (Whole Rock) Specimens ........................................... 178
7.11 Chemical Analyses of Black Member (Whole Rock) Specimens .......................................... 180
7.12 Chemical Analyses of Fluidal-Textured Glass Fragments (Set A)......................................... 181
7.13 Chemical Analyses of Fluidal-Textured Bodies and Spherulitic Dikes (Set B)............................ 182
7.14 Chemical Analyses of Uppermost Granophyres in the Upper Zone of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex ................................................................................. 184

FIGURES
7. l General geology of the Onaping Formation showing major subdivisions .................................. 143
7.2 Classification of the breccias of the Onaping Formation into 5 types ....................................... 144
7.3 Relationship between fragments and matrix relative to the scale of observation ........................... 144
7.4 Generalized composite section through the Onaping Formation ........................................... 145
7.5 Detailed geology of the Onaping Formation in part of Dowling Township................................. 146
7.6 Detailed geology of the Onaping Formation in part of Garson and Blezard Townships .................... 148
7.7 Detailed geology of the Onaping Formation in southeast Capreol Township............................... 150
7.8 Tracing of hand specimen from the Gray Member showing salient textural featu res ....................... 157
7.9 Tracings of part of 3 thin sections of Gray and Black Members showing salient textures
and features................................................................................................. 159
7.10 Tracings of part of 2 thin sections of Gray and Black Members showing salient textures
and features................................................................................................. 160
7.11 Tracings of part of 4 thin sections showing salient textures and features in successively
overlying rocks ............................................................................................ 162
7.12 Tracing of hand specimen showing salient textures and features .......................................... 170
7.13 Tracing of a hand specimen of composite fluidal-textured material ....................................... 170
7.14 Al-Fe+Ti-Mg Plot of Onaping Formation Units......................................................... 186
7.15 Compositions of minerals from the matrices of the Basal Member and Melt Bodies ..................... 187
7.16 Plots of FeO/MgO and CaO/MgO versus (Na2O4-K2O)7MgO for Melt Bodies
and fluidal-textured glasses................................................................................. 187
7.17 Variation of selected elements and functions in a section across part of the
Onaping Formation, Capreol Township ................................................................... 188

PHOTOGRAPHS
7. l Basal Member: fragment-supported variety with fragments of various rock types.
Norman Township.......................................................................................... 189
7.2 Basal Member: partly disintegrated fragments with 'Swiss cheese' texture, Norman Township........... 189
7.3 Basal Member: granitic fragment and matrix with partly disintegrated fragments,
Norman Township.......................................................................................... 189
7.4 Photomicrograph of part of a 15 cm diameter fragment of leucocratic quartz monzonite
within Basal Member, Norman Township ................................................................. 189
7.5 Basal Member: matrix-supported variety. Cascaden Township. ........................................... 189
7.6 Basal Member: matrix with heterogeneous texture, Dowling Township. .................................. 190
7.7 Basal Member: Type l breccia with angular to subrounded fragments of metamorphosed
white quartz arenite, Garson Township .................................................................... 190
7.8 Basal Member: Type 2 breccia containing large block with weakly deformed bedding.
Garson Township........................................................................................... 190
7.9 Melt Body: crystalline part with large and small fragments of white arkose and quartz arenite.
Capreol Township .......................................................................................... 190
 qKi K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v

7.10 Melt Body: crystalline part with well-sorted (by size) angular to subrounded fragments of
several varieties of arkose and quartz arenite, Capreol Township ......................................... 190
7.11 Melt Body: crystalline part, Capreol Township ........................................................... 190
7.12 Melt Body: crystalline part with acicular actinolite crystals forming rosettes, Wisner Township......... 191
7.13 Melt Body: siliceous variety of crystalline part with heterogeneous texture, Capreol Township ......... 191
7.14 Melt Body: feldspathic variety of crystalline part with quartzose inclusion, Capreol Township.......... 191
7.15 Melt Body: granophyric variety of crystalline part with fragment of
cryptocrystalline plagioclase. Wisner Township........................................................... 191
7.16 Gray Member: contact between Type 4 breccia and Type 2 breccia, Capreol Township.................. 191
7.17 Gray Member: contact between Type 4 breccia and unit of well-sorted Type 3 breccia,
Garson Township........................................................................................... 192
7.18 Gray Member: relatively monolithic variety of Type 4 breccia ........................................... 192
7.19 Gray Member: fragment-supported variety of Type 4 breccia ............................................ 192
7.20 Gray Member: 2 m above sharp contact with another Gray Member unit ................................ 192
7.21 Gray Member: 2 m below sharp contact with another Gray Member unit ................................ 192
7.22 Gray Member: contact between 2 units; 55 m below Black Member ..................................... 192
7.23 Fluidal-textured fragment: Gray Member................................................................. 193
7.24 Composite fragment in Gray Member, Lumsden Township .............................................. 193
7.25 Contact between Type 4 breccia of Gray Member and Type 5 breccia of Black Member,
Capreol Township .......................................................................................... 193
7.26 Black Member: l m above contact with Gray Member.................................................... 193
7.27 Gray Member: 2 m below contact with Black Member ................................................... 193
7.28 Black Member: 2 m above contact with Gray Member.................................................... 194
7.29 Gray Member: 2 m below contact with Black Member ................................................... 194
7.30 Black Member: contact between underlying Type 3 breccia and overlying Type 4 breccia,
Blezard Township .......................................................................................... 194
7.31 Black Member: several planar beds lying within a 10 cm thick'unit'; 800m
above Gray Member, Lumsden Township ................................................................. 194
7.32 Black Member: contact between lens of coarse, Type 5 breccia and fine, Type 5 breccia................. 194
7.33 Black Member: composite, irregularly shaped fragment of Type 5 breccia in Type 4 breccia,
Lumsden Township......................................................................................... .194
7.34 Black Member: variety of fragments ...................................................................... 195
7.35 Spherulitic dike within Gray Member ...................................................................... 195
7.36 Thin section of part of 2 m diameter fragment of quartz monzonite within the Gray Member............. 195
7.37 Black Member: variety of fragments ....................................................................... 195
7.38 Microbreccia veinlet within altered siltstone fragment in Black Member.................................. 195
7.39 Sulphide fragments, Gray Member......................................................................... 196
7.40 Fluidal-textured material: numerous vesicle-like features with weak, flow banding....................... 196
7.41 Fluidal-textured fragment with well-developed discontinuous banding, Gray Member................... 196
7.42 Crystal fragment, Gray Member............................................................................ 196
7.43 Crystal fragment, Gray Member............................................................................ 196
7.44 Composite fragments, Gray Member, Garson Township .................................................. 196
7.45 Composite fragment, Black Member, Morgan Township.................................................. 197
7.46 Composite fragment, Black Member....................................................................... 197
7.47 Composite felsic fragment, Gray Member ................................................................. 197
7.48 Composite fragment, Gray Member (with carbon particles)............................................... 197

Editorial Note ing all interpretation. The authors have done as re

The Sudbury Volume committee recommended that
this paper should be written by these 2 people, both of
whom have studied the Onaping Formation inten
sively over the past several years. Since these authors
have reached different conclusions as to its origin, this
inevitably imposed considerable difficulties upon
them. The committee recommended that the authors
should write a purely descriptive paper, thus eliminat
quested, even though this has introduced problems as
to the terminology they could use, and has resulted in
descriptions that have less focus than otherwise would
have been the case. The editors wish to point out that
these shortcomings are the responsibility of them
selves and the committee, not the authors. The editors
believe that these descriptions, however, will be of
great use to those unfamiliar with the Onaping For
mation. Two discussions'follow the paper in which

141
` e ^ mqb o =T
each author has been given a restricted amount of space
in which to discuss his views of the interpretation. The
authors were told that their discussions would receive
a minimum of peer editorial review.
ABSTRACT
The Onaping Formation of Middle Proterozoic age, is
the lowermost formation of the Whitewater Group in
the Sudbury Basin. Along its base, the Onaping For
mation is intruded by granophyres of the Sudbury Ig
neous Complex, and near its top, the formation grades
into the overlying Onwatin Formation slates. On the
South Range, the Onaping Formation is deformed.
The formation is subdivided into 4 major units, 3
of which are members. The lowermost, Basal Mem
ber, is discontinuous and comprises a variety of mon
olithic and heterolithic breccias consisting of material
probably derived from the Superior Province base
ment and the overlying Huronian Supergroup. Over
lying the Basal Member is the Gray Member, which
consists of breccias and breccia units comprising var
ious mixtures of country rocks and devitrified and re-
crystallized glasses. The Gray Member is overlain by
the Black Member, which, in general, is similar to the
Gray Member but. in addition, has chloritized shard-
like fragments and carbonaceous material in the
matrix.
Local, mesoscale stratification of limited lateral
extent in both the Gray and Black Members is indi
cated by sharp or abruptly gradational contacts. Al
though each member generally dips at moderate angles
toward the central part of the Sudbury Basin, some of
the individual units dip away from the centre. Other
units strike at angles distinctly different from those of
the upper and lower contacts of the formation.
Melt Bodies comprise the fourth subdivision.
These tend to occur in clusters near the Basal Member/
Gray Member contact, but also occur within all 3
members. The Melt Bodies are igneous-textured, con
sist of crystalline central parts and chilled margins, and
contain country rock inclusions which are similar to
fragments in the Basal Member.
Spherulitic and flow-banded dikes intrude the
Gray and Black Members. Gabbroic dikes and olivine
diabase dikes intrude the Onaping Formation.
Many of the metasedimentary, granitic, gneissic,
and gabbroic country rock fragments in the Onaping
Formation, particularly on the undeformed North and
East Ranges, display shock-metamorphic features
such as planar features in quartz and feldspar. These
minerals also commonly have fine mosaic and devi
trification textures. Various types of glass frag
ments include: fluidal-textured glasses, which are
chemically heterogeneous; and "simple" and "com
plex" glasses, based on present textures and mineral
ogy. Composite fragments occur throughout the Gray
and Black Members and comprise breccia within
142
breccia, glass within glass, and complicated combi
nations of glass, breccia, and fluidal-textured mate
rial. Other fragments include microbreccia, sulphides
(some may be replacement minerals), accretionary and
armoured fragments, and single crystals of quartz,
feldspar, and other minerals.
Whole rock chemical data show that the matrix of
the Onaping Formation is more mafic at the top than at
the bottom. Microprobe data on the fluidal glasses and
whole rock data on the Melt Bodies show considerable
variation in some elements.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Onaping Formation (Figure 7.1; Map 2491, back
pocket) is the lowermost formation of the Whitewater
Group and lies entirely within the Sudbury Basin. The
formation is 53 km long, 17 km wide, and has an esti
mated thickness of up to 1600 m. Volume estimates of
the Onaping Formation range from 530 km' (Coleman
1905),to 1250kmXWilliams 1957),to 1670kmMSte-
venson 1972). Granophyres of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex intrude the base of the formation. The con
tact with the overlying Onwatin Formation is
gradational.
The Onaping Formation has been interpreted to
consist of ash-flow tuffs and lavas (Thomson 1957;
Williams 1957; Stevenson 1972) or impact fallback
breccias and impact melt (French 1967; Dence 1972;
Peredery 1972b).
The Onaping Formation is stratified and divided
into 4 major units. Three of these members are the
lowermost Basal Member, which is overlain by the
Gray Member and then by the upper Black Member.
Thicknesses given for members of the Onaping For
mation are approximate, and assume, for the units in
the North Range, a dip of 30 0 (based on information
from diamond-drill logs submitted for assessment
work; Muir 1983).
Each member consists of a variety of breccias in
numerous units, many of which are too small to map at
a scale of l :50 000. The breccias consist of any com
bination of fragments of country rocks, glassy
material 1 , fluidal material2 , minor sulphide minerali
zation, and finely comminuted matrix material. A sig
nificant proportion of the country rock fragments
display shock-metamorphic features. Many of the
breccias contain more than one type of glass fragment.
'There is no glass remaining in the Onaping Formation. All
'glass' is either devitrified or recrystallized and pres
ently ranges from microcrystalline to fine grained. The
terms "glass" or "glassy", used throughout this chap
ter, refer to the assumed primary state of the material;
such references involve some interpretation.
2 Fluidial-textured material is very fine grained, dense, and
has what is interpreted to be flow banding. The material
may have been in a hot plastic or molten state before
solidifying.

l k ^ mfk d = c l o j ^ qfl k
P= ä=_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉê=
á= ä= d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê=
_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê
c áÖì êÉ=TKNK=General geology of the Onaping c çêã ~íáçå=showing major subdivisions: Basal j Éã ÄÉêI=j Éäí=_ çÇáÉëI=Gray j Éã ÄÉêI=~åÇ=Black
j Éã ÄÉêK
Igneous-textured inclusion-bearing Melt Bodies
comprise the fourth major subdivision of the forma
tion and occur mainly between the Basal and Gray
Members, but also within all members.
The North Range is essentially undeformed,
whereas the South Range has locally undergone weak
to strong deformation EëÉÉ=area between Gordon and
Emma Lakes, Map 2491, back pocket). Stevenson
(1961) briefly described deformation in the Basal
Member. Rousell (1975, 1976, and 1980) discussed
foliations, lineations, kink bands, and crystallo
graphic orientation in quartz crystals.
Nomenclature
Previous subdivisions of the Onaping Formation are
shown in Table 7.1. Some terms for these subdivisions
express a genetic connotation. We propose a system
that is reasonably non-genetic and which allows for fu
ture subdivisions within the context of accepted stra
tigraphic nomenclature. Table 7.1 compares present
and past terms and excludes examples which do not re
fer to specific mappable units. The present term "Melt
Body "is expressly used to refer to the inferred molten
state of such bodies, and not to a specific genetic proc
ess for that state, such as lava or impact melt.
qKi K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
In order to refer specifically to breccias that have
different characteristics, the authors have used a sim
plified system based on the proportion of different
fragment sizes that is modelled after Fisher (1966).
The system is expressly used here as a convenient field
classification with no inference to the origin of the On
aping Formation. The system divides breccias into 5
major types numbered l to 5 (Figure 7.2). The brec
cias are composed of 3 sizes of fragments: those ^ 2
mm diameter; those from 2 to 64 mm diameter; and
those s* 64 mm diameter. To maintain a simple classi
fication, rocks consisting largely of angular to sub
rounded particles {=O=mm diameter are also consid
ered to be' 'breccias''. Locally, there are mappable va
rieties of breccia within each major type of breccia,
based on lithological properties such as contacts and
predominant shape, type, or size of fragments. What
is referred to as matrix is relative to the scale of obser
vation. Figure 7.3 illustrates the relationship between
the matrix and the type of breccia for various scales.
Figure 7.4 represents a generalized composite
stratigraphic column through the Onaping Formation,
showing the major features of each subdivision. Fig
ures 7.5 and 7.6 show 2 areas mapped in detail (within
Dowling, Blezard, and Garson Townships) by Pered
ery (1972a). Figure 7.7 shows an area mapped in de-
143
` e ^ mqb o =T

TABLE 7.1: k l j b k ` i ^ qr o b " mo b p b k q=^ k a =m^ p qK

mo b p b k q= m^ p q=p qr a fb p =
p qr a v
_ r o o l t p =^ k a
j r fo =^ k a = j r fo = mb o b a b o v = p qb s b k p l k =qe l j p l k =ENVRTF= o f` h ^ _ v = ` l i bj ^ k =
mb o b a b o v = ENVUPINVUNF= ENVTO~I=NVTOÄF= ENVSNINVTOF= t fi i f^ j p =ENVRTF= ENVPMFS= ENVMRF= _ b i i ENUVPF

_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉê _ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉê= Ää~Åâ=l å~éáåÖ Ää~Åâ=íì ÑÑ ~åÇÉëáíáÅ=íì ÑÑI

íì ÑÑJÄêÉÅÅá~ î çäÅ~åáÅ=íì ÑÑI= éóêçÅä~ëíáÅ ëáäáÅÉçì ë
íì ÑÑI=Ñäçï = ëÉÇáã Éåíë î çäÅ~åáÅ
d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê d êÉÉå=j Éã ÄÉê=Öê~ó=l å~éáåÖ ÖêÉó=íì ÑÑ ä~éáääáJíì ÑÑI ÄêÉÅÅá~ ÄêÉÅÅá~
Öäçï áåÖ
~î ~ä~åÅÜÉ
ÇÉéçëáíë
j Éäí=_ çÇó d êÉó=j Éã ÄÉê= ã Éäí=êçÅâI éÉééÉêJ~åÇJ ~åÇÉëáíÉ=ï áíÜ ä~î ~ë= é~êí=çÑ=qêçì í Eì åëéÉÅáÑáÉÇF
ã Éäí=ÄçÇó ë~äí=ã áÅêç= êÜóçäáíÉ i ~âÉ
éÉÖã ~íáíÉ Ñê~Öã Éåíë ` çåÖäçã Éê~íÉ
EÅÜáääÉÇF Eï áíÜ=áÖåÉçì ëJ
äççâáåÖ=ã ~íêáñF
_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê= _ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê= Ä~ë~ä=ÄêÉÅÅá~ èì ~êíòáíÉ= êÜóçäáíÉI êÜóçäáíÉI= qêçì í=i ~âÉ= èì ~êíòáíÉ=
ÄêÉÅÅá~= êÜóçäáíÉ ~ÖÖäçã Éê~íÉ= ` çåÖäçã Éê~íÉ= ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íÉ
EíÉÅíçåáÅF= ÄêÉÅÅá~

k çíÉëW
?p çã É=çÑ=íÜÉ=éêÉJNVSM=î çäÅ~åáÅ=íÉêã ë=~êÉ=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=ÇÉÑáåáíáçåë=ï ÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Ñêçã =íÜçëÉ=Åì êêÉåíäó=áå=ì ëÉK
?p áã áä~ê=íÉêã ë=ï ÉêÉ=ì ëÉÇ=Äó=j ççêÉ=ENVPMF=~åÇ=` ççâÉ=ENVQSFK

` çã éçëáíÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåí

qv mb
2 ÄFqóéÉ=Q=_ å

?` çã éçëáíÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåí
TYPE
4

c áÖì êÉ=TKOK=` ä~ëëáÑáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÄêÉÅÅá~ë=çÑ=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=c çêã ~= ÅF=qóéÉ=R=_ êÉÅÅá~

íáçå=áåíç=R=qóéÉë=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=éêçéçêíáçåë=çÑ=P=ê~åÖÉë=áå=ëáòÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ= ?ç= M=M=ç= M=IJK=ç=M=ç

Åçåëíáíì Éåí=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëK=j çÇáÑáÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=c áëÜÉê=ENVSSFK

tail (within Capreol Township) by Muir (1982). These

figures illustrate the complexities of the Onaping
Formation.

c áÖì êÉ=TKPK=o Éä~íáçåëÜáé=ÄÉíï ÉÉå=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=~åÇ=ã ~íêáñ=êÉä~íáî É=íç=

BASAL MEMBER
The Basal Member is discontinuous (Figure 7.1) and
is intruded by the Upper Zone of the Sudbury Igneous
Complex. Where the Basal Member is absent, the
Gray Member or Melt Bodies are in contact with one
or both types of granophyre which may contain inclu-
íÜÉ=ëÅ~äÉ=çÑ=çÄëÉêî ~íáçå=Eçì íÅêçéI=Ü~åÇ=ëéÉÅáã ÉåI=íÜáå=ëÉÅ=
íáçåFK=b ñ~ã éäÉë=ëÜçï å=~êÉ=Åçã éçëáíÉë=çÑ=ÑÉ~íì êÉë=Ñçì åÇ=áå=íÜÉ=
l å~éáåÖ=c çêã ~íáçåK
sions of the Gray and Elasal Members, or in uncom
mon cases, of the Melt Bodies.

c áÖì êÉ=TKQK=Generalized Åçã éçëáíÉ=ëÉÅíáçå=íÜêçì ÖÜ=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=
c çêã ~íáçåK=p âÉíÅÜ=ëÜçï ë=~=î ~êáÉíó=çÑ=êÉä~íáçåëÜáéë=ï áíÜáå=~åÇ=
~ã çåÖ=ã Éã ÄÉêëI=j Éäí=_ çÇáÉëI=~åÇ=Öê~åçéÜóêÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=p ì Ç=
Äì êó=fÖåÉçì ë=` çã éäÉñK=p çäáÇ=~åÇ=ëíáééäÉÇ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=êÉéêÉ=
ëÉåí=Åçì åíêó=êçÅâëX=é~äíÉêåäÉëë=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=áå=qóéÉ=O=çê=qóéÉ=Q=
ÄêÉÅÅá~ë=êÉéêÉëÉåí=î ~êáçì ë=Åçì åíêó=êçÅâI=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇI=~åÇ=
Åçã éçëáíÉ=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëK=o ~åÇçã äó=çêáÉåíÉÇ=Ç~ëÜÉë=êÉéêÉëÉåí=
íÜÉ=Üçêáòçå=êáÅÜ=áå=ÅÜäçêáíáòÉÇ=ëÜ~êÇJäáâÉ=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëK=i çåÖÉêI=
é~ê~ääÉä=Ç~ëÜÉë=êÉéêÉëÉåí=íÜÉ=Öê~Ç~íáçå=Ñêçã =íÜÉ=d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê=
íç=íÜÉ=_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉê=p âÉíÅÜ=åçí=íç=ëÅ~äÉK
qKi K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
Large inclusions of Basal Member up to several
hundred m long occur in the Upper Zone of the Sud
bury Igneous Complex in Rayside, Blezard, and
Lumsden Townships. Inclusions in the granophyres,
in general, range from a few mm to 2 m in diameter and
have either distinct, sharp outlines or diffuse bound
aries up to several cm thick. The inclusions are litho-
logically and petrographically similar to the frag
ments in the Basal Member.
The contact between the plagioclase-rich grano
phyre of the Upper Zone of the Sudbury Igneous Com
plex and the Basal Member is characterized by
inclusion-free, plagioclase-rich granophyre grading
into inclusion-bearing, plagioclase-rich granophyre.
This is in sharp contact with the Basal Member. One of
the authors (W. V.Peredery) has observed similar re
lationships at the contact between the normal grano
phyre and the Basal Member. Others (Coleman 1913;
Burrows and Rickaby 1930; Moore 1930; Stevenson
1963; Muir 1983) have described this particular con
tact as irregular and transitional. Stevenson (1963) has
given the term "pepper-and-salt micropegmatite" to
the matrix of the Basal Member and to some of what
are now termed Melt Bodies. Muir (1983) has used the
term "hybrid granophyre" to describe the inclusion-
bearing contact zone of the normal granophyre. The
zone contains sparse to numerous fragments of the
Basal Member that range from a few mm to a few m in
diameter, and from well defined to poorly defined, de
pending on the degree of assimilation. The fragments
lie in a granophyric matrix which has a heterogeneous
texture and composition (modal and chemical). No
sharp intrusive contacts were found between the hy
brid granophyre and the Basal Member.
There are sufficient differences in the fragments
and matrices of the breccias of the Basal Member in the
North and South Ranges to justify describing them
separately. Descriptive details are based largely on
well-exposed areas in Dowling and Garson Town
ships. The change from the North Range to the South
Range Basal Member occurs approximately in the
middle of Capreol Township, and at the Cameron
Creek Fault.
Basal Member in the North Range
The Basal Member in the North Range occurs as a dis
continuous layer generally < 150 m, but locally up to
300 m thick. Fragments and matrix vary considerably
in lithology and in their relative proportions. Outcrops
weather beige and white to light grey. Commonly, there
is little contrast between small fragments and matrix.
Two main varieties of breccia, termed "matrix-
supported" and "fragment-supported" (Photo 7.1)
grade into one another. Fragment-supported breccias
consist of tightly packed fragments, mostly ^ 64 mm
diameter, with the matrix comprising from *: 5 96 to an
` e ^ mqb o =T

Figure TKRK=a Éí~áäÉÇ=geology çÑ=íÜÉ=Onaping Formation in part of Dowling qçï åëÜáé=Eã çÇáÑáÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=mÉêÉÇÉêó=NVTO~FK

arbitrary upper limit of 25 GÑ~K=The fragments may be so
tightly packed and similar as to be delineated only by
slight differences in texture from one fragment to an
other. The matrix-supported breccias consist of
loosely packed fragments, mostly > 10 mm diameter,
supported by the matrix which forms up to TR{Å=by
volume. Fragments are erratically distributed in terms
of shape, size, and rock type.
Type l breccias of the Basal Member comprise
fragment- and matrix-supported varieties. Type 2
breccias are by far the most common and are mostly

146
 qK=i =j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v

ONAPING FORMATION
DOWLING AREA
p r a _ r o v =IGNEOUS ` l j mi b u
T| à=d ê~åçéÜóêÉ

S= z= mä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉJo áÅÜ=d ê~åçéÜóêÉ=

ONAPING FORMATION
R= ä= _ ~åÇÉÇ=p éÜÉêì äáíáÅ=a áâÉ=
Q= ä= _ ä~Åâ= j Éã ÄÉê
x= P= ä= d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê
P~Jd ê~ó=ï áíÜ= fn JOMB =` çì åíêó=o çÅâ=c ê~Öã Éåíë

j Éäí=_ çÇó=
O~J` ÜáääÉÇ=m~êí=çÑ
=j Éää=_ çÇó
_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê
á= ^ = ä=` çì åíêó=o çÅâ=_ äçÅâë=
^ J^ êâçëÉ=
d Jd ê~ã íÉ= l ÄëÉêî ÉÇ=` çåí~Åí=
d åJd åÉáëë=
" =J{ =fåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=Åçåí~Åí
mJmêçáçÄêÉÅÅá~=
n Jn ì ~êíò=^ êÉåáíÉ= íI= { =l ì íÅêçé

c áÖì êÉ=TKRK=a Éí~áäÉÇ=ÖÉçäçÖó=çÑ=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=c çêã ~íáçå=áå=é~êí=çÑ=a çï äáåÖ=qçï åëÜáé=Eã çÇáÑáÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=mÉêÉÇÉêó=NVTO~FK

matrix-supported. Type 4 breccias are matrix-sup
ported. Table 7.2 gives the proportions of the compo
nents of the Basal Member in a specific area in
Dowling Township.
FRAGMENTS
The fragments comprise a variety of country rock
types. Many fragments consist of massive to foliated
varieties of white to pink leucocratic granite, grano
diorite, and trondhjemite. Some of the granitic frag
ments have pink microcline phenocrysts up to 3 cm
long. Fragments of pegmatite and gneiss are also com
monly present. Most Basal Member outcrops have
fragments of metamorphosed, white, quartz arenite
147
` e ^ mqb o =T

ONAPING FORMATION
GARSON AREA
T= ä= l äáî áåÉ=a á~Ä~ëÉ=
SUDBURY IGNEOUS COMPLEX i ^ = ä=` çì åíêó=o çÅâ=_ äçÅâë=
áå=íÜÉ=d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê=
xI= S=N= d ê~åçéÜóêÉ= ^ J^ êâçëÉ=
d Jd ê~åáíÉ=
x= R=g=mä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉJo áÅÜ=d ê~åçéÜóêÉ= d åJd åÉáëë=
ONAPING c l o j ^ qfl k n Jn ì ~êíò=^ êÉåáíÉ
ä= Q= ä= _ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉê I >= î = l ì íÅêçé
Q~J_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉê=ï íÜäl JOMB =` çì åíêó=o çÅâ=c ê~Öã Éåíë=
d ê~ó= j Éã ÄÉê=
P~Jd ê~ój Éã ÄÉê=ï áíÜ=á̀ JOMB =` çì åíêó=o çÅâ=c ê~Öã Éåíë vi l ÄëÉêî ÉÇ=` çåí~Åí=
j Éäí=_ çÇó=
O~J` ÜáääÉÇ=m~êí=çÑ=j Éäí=_ çÇó s= fåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=Åçåí~Åí
_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê
N=~Je áÖÜ=c ê~Öã Éåí=mçéì ä~íáçå=
NÄJi çï =c ê~Öã Éåí=mçéì ä~íáçå=
fÅJ` çì åíêó=o ÉÅâ=_ äçÅâë
p` ^ i b

c áÖì êÉ=TKSK=a Éí~áäÉÇ=geology of the Onaping Formation in part of Garson ~åÇ=_ äÉò~êÇ=qçï åëÜáéë=Eã çÇáÑáÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=mÉêÉÇÉêó=NVTO~FK

and arkose. Some of these fragments were studied in much less common and are erratically distributed. Ta
detail (Onyejekwe 1982). In some locations, as in ble 7.2 compares abundances of fragments from spe
Dowling Township west of Highway 144 and in south- cific localities in the North and South Ranges.
east Capreol Township, white metasedimentary frag
ments predominate. Minor metasedimentary Country rock fragments in the Basal Member
fragments including yellow-green sericitic quartz ar have various sizes and shapes. Some blocks of meta
enite, conglomerate, quartz, and chert-like material sedimentary rocks are up to 100 m and more in diam
may also be present. The sericitic arenite is commonly eter, but, generally sizes range from several cm to
recrystallized and has white to beige quartzofeld- about l m. The mafic fragments are generally ^ 0.5 m
spathic margins. Some of the quartz arenite is finely in diameter. The shape of some fragments is con
interlayered with chloritic laminae. The fragments of trolled to a certain extent by the pre-existing structures
metasedimentary rocks are generally considered to be in the rocks such as bedding or gneissosity. Fragments
derived from the Huronian Supergroup. Fragments of of gneissic and layered sedimentary rocks are rectan
mafic gneiss, gabbro, amphibolite, and diabase are gular or slab-like, whereas the massive arkose and

148

c áÖì êÉ=TKSK=a Éí~áäÉÇ=geology of the l å~éáåÖ=c çêã ~íáçå=áå=é~êí=çÑ=d ~êëçå=~åÇ=_ äÉò~êÇ=qçï åëÜáéë=Eã çÇáÑáÉÇ=after Peredery NVTO~FK
granite fragments are commonly sub-angular to sub
rounded and more or less equidimensional. Some
fragments have irregular shapes. Some of the quartzo-
feldspathic fragments have indistinct outlines, and ap
pear to merge with the matrix because they are
surrounded by numerous small fragments of similar
material.
The smaller leucocratic fragments appear to have
partly disintegrated in the matrix (Photos 7.2 and 7.3);
some closely spaced fragments appear as if they could
be fitted back together. Most fragments are white and
feldspathic or quartzofeldspathic; some are pink. They
have a dull appearance on fresh surfaces and a chalky
appearance on weathered surfaces. The quartz is com
qK=i K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
monly greyish and in some fragments, particularly
quartz arenite, it is nearly black. This is a peculiar fea
ture of quartz in some country rock fragments in the
Onaping Formation.
Many of the quartz-feldspar fragments have un
usual textures. Quartz, commonly surrounded by
feldspar, is present with feldspar in a ratio from l :2 to
l :4, and has round, oval, and amoeba-like or embayed
shapes in some fragments (Photo 7.2) and subangular
to cuneiform shapes in other fragments (Muir 1981,
1983). These quartz 'domains' commonly range from
l to 5 mm long and rarely are up l cm long. The feld
spar commonly forms a continuous 'network' analo
gous to Swiss cheese with the 'holes' filled either by
149
` e ^ mqb o =T

TABLE TKOW =_ ^ p ^ i =j b j _ b o =` l j ml k b k qp W
=a l t i fk d =
ä= ä= _ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉê= ^ k a =d ^ o p l k =^ o b ^ p K
i g=d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê=
_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê= a çï äáåÖ=^ êÉ~= d ~êëçå=^ êÉ~=
j Éäí=_ çÇó b ëíáã ~íÉÇ=?Lç= b ëíáã ~íÉÇ=çLç
o çÅâ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=R=Åã =~åÇ=ä~êÖÉê PMJQM SMJTM?
NMJOR?
RMJSMG
o çÅâ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=R=Åã =~åÇ=ëã ~ääÉê ORJPR RJN=M?
QRJPMM
ORJOMD
j ~íêáñ" =
èì ~êíòI=ÑÉäÇëé~êI=ã ~ÑáÅ= ORJPR ORJPRJ=
ã áåÉê~äë QRJPR?
ORJOMD
o çÅâ=c ê~Öã Éåíë b ëíáã ~íÉÇ=~Äì åÇ~åÅÉ=Eáå=MTçF
çÑ=~ää=íÜÉ=êçÅâ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=R=Åã
~åÇ=ä~êÖÉê=áå=íÜÉ=_ ~ë~ä
j Éã ÄÉê
a çï äáåÖ=^ êÉ~= d ~êëçå=^ êÉ~
^ êâçëÉI=èì ~êíò=~êÉåáíÉI=
~åÇ=ÅçåÖäçã Éê~íáÅ=èì ~êíò=
~êÉåáíÉI=áêçå=Ñçêã ~íáçåX= SRMuç 950/0
ÅÜÉêíX=~êÖáää~ÅÉçì ë=
QÑ
IQÖ= ã Éí~ëÉÇáã Éåí~êó=êçÅâë
Q
Q~\ = d ê~åáíáÅ=~åÇ=Öê~åçÇáçêáíÉ=
çì íÅêçé=~êÉ~ êçÅâëX=éçêéÜóêáíáÅ=~åÇ=
OMMuç
JJ! J! JJ=çÄëÉêî ÉÇ=Åçåí~Åí éÉÖã ~íáíáÅ=î ~êáÉíáÉë=
JJJ= áåíÉêéêÉíÉÇ=Åçåí~Åí áåÅäì ÇÉÇ
n ì ~êíòçÑÉäÇëé~íÜáÅ=ÖåÉáëëÉë=
140/0
H=ã ~ÑáÅ=Ä~åÇë
c áÖì êÉ=TKTK=a Éí~áäÉÇ=ÖÉçäçÖó=çÑ=íÜÉ=l å~éáåÖ=c çêã ~íáçå=áå=ëçì íÜJ=
É~ëí=` ~éêÉçä=qçï åëÜáéK=k ì ã ÄÉêë=ÇÉåçíÉ=qóéÉ=çÑ=ÄêÉÅÅá~=EëÉÉ= j ~ÑáÅ=E~ã éÜáÄçäáíáÅF=êçÅâëX= I'M)
c áÖì êÉ=TKOFK=i ÉííÉêë=ÇÉåçíÉ=ã ~éé~ÄäÉ=î ~êáÉíáÉë=çÑ=~=é~êíáÅì ä~ê= Ö~ÄÄêç
qóéÉ=çÑ=ÄêÉÅÅá~K=` çåí~Åíë=ï ÉêÉ=çÄëÉêî ÉÇ=ÄÉíï ÉÉå=ëçã É=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=ÄêÉÅÅá~ë=~ë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇK=j çÇáÑáÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=j ì áê=ENVUOFK k çíÉëW
b ëíáã ~íÉÇ=éêçéçêíáçåë=çÑ=_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê=Åçã éçåÉåíë=áå=a çï äáåÖ
quartz or by the matrix of the Basal Member (Photo ~êÉ~=EëÉÉ=c áÖì êÉ=TKRF
7.2). Potassic feldspar commonly rims the quartz ~åÇ=d ~êëçå=~êÉ~=EëÉÉ=c áÖì êÉ=SFX=ã çÇáÑáÉÇ=~ÑíÉê=mÉêÉÇÉêó=
ENVTO~F=
(Photo 7.3). The ratio of quartz, plagioclase, and po ~=î ~êáÉíó=çÑ=_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ï áíÜ=êÉä~íáî Éäó=ÜáÖÜ=éêçéçêíáçå
tassic feldspar gives the fragments compositions cor çÑ=Åçì åíêó=êçÅâ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=
responding to granite, granodiorite, and trondhjemite. ?=î ~êáÉíó=çÑ=_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ï áíÜ=êÉä~íáî Éäó=äçï =éêçéçêíáçå
çÑ=Åçì åíêó=êçÅâ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë
Some arkosic fragments have similar mineral propor Å= äÉåë=çÑ=_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ï áíÜáå=d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê=EëÉÉ=c áÖì êÉ=
tions, but display clastic textures. Some fragments TKSF
consist of quartz which forms the 'network', and po
tassic feldspar which rims embayed and subrounded
'domains' of plagioclase.
In thin section, the quartz is commonly very fine MATRIX
grained to fine grained, anhedral to granular, and forms The matrix weathers light grey to rusty brown, is light
a mosaic texture of crystals which are separated in to medium grey on fresh surfaces and is generally
some areas by thin rims of cryptocrystalline feld quartzofeldspathic. Disseminated throughout the ma
spathic material. The potassic feldspar also is very fine trix are acicular and anhedral mafic minerals which
to fine grained and occurs as anhedral laths or as poorly give the rock the *' pepper-and-salt'' texture originally
to moderately well developed intergrowths with described by Stevenson (1963); (Photo 7.5).
quartz. Some of these quartz crystals may be rod
The matrix is fine grained (locally medium
shaped. The plagioclase is microcrystalline and dis
grained), heterogeneous, and ranges from highly re-
plays splaying or swirling extinction patterns reminis
crystallized to igneous-textured (Photos 7.3, 7.5, and
cent of devitrified glass (Photo 7.4). Plagioclase grains
7.6). The heterogeneity is most evident on a thin-sec
also have an apparent plastically deformed shape.
tion scale as shown by:
These textures constitute the extreme end-member of
a spectrum ranging to normal igneous textures, all of 1. a range in grain size from fine to medium grained
which are observed in fragments throughout the On with local patches of coarser grained crystals within
aping Formation and in some of the Footwall rocks finer grained crystals (Photos 7.3, 7.5, and 7.6)
(Muir 1983). 2. varied proportions of the major minerals

150

3. numerous irregularly distributed, small, white to
pink inclusions of very finely recrystallized feld
spathic material, finely recrystallized quartz (Photo
7.3), and, in some cases, oval, quartzose, amyg-
dule-like features
4. sparse clots of mafic minerals
The matrix in the lower part of the Basal Member tends
to be coarser grained and tends to contain more potas
sic feldspar than in the upper part.
The modal mineralogy of the matrix, excluding
the small clasts, ranges widely from sample to sample.
The main minerals are plagioclase (35 to 6(^), quartz
(25 to 45 %), potassic feldspar (10 to 4(^), and mafic
minerals such as chlorite, amphibole, and rarely cli
nopyroxene (5 to 15%). Mafic minerals are signifi
cantly more abundant in the matrix than in the enclosed
country rock fragments. Accessory minerals are il
menite and apatite. The ilmenite commonly occurs as
needles ^ 0.4 mm long (Photo 7.6) and/or as anhedral
grains. Secondary minerals include granular epidote-
group minerals, titanite, and leucoxene. Some epidote
crystals have yellowish to light brown colours and ap
pear similar to allanite found in the Upper Zone of the
Sudbury Igneous Complex. Minor pyrite and some
pyrrhotite also occur in the matrix as small E{= 3 mm)
irregularly shaped patches.
The plagioclase is either subhedral, equant, or
more commonly, lath shaped, ranges from very fine
grained to medium grained, and generally has an al-
bitic composition as determined by microprobe anal
yses EëÉÉ=section on Petrochemistry). Albite twinning
is commonly developed in the larger grains which also
contain irregularly shaped patches of antiperthite. The
plagioclase shows a dusty, very fine grained alteration
similar to that in the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The
potassic feldspar is fine to medium grained, com
monly perthitic, has a prismatic habit, and is locally
intergrown with quartz in a crudely developed micro
graphic intergrowth (Photo 7.6).
The quartz is very fine to fine grained, either equi
granular or anhedral with angular outlines, and locally
occurs as optically continuous patches up to 4 mm
across. In some thin sections, quartz appears to be re
crystallized after elongate rod-shaped crystals, possi
bly pseudomorphous after tridymite (Photo 7.6). This
form of quartz commonly occurs around or within in
clusions. The rod-shaped habit is best seen in plane
light.
Chloritization of the mafic grains has generally
been extensive and in some cases has been complete.
Amphibole is the second most abundant mafic min
eral, has an uneven green pleochroism, and forms
elongate prismatic crystals up to 4.5 mm long (gener
ally < l mm) and subequant to equant crystals up to l .0
mm across. The equant crystals, where present, are
commonly partly or completely altered to chlorite, and
qK=i K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
are generally larger than the prismatic crystals. Some
chlorite appears to be pseudomorphous after subhed
ral crystals of amphibole. Rocks from the upper part of
the Basal Member uncommonly have some clinopy
roxene crystals. In these cases, Melt Bodies generally
occur nearby. The clinopyroxene crystals are subhed
ral to anhedral, equant to elongate, lack twinning, and
commonly occur in clusters. Their fine-grained nature
is similar to the pyroxenes in the Melt Bodies. Results
of microprobe analyses are given in the section on
Petrochemistry.
Associated with some of the granitic, granodior-
itic, or gneissic fragments are fine- to medium-grained
stringers and patches of igneous-textured material
(Photo 7.5). The stringers and patches occur:
1. wholly within fragments, parallel to gneissosity
2. within but at the margins of fragments, generally
truncated against the matrix of the breccia
3. partly surrounding fragments
4. within the matrix
These stringers are composed of fine- to medium-
grained laths of feldspar, dark green mafic minerals
such as clinopyroxene, amphibole, and chlorite, and
some quartz. The stringers have a texture similar to,
but finer grained than, the plagioclase-rich grano
phyre lenses in the Basal Member.
Basal Member in the South Range
The Basal Member in the South Range is up to several
hundred m thick, has a greater variety of breccias than
in the North Range, and has been tectonically de
formed and metamorphosed. Locally, the breccias are
only slightly deformed; however, these breccias tend
to be lithologically different from the strongly de
formed breccias. Lenses of Basal Member occur also
in the overlying Gray Member (Figure 7.6). They are
up to a few m wide and up to several 10s of m long.
The Basal Member in Garson Township is char
acterized by fragment-supported and locally matrix-
supported breccias of Types l and 2 (Photos 7.7 and
7.8) consisting mostly of white to cream-coloured
quartz arenite. Many fragments show no primary sed
imentary features, but bedding (Photo 7.8), crossbed-
ding, and rounded quartz pebbles were found locally.
East of the Canadian National Railway, the quartz
fragments display strongly deformed bedding. Thom
son (1957) referred to these rocks as flow-banded
rhyolite. Stevenson (1961) interpreted them to be
quartzite deformed as a result of either soft-sediment
deformation (prior to brecciation) or tectonic pro
cesses (post-brecciation).
Greenish-yellow, sericitic, quartz arenite frag
ments up to 10s of m long occur locally in the eastern
part of Garson Township. The fragments commonly
contain quartz pebbles or thin beds of conglomerate
151
` e ^ mqb o =T
with rounded quartz pebbles and granules. The matrix
to these fragments is medium to dark grey and is com
monly foliated or schistose. Locally, there are parts of
the Basal Member that consist of well-sorted Type 3
breccias with quartz arenite fragments similar to the
above breccias. These Type 3 breccias locally form
units within Types l and 2 breccias, parallel or sub-
parallel to the regional strike of the Sudbury Basin. Ta
ble 7.2 gives the proportions of the components of the
Basal Member in a specific area in Garson Township.
Parts of Rayside and Blezard Townships are char
acterized by Type 2 Basal Member breccias, which lo
cally are quite similar to typical Basal Member
breccias of the North Range. The matrix is light to me
dium grey on fresh surfaces and weakly foliated to
massive. The fragments consist of white quartz aren
ite, arkose, quartz, and leucocratic granitic fragments.
In exposures, the matrix is fine grained and appears
granitic. The percentage of fragments is difficult to de
termine. Locally, the fragments appear to have partly
disintegrated in the matrix in the same manner as seen
in the North Range. Large fragments are virtually
absent.
Creighton Township has breccias similar to those
in Garson Township. Fairbank Township has breccias
with a white to cream-coloured matrix (light grey to
medium grey on fresh surfaces), a predominance of
white quartz arenite, and a greater than normal variety
of other types of quartz arenite, arkose, quartz, minor
leucocratic granitic rocks, and rare, sericite-rich rocks.
FRAGMENTS
In general, most fragments in the Basal Member are
recrystallized and tectonically deformed quartz arenite
consisting of up to 95 % quartz and 5% very fine
grained feldspathic material. The feldspathic material
is chess-board albite (Stevenson 1961). The quartz
grains are anhedral, weakly to strongly strained, and
locally are opalescent blue on fresh surfaces. In some
of the breccias, the quartz occurs as recrystallized
masses of anhedral or polygonal crystals with a mosaic
texture. Fragments of quartz-sericite metasedimen-
tary rocks locally are recrystallized along their mar
gins to quartzofeldspathic rocks texturally similar to
quartzarenite.
Granitic fragments are similar to those in the
North Range in that they have cryptocrystalline
plagioclase and granular, mosaic-textured quartz. Un
common, layered (bedded?), cleaved, sericitic, schis
tose fragments are scattered throughout parts of the
Basal Member, particularly in Creighton and Fair
bank Townships. These fragments consist of 35 to 90%
very fine grained sericite, with fine-grained feldspar
and up to 30 % medium-grained crystals or groups of
crystals of subhedral plagioclase.
152
MATRIX
The matrix ranges from white to cream on weathered
surfaces and from medium grey to very dark grey on
fresh surfaces. It is fine to medium grained and con
tains up to 40 % of small pieces of the same rock types
that constitute the larger fragments.
Thin section examination reveals the matrix to
consist of very fine grained plagioclase, quartz, potas
sic feldspar, sericite, chlorite, and green to brown bio
tite. Fine-grained foliated mafic minerals are
responsible for the generally darker matrix of these
rocks compared to the lighter coloured matrix of the
Basal Member of the North Range. Due to recrystal
lization, most crystals are anhedral and more equant
than in the North Range. Any micrographic inter
growth between quartz and potassic feldspar is crudely
developed. Commonly, there are some larger, anhed
ral, irregularly shaped crystals of feldspar and/or
quartz (up to l mm diameter) throughout the matrix.
Most crystals have interlocking, locally sutured
boundaries. In other respects, the matrix is similar to
that of the North Range.
MELT BODIES
The description of Melt Bodies in this section is largely
derived from the North Range occurrences. Melt Bod
ies in the South Range are similar to these except that
they have been affected by deformation and meta
morphism, particularly those bodies adjacent to the
Basal Member.
Most Melt Bodies occur as lens-shaped or irreg
ularly shaped bodies which are locally concentrated in
clusters at or near the base of the Gray Member. Other
Melt Bodies occur in the Basal, Gray, or Black Mem
bers. The overall outline of some clusters is roughly
triangular in plan with one of the sides abutting the
Basal Member and the other sides protruding into the
Gray Member. Peredery (1972a) reported sharp con
tacts between the Melt Bodies and the Basal Member
in Dowling and Garson Townships. Stevenson (1963)
and Muir (1981, 1983) rioted some cases of a grada-
tional contact between what are presently termed Melt
Bodies, and the Basal Member in the South and North
Ranges. Contacts with the Gray Member are sharp.
Where the Basal Member is missing. Melt Bodies are
in sharp contact with the Sudbury Igneous Complex
(Peredery 1972a). In the South Range, most of the
clusters of what are presently termed Melt Bodies are
deformed and attenuated parallel to the foliation (Ste
venson 1963). The size of these clusters ranges from
50 m to about l km in length.
Some small Melt Bodies, 5 to 30 m across, occur
scattered in the Gray Member and are not common in
the Black Member. These bodies are also lens-shaped

or irregularly shaped. Dike-like apophyses, some with
flow lines and some appearing similar to fluidal-tex-
tured glasses, protrude from some of the Melt Bodies
up to 30 m into the adjacent Gray Member. Locally
discontinuous dikes up to l m thick, not observed to be
connected to any Melt Body, intrude the Gray or Black
Members EëÉÉ=section on Dikes).
The Melt Bodies are generally massive, amyg
daloidal, and fine grained, are locally spherulitic, and
commonly contain inclusions of country rocks up to
80 s É=by volume (Photos 7.9 and 7.10), although some
Melt Bodies contain < 5% inclusions. The matrix
weathers rusty brown and is dark grey on fresh sur
faces. Locally, Melt Bodies are medium to coarse
grained and display acicular actinolite crystals, up to 6
mm long, which are particularly visible in weathered
rinds (Photo 7.11). The acicular actinolite may be
grouped in the form of well-developed rosettes each
consisting of about 24 needles radiating from a central
point (Photo 7.12). Small rock and mineral inclusions
less than a few cm in diameter may be present, but there
is no indication that they have partly disintegrated as
there is with the fragments in the Basal Member ma
trix. Some small blebs of sulphide minerals-- 5 mm in
diameter are locally present. These blebs consist of
various proportions of pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and
pyrite.
Many Melt Bodies consist of 2 parts, a crystalline
core and a chilled margin. Based on their mineralogy,
the cores, which constitute the larger proportion of
each Melt Body, can be distinguished as:
1. siliceous
2. feldspathic
3. granophyric
On the basis of their textures, the margins can be de
scribed as:
1. massive
2. flow-banded
3. brecciated
The chilled margins of the Melt Bodies range in
width from several cm to a few m. The margins are fol
iated where the rocks have been tectonically deformed
as in the South Range. The massive variety is very fine
grained and dark grey on fresh surfaces. The flow-
banded variety is green to greenish-grey, is commonly
amygdaloidal, and is similar in appearance to the
fluidal glass fragments found in both the Gray and
Black Members. Where observed, this variety ap
pears to have a sub-horizontal or moderately inclined
attitude in contrast to that of the main part of the body.
The brecciated variety consists of closely packed
'glassy' fragments which have distinct green and grey
colour banding.
qKi =j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
Inclusions
Most of the inclusions in any given Melt Body are very
well sorted by size. The overall range is from l cm to
l m across, but in some Melt Bodies, most fragments
have a diameter of only a few cm.
The presence of abundant country rock inclu
sions 2 to 64 mm in diameter is a characteristic feature
of many Melt Bodies. Any given Melt Body core con
tains a proportion of evenly distributed inclusions. The
crystalline cores commonly contain 20 to 60 TÅ=inclu
sions, whereas the chilled parts contain l yçRTÅK
Shapes of the inclusions in a given Melt Body
range from rounded to subrounded to angular. Some
inclusions are irregularly or slab-shaped and some ap
pear bent.
The inclusions in the Melt Bodies are similar in
terms of rock types and mineral characteristics to frag
ments in the Basal Member. The variety of metasedi-
mentary inclusions in some Melt Bodies that lie within
the Gray Member is significantly greater than the va
riety of such inclusions in Melt Bodies which occur
within the underlying Basal Member, particularly in
the South Range. On the North Range, granitic and
gneissic fragments are less abundant in some Melt
Bodies than in the Basal Member. On the South Range,
gneissic fragments are relatively uncommon, but
granitic fragments are more common in the Melt Bod
ies than in the Basal Member.
Large blocks of country rocks occur locally as in
clusions entirely in the Melt Bodies, partly in the Melt
Bodies, and partly in the adjacent Gray Member or
Basal Member. Most of the largest blocks are up to 100
m long and are oval. Some blocks are irregularly
shaped and are penetrated by the enclosing Melt Body.
Collectively, these blocks consist of: quartz arenites,
arkoses, equigranular and porphyritic granitic rocks,
quartz-muscovite metasedimentary rocks, complex
blocks of gneiss with bands of gabbroic rock and py
roxenide lenses, and protobreccia EëÉÉ=ÄÉäçï FK=Some
dark grey, coarse-grained, quartz arenite is interbed
ded with conglomeratic layers, up to several cm thick,
which are cut by very fine grained, dark grey to nearly
black, pseudotachylite-like veins.
Of particular interest is a large irregularly shaped
block of breccia (at least 130 m long) in a Melt Body
cluster in Dowling Township east of High Falls. The
breccia consists of quartz arenite, arkose, granitic, and
rare, small, amphibolide fragments in a fine- to me
dium-grained, homogeneous, quartzofeldspathic,
granular matrix. These fragments of basement rocks
account for 10 to 20% by volume, and have a shape
similar to basement fragments in the Basal Member.
The rock has been referred to as protobreccia (Pere
dery 1972a). Smaller blocks of protobreccia up to 2 m
diameter are conspicuous because of their grey colour,
153
` e ^ mqb o =T
subrounded shape, and abundance (4C^). Fragments
of protobreccia ^ 64 mm long also occur in the Melt
Bodies. The protobreccia is somewhat similar to brec
cias with low and high fragment populations in the
Basal Member of the South Range (Table 7.2) in that
both consist largely of quartz arenite fragments, but
they differ in the size of the fragments or the degree of
roundness of the fragments.
Some of the granitic and arkosic inclusions in the
Melt Bodies have patches and stringers of igneous-
textured material, similar to patches and stringers in
the Basal Member, truncated by the Melt Body matrix.
Rare quartz arenitic or arkosic and granitic inclu
sions in the Melt Bodies have conical structures which
are similar to the shatter cones commonly found in
some rocks outside the Sudbury Structure (Dietz
1964). Many inclusions in the Melt Bodies display
shock-metamorphic features (French 1967, 1972;
Peredery 1972a).
Matrix
The crystalline core of Melt Bodies consists largely of
fine- to medium-grained plagioclase, potassic feld
spar, clinopyroxene, and quartz, and is of 3 varieties;
siliceous, feldspathic, and granophyric (Table 7.3;
Photos 7.13 to 7.15). The quartz content of the sili
ceous variety ranges between 27 and 51 %, whereas in
the feldspathic variety it ranges between 3 and 23 %.
The plagioclase content in the feldspathic variety
ranges between 61 and 75 %, or nearly double that in
some of the siliceous or granophyric varieties. The mi
crographic intergrowth in the granophyric variety
ranges between 8 and 44'/c, whereas in the other vari
eties, it is either weakly developed or absent. The
TABLE 7.3: j l a ^ i =a ^ q^ =c l o =` o v p q^ i i fk b =j b i q=_ l a fb p K
j b i q=_ l a fb p =
mä~ÖáçÅä~ëÉ
E~åÇ=ÉéáÇçíÉF=
n ì ~êíò=
mÉêíÜáíÉ=~åÇLçê
ã áÅêçÖê~éÜáÅ
áåíÉêÖêçï íÜ=
móêçñÉåÉ=~åÇLçê
~ã éÜáÄçäÉ=Ñ =ÅÜäçêáíÉ=
p íáäéåçã Éä~åÉ
E~äíÉê~íáçå
~ÑíÉê=éóêçñÉåÉF=
l é~èì É=ã áåÉê~äëI
Eáäã ÉåáíÉF=
qáí~åáíÉI
EäÉì ÅçñÉåÉF=
íêK= { = íê~ÅÉ=èì ~åíáíó
a ~í~=Ñêçã =mÉêÉÇÉêó=ENVTO~F
154
mafic mineral content among the 3 varieties ranges be
tween 8 and 29 %.
In many bodies, clinopyroxene is largely or com
pletely altered to actinolite and/or chlorite. Most of the
crystalline matrices are massive and have either an
hedral to subhedral crystals or anhedral and highly in
terlocking crystals in the form of a crude graphic
intergrowth (Photos 7.13 and 7.15). Locally, patches
with a well-developed, very fine micrographic inter
growth are present (Photo 7.13). In some bodies, the
crystals are partly aligned, suggesting flowage.
Both plagioclase and clinopyroxene, or their al
tered equivalents, tend to be long and prismatic (Photo
7.14), with some sheaf-like and radiating patterns also
present, as in the devitrified chilled margins. The
plagioclase generally ranges from 0.2 to 0.5 mm long
laths, is commonly albitized, and has associated sec
ondary epidote, some of which has allanite over
growths. The clinopyroxene is fine grained, needle-
shaped, and is generally altered in the North Range; in
the South Range, where the rocks are highly de
formed, it is completely altered to amphibole, biotite,
and chlorite. Minor brown amphibole is present as an
hedral crystals in the matrix or within quartz-bearing
amygdules.
Potassic feldspar and quartz are fine-grained, in
terstitial minerals. Quartz may be in optically contin
uous patches up to 4 mm long or be intergrown with
feldspar to produce a micrographic-like texture. In
some cases, quartz has rod shapes similar to some
quartz crystals with similar habit in the Basal Member
(Photo 7.14). Accessory minerals include ilmenite and
titanite or leucoxene, apatite which commonly occurs
as needles, and equigranular zircon. Ilmenite is pres
ent as anhedral grains and/or small needles (Photo
7.13).
p fi f` b l r p = c b i a p m^ qe f` = d o ^ k l me v o f` =
j b i q=_ l a fb p j b i q=_ l a fb p
POKMJRSKMMTç= SNK=MJTRK=OMLM PRKUJRTKTMTç
OTKSJRMKVMTç= PKPJOOKQMLM RK=TJNNKUMTç
íêJNKPB = íêKJPKRMTç PKRJQQKMMLM
UKRJOOKMMTç= NNKMJOUKSMTç UKPJNTKMMLM
" = " íêJUKSB
íêKJNKSMTç= íêKJNKUMTç íêKJNKTMTç
íêKJMKOMTç= íêKJMKOMTç í=êK=JMKPMLM

The massive chilled margins consist of a felsic
groundmass with clinopyroxene crystallites occurring
in a variety of patterns such as radial, plumose, paral
lel, pleated, and herringbone. This suggests some of
the groundmass may originally have been glassy. The
crystallites are commonly altered to amphibole or
chlorite. In chilled margins with coarser textures, the
groundmass consists of plagioclase laths up to 0.5 mm
long with interstitial quartz commonly forming sheaf-
like, spherulitic, and pleated patterns. In some cases,
the devitrified groundmass consists of a micrographic-
like intergrowth of very fine grained feldspathic ma
terial and quartz. The mafic crystallites which are cli
nopyroxene or are an altered equivalent such as
actinolite or chlorite, have a prismatic habit and com
monly occur in sheaf-like or spherulitic patterns.
The flow-banded variety consists of microcrystal
line devitrified material with flow lines defined by var
ious proportions of mafic microcrystallites and very
fine granules of mafic minerals in a felsic groundmass.
Fragments of the chilled margin in the brecciated
variety have vague outlines and consist of clinopyrox
ene or actinolite, plagioclase, and quartz. The textures
are very fine grained, and granular. There is generally
some evidence of original flow banding, as in the flow-
banded variety, which has been largely obliterated by
fine-grained recrystallization.
Amygdules are more common in the chilled mar
gins than in the crystalline parts and consist of quartz
amphibole –=chlorite –=epidote. The amygdules
tend to be elongate parallel to chilled margins in the
flow-banded variety, whereas they tend to be spherical
in the massive variety. Locally, some carbonaceous
material is present in the amygdules as in some Melt
Bodies at High Falls in Dowling Township. Sulphide
minerals in the amygdules are not common and in
clude pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, marcasite, and uncom
monly exsolution lamellae of pentlandite in pyrrhotite.
Sphalerite and galena are extremely rare.
Mineral and microscopic rock inclusions ^ 3 mm
across are common in the matrix of Melt Bodies (Pho
tos 7.13 to 7.15). These inclusions range from sub
rounded to irregularly shaped. The minerals, which
may be xenocrysts, include quartz, feldspar, and rare
apatite and zircon. Most microscopic rock inclusions
are quartzofeldspathic, but there are also mafic clots
(inclusions?) composed of clinopyroxene or amphi
bole. Quartz is more abundant in the matrix surround
ing quartzose inclusions than farther away. The
mineral and rock inclusions are generally recrystal-
lized, but some are cryptocrystalline and appear to
have been plastically deformed. The similarity of the
small mineral and rock inclusions to the larger inclu
sions in the Melt Bodies suggests that they are derived
from these inclusions. Quartz inclusions commonly
have a mafic reaction rim of amphibole or clinopyrox
qK=i K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
ene (Photo 7.15). Some of the quartz grains have re
licts of shock-metamorphic planar elements.
GRAY MEMBER
The Gray Member is a continuous major unit of brec
cias ranging from about 200 to 700 m thick EëÉÉ=Figure
7.1). The member is locally underlain by granophyres
of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, by Melt Bodies, or
most commonly, by the Basal Member. Contacts be
tween the Gray Member and these units are sharp. The
Gray Member is overlain by the Black Member and the
contact is locally sharp or gradational.
The Gray Member comprises many different
breccia units which collectively have a much greater
lithological variety than the units of the Black Mem
ber. The breccias are commonly grey to greenish grey
on fresh surfaces. The breccias occur as varieties of
Types 4, 2, and 3, in this decreasing order of abun
dance. Fragments of breccia similar to the Basal
Member occur locally in the Gray Member in both
Ranges. Figure 7.4 shows a generalized section
through the Gray Member. Many of the individual
breccia units appear to have limited lateral continuity.
Some have a sharp contact with the adjacent unit (Pho
tos 7.16 and 7.17), and some have gradational 'con
tacts' over a few cm to a few m.
In many cases though, the relationship is unclear
due to incomplete exposure, and the breccias can be
mapped, from outcrop to outcrop, by type only. The
varieties of types of breccia are too numerous to de
scribe individually, but Table 7.4 gives features of
some examples based on units that are mappable on a
small scale. The relationships between some units in
part of Capreol Township, were outlined by Muir
(1982) and are shown in Figure 7.7 EëÉÉ=p. 150). The
following observations were made:
1. contacts are continuously traceable for short dis
tances, commonly J{=10m
2. contacts are straight to irregular and locally units dip
away from the centre of the Sudbury Basin by about
45 0 to50 0
3. most units are discontinuous
4. units may change considerably in apparent
thickness
5. some breccias with similar lithological character
istics are found at various localities along strike
within the Gray Member
6. the amount of potassic feldspar increases upward in
the section
7. no planar bedding was observed within individual
units of breccia of the Gray Member
The matrix colour in breccias of the Gray Mem
ber is varied. Well weathered surfaces are light brown
to rusty brown, recently weathered surfaces (for ex-
155
` e ^ mqb o =T

TABLE 7.4: a b p ` o fmqfl k p =l c =p l j b =_ o b ` ` f^ p =fk =qe b =d o ^ v =j b j _ b o I=l k ^ mfk d =c l o j ^ qfl k K

qv mb = p r mqv mb N= o b i ^ qfl k p e fm mo l j fk b k q=` e ^ o ^ ` qb o fp qf` p
Q= ~y= ~JÄW= QMMTç=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=çÑ=Ä~åÇÉÇ=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=ã ~íÉêá~ä=Åçåí~áåáåÖ=åì ã Éêçì ë=
åçí=ÇÉíÉêã áå~ÄäÉ Åêóëí~ä=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëX=ëì Äêçì åÇÉÇ=íç=ëì Ä~åÖì ä~êX=Q=íç=OR=ã ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
Q= Ä= Eì ééÉêF= ORMTç=èì ~êíò=~êÉåáíÉ=~åÇ=~êâçëÉ=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëX=ëì Äêçì åÇÉÇ=íç=ëì Ä~åÖì ä~êX=S=íç=
ëíê~íáÖê~éÜáÅ= OMã ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
ëì ÅÅÉëëáçå=
Eäçï ÉêF
Q= ` à= ÄJÅW
= RRMTç=íç=SMMuç=éáåâáëÜ=Äêçï å=ï É~íÜÉêáåÖ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=çÑ=Öä~ëë=ï áíÜ=ï ÜáíÉ=êáã ëX=
ëÜ~êé=Åçåí~Åí ëì Äêçì åÇÉÇX=O=íç=R=ã ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
O= ~= Åçã ã çåäó=~í=çê= ORMTç=íç=PMMTç=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=çÑ=Åçã éçëáíÉ=ÄêÉÅÅá~I=Öê~åáíáÅ=êçÅâëI=~åÇ=~êÉåáíÉëX=
åÉ~ê=íçé=çÑ= ã ~åó=Åç~íÉÇ=áå=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=ã ~íÉêá~äX=ëì Äêçì åÇÉÇ=íç=ëì Ä~åÖì ä~êX=MKO=ã =íç=
d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê N= ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
O= Ä= ï áíÜáå=d ê~ó= PMMTç=íç=PRMTç=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=çÑ=Öê~åáíáÅ=êçÅâëI=~êÉåáíÉëI=~åÇ=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=
j Éã ÄÉê ã ~íÉêá~äX=ëì Äêçì åÇÉÇ=íç=êçì åÇÉÇX=T=Åã =íç=OR=Åã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
P= ~= áëçä~íÉÇ= SMMTç=íç=SRMTç=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=çÑ=éçí~ëëáÅI=î ÉëáÅì ä~ê=Öä~ëëX=ëì Ä~åÖì ä~êX=P=íç=N=M=ã ã =
çÅÅì êêÉåÅÉë Çá~ã ÉíÉê
P= Ä= áëçä~íÉÇ= RRMTç=íç=SMMTç=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=çÑ=èì ~êíò=~êÉåáíÉI=~êâçëÉI=~åÇ=Öê~åáíáÅ=êçÅâë=
çÅÅì êêÉåÅÉë Eëì Äêçì åÇÉÇ=íç=êçì åÇÉÇFI=~åÇ=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=Eëì Äêçì åÇÉÇ=íç=
ëì Ä~åÖì ä~êFX=OM=íç=PM=ã ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê

D
i ÉííÉêë=ÇáëíáåÖì áëÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Éñ~ã éäÉë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÜÉêÉ=~åÇ=~êÉ=åçí=ì ëÉÇ=ÉäëÉï ÜÉêÉ=áå=íÜÉ=íÉñíK

ample, those without a rind) are greenish grey to grey
ish green, and fresh surfaces are darker shades of grey,
greenish grey and greyish green. The overall outcrop
colour may be dominated by the matrix colour or the
colour of the predominant fragments. Localized alter
ation, particularly around some Melt Bodies, has re
sulted in a light-green or grey, bleached matrix in the
Gray Member. Glass fragments are also altered to
white, beige, or pink feldspars and chlorite.
The lower part of the Gray Member tends to have
a grey to greenish grey matrix largely because of pale
green actinolite. The breccias have undergone consid
erable recrystallization so that some rock fragments are
difficult or almost impossible to discern from the ma
trix. The matrix of the upper part of the Gray Member
is greyish green to dark green because of actinolite and/
or chlorite and tends to be less recrystallized than the
lower part. Locally within the upper part of the Gray
Member (for example ëÉÉ=Figure 7.7), some units are
more altered (recrystallized) than the units which un
derlie them. Minor carbonate minerals may be present
in the matrix. Minor irregularly shaped patches of cal-
cite-chlorite, chlorite-actinolite, or actinolite are lo
cally present. These patches may be filled vugs.
Schandl (1982) and Schandl Éí=~äK=(1982) reported that
feldspars in the glass and country rock fragments in the
Gray Member specimens analyzed by them are pre
dominantly albite (An2 to An3 ). Locally, there is some
intermediate microcline EÅçã é~êÉ=ï áíÜ=Black Mem
ber). The upper l /3 or more of the Gray Member gen
erally contains significant potassic feldspar.
The Gray Member is generally similar in the
North and South Ranges except for the tectonic over
print in the South Range. The most notable differences
are:
1. Units of Type 2 breccia commonly found forming
the upper part of the Gray Member in the North
Range are largely absent in the upper part of the
Gray Member in the South Range.
2. The Gray Member, northwest of Bailey Corners in
Garson Township, has several units and blocks of
breccia not found in the Gray Member in the North
Range.
The units and blocks of breccia in Garson Town
ship are exposed continuously up to 100 m along their
length and appear to be up to 700 m long EëÉÉ=Map
2491, back pocket). The units locally contain abun
dant blocks of quartz arenite and arkose up to 25 m
across and are similar to breccias in the Basal Mem
ber. Blocks of breccia up to 6 m across that are similar
to the above units are locally present in this area. The
Gray Member in this part of the Sudbury Basin has
been moderately to strongly sheared. The units and
blocks of breccia may be tectonically emplaced slices
of the Basal Member. Elsewhere, in western Garson
Township, there are a few lenses, up to 40 m thick, of
breccia similar, but not connected, to the Basal Mem
ber breccia. The lenses trend parallel to the tectonic
fabric in the area, but are weakly deformed compared
to the lenses of breccia near Bailey Corners.
General descriptions of the types of breccia of the
Gray Member, in decreasing order of abundance, are
given in the following accounts. The varieties of frag
ments which comprise these types of breccia are briefly
described following the section on the Black Member.

156

Type 4 Breccias
Type4 breccias EëÉÉ=Figure 7.2) constitute about 85 TÅ=
of the Gray Member and are the most variable. Distin
guishable units form discontinuous lens-shaped bod
ies which range from highly heterolithic to relatively
monolithic (Photo 7.18) and from matrix-supported to
fragment-supported (Photo 7.19). Locally, several
units have been defined by sharp contacts (Photos 7.20
to 7.22), however, in most cases, units of Type 4 brec
cia have not been delineated by contacts.
Locally, there are large fragments of quartz ar
enite, arkose, or granitic rocks up to 20 m in diameter.
Fragments > 64 mm across include assorted country
rocks, fluidal-textured material, composite breccias,
and plastically deformed siliceous rocks. Most frag
ments range from l cm to 0.5 m in diameter and are er
ratically distributed. In some localities, large lenses of
Type 4 breccia occur in which the predominant frag
ment type accounts for up to 70 % of the breccia and is
moderately to well sorted by size and shape.
Fragments from 2 to 64 mm across include all
types of country rocks, plus various mixtures of sim
ple and complex felsic glasses, composite breccias,
microbreccia, and sulphide minerals; these fragments
are listed in decreasing order of abundance.
The matrices of Type 4 breccias consist mostly of
particles {= O=mm across which include mineral and
lithic fragments derived from the above types of frag
ments. Up to 30 Tç=of a matrix consists of irresolvable
particles.
There are many varieties of Type 4 breccia which
occur throughout parts of the Gray Member EëÉÉ=Table
7.4). One variety is characterized by 30% of small,
white, subrounded to subangular, simple felsic glass
fragments that are in a medium to dark greenish grey,
fine-grained matrix. A second variety is characterized
by up to 20% of pink granitic, arkose, and siltstone
fragments, from 2 to 64 mm across with various
shapes, contained in a dark greyish green matrix. A
third variety is characterized by 25 % of small, suban
gular to angular, greenish grey glass fragments which
have continuous, thin, white rims and lie in a greenish-
grey matrix.
As well as the above Type 4 breccias, other brec
cias exist that are specific to one or a few locales. Some
varieties include:
1. a breccia with a dark grey, siliceous matrix and ill-
defined, medium to dark grey, siliceous fragments
(located just south of Joe Lake)
2. a breccia with a medium grey matrix, and numer
ous, banded, beige, fluidal fragments, from 2 to 64
mm across, located in southwest Morgan Township
(Figure 7.8)
3. a compacted greenish-grey rock with numerous
flattened, complex, and simple 'glass' fragments
(Photo 7.23)
qKi K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
c áÖì êÉ=TKUK=qê~ÅáåÖ=çÑ=Ü~åÇ=ëéÉÅáã Éå=Ñêçã =íÜÉ=d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê=
ëÜçï áåÖ=ë~äáÉåí=íÉñíì ê~ä=ÑÉ~íì êÉë=çÑ=~=äçÅ~ääó=éêÉëÉåíI=ã ÉÇáì ã =
ÖêÉó=ÄêÉÅÅá~=ÅçåëáëíáåÖ=çÑ=ã ~åó=äáÖÜí=ÖêÉóI=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=
Ñê~Öã Éåíë=ëçã É=çÑ=ï ÜáÅÜ=~êÉ=Åçã éçëáíÉ=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëK=j çêÖ~å=
qçï åëÜáéK=c ê~Öã Éåíë=ï áíÜ=íáÖÜí=Çá~Öçå~ä=äáåÉë=~êÉ=Ç~êâ=ÖêÉó=
~åÇ=~éÜ~åáíáÅ=áå=Ü~åÇ=ëéÉÅáã ÉåK=r åé~ííÉêåÉÇ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=~êÉ=
èì ~êíò=~êÉåáíÉK=c ê~Öã Éåíë=Y=P=ã ã =~Åêçëë=~êÉ=åçí=ëÜçï åK
Type 2 Breccias
Type 2 breccias constitute 5 to 10 % of the Gray Mem
ber. There are several varieties of this breccia, but only
one can be associated with a particular stratigraphic
position, that being at or near the top of the Gray Mem
ber. Where this breccia is present, Type 2 breccia may
also constitute the basal part of the Black Member EëÉÉ=
Figure 7.4). Locally, the breccia grades abruptly into,
or is in sharp contact with, Type 4 breccia.
The main variety of Type 2 breccia is the most
complex of all the breccias. It contains large fragments
which range from 0.1 to 2 m in diameter, are sub
rounded to rounded, and consist, in approximate de
creasing order of abundance of: quartz arenite, arkose,
granitic rocks, composite breccias, plastically de
formed siliceous rocks, and fragments of any of the
above rock types coated in fluidal-textured material
(Photo 7.24).
The matrices of Type 2 breccias are comparable
to Type 4 breccia matrices EÅçã é~êÉ=ï áíÜ=Figure 7.3).
Each Type 2 breccia unit in the Gray Member, how
ever, has a different matrix. Some of these matrices
have a great variety of rock types as fragments from 2
to 64 mm across, whereas other matrices contain frag
ments of the same size consisting of a few rock types.
Type 3 Breccias
Type 3 breccias constitute 10 to 15 TÅ=of the Gray
Member. The most common variety of Type 3 breccia
has 75 % by volume of fragments ranging from 15 to 25
mm across. Fragments ranging from 2 to 64 mm are
well sorted in any unit of Type 3 breccia. Except for the
157
` e ^ mqb o =T
above features, Type 3 breccias are very similar to
Type 4 breccias, and commonly are directly associ
ated with these breccias in ill-defined zones. Some of
the Type 3 breccias, however, form discrete lensoid
bodies.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
GRAY AND BLACK MEMBERS
The contact between the Gray and Black Members has
been previously described as "transitional" over a
horizontal distance of about 10 to 70 m (Peredery
1972b; Muir 1981). The transition between the 2
members is marked by an abrupt increase in carbon
content in breccias which locally contain chloritized
shard-like fragments (Peredery 1972a). Peredery also
noted that this is the first "stratigraphic horizon" to
contain chloritized shards.
Muir (1983) noted that the black matrix (colour
caused by carbon particles), does not define the Black
Member éÉê=ëÉK=Muir (1982)3 described a sharp con
tact between the Gray and Black Members in Capreol
Township which marks the lower limit of the horizon
rich in chloritized shard-like fragments EëÉÉ=Figures
7.7 and 7.9; Photos 7.25 to 7.27). At this contact, and
for the 3 m overlying it, the rock has very little carbon
and is grey, not black. The black colour abruptly be
comes apparent up-section. Feldspars across the con
tact change from albite and subordinate microcline in
the Gray Member unit to orthoclase and subordinate
albite in the Black Member unit (E.S. Schandl, Geol
ogist, personal communication, 1983).
Three hundred m along strike to the southeast EëÉÉ=
Figure 7.7), the black rock containing chloritized
shard-like fragments is underlain by a black rock
which has considerably different lithological proper
ties (fragment type, shape) and no chloritized shard-
like fragments (Figure 7.10; Photos 7.28 and 7.29).
The black colour of this underlying unit gradually dis
appears within 15 m down-section. In the 2 examples
of the contact described above, the rocks without the
chloritized shard-like fragments are different varieties
of Type 4 breccia (contrast Figures 7.9 and 7.10).
In this chapter, the Black Member is defined lith-
ologically as constituting those units above, and in
cluding, the horizon rich in chloritized shard-like
fragments4 . This horizon, although present around
most of the Sudbury Basin, is locally absent, in which
case the contact between the 2 members is difficult to
determine. Locally within the Black Member, brec
cias may have no chloritized shard-like fragments.
3The material in Muir (1983) was based on field work in
1981 and, although written first, was released after
Muir (1982) which was based on field work in 1982.
158
BLACK MEMBER
The Black Member is a continuous major unit of brec
cias around the Sudbury Basin, ranging from 800 to
1200 m thick EëÉÉ=Figure 7.1). The breccias are com
monly black to dark grey. The member is underlain by
the Gray Member and the contact is locally sharp or
gradational. The Black Member is gradationally and
conformably overlain by fine-grained mudstone of the
Onwatin Formation.
The Black Member consists of numerous breccia
units which display less variety overall than the brec
cias of the Gray Member. The breccias occur as vari
eties of Types 4, 5, and 2 in decreasing order of
abundance. Ill-defined lenses (fragments?) of breccia
similar to some breccias in the Gray Member are lo
cally present. Figure 7.4 shows a generalized section
through the Black Member. Many of the individual
units appear to have a limited lateral continuity, com
monly less than several hundred m. Some have a sharp
contact with the adjacent unit (Photo 7.30), but in many
cases, the breccias change abruptly over a few cm to a
few m. Generally, the relationship is unclear due to in
complete exposure and the breccias can be mapped
from outcrop to outcrop by type only. Although the
breccia units tend to fine overall upward in the section
from Type 4 to Type 5 breccias, there is no consistent
gradation except in the upper fifth of the member.
On a small scale, mappable units are present. Ta
ble 7.5 gives some examples of different varieties of
breccia. Figure 7.7 shows examples of the relation
ship among some of the units of breccia.
Well-developed planar bedding was recognized
about 2/3 of the way up from the base of the Black
Member in Lumsden Township (Photo 7.31). There,
a 10 cm thick bedded unit traceable for 35 m, has an at
titude of 135 0 , 25 0 SW (Muir 1983). The regional ori
entation of the Black Member there is 065 0 , 30 0 SE.
The bedded unit is best defined on a weathered surface
and consists of several poorly defined beds of fine,
Type 4 breccia that range from 0.4 to 2.5 cm thick ov
erlain and underlain by coarser Type 4 breccia. In thin
section, larger, more rounded fragments in a very fine
grained matrix predominate in some beds, and smaller,
shard-like, felsic fragments in a coarser matrix pre
dominate in others. Both of the authors have located
examples of conformable bedding within the lower
300 m of the member.
4The views expressed in this sentence are those of one of the
authors (T.L.Muir). The other author (W. V.P.) prefers
to accept the base of the Black Member as being at the
top of the horizon rich in chloritized shard-like frag
ments EëÉÉ=Discussions).
 qKi K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v

` F=_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉêX=êçÅâ=êáÅÜ=áå=ÅÜäçêáíáòÉÇ=ëÜ~êÇJäáâÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=áå=~=ÖêÉÉåJÖêÉó=

X~~*^a ÇÉåëÉ=ã ~íêáñ=EmÜçíç=TKOSFK
J=ëíáééäÉÇW=ëáäíëíçåÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåí
{ =Gp= gpT=
OMGGG J=çé~èì ÉW =éóêêÜçíáíÉ
J=ì åé~ííÉêåÉÇW =ÅÜäçêáíáòÉÇ=ëÜ~êÇJäáâÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë

{p{{ ç= F
J=ëì ÄJé~ê~ääÉä=äáåÉëW=Åçã éäÉñ=Öä~ëëÉë

E^ ^ t

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ï áíÜD̀ DK=
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~F=ëáåÖäÉ=èì ~êíò=Åêóëí~ä
ÄF=Åçã éäÉñ=ÑÉäëáÅ=Öä~ëë=êáÅÜ=áå=ñÉåçÅêóëíë=~åÇ=ñÉåçäáíÜë
ÅF=~ã óÖÇ~äçáÇ~ä=~åÇ=î ÉëáÅì ä~ê=Åçã éäÉñ=ÑÉäëáÅ=Öä~ëë

^ F=d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉêëX=ÇáëíáåÅí=ì åáí=çÑ=qóéÉ=Q=ÄêÉÅÅá~=áå=ëÜ~êé=Åçåí~Åí=ï áíÜ=D _D

J=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=ï áíÜ=ëì ÄJé~ê~ääÉä=äáåÉëW
=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=Öä~ëë
J=êÉã ~áåÇÉê=çÑ=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëW =ëáã éäÉ=ÑÉäëáÅ=Öä~ëë=ï áíÜ=íáí~åáíÉ=Åêóëí~äë

c áÖì êÉ=TKVK=qê~ÅáåÖë=çÑ=é~êí=çÑ=P=íÜáå=ëÉÅíáçåë=çÑ=d ê~ó=~åÇ=_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉêë=ëÜçï áåÖ=ë~äáÉåí=íÉñíì êÉë=~åÇ=ÑÉ~íì êÉëK=p ~ã éäÉë=ï ÉêÉ=í~âÉå=Ñêçã =
íÜÉ=~êÉ~=ëÜçï å=áå=c áÖì êÉ=TKTX=` ~éêÉçä=qçï åëÜáéK=^ ééêçñáã ~íÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉë=ÄÉíï ÉÉå=ë~ã éäÉë=~êÉW =^ =íç=_=Z=RM=ã X=_=íç=` =Z=Qã K=p íê~íá=
Öê~éÜáÅ=íçééáåÖ=áë=Ñêçã =^ =íç=` K=c ê~Öã Éåíë=Y=N= ã ã =~Åêçëë=~êÉ=åçí=ëÜçï åK=_ ~ê=ëÅ~äÉ=êÉéêÉëÉåíë=O=ã ã K

Elsewhere, bedding occurs in the upper part of the
Black Member, is poorly developed, and is part of the
overall transition into the Onwatin Formation. Irreg
ularly shaped lenses or patches of Type 3 or Type 5
breccia may be found within Type 4 breccia. The len
ses or patches in the upper part of the Black Member
consist of Type 5 breccia and are best observed in
Morgan Township, and in Capreol Township north of
Onwatin Lake. They dip toward the basin centre in
Morgan Township (Williams 1957). Bedding in the
above areas is uncommon, crudely developed, and
disrupted. Near Onwatin Lake, lenses or fragments of
Type 4 or Type 5 breccia may be found within Type 5
breccia; nearby, the reverse can be seen (Photo 7.32).
Lenses or patches in the lower part of the Black Mem
ber generally consist of Type 3 breccia. No well-de
veloped planar bedding is apparent in the lower part.
Blocks of fine- to coarse-grained, black. Type 5
breccia (up to l % in abundance) are irregularly dis
tributed within the upper 2/3 of the Black Member, and
are most abundant in the upper 1/3. These blocks are
irregularly shaped, unoriented, unbedded, and some
appear deformed. They range from 7 cm to l .5 m long
(Photo 7.33).
Overall, fragments of country rocks decrease in
abundance in the Black Member, from about 15 % at
the bottom to ^ l TÅ=at the top. However, they are ir
regularly distributed among individual units and may

159
` e ^ mqb o =T

_F=_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉêX=ã ì ÅÜ=Å~êÄçåI=Åçåí~áåë=ã ~åó=ÅÜäçêáíáòÉÇ=ëÜ~êÇJäáâÉ=Ñê~Ö=

ã Éåíë=EmÜçíç=TKOUFK
J=ëíáééäÉÇW
=ëáäíëíçåÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåí
J=Ñê~Öã Éåí=ï áíÜ=ëì ÄJé~ê~ääÉä=äáåÉëW=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=Öä~ëë
J=êÉã ~áåÇÉêW =ëáã éäÉ=ã ~ÑáÅ=Öä~ëë=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëX=ÅÜäçêáíáòÉÇI=ëÜ~êÇJäáâÉ

^ F=d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê=ï áíÜ=Å~êÄçåX=åç=ÅÜäçêáíáòÉÇ=ëÜ~êÇJäáâÉ=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëI=ã ~åó=

êáã ã ÉÇ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=EmÜçíç=TKOVFK=
~F=~êâçëÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåí
J=êÉã ~áåÇÉêW =ã çëíäó=ëáã éäÉ=ÑÉäëáÅ=Öä~ëë=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=êáã ã ÉÇ=Äó=
ÑÉäÇëé~ê

c áÖì êÉ=TKNMK=qê~ÅáåÖë=çÑ=é~êí=çÑ=O=íÜáå=ëÉÅíáçåë=çÑ=d ê~ó=~åÇ=_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉêë=ëÜçï áåÖ=ë~äáÉåí=íÉñíì êÉë=~åÇ=ÑÉ~íì êÉëK=p ~ã éäÉë=í~âÉå=Ñêçã =~êÉ~=
ëÜçï å=áå=c áÖì êÉ=TKTX=` ~éêÉçä=qçï åëÜáéK=^ ééêçñáã ~íÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉë=ÄÉíï ÉÉå=ë~ã éäÉë=áë=Q=ã K=p íê~íáÖê~éÜáÅ=íçééáåÖ=Ñêçã =^ =íç=_K=c ê~Öã Éåíë=
G=N= ã ã =~Åêçëë=~êÉ=åçí=ëÜçï åK=_ ~ê=ëÅ~äÉ=êÉéêÉëÉåíë=O=ã ã K

form up to 75 % of some Type 3 breccias. Mafic shard-
like fragments are the most abundant type of fragment,
followed by fluidal-textured fragments and complex
glass fragments.
Accretionary fragments (termed "mud balls",
Peredery 1972b) are locally present in the lower half
of the Black Member^. In one area, near High Falls in
Dowling Township, they are fairly abundant. These
fragments have a core consisting of a crystalline base
ment rock fragment or a glass fragment, or glass and
lithic pieces {= O=mm in diameter. The accretionary
fragments are oval or spherical, up to 5 cm in diame
ter, and are enveloped in finer material consisting of
fine shard-like fragments and mineral fragments {=l
mm in diameter in an irresolvable matrix rich in car
bon. These fine fragments tend to be aligned parallel to
the outline of the core and may show a vague to distinct
concentric layering with finer particles outward from
the core. A similar feature was noted with other frag
ments in which fragments of country rocks or glass are
surrounded by a thin zone of matrix defined by very
5 Note added in press: W. V.Peredery reported that similar
features, but lacking fine carbon particles, have also
been observed locally in the Gray Member.
fine grained particles. The particles abruptly grade
away from the fragment into the coarser matrix, and
may be weakly aligned parallel to the outline of the
fragment. These particular fragments are not
accretionary.
The matrices of the Black Member breccias are
medium to dark brown on well-weathered surfaces, are
light to dark grey on recently weathered surfaces, and
are black to medium grey on fresh surfaces. Much of
the matrix consists of irresolvable particles. Carbon
accounts largely for the colour of the Black Member
matrices. Carbon content in samples analyzed by Bur
rows and Rickaby (1930) ranges from 0.20 to 0.58 TÅ=
and averages Q.39%. Stevenson (1972) reported val
ues of up to Q.75%. Locally, areas within the Black
Member have black, chloritized shard-like, fragments
within a light grey matrix, indicating a low carbon
content. Some bodies of Type 4 breccia within the
Black Member have little or no carbon, and have a
medium grey matrix. Other bodies have a light grey
matrix and are unlike any of the surrounding, black
breccias or any of the breccias of the Gray Member in
terms of types or proportions of fragments (for exam
ple, unit 4i, near bottom left of Figure 7.7).
The Black Member is significantly less recrystal-
lized than most of the Gray Member, with the excep-

160

TABLE 7.5: a b p ` o fmqfl k p =l c =p l j b =_ o b ` ` f^ p =fk =qe b =_ i ^ ` h =j b j _ b o I=l k ^ mfk d =c l o j ^ qfl k K
qv mb p r _ qv mb D
= o b i ^ qfl k p e fm
äçï Éêã çëí=é~êí=
çÑ=_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉê
D
ÄD=áë=~Äçî É=
D
ÅD=Äó=Pã
íçï ~êÇë=ì ééÉê=
é~êí=çÑ=_ ä~Åâ=
j Éã ÄÉê
áêêÉÖì ä~êäó=ëÜ~éÉÇ=
é~íÅÜÉë=áå=Q~=çê=
R~=ÄêÉÅÅá~ë
~í=çê=åÉ~ê=íÜÉ=
äçï Éê=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=
_ ä~Åâ=j Éã ÄÉê
D
i ÉííÉêë=ÇáëíáåÖì áëÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=Éñ~ã éäÉë=ÇÉëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÜÉêÉ=~åÇ=~êÉ=åçí=ì ëÉÇ=ÉäëÉï ÜÉêÉ=áå=íÜÉ=íÉñíK
tion of some units in the upper part of the Gray
Member, particularly those which have some carbon
in the matrix. Most of the mafic minerals in the Black
Member are chlorite with local, subordinate actino
lite. Locally in some units, many fragments have been
altered to epidote-group minerals. Carbonate minerals
are more common than in the Gray Member. Schandl
(1982) and Schandl Éí=~äK=E1982) reported that the feld
spars in the 'glass' and country rock fragments in the
Black Member are predominantly orthoclase and al
bite (An2 to An,), although albite is locally absent.
These authors also reported that the albite is more dis
ordered than in the Gray Member.
Type 4 Breccias
Type 4 breccias account for about 60 % of the Black
Member. On the average, the breccias tend to contain
fewer and smaller fragments ranging from 2 to 64 mm
diameter than the average Type 4 breccia of the Gray
Member. Fragments > 64 mm across comprise quartz
arenite, arkose, siltstone, granitic rocks, fluidal-tex
tured material, composite breccias, and plastically de
formed siliceous rocks. These fragments are similar to
the same size fragments in the Gray Member and gen
erally range from 0. l to 0.3 m in diameter. Locally,
there are rounded blocks of Type 3 breccia, up to sev
eral m in diameter, within Type 4 breccia.
Fragments ranging from 2 to 64 mm diameter
consist of the above rock types, plus microbreccia,
sulphide mineral fragments, and black, chloritized,
shard-like fragments (Photo 7.34). These shard-like
fragments are characteristic of much of the Black
Member. Black siltstone fragments are noticeably
more common in the Black Member than in the Gray
qK=i K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
mo l j fk b k q=` e ^ o ^ ` qb o fp qf` p
ORMLM=Ç~êâ=ÖêÉÉå=íç=Ää~ÅâI=ÅÜäçêáíáòÉÇ=ëÜ~êÇJäáâÉ=Ñê~Öã ÉåíëX=
~åÖì ä~ê=íç=ëì Ä~åÖì ä~êX=O=íç=Q=ã ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
pn çLç=íç=PRMTç=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=çÑ=î ~êáçì ë=íóéÉë=E~êÉåáíÉëI=Öê~åáíáÅ
êçÅâëI=Öä~ëëÉëFX=ëì Ä~åÖì ä~ê=íç=ëì Äêçì åÇÉÇX=NM=íç=OR=ã ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
QMMLM=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=çÑ=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=ã ~íÉêá~ä=~åÇ=Åçã éäÉñ=Öä~ëëÉëX=
~Äçì í=Ü~äÑ=~êÉ=ÜáÖÜäó=éçí~ëëáÅX=ëì Äêçì åÇÉÇ=íç=ëì Ä~åÖì ä~êX=O=íç=
NM=ã ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
ORMLM=íç=pn çLç=Ç~êâ=ÖêÉÉå=íç=Ää~ÅâI=ÅÜäçêáíáòÉÇ=ëÜ~êÇJäáâÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=
~åÖì ä~ê=íç=ëì Äêçì åÇÉÇX=G= O=ã ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
äl n çLç=ã áñÉÇ=äáÖÜí=~åÇ=Ç~êâ=é~êíáÅäÉë=Eèì ~êíòI=ÑÉäÇëé~êI=ÅÜäçêáíÉI=
çé~èì É=ã áåÉê~äëX=Y{ =ã ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
OMMLM=íç=ORMLM=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=çÑ=~êÉåáíÉëX=Öê~åáíáÅ=êçÅâëI=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=
ã ~íÉêá~äI=~åÇ=Åçã éçëáíÉ=ÄêÉÅÅá~ëX=ëì Äêçì åÇÉÇ=íç=êçì åÇÉÇX=MKN=íç=
MKT=ã =Çá~ã ÉíÉê
Member (Photo 7.26). Many of the felsic 'glass' frag
ments are either bluish green or are a milky, pale, opa
lescent blue. These 2 colouration types, accentuated by
the black matrix, differ from those in the Gray Mem
ber which are white, beige, or pinkish brown.
The matrix of Type 4 breccias consists mostly of
fragments < 2 mm in diameter, resembles a Type 5
breccia, and is generally black. Chloritized shard-like
fragments are commonly found throughout the ma
trix. In one detailed cross-section examined in Capreol
Township EëÉÉ=Figure 7.7), these shard-like frag
ments, which are moderately well sorted, grade in one
unit from an average diameter of 3 to 0.5 mm over a
horizontal distance of 75 m. This unit is overlain by a
thin unit with numerous, potassic-rich 'glassy' frag
ments and a matrix with no visible shard-like frag
ments. The thin unit, in turn, is overlain by a unit
bearing shard-like fragments which have an average
diameter of about 2 mm and which decrease in size up
ward in the stratigraphy (Figure 7.11). Where chlori
tized shard-like fragments are not present, the matrix
consists largely of complex glass fragments, quartz
and feldspar crystal fragments, and small lithic
fragments.
Type 5 Breccias
Type 5 breccias account for about 35 % of the Black
Member and occur as massive to poorly bedded dis
continuous units forming lenses within Type 4 brec
cias in the upper few hundred m of the Black Member
where it grades into argillites and slates of the Onwatin
Formation. Type 5 breccias are also found as blocks of
fine-grained material within Type 4 breccia in the up-
161
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per 2/3 of the Black Member, and as units or lenses
within or between Type 4 breccia units.
The coarse-grained, Type 5 breccias have chlori
tized shard-like fragments and are similar to many fine-
grained, Type 4 breccias. Type 5 breccias from the up
per part of the Black Member are fine grained and lo
cally resemble some of the darker wackes of the
Chelmsford Formation, particularly in Morgan Town
ship (Rousell 1972; Muir 1983).

162

Type 5 breccias consist largely of various propor
tions of chlorite, quartz, plagioclase, carbonate, mi
crocline, and sulphide minerals as crystal fragments or
as lithic fragments. Much of the material is irresolva
ble under the microscope.
Type 2 Breccias
Type 2 breccias account for about 5 % of the Black
Member and occur in its lowermost part as discontin
uous and locally ill-defined units. Many of these brec
cias are adjacent to Type 2 breccias in the uppermost
part of the Gray Member. The breccias commonly
grade into Type 4 breccia with a decrease in abundance
of fragments > 64 mm across, both along strike and
up-section.
The Type 2 breccia of the Black Member is simi
lar to Type 2 breccias of the Gray Member in that it
contains numerous fragments [ =64 mm across com
posed of quartz arenite, arkose, crystalline basement
rocks, composite breccias, fluidal-textured material,
and fragments of these rocks coated by fluidal-tex
tured material. The fragments are generally sub
rounded to rounded, show an overall range in diameter
from 6.5 cm to 1.5m, but usually range from 8 cm to
0.5 m in diameter. The matrix consists of fragments
< 64 mm across and resembles a Type 4 breccia.
DIKES
Several vertical to sub-vertical dikes intrude the Gray
and Black Members in Dowling Township (Peredery
1972a) and in Lumsden and Capreol Townships (Muir
1982, 1983). The dikes are exposed up to a length of
20 m and range from 10 to 25 cm in thickness. Con
tacts are sharp and the dikes have straight or zigzag
trends. The dikes are commonly spherulitic through
out and have banding parallel to the dike margins.
Some dikes contain wall rock inclusions. The con
tinuity of banding and the proportion of spherules are
highly variable within and among dikes. The intersti
tial material is aphanitic and greenish grey, with dark
green patches. The spherules are grey to purple-grey
and range from 2 to 4 mm in diameter (Photo 7.35).
Minor amygdules are either chlorite-filled or quartz-
filled. Altered, unidentified crystals occur in dendritic
patterns and as sets of parallel crystals with different
orientations. Quartz and feldspar crystals and crystal
fragments may be present in minor amounts.
Burrows and Rickaby (1930) initially reported
"dike-like masses" of spherulitic rock near White
water Lake in Snider Township. Thomson (1957) later
described them as "short, stubby, disconnected bod
ies" one of which measured 9 m by 30 m. Another
body is reported 0.5 km to the north of Whitewater
Lake (J.M. Martins, Resource Geologist, Ministry of
qK=i K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
Natural Resources, Sudbury, Ontario, personal com
munication, 1983).
A body at Whitewater Lake has dark grey spher
ules, up to l cm in diameter, which consist of radiating
feldspar crystals and minor biotite and carbonate crys
tals. The spherules are separated by a black matrix
consisting of fine-grained biotite with some chlorite.
Some quartz-filled, amygdule-like structures up to 4
mm in diameter occur in the rock. The lack of com
plete exposure at this locality does not permit confirm
ation that these bodies are intrusions.
Locally in the South Range, there are slightly to
moderately foliated amphibolitized gabbroic dikes up
to 0.8 m thick which have intruded the Gray and Black
Members. The dikes range from parallel to moder
ately discordant to the regional trend of the members.
They are too small to show on the map (Map 2491,
back pocket).
LITHOLOGY OF FRAGMENTS
IN BRECCIAS OF THE GRAY
AND BLACK MEMBERS
In this section, the essential fragment types are de
scribed. The fragments are divided into the following
groups: country rock fragments which constitute crys
talline basement rocks and metasedimentary rocks;
microbreccia fragments; fluidal-textured fragments
and bodies; devitrified glass fragments; composite
fragments; crystals and crystal fragments; and sul
phides and sulphide fragments. Some miscellaneous
fragments are also briefly described.
Country Rock Fragments
The country rock fragments consist of Archean base
ment rocks and Proterozoic (Huronian) metasedimen
tary rocks. These fragments account for about 20 to
30 % of the total volume of the Gray and Black Mem
bers. These fragments are discussed in geochrono-
logical order beginning with the oldest.
CRYSTALLINE BASEMENT
FRAGMENTS
Crystalline basement fragments of Archean igneous
and meta-igneous rock types found outside and in the
vicinity of the Sudbury Structure occur in the Gray and
Black Members. These fragments account for 20 to
40 % of the country rock fragments, and 5 to 12 % of the
Gray and Black Members. The relative proportions of
different types of fragments varies from locality to lo
cality. Fragments of granitoid rocks are predominant
amongst those from the crystalline basement and in
clude granite, aplite, pegmatite, quartz monzonite,
163
` e ^ mqb o =T
granodiorite, and diorite. The granitoid fragments are
generally beige to pink, and leucocratic. Microcline
megacrysts are common. The fragments are generally
subrounded to subangular, equidimensional to elon
gate in shape, and range from 0. l to l m diameter.
Some fragments are slabs up to 100 m long. The larg
est basement fragments tend to be in the lower part of
the Gray Member and in the Basal Member.
In hand specimens, the appearance of the rocks
ranges from 'normal' granitic to rocks that contain
medium to dark grey quartz, translucent to clear feld
spar and/or pink, semi-translucent feldspar. Freshly
broken surfaces display quartz that appears frosted and
feldspars that appear chalky. These minerals com
monly have conchoidal fractures and tend not to break
along cleavages. In large blocks, the translucent min
erals occur in a rim up to 0.2 m thick.
Deformed lensoid patches comprising a streaky
mixture of feldspar and quartz may be present. The
fragments may also be moderately to strongly
fractured.
Thin sections display a wide variety of textures
ranging from 'normal' for a particular rock type (for
example granite) to unusual. Also ëÉÉ=description of
unusual textures in section on Basal Member. Quartz
is commonly recrystallized to a fine- to medium-
grained mosaic texture or may have unrecrystallized
patches with or without decorated planar features, a
shock-metamorphic feature. Potassic feldspar,mostly
microcline, has patches of cloudy brown alteration.
Plagioclase is generally cryptocrystalline to micro
crystalline and lies either within or beside patches of
fine-grained altered or remnant plagioclase. The ex
tremely fine-grained parts may show, by extinction
orientation, bands which suggest that flow banding or
plastic deformation took place (Photo 7.36). Spheru
litic growths and planar lamellae may be present in the
remnant primary plagioclase. Actinolite and/or chlor
ite are anhedral and partly altered. Minute opaque
minerals may be concentrated as fine-grained dissem
inations in plagioclase or as recrystallized clumps of
grains.
Gneissic rocks are the next most abundant and ex
hibit a poorly defined to well developed gneissosity and
microscopic textures characteristic of the granitic
fragments. More detailed descriptions of textures
within granitic and gneissic rocks are given by French
(1967, 1970, 1972) and Peredery (1972b). Quartz
fragments of unknown source occur in minor amounts.
Fragments of mafic rocks such as amphibolite,
metagabbro, and metadiabase are less abundant than
the granitic or gneissic fragments and occur in approx
imately the same proportions as they occur in the base
ment. There are sparse metapyroxenite fragments. The
metadiabase fragments which constitute porphyritic
and massive varieties, are the least metamorphosed.
164
Most mafic fragments range from about 0.5 m in di
ameter to microscopic size. The larger fragments tend
to be subrounded to rounded, whereas microscopic
ones are subangular to subrounded. In one case, a 100
m long triangular block of porphyritic diabase was
found in Morgan Township in the Sandcherry Creek
area.
The mafic fragments commonly contain: clino
pyroxene and/or orthopyroxene; actinolite or horn
blende; biotite; chlorite; plagioclase, which has
recrystallized to either small anhedral crystals, or to
complex, very fine grained patches with patterns
showing a sweeping or toroidal extinction; opaque
minerals; and leucoxene. Fragments displaying the
above features in feldspars commonly have pyroxenes
showing reduced birefringence, kink banding, and
unusual cleavage.
METASEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Metasedimentary fragments are generally considered
to be derived from the Huronian Supergroup, even
though it is not known whether post-Huronian sedi
ments or sedimentary rocks were present when the
Onaping Formation was deposited. The metasedi-
mentary fragments account for about 60 to 80 % of the
country rock fragments observed on the South Range,
but are less abundant on the North Range. These frag
ments comprise 12 to 2596 of the Gray and Black
Members.
The 2 most abundant types of metasedimentary
fragments are quartz arenite and arkose. There are
several varieties of each type in terms of mineral and
matrix proportions, colour, and grain size. Many frag
ments are recrystallized, have ill-defined primary tex
tures, and appear similar to fine-grained, equigranular,
granitic rocks. The fragments may contain rounded
pebbles of quartz, from a few mm to 40 mm long,
which aids in determining their sedimentary origin.
Fragments of quartz-sericite metasedimentary rocks
are common in the South Range and have been noted
in the North Range (Peredery 1972a).
Fragment shapes range from well rounded to rec
tangular and most fragments range in size from l cm to
l m diameter. The overall range is from microscopic
to at least 100 m long. Many of the largest blocks are
sporadically fractured and/or internally brecciated.
Some of the smaller fragments have a fractured,
broken crust.
Large arenite fragments may exhibit sedimentary
bedding. Sedimentary sequences of sandstone, silt
stone, and granule conglomerate may be contained
within a single block. Crossbedding (Thomson 1957;
Stevenson 1961) and graded bedding (Peredery 1972a)
are locally present. Some fragments show moderately
to strongly deformed bedding. Others have broken

along undeformed bedding planes. Still other frag
ments have bedding that is subparallel to the length of
the fragment, but that pinches in at the ends of the
fragment.
In thin section, the arenite fragments display a
wide variety of textures. Quartz and feldspar may or
may not be recrystallized and may display shock-met
amorphic features (French 1967; Peredery 1972a).
Matrices may be siliceous, feldspathic, or car
bonate-bearing. Fragments of siltstone are uncommon
within the Gray and Black Members. The fragments
are more abundant in the Black Member, and gener
ally range from 2 to 64 mm across, although rare frag
ments up to l m diameter locally occur. Most siltstone
fragments are medium grey, dark green-grey, or black.
These fragments are well bedded and moderately de
formed to undeformed. Siltstone fragments tend to be
darker coloured in the Black Member than in the Gray
Member. They are darker than the matrix of the brec
cia. Some of the siltstone fragments are light greenish
grey, similar in colour to some of the fluidal blocks,
thinly laminated, highly fractured, and altered along
the fractures EëÉÉ=also subsection on microbreccia
fragments). In thin section, the fragments show thin to
thick laminations, and are dense to semi-opaque.
Uncommon fragments of conglomerate range
from 0. l to 0. 5 m in diameter and are found in the Gray
Member (and Basal Member) within Type 2 breccia.
Clasts in the conglomerate consist of varieties of quartz
arenite and arkose in a siliceous matrix. The clasts are
rounded to subangular, moderately well sorted, and
range from 2 to 4 cm in diameter. Conglomeratic beds
up to several 10s of cm thick occur within some large
blocks of arkose.
SHOCK-METAMORPHIC FEATURES
Shock-metamorphic features are found in at least
of all of the varieties of country rock fragments in the
Gray and Black Members. Many of these features have
been partly altered by post-brecciation devitrification
or recrystallization. The features include: small shat
ter cones (Peredery 1972b); planar features in quartz
in up to 4 sets of parallel, straight lamellae or 'strings'
of fluid and solid inclusions (French 1967); and planar
features within plagioclase as parallel lamellae within
twins (French 1967). French (1972) interpreted fea
tures in the Onaping Formation such as fracturing,
crushing, and granulation of minerals, kinking of bio
tite, selective recrystallization of feldspar, plastic de
formation of feldspar, recrystallization of quartz, and
various stages of fusion represented by glass frag
ments and some biotite and titanite crystals as other
evidence of various stages of shock metamorphism.
Peredery (1972a) included partial melting of zircon as
evidence of shock metamorphism.
qK=i K=j r fo =^ k a =t Ks K=mb o b a b o v
One of the authors (W.V. Peredery) accepts
French's interpretation as correct. Peredery points out
that the vitrification of mineral grains without the ho
mogenization of adjacent grains is much more easily
accounted for as a result of vitrification in a solid state
(maskelynite formation) associated with a shock wave
than by normal volcanic processes. From his experi
ence, he regards many of these features as unique to
impact sites. The other author (T.L. Muir) points out
that the positive identification of maskelynite or other
diaplectic glasses is precluded in the recrystallized en
vironment of the Onaping Formation and that features
similar to many of those described by French have been
observed in some volcanic rocks. Muir is, therefore,
more cautious in accepting French's interpretation as
a demonstration of shock, and remains unconvinced of
the uniqueness of shock metamorphism to impact
processes.
The most common established shock-metamor
phic features are planar features in quartz that are dec
orated with very small inclusions. Within grains
showing evidence of recrystallization, the decorated
planar features are preserved preferentially in the cen
tral parts of crystals, especially within fragments of
quartz arenite, arkose, and granitic rocks. Individual
quartz crystal fragments are less prone to displaying
decorated planar features. Remnants of undecorated
lamellae are uncommon.
Microbreccia Fragments
Microbreccia (Peredery 1972a) occurs within the Gray
and Black Members as subrounded fragments, rang
ing in size from microscopic to a few m in diameter,
and as dikelets in fractured metasedimentary or gran
itic fragments. Microbreccia fragments account for
only a minor proportion of the Onaping Formation and
are more abundant in the Gray Member. Many of the
fragments and veinlets resemble Sudbury Breccia of
the North Range, and some resemble fluidal-textured
material with crystal inclusions.
The microbreccia fragments have a dense, med
ium to dark grey or black matrix consisting of very fine
grained irresolvable particles. Weakly to strongly de
veloped, contorted banding may be present. Numer
ous quartz and feldspar crystal fragments as well as
small quartzofeldspathic lithic fragments (up to a few
mm in diameter) are scattered throughout the micro
breccia and constitute up to 35 % of the fragment
(Photo 7.37).
The microbreccia veinlets, which are uncom
mon, are black to grey and occur in fragments of quartz
arenite, arkose, and siltstone (Photo 7.38). The vein
lets have an irregular trend, thickness, and distribution
within the host rock fragment. The fragments within
the veinlets consist of broken quartz and feldspar crys
tals, and country rocks. In at least one case, the micro-
165
` e ^ mqb o =T
breccia contains fragments with oval and shard-like
shapes. The matrix is irresolvable under the micro
scope.
Sulphides and Sulphide Fragments
Sulphide mineral fragments6 are found in both the Gray
and Black Members, but they are generally more
abundant in the latter (Photo 7.39). The fragments
range from < l mm to 2 cm long, are angular to sub
rounded, and consist of one or more of the following
minerals: pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and sphal
erite in decreasing order of abundance. Some frag
ments consist of pyrrhotite with an incomplete rim of
chalcopyrite.
Silicate rock fragments, and fluidal-textured and
glass fragments that contain the same types of sulphide
minerals in the same order of abundance as above, are
more common than sulphide fragments. Williams
(1957) remarked that the pyrite and pyrrhotite he ob
served tended to be within rock fragments (Photo
7.39). The most common rock fragments containing
sulphide minerals are quartz arenite, quartz, and flui
dal material although sulphide minerals are also found
in some granitic and gabbroic basement rock frag
ments. The sulphide minerals occur as irregularly
shaped patches within silicate rock fragments, and as
patches, blebs, or streaks in the fluidal-textured and
glass fragments.
Sulphide minerals are also found as blobs and ir
regularly shaped patches within the matrix of the Gray
and Black Members, which in these cases makes their
identification as fragments, replacement features, or
vug fillings equivocal. Pyrrhotite or chalcopyrite may
be found along hairline fractures in breccias that con
tain fragments or blebs of sulphide minerals.
Desborough and Larson (1970) noted pyrrhotite,
chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and Ni-rich
marcasite as disseminated grains and aggregates within
or adjacent to fragments in the breccias. These authors
also noted textures suggesting that nickel-marcasite
and Ni-pyrite have replaced pyrrhotite in some cases.
Total sulphide content in the breccias is locally up
to 5 TÅ=(for example, southwest Morgan Township), but
generally is much < l % in the Gray Member, and up
to l TÅ=in the Black Member.
6W.V. Peredery regards the majority of the sulphides de
scribed by T.L. Muir as primary sulphide fragments to
be the consequence of secondary replacement of rock
or glass fragments. T.L. Muir recognizes that local mo
bilization of sulphides has occurred in some cases, but
considers that primary sulphide fragments are also
present.
166
Fluidal-Textured Fragments and
Bodies
Fluidal-textured material occurs within the Gray and
Black Members as fragments and bodies that have flow
banding ranging from weakly to well developed. This
material was most likely glass in its original state, but
is discussed separately from other glasses because of
its occurrence as bodies and fragments. Some fluidal-
textured material resembles other rock types and may
have had a different origin.
The fluidal-textured bodies occur mostly in the
lower part of the Gray Member, and in the lower 2/3 of
the Black Member, within Type 4 breccia units. Other
bodies are locally abundant in zones which parallel the
outline of the Sudbury Basin, particularly within Type
2 breccia.
The fluidal-textured bodies range from a few m to
about 30 m long, and are lensoid, angular and blocky,
or irregular in shape. Some of the bodies, especially
the larger ones, appear to be spatially associated with
the Melt Bodies. Flow banding may be either con
formable to the body or truncated at its margin. Thin
apophyses of fluidal-textured material extend into the
surrounding breccia for up to 0.3 m.
Fluidal-textured fragments consist of aphanitic,
light greyish-green, greenish grey, or dark green dense
material commonly with amygdule- and vesicle-like
structures (Photo 7.40). In some bodies, these struc
tures are spherical in the centre and oval or highly
elongate within and parallel to the outer margin. Band
ing, defined by differences in colour, ranges from weak
to moderately well developed and from undeformed to
contorted. Individual bands are up to a few mm thick,
but generally are {=y=mm thick.
Coarsely spherulitic fragments are uncommon.
One fragment, 0.8 m by 0.5 m in size and virtually
identical to the spherulitic dikes described in the sub
section entitled Dikes, occurs with some composite
fragments in the Black Member in northeast Fairbank
Township.
Microscopic features of the fluidal-textured bod
ies are similar to the fluidal-textured glass fragments
described below.
Fluidal-textured fragments range from micro
scopic size to about l m in diameter. In exposures,
some of the fluidal-textured fragments are similar to
the fluidal-textured bodies. In the Gray Member, the
fragments are commonly greenish grey to greyish
green, subrounded to angular, and display moderately
well-developed to weakly developed banding. In the
Black Member, the fragments are commonly greyish
green to green, subrounded to angular, and variably
banded. The fluidal-textured fragments range from
aphanitic and massive to very fine grained with well-

developed flow banding. Banding tends to be discon
formable to the outline of the fragment, that is the
banding is truncated, in the more angular pieces, and
conformable in the more rounded pieces. Many frag
ments of fluidal-textured material with truncated flow
banding enclose fragments of country rocks. Fluidal-
textured material with conformable banding may coat
fragments of country rocks, breccias consisting of
glassy and lithic fragments, and fluidal-textured ma
terial with complexly contorted and truncated banding
EëÉÉ=section on Composite Fragments).
In thin section, the fluidal-textured fragments with
weakly developed flow banding are extremely fine
grained, dense, and consist of mafic minerals in a leu
cocratic groundmass. Banding is indicated by different
colours (commonly shades of green), different min
eral proportions, and different grain sizes. Flow band
ing ranges from about 0.5 to 3 mm thick. The fluidal-
textured fragments may contain quartz and/or feldspar
crystals and crystal fragments. Uncommonly, the
quartz crystals show shock lamellae. Some quartz
fragments are rimmed by very fine grained actinolite
or chlorite. Amygdule-like structures of quartz or
quartz and actinolite may be present.
In thin section, the fluidal-textured material with
well-developed flow banding displays a variety of fea
tures. Strong colour banding is discontinuous and is
generally defined by dark to light green actinolite and/
or chlorite, colourless microcrystalline or very fine
grained feldspathic or siliceous minerals, and strings
of quartz and/or feldspar crystals (Photo 7.41). The
bands are typically deformed around crystal fragments
and lithic inclusions both of which rarely have shock
lamellae. Recrystallized felsic streaks and bands may
comprise parallel, stubby, anhedral to subhedral crys
tals of feldspar oriented perpendicular to the trend of
the baking. Cloudy patches of very finely dissemin
ated high-relief minerals are locally present: these
minerals may include titanite, ilmenite, or leucoxene.
Amygdule-like structures and spherulitic textures,
where present, are erratically distributed within some
felsic bands. The amygdule-like structures are filled
with combinations of quartz, actinolite, or chlorite.
Glass Fragments
Various fragments can be interpreted as having been
initially glass based on devitrification textures and
morphology. The glass fragments range so widely in
texture, mineral composition, colour, and degree of
devitrification that it is difficult to develop a consistent,
precise classification. For the convenience of a gen
eral description, the glasses have been subdivided into
"simple glasses" with both felsic and mafic varieties;
and "complex glasses" with varieties that are pre
dominantly felsic or predominantly mafic. The pri
mary division is based on the degree of complexity of
qKi K=j r fo =^ k a =t Ks K=mb o b a b o v
relict textures. "Felsic" and "mafic" refer to the
overall present composition of the fragments with no
implication regarding the original composition, or the
processes of alteration from a glass to a mineral state.
SIMPLE GLASS FRAGMENTS
Simple glass fragments are those that have uncompli
cated internal textures and are either monomineralic or
nearly so. Many breccia units in the Gray and Black
Members contain either one or both varieties of simple
glass fragments. Table 7.6 gives characteristics of the
simple glasses.
COMPLEX GLASS FRAGMENTS
Complex glass fragments (Peredery 1972b) consist of
felsic and mafic minerals, and have complex or com
plicated internal textures. Some breccia units have
complex fragments with a relatively restricted range of
textures. In other units, numerous shapes and textures
of complex fragments are present. Table 7.6 gives
characteristics of the complex glasses.
Crystals and Crystal Fragments
The fluidal, glass, and composite fragments, as well as
the fine-grained to very fine grained matrix of the brec
cia units in the Gray and Black Members contain sparse
to numerous crystals and crystal fragments of quartz
and feldspar, and uncommonly amphibole, biotite, and
clinopyroxene (?). The origin of some of these crystals
is equivocal.
Quartz crystals and crystal fragments range from
< 0. l to 2.5 mm in diameter and are present as:
1. subangular to rounded, poly-crystalline quartz
fragments found within the lower 2/3 to 3/4 of the
Gray Member
2. angular to subrounded, single or percrystalline
fragments, with minute inclusions, fractures, un-
dulose (strained) extinction, and, rarely, shock-
metamorphic features. These are found in the up
per part of the Gray Member and in the Black
Member.
3. well-rounded to rounded, single, clear, weakly
strained, quartz crystals without shock-metamor
phic features, and rarely with embayed outlines
(Photo 7.42). These are heterogeneously distrib
uted within the Black Member (up to Q.5% abun
dance), and in the upper Gray Member. These are
commonly visible in hand specimens, particularly
in some Black Member units, and look like black,
vitreous, quartz 'eyes'. Some have been found in
chloritized shard-like fragments (Muir 1981,
1983).
Feldspar crystal fragments range from 0. l to 1.0 mm
in diameter and consist of:
167
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TABLE 7.6: s ^ o fb qfb p =l c =d i ^ p p =fk =qe b =d o ^ v =^ k a =_ i ^ ` h =j b j _ b o p I=l k ^ mfk d =c l o j ^ qfl k K

p fj mi b =d i ^ p p b p = ` l j mi b u =d i ^ p p b p =
c b ^ qr o b c b i p f` = j ^ c f` c b i p f` P= j ^ c f` Ä

l ÅÅì êêÉåÅÉ " =ã çêÉ=~Äì åÇ~åí=áå " =N Å= ÅÜäçêáíáòÉÇ " =

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d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉê ëÜ~êÇJäáâÉ Åçã éçëáíÉ=Öä~ëëÉë î ~êáÉíó=çÑ=Öä~ëë
" ëÉÅçåÇ=ã çëí=~Äì åÇ~åí Ñê~Öã Éåíë " =
ã çëí=~Äì åÇ~åí=íóéÉ Ñê~Öã Éåí
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168
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q^ _ i b =TKSW
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p fj mi b =d i ^ p p b p = ` l j mi b u =d i ^ p p b p =
c b ^ qr o b c b i p f` = j ^ c f` c b i p f` P= j ^ c f` ?

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1. angular to subrounded, anhedral to subhedral,
plagioclase crystals that may be twinned and/or
zoned, and are rarely bent or plastically deformed
2. subangular to subrounded, anhedral to subhedral,
potassic feldspar, with or without polysynthetic
'tartan' twinning
Two or 3 separate crystals of either type of feldspar may
be found together. Williams (1957) also reported or
thoclase, albite, and perthite crystals.
Lithic fragments consisting of fine- to medium-
grained quartz, plagioclase, and potassic feldspar are
assumed to be fragments of granitic rocks. Some have
granophyric textures (Peredery 1972a).
Much less common than quartz or feldspar frag
ments are anhedral crystals of green amphibole which
are < 0.5 mm in diameter. Rarely, 0.5 mm or smaller
crystals which resemble green pyroxene are found.
Rectangular, square, and triangular crystals or crystal
fragments consisting of acicular actinolite were found
in several thin sections (Photo 7.43). In one case, an
euhedral crystal of green biotite 0.3 mm long was
found.
Composite Fragments
Composite fragments are defined here as fragments
composed of more than one type of material, exclud
ing country rock fragments (Muir 1981, 1982). These
comprise fragments of breccia within breccia, frag
ments with more than one type of fluidal-textured ma
terial, fragments of glass within glass, or any
combination of the above. Composite breccia frag
ments are found throughout the Gray and Black Mem
bers and are most common in Type 2 breccias. These
fragments are found on the scale of outcrops (Photo
7.44, Figure 7.12), hand specimens (Photo 7.45, Fig
ure 7.13), and thin sections (Photos 7.46 to 7.48).
Composite fragments may be complex. For ex
ample, a particular fragment in the Gray Member con
sists of:
l. a 40 mm diameter, fluidal-textured, flow-banded
fragment (containing sandstone fragments) within

169
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PÅã
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~í=íÜÉ=ì ééÉê=é~êí=çÑ=íÜÉ=d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉêX=qêáää=qçï åëÜáéK=_ ~åÇÉÇ=
Ñê~Öã Éåíë=~êÉ=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇK=r åé~ííÉêåÉÇ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=~êÉ=
ëáã éäÉ=ÑÉäëáÅ=Öä~ëëK=c ê~Öã Éåíë=YO=ã ã =~Åêçëë=Ü~î É=åçí=ÄÉÉå=
Çê~ï åK
c áÖì êÉ=TKNPK=qê~ÅáåÖ=çÑ=Ü~åÇ=ëéÉÅáã Éå=çÑ=é~êí=çÑ=~=ÄçÇó=çê=Ñê~Ö=
ã Éåí=çÑ=Åçã éçëáíÉ=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=ã ~íÉêá~äX=Ñêçã =~å=çì íÅêçé=çÑ=
qóéÉ=O=ÄêÉÅÅá~=áå=íÜÉ=d ê~ó=j Éã ÄÉêI=` ~éêÉçä=qçï åëÜáéK=e É~î áäó=
ëíáééäÉÇ=Ñê~Öã Éåí=áë=~êâçëÉK=a ~ëÜÉÇJäáåÉ=Ñê~Öã Éåí=áë=Ö~ÄÄêçK=
i áÖÜíJëíáééäÉÇ=Ñê~Öã Éåíë=~êÉ=èì ~êíò=~êÉåáíÉK
^ F=Ñäçï JÄ~åÇÉÇ=Ñê~Öã Éåí=áå=D _D
_F=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=ã ~íÉêá~ä=ï áíÜ=åì ã Éêçì ë=ëã ~ää=èì ~êíò=~åÇL=
çê=ÑÉäÇëé~ê=Åêóëí~ä=D Ñê~Öã ÉåíëD X=Ñäçï =Ä~åÇáåÖ=éççêäó=ÇÉî Éä=
çéÉÇ=~åÇ=ÇáëÅçêÇ~åí=íç=D̀ D
` F=Ñäì áÇ~äJíÉñíì êÉÇ=ã ~íÉêá~ä=ï áíÜ=ï ÉääJÇÉî ÉäçéÉÇI=ÅçåíçêíÉÇ=
Ñäçï =Ä~åÇáåÖ
2. a 0.2 m diameter fragment of Type4 breccia, which
is
3. coated by fluidal-textured material with flow band
ing conformable to the breccia fragment
4. all of which lies within a Type 4 breccia unlike that
which comprises the breccia fragment (that is, point
2 above)
A particular complex composite fragment in the Black
Member consists of:
1. a l O cm diameter fragment of very coarse arkose
(containing fragments of finer quartz sandstone)
which is
2. enclosed by fluidal-textured material with highly
contorted flow lines truncated at the outer edge,
which is
170
3. enclosed by faintly flow-banded, fluidal-textured
material
4. all of which lies within Type 4 breccia
In thin section, some individual fragments have amyg-
dules filled with material, consisting of particles < 2
mm across, which is different from the matrix of the
breccia in which the fragment lies.
Miscellaneous Fragments
A variety of fragments not previously described ac
counts for much less than l TÅ=of the Onaping Forma
tion. They are subrounded to subangular and are
generally *; 2 mm in diameter (maximum 5 mm). The
source and origin of these fragments has not been de
termined although some or all may be country rock
fragments.
Examples of these miscellaneous fragments are:
1. closely spaced, fine-grained, twinned and un-
twinned, sub-parallel, feldspar laths in a brown, ir
resolvable matrix
2. very fine grained, unoriented, plagioclase needles,
some with swallow-tail-like terminations, in a
green-brown, irresolvable matrix
3. fine- to very fine grained plagioclase needles in a
pyroxene or amphibole matrix
4. fine-grained, carbonate-bearing rocks, some of
which contain oval, amygdule-like structures, and
some of which are shard-like
PETROCHEMISTRY
Prior to 1970, only a do2.en or so analyses of rocks from
the Onaping Formation had been published (Burrows
and Rickaby 1930; Sadler 1958). Since then. Steven
son (1972) gave data for a few analyses of the Gray and
Black Members, Peredery (1972b) presented a plot of
about 48 analyses of fluidal glass fragments and Melt
Bodies, and Muir (1983) presented data and plots for
several analyses of spherulitic dikes, fluidal-textured
fragments, breccias, and what are presently called
Melt Bodies.
Data presented in this chapter have not been pub
lished before. The analyses and diagrams are pre
sented in Tables 7.7 to 7.14 and Figures 7.14 to 7.17.
The Basal Member matrix specimens included a
variety of textures, but small fragments of country rock
were excluded as much as possible. Melt Body speci
mens were chosen to be virtually inclusion free.
Duplicate analyses for major oxides indicate the Melt
Bodies are fairly homogeneous on a hand specimen
scale (Peredery 1972a). The analyses of Gray and
Black Member specimens are from whole rocks of rel
atively fine-grained breccias chosen to exclude as

many notable fragments of country rocks as possible
on the scale of a hand specimen. Analyses for rocks
outside of the Sudbury Structure have been presented
because fragments of these rocks occur in the Onaping
Formation. These are plotted on the particular trian
gular plots for the purpose of comparison. Data are de
rived from: Card (1965, 1968); Collins (1936);
Fairbairn and Robson (1942); Ginn (1961); Grant Éä=
~äK=(1962); Meyn (1973); Muir (1983); and Speers
(1957).
Microprobe analyses of feldspars in the Basal
Member and Melt Bodies were done for individual
crystals in the matrices, feldspathic clots or inclu
sions, and igneous-textured patches and stringers. Mi
croprobe analyses of pyroxenes in the Basal Member
and the Melt Bodies were done for individual grains
and clusters of grains in the matrices. No evidence of
zoning in pyroxenes was obtained either from the mi
croprobe results (Peredery 1972a) or from petro
graphic observations. Microprobe analyses of fluidal-
textured glasses exclude any obvious rock and mineral
inclusions and were taken from fragments that had no
obvious alteration other than recrystallization.
The cation diagram presented in Figure 7.14 is
used for comparison of one group to another and does
not infer a preferred origin by the authors. Figure 7.14
shows that:
1. The patterns of data for individual groups range
from elongate (for example. Basal Member) to
subcircular (for example, Black Member).
2. There is an overall progression from a felsic to mafic
composition up-section in the Onaping Formation
(Figure 7.14a, b 4- c, d, e) for the 4 major subdivi
sions of the Onaping Formation, although there is
some overlap between adjacent subdivisions.
3. Nearly all specimens of the Onaping Formation,
except those of the Black Member, have chemical
compositions comparable to calc-alkalic rocks.
Analyses of the Basal Member matrix show a moder
ate spread of points in Figure 7.14a and are evenly split
between fields comparable to calc-alkalic dacite and
calc-alkalic andesite. The analyses of some quartz ar
enite fragments from the Basal Member (South Range)
show a greater spread.
Most analyses from Melt Bodies lie within the
field that is comparable to calc-alkalic andesite (Fig
ures 7. 14b, and 7.14c) and fewer analyses fall into the
calc-alkalic basalt field. Two analyses of Melt Body
samples are distinct from the main group of samples
(Figure 7.14b) and are considered to be altered (Per
edery 1972a). Most analyses of whole rock specimens
of Gray Member breccias lie within a fairly well de
fined group in the calc-alkalic basalt field (Figure
7.14d) although some overlap into the tholeiitic basalt
field. The analyses of whole rock specimens of Black
qKi K=j r fo =^ k a =t Ks K=mb o b a b o v
Member breccias are tightly grouped and lie almost
entirely within the tholeiitic basalt field (Figure 7.14e).
Microprobe analyses of fluidal glasses (Figure
7.14f) show a wide distribution related to relatively
constant iron plus titanium to magnesium ratios for
various proportions of aluminum (Figure 7.140 or al
kalies (not shown). About 40 TÅ=of these fluidal frag
ments have a normative nepheline component
(Peredery 1972b). No Melt Body analysis does.
The majority of the fluidal-textured bodies and
fragments, and spherulitic dikes fall within the field
comparable to calc-alkalic basalt (Figure 7.14g) as do
the Gray Member specimens.
The samples of granophyres from the upper part
of the Sudbury Igneous Complex overlap the tholeiitic
and calc-alkalic fields (Figure 7.14h). Most of the
samples that lie on the calc-alkalic side are composi-
tionally similar to andesite.
Analyses of rocks outside of the Sudbury Struc
ture are spread throughout a broad area in the tholeiitic
and calc-alkalic fields. A few are comparable to ko-
matiitic rocks (Figure 7.14i).
Figure 7.15a shows that microprobe analyses of
feldspar crystals, in both the Basal Member and the
Melt Body matrices plot in the albite-orthoclase field
with some compositions almost pure albite and ortho
clase. Most of the Melt Body feldspars analyzed are
albite (Figure 7.15a). Feldspars in the igneous-tex
tured stringers are comparable to feldspars in the Basal
Member matrix.
Figures 7.15c and 7.15d indicate that many of the
clinopyroxene crystals from the matrices of the Basal
Member and Melt Bodies, and from the igneous-tex
tured patches and stringers are essentially similar in
composition. Some of the clinopyroxene crystals from
the plagioclase-rich granophyre are also similar but
others have a higher proportion of iron EÅçã é~êÉ=ï áíÜ=
Peredery and Naldrett 1975). The clinopyroxenes in
Figure 7.15c and 7.15d are more magnesian and lower
in iron than those in the normal granophyre EÅçã é~êÉ=
ï áíÜ=Naldrett Éä=~äK=1970). The field defined by clino
pyroxene crystals of the Melt Bodies is broader than
that of the Basal Member and overlaps with part of the
clinopyroxene field of the mafic and felsic norites
EÅçã é~êÉ=ï áíÜ=Peredery and Naldrett 1975; Hewins
1971) and the Contact Sublayer EÅçã é~êÉ=ï áíÜ=Hew
ins 1971). The petrographic characteristics of the py
roxenes in the Basal Member matrix and the igneous-
textured stringers resemble those in the matrix of the
Melt Bodies.
Melt Body compositions (whole rock) and flui
dal-textured glass compositions (microprobe) are
plotted in Figure 7.16 in terms of FeO/MgO versus
(Na2O*K2O)7MgO, and CaO/MgO versus
171
` e ^ mqb o =T

TABLE 7.7: ` e b j f` ^ i =^ k ^ i v p b p =l c =_ ^ p ^ i =j b j _ b o =j ^ qo fu =p mb ` fj b k p I=l k ^ mfk d =c l o j ^ qfl k K

p ^ j mi b =
o bcbo bk ` b=
k r j _bo N O P Q R S T U V NM

j ~àçê=l ñáÇÉë=~åÇ=s çä~íáäÉëP

p ál O SVKPM STKNM SRKQM SSKQM SUKMM SSKPM SVKPM SRKTM SUKTM TOKOM
qál O MKSO MKST MKSQ MKSV MKRN MKSO MKSM MKRS MKTM MKTO
^ fOMP NOKSM NPKRM NSKNM NRKRM NQKQM NRKTM NPKRM NRKVM NPKOM NNKUM
c ÉOMP RKTM SKOS QKOT QKMT PKVP PKRV QKUR PKVU PKQR QKOS
c Él Ä
j ål MKMU MKNM MKMP MKMR MKMQ MKMQ MKNM MKMQ MKMR MKMS
j Öl OKRT OKUS NKUU OKMQ NKTV NKSS OKQR N=KVP OKQP OKMP
` ~l NKNT NKQM PKPS OKSV NKSQ OKOT NKQM PKRR NKVQ NKMV
k ~Ol OKTR PKNQ RKMR RKON PKSU QKRP OKVP QKSM QKMV PKTU
h Ol PKMR OKVT NKMU NKQU PKRT OKUV OKUM NKST PKQM NKQM
m^ MKMO MKMQ MKMP MKMO MKMP MKMQ MMO MKMQ MKMO MKM
`l O MKPT MKQS MKMR MKNM MKQM MKNN MKNM MKOM MKMT MKRM
p MKNN MKMT MKMN MKMS MKMP MKMS MKNM MKMO MKMN MKMN
qçí~ä VUKPQ VUKRT VTKVM VUKPN VUKMO VTKUN VUKNR VUKNV VUKMS VTKUR
i l fJ NKVM NKVM NKMM NKPM NKPM NKNM NKSM NKOM MKVM NKUM
p éKd êK~ OKST OKSS OKTP OKTN OKSR OKSU OKTM OKSV OKSU OKSU
qê~ÅÉ=b äÉã Éåíë?
^ì J=O J= O J= O J=O J= O J=O JO O J= O J= O
_~ VSM NMQM QOM VUM NQOM ONOM NMMM TSM NRSM PPM
_É O O N N N N O N O O
`ç NQ NS NN NN U NM NQ NO NM NP
`ê UP VU QR RV SP PV TN SM TU UP
`ì QQ PU R OM OQ OQ RM OO J= R JR
iá NR NS V U NN NM NT U S U
j ç J= NM JNM JNM J=NM J= NM J= NM J= NM J! NM J=NM J= NM
kÄ T U J=N J=N NP J= N N J= N T J= N
ká PU PS ON OS PO OQ QP OP QS RR
mÄ NR NN J= NM J= NM J= NM J= NM UR J=NM J=NM NM
mÇ N J= N J=N K= N P D =N N J=N O J= N
mí O O J=N J= N Q J= N Q J= N P J= N
oÄ UM UM RM SM NMM NOM UM SM NMM RM
pÉ T U Q N V N R Q V R
pê NUM ONM QPM OVM NSM QPM OUR QSR NVR VR
s UM UR SM RR TM RM TM SM UM TR
v NM NN Q O NO O U Q NN R
wå NNU UO OQ PS OP OV RM PN NV TO
wê NSM NSM UR RM NQM NMR NRM NMM NSM NOR

(Na2O H=K2OyMgO. The plots show a clustering of the
points of both the Melt Bodies and fluidal-textured
glasses. The clustering shows a distinct elongation in
terms of the total alkalis to magnesia ratio. Within the
individual samples, this elongation is even more pro
nounced as shown by points joined by dashed lines.
Figure 7.17 illustrates some variations in the Gray
and Black Members in terms of whole rock composi
tions for specific elements and properties as a function
of distance up-section from the Gray Member/Basal
Member contact. Some of the consecutive samples
show a reasonably linear relationship. The largest
changes are directly associated with specific mappable
units separated by sharp contacts. The A12O, has a bi
modal distribution. The TiO2 increases from the low
est to highest values over 5 consecutive samples and
decreases over 5 other consecutive samples. The Na2O
and K2O have a well-defined antipathetic relationship
throughout the sampled section and show marked con
sistent trends in the lower part of the section. The Co
shows a somewhat erratic distribution but also reveals
an increase over 6 consecutive samples and a decrease
over 5 consecutive samples.
The normative plagioclase index (Irvine and Bar-
agar 1971) shows, with one exception, a general in
crease in the Gray Member over 7 consecutive
samples. The differentiation index (Thornton and Tut
tle 1960; a measure of a rocks "acidity", useful in es
tablishing differentiation trends) shows a general, but
non-linear, decrease from samples 3 to 9 and from 11
to 16 (except for sample 15; ëÉÉ=figure caption). Spe
cific gravity shows sharp changes corresponding to
known contacts, and correlative changes across sus
pected contacts.

172
 qKi K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v

q^ _ i b =TKTW
=` l k qfk r b a

p ^ j mi b
o bcbo bk ` b
k r j _bo NN NO NP NQ NR NS NT ñD l D

j ~àçê=l ñáÇÉë=~åÇ=s çä~íáäÉëG

p ál O TUKTM TUKNM TOKTM TNKVQ VOKMM USKUM UTKPM TQKNV UKPR
qál O MKQV MKRS MKTM MKQQ MKPR MKPN MKPV MKRV MKNQ
^ fOl P NMKSM UKQT NOKMM NOKNU QKPM TKOP RKUS PKTT NKVT
c ÉOMP OKOR QKQQ PKRQ MKVQ MKUO MKSN NKSM PKVS{ NKUQ
c Él ? OKVU
j ål MKMP MKMV MKMR MKMV MKMO MKMO MKMP MKMS MKMQ
j Öl NKON PKNS OKNP NKMV MKSN MKOV NKOR OKMO MKVT
` ~l MKPN MKQN NKMV MKUO MKOS MKVS MKNO NKRV NKNQ
k ~OM PKPP NKTP QKVM OKMO MKPU NKVO MKPN PKOS NKRN
h\l OKNQ NKMT NKNV QKTS MKPO MKQS MKVU OKMU NKOR
m^ MKM MKMO MKMO MKM MKM MKM MKM MKMP MKMN
`l O MKMU MKNN MKOP MKMO MKNQ MKNM MKNO
p MKMO MKMO MKMN åKÇK MKMN MKMO MKMQ MKMQ MKMP
qçí~ä VVKNS VUKNU VUKRS VTKOU VVKON VUKTO VUKMM
i l f` MKTM NKVM NKOM NKPQ MKUM MKRM NKPM
p éKd ê OKSS OKSU OKSV åKÇK OKSP OKST OKSS
qê~ÅÉ=b äÉã ÉåíëS
^ì JO JO JO åKÇK JO JO R
_~ RSM OOM OMM åKÇK TM PPM NTM TRS RSR
_É N N O åKÇK JN N N
`ç U NQ NM åKÇK JR S JR NNKT PKQ
dê SN VP ST QN NP SM R SQKQ OUKP
`ì S NO JR åKÇK U NQ U ONKS NQKP
iá T NO NP åKÇK JP S JP NMKR PKS
j ç JNM J=NM JNM åKÇK NM JNM JNM
kÄ J=N JN JN åKÇK JN JN JN TKT QKM
ká NV SS PR åKÇK OR PP JR PRKU NPKQ
mÄ Y=NM JNM JNM åKÇK NM NO RR
mÇ JN N JN åKÇK J=N JN PM
mí JN P J=N åKÇK P JN UR
oÄ UM QM SM åKÇK JNM NM OM SQ PM
pÉ N P P åKÇK N JN N QKT PKN
pê TM SM VR åKÇK PM SR QM NVS NQP
s QM SM SM åKÇK NS NP OR RV OR
v JO S S åKÇK Q O O SKR QKO
wå OO RS OU åKÇK NT OP PQ QRKV POKR
wê NMR NPM NRR åKÇK UM VM NNM NON PQ

p ~ã éäÉëW
^ N=íç=VW=ã ~íêáñX=k çêíÜ=o ~åÖÉ
j =l =íç=NPW=ã ~íêáñX=p çì íÜ=o ~åÖÉ
_ NQW =ã ~íêáñ
^ NR=íç=NTW =Ñê~Öã Éåíë=áå=_ ~ë~ä=j Éã ÄÉê
k çíÉëW
~=ì åÅçêêÉÅíÉÇ=ï ÉáÖÜí=éÉêÅÉåí
Ä=íçí~ä=cÉ=~ë=cÉOl P=ï ÜÉêÉ=Ää~åâ
Å=äçëë=çå=áÖåáíáçå
~=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ=Öê~î áíó
É=^ ì I=mÇI=mí=~ë=ééÄX=~ää=çíÜÉêë=~ë=ééã
N= a ~í~=åçêã ~äáòÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=î çä~íáäÉ=ÑêÉÉX= G= ë=ã É~åI= ~=Z=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÇÉî á~íáçå
V=qçí~ä=cÉ=~ë=cÉOl P=Ñçê=~ää=ë~ã éäÉë
^=j ì áê=EÅì êêÉåí=êÉëÉ~êÅÜFW=ÅÜÉã áÅ~ä=~å~äóëÉë=Äó=d ÉçëÅáÉåÅÉ=i ~Äçê~íçêáÉëI=l åí~êáç=d ÉçäçÖáÅ~ä=p ì êî Éó
_=mÉêÉÇÉêó=ENVTO~FI=q~ÄäÉ=U
åKÇK=åçí=ÇÉíÉêã áåÉÇ

173
` e ^ mqb o =T

TABLE 7.8: ` e b j f` ^ i =^ k ^ i v p b p =l c =j b i q=_ l a v =p mb ` fj b k p =Ep b q=^ FI=l k ^ mfk d =c l o j ^ qfl k K

p ^ j mi b
o bcbo bk ` b
k r j _bo = N= O P Q R S T U V NM NN NO NP

j ~àçê=l ñáÇÉë=~åÇ=s çä~íáäÉëU

p ál O= SQKPN= SRKMU SUKTO SVKRM SOKRN SNKVV SUKPU STKPP STKSN SMKVN SNKOT SUKMM SUKUO
qál O= MKRU= MKRS MKQU MKQT MKSO MKSN MKQT MKQV MKQV MKSR MKSV MKQV MKQU
^ fOl P= NQKMV= NPKUN NOKQM NNKVU NQKTS NQKRN NOKQU NOKVR NOKTQ NQKQO NQKVQ NOKVQ NOKTU
c ÉOl PÄ= NKUT= NKRP NKOM NKRT OKPV OKPQ NKQT OKNM NKUQ OKUO OKMT åKÇK NKPM
c Él Ä= QKNQ= QKNT PKQN PKMN OKVR QKPV PKSP PKRV PKSR QKNO RKNR QKRO PKQN
j ål = MKNT= MKNR MKNR MKNT MKNV MKNS MKNO MKNR MKNP MKNR MKNT MKNO MKNO
j Öl = PKTN= PKTP PKQT PKUU PKUT PKTT OKRN OKTQ OKVU PKUT QKPN OKRT OKPN
` ~l = QKOU= OKSS OKNO OKNV PKRQ OKTQ OKPP NKTO NKTN QKQU OKVR OKNR OKMU
k ~Ol = PKQM= PKTM PKNV OKRR RKPP QKQN PKMP OKUN OKRS PKPN PKNO OKTR PKQR
h Ol = OKOS= OKSM OKRO PKMU MKRN OKMV PKOT PKOP PKRN OKPP NKQO OKQM OKRR
qçí~ä= VUKUP= VUKMN VTKST VUKQO VSKSV VTKMP VTKTM VTKNP VTKOQ VTKMU VSKNN VRKVS VTKPO
i l f` = N=KQM= N=KSM NKQM NKQM NKNM NKSM OKOM OKOM OKMM OKQM OKVM OKPM OKMM
` ç ~= KMMO= KMMO KMMN KMMN KMMN KMMP KMMV KMMV KMMT KMMT KMMU MKMO MKMMS
` êOl P~= MKMO= MKMO MKMO MKMN MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMN MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMO
k á?= KMMQ= KMMQ KMMN KMMQ KMMN KMMS KMMR KMMR KMMR KMMR KMMR KMMR MKMMR

p ^ j mi b =
o bcbo bk ` b
k r j _bo = NQ= NR NS NT NU NV OM ON OO OP OQ K=~ ç~

j ~àçê=l ñáÇÉë=~åÇ=s çä~íáäÉëP

p ál O= SVKNS= SVKQS STKOM STKNR SPKMP TMKNN SVKSM SUKQV SQKSM SUKPQ STKSV SUKRR OKVM
qál O= MKQV= MKQV MKQU MKRM MKSO MKRM MKRM MKQV MKRV MKRS MKRQ MKRR MKMT
^ fOl P= NOKUN= NOKUN NOKQS NOKMO NPKSM NPKOT NPKPO NPKMM NPKSV NOKVO NOKUM NPKSN MKVM
c ÉOl P= NKPV= NKQP åKÇK åKÇK OKQM MKUM NKNM NKPV NKMQ NKMV NKPQ NKSV MKRS
c Él Ä= PKNN= OKTU OKTQ OKVN PKRM OKVN OKTQ OKVR QKQQ PKVN QKMV PKTM MKTN
j ål = MKNN= MKMV MKNM MKNO MKOP MKMU MKMU MKMU MKNO MKNN MKNO MKNQ MKMQ
j Öl = OKNU= OKNO PKQM PKVN PKVQ NKSP NKSS OKQN OKUQ OKQP OKRP PKNO MKUO
` ~l = NKSS= MKTP PKQO PKUU QKMO OKMN OKPS NKQT NKRN MKRU MKRQ OKQR NKNQ
k ~Ol = PKPN= OKSP UKRM TKOM PKVV OKVM PKRQ PKSR PKON PKPM QKMS PKUR NKQQ
h Ol = OKVN= QKQT MKPT MKOU NKMN PKMU PKMS PKTM QKNU OKTP NKVR OKRR NKNR
qçí~ä= VTKNQ= VTKMP VUKSV VTKVV VSKPS VTKPN VTKVU VTKSR VSKOQ VRKVV VRKSU
i l f` = OKMM= OKMM NKPM NKNM OKMM NKPM NKPM NKTM OKVM OKMM OKQM
` ç?= MKMNQ= MKMMS MKMNP MKMMS MKMNP MKMMS MKMMR MKMNM MKMMT MKMMU MKMMT
` êOl P~= MKMO= MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMO MKMO
k á~= MKMMR= MKMMR MKMMR MKMMR MKMMR MKMMR MKMMR MKMMR MKMMR MKMMR MKMMR

p ~ã éäÉëW
=N= íç=OQW
=mÉêÉÇÉêó=ENVTO~FI=q~ÄäÉ=ON
k çíÉëW
~=ì åÅçêêÉÅíÉÇ=ï ÉáÖÜí=éÉêÅÉåí
Ä=cÉl =ÇÉíÉêã áåÉÇ=Äó=ï Éí=ÅÜÉã áÅ~ä=~å~äóëáëX=cÉOMP=Å~äÅì ä~íÉÇ
Å=äçëë=çå=áÖåáíáçå
~=a ~í~=åçêã ~äáòÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ=î çä~íáäÉ=ÑêÉÉX= ñ=Z=ã É~åI= ~=Z=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=ÇÉî á~íáçå
åKÇK=åçí=ÇÉíÉêã áåÉÇ

174

SUMMARY
The Onaping Formation comprises complex, strati-
fied breccia units and igneous-textured bodies that in
some ways are unique, and in some ways are similar to
other rock units found on Earth. The authors have en-
deavoured to describe the significant characteristics of
qKi K=j r fo =^ k a =t K=s K=mb o b a b o v
the formation as these are currently known, but further
work will inevitably lead to recognition of additional
features. The Onaping Formation is critical to an un-
derstanding of the Sudbury Structure and it is hoped
that this chapter has contributed to that end.
` e ^ mqb o =T

TABLE 7.9: ` e b j f` ^ i =^ k ^ i v p b p =l c =j b i q=_ l a v =p mb ` fj b k p =Ep b q=_ FI=l k ^ mfk d =c l o j ^ qfl k K

p ^ j mi b =
o bcbo bk ` b=
k r j _bo N O P Q R S T U V NM NN

j ~àçê=l ñáÇÉë=~åÇ=s çä~íáäÉëM

p áMO TMKOM SVKMM SUKTM SSKPM SNKUM SUKOM STKOM SUKTM SSKVM SQKUM SUKNM
qáMO MKST MKSR MKTT MKTU MKUN MKQT MKQT MKTT MKTQ MKUM MKSQ
^ fOMP NOKRM NOKPM NOKMM NOKUM NQKTM NQKRM NQKVM NOKTM NOKNM NOKTM NOKOM
c É^ QKUV SKNV SKRU SKVN UKMT MKUM NKNM PKVQ UKPS RKRU RKSO
c Él ? PKMM OKTR
j ål MKMS MKNN MKNO MKNQ MKNO MKMS MKMT MKMV MKNP MKMV MKMT
j Öl OKTP OKST PKPP PKRN PKTR OKRR OKSR PKTM PKSN QKPS PKMP
` ~l NKPP NKPO MKVT NKSN QKNO OKSO OKOO OKON OKPO OKVO OKQQ
k ~Ol PKRT OKQM OKNT PKOO PKOM PKSU PKTO RKPO OKRU QKVM PKVN
h Ol OKUM OKSM OKOO OKTR OKNO NKSS NKRM MKUQ MKOS MKPS NKTT
m^ MKM MKMN MKMN MKMQ MKMR MKMS MKMT MKMO MKMN MKMP MKMO
` MO MKMT MKNM MKNN MKNU MKOP MKNR MKNR MKNO MKQN MKOT MKMV
p MKMO MKMO MKMQ MKNM MKNV MKMN MKMN MKMN MKMQ MKMN MKMO
e Kl =H åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK NKPT NKNP åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK
e Ol J åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK MKQQ MKRM åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK åKÇK
qçí~ä VUKUQ VTKPT VTKMO VUKPQ VVKNS VVKRT VUKQQ VUKQO VTKQS VSKUO VTKVN
i l fD NKOM NKTM OKPM NKVM NKOM NKTM NKVM NKOM OKRM OKQM NKOM
p éKd êK? OKSV OKSV OKTM OKTO OKTS OKSV OKTM OKTM OKTP OKTN OKTS

qê~ÅÉ=b äÉã ÉåíëK

^ì JO JO JO P JO JO JO J=O JO JO JO
_~ RVM SQM TOM USM NOUM ORM PUM OPM VM NOM RUM
_É N O O O O åKÇK åKÇK O O O O
`ç NT NR NR NV OR NP NS NR OR NR NV
`ê NMV VS UU NMS NRQ NMM VM NOP NMN NOO NMT
`ì S OV PO PU QP JR S T OS JR OQ
iá NQ NV OM OO NS NQ ON NM OM OQ V
j ç JNM JNM JNM JNM JNM åKÇK åKÇK JNM JNM JNM JNM
kÄ N S NM V NN åKÇK åKÇK S J=N S R
ká QN PU PT SV TN OT PS QV VO RQ QT
mÄ NU QMM NN PMUM QMM JNM JNM RV JNM JNM JNM
mÇ JN N JN P O åKÇK åKÇK JN P JN N
mí JN JN O R P åKÇK åKÇK N Q JN P
oÄ NMM TM TM PM UM VM SM OM D
=NM NM QM
pÉ S U V U NN åKÇK åKÇK V Q V U
pê VR NVR NOR OMR POM NUM OSM NOM QR TR NRR
s VM UR VM NMR NPR åKÇK åKÇK NMR NMM NNR VR
v U NP NO NP NP OM OM NM V NN NP
wå OT SO SM QU QO OU QT OQ PV OS PO
wê NRM NRR NRR NUM NUM NQM NPM NSM NPR NSR NQR

176
 qK=i K=j r fo =^ k a==t K=s K=mb o b a b o v

q^ _ i b =TKVW
=` l k qfk r b a

p ^ j mi b
o bcbo bk ` b
k r j _bo NO NP NQ NR NS NT NU NV OM ñD l N

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NOKS=j ~åÅÜÉëíÉê=l ÑÑëÉí=a áâÉ=K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= OUP
NOKT=c êççÇJpíçÄáÉI=h áêâï ççÇI=~åÇ=j Å` çååÉää=l ÑÑëÉí=a áâÉë=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= OUQ
NOKU=s Éêã áäáçå=^ êÉ~K=a Éí~áäÉÇ=d ÉçäçÖó=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= OUS
NOKV=` çééÉê=` äáÑÑ=l ÑÑëÉí=a áâÉK=a Éí~áäÉÇ=q ê~î ÉêëÉ=l ñáÇÉ=s ~êá~íáçåë=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= OVM
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NOKNN=` çééÉê=` äáÑÑ=l ÑÑëÉí=a áâÉ=K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K=K= OVO
NOKNO=t çêíÜáåÖíçå=l ÑÑëÉí=a áâÉK=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= OVP
NOKNP=q Éêå~êó=a á~Öê~ã ëJpì ÇÄì êó=o çÅâë=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= OVR
NOK=NQ=^ NOl P=î ë=c Él LÑc Él =H=j Öl F=mäçí=K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= OVS
NOKNR=j çä~ê=o ~íáç=mäçíJ^ äOl óh Ol =î ë=pál KLh Kl =K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= OVT
NOK=NS=j çä~ê=o ~íáç=mäçíJj Öl Lh Kl =î ë=c Él Lh Kl K=K=K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K=K= K= OVT
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NOKP=^ ã éÜáÄçäÉ=ÄáçíáíÉ=èì ~êíò=ÇáçêáíÉK=` çééÉê=` äáÑÑ=pçì íÜ=j áåÉ=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= OUU
N=O=KQ=^ =Åäì ëíÉê=çÑ=ã ~ÑáÅ=áåÅäì ëáçåë=áå=èì ~êíò=ÇáçêáíÉ=ï ÜáÅÜ=áë=áíëÉäÑ=~å=áåÅäì ëáçå=ï áíÜáå
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NOKR=^ =ÑÉäÇëé~íÜáÅ=áåÅäì ëáçå=Éã Ä~óÉÇ=Äó=ÑáåÖÉêë=çÑ=èì ~êíò=ÇáçêáíÉ=K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= K= OUV

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