Computational Materials Science 159 (2019) 349–356

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Computational Materials Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/commatsci

Modelling of hysteresis loop and magnetic behaviour of Fe-48Ni alloys using T

artificial neural network coupled with genetic algorithm
⁎
Parastoo Vahdati Yektaa, Farzad Jaafari Honarb, Mohammad Naghiyan Fesharakia,
a
Department of Materials Engineering, Malek-Ashtar University of Technology (MUT), Iran
b
Department of Electrical Engineering and Physics, Bu-Ali Sian University, Hamedan, Iran

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this work, the application of a hybrid artificial neural network and genetic algorithm is proposed for pre-
Fe-48Ni permalloy diction of hysteresis loop and magnetic properties of Fe-48Ni permalloy as an important and widely used soft
Hysteresis loop magnetic material. In this case, thickness of samples, annealing temperature, holding time and field strength are
Magnetic properties considered as the network inputs and the magnetization as the output. The experiments were performed at
Artificial neural network
thicknesses of 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mm which are related to 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% rolled samples, annealing
Genetic algorithm
temperatures of 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 and 1100 °C, different holding times of 5, 10, 20 and 60 min and field
strength between −10,000 and +10,000 Oe. Using an artificial neural network coupled with genetic algorithm,
Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) values found as 2.69 and 3.47 ( emu ) for the
gr
training part and 3.95 and 4.77 ( emu ) for the test. Finally, the major conclusions of this research show that ANNs
gr
as powerful computational techniques in modeling of nonlinear systems, can be reliably used in the prediction of
hysteresis and magnetic properties from the input variables in Fe-48Ni permalloys.

1. Introduction
Permalloy is an attractive alloy with magnetically soft properties,
consisting of iron and nickel and can be additionally doped with several
other components such as Cu, Mo, Cr and Mn. The expanding appli-
cations of permalloys in a wide range of science and engineering is due
to their excellent magnetic properties such as [2] high saturation
magnetization, low remanence and low coercivity [1–3]. Over the past
decades, variety of experimental and computational researches have
been done on permalloys to enhance their properties and characteristics
[4]. The concentration of this research is on the magnetic properties of
Fe-48Ni. We will employ both experimental and theoretical approaches
to determine saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence (Mr) and
coercivity (Hc) of Fe-48Ni alloys as three important magnetic proper-
ties. The mathematical relationship between magnetization (M) and
field strength (H) doesn’t demonstrate a linear equation in magnetic
materials. In detailed, if a magnetic alloy is demagnetized and the
magnetization is plotted in term of applied field strength, it doesn’t
exactly track the previous magnetization curve. This curve initially
increases and after that reaches a point that is known as saturation
magnetization (Ms). Next, if the applied field strength is reduced,
magnetization experiences a different curve. The magnetization value
in the zero magnetic field is called the remanence (Mr). Finally, if the H-
M relationship is plotted, the magnetic hysteresis loop will be gener-
ated. In a hysteresis loop, the coercivity (Hc) is the offset from the
origin along the H axis [5,6]. The hysteresis loop can be obtained from
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) test. As a nonlinear system with
a high level of complexity, the magnetic nature of permalloys is difficult
to explain in terms of mathematical models. Obviously, prediction of
soft magnetic material properties based on models of the physical and
chemical processes requires deep knowledge in material science and
also various experimental tests that are too expensive and time-con-
suming. Thus, it is necessary to develop indirect methods for mon-
itoring material magnetic properties without needing to perform ex-
pensive experimental tests. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are
intelligent bio-inspired computing networks which have been applied
in order to recognize the highly complicated relations between different
variables in nonlinear and complex phenomena. Over the decades,
considerable attentions have been concentrated on the ANNs applica-
tion in an extended variety of areas [7–14]. Especially in material sci-
ence and engineering, ANNs have been employed in a variety of ap-
plication, including: Modeling of thermal deformation behavior in a Ni-
based powder metallurgy superalloy [15], Designing dual-phase steels
with improved performance [16], Predicting the martensite fraction of

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Naghiyan.mohammad@gmail.com (M.N. Fesharaki).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.12.025
Received 7 November 2018; Received in revised form 10 December 2018; Accepted 13 December 2018
Available online 27 December 2018
0927-0256/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
P.V. Yekta et al.
Fig. 1. Block diagram of a multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network.
microalloyed steel [17], Computer-aided modeling for predicting layer
thickness of a duplex treated ceramic coating on tool steels [18], Im-
proving the level of Rietveld refinement [19], Predicting the ultimate
grain size of aluminum sheets undergone constrained groove pressing
[20], Establishing structure-property linkages [21], Predicting the
toughness of high strength low alloy steels [22], Accelerating high-
throughput searches for new alloys [23], Finite element simulation of
carbide precipitation in austenitic stainless steel 304 [24], etc.
Based on the robust potential that ANNs have to model the complex
and nonlinear processes, the novelty of this work is the combination of
ANN and GA in the prediction of Fe-48Ni hysteresis loop and magnetic
properties. Using ANN and GA, we have no need to implement ex-
pensive and time-consuming experiments such as VSM test to obtain
hysteresis loop of Fe-48Ni permalloys. According to our knowledge, no
such approach has been developed up to now.
The rest of paper is organized as follows: In the next section (Section
2) we will introduce the materials, production method, equipment and
the conducted experiments. Next, we provide some basic information
about ANNs as intelligent machines in modeling nonlinear and complex
processes and the GA as powerful evolutionary algorithm. The network
topology will also be described in detail. In Section 3 we employ ANN in
prediction of hysteresis loop and compare results with experimental
data in two statistical criteria: Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root
Mean Square Error (RMSE). Finally, we conclude in Section 4 with a
summary of our approach.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental procedure
Ingot of 48% permalloy were melted in a vacuum induction furnace.
After hot forging with 50% reduction to bars of 9 × 8 mm2 in cross
section, the Fe–48%Ni permalloy was cold rolled to the final thick-
nesses of respectively 1.6, 1.2, 0.8 and 0.4 mm which were related to
20%, 40%. 60% and 80% rolled samples. Moreover, in order to in-
vestigate the magnetic properties of rolled sheets, samples annealed
during 20 min at 600–1100 °C and also 80% rolled samples annealed in
900 °C for 5, 10, 20 and 60 min. The annealing has been performed
under Argon atmosphere. Finally, to obtain the hysteresis loops, mag-
netic tests performed using VSM machine. Performing VSM test, the
hysteresis loop of 25 different samples including 3650 independent data
obtained to be employed in neural network.
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Computational Materials Science 159 (2019) 349–356
2.2. Theoretical procedure
In this paper, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on Genetic
Algorithm (GA) will be employed as theoretical approach in prediction
of hysteresis loop. An ANN is a mathematical function that try to si-
mulate the behavior of biological neural networks. ANNs consist of
simple processors (nodes) connected and interacting with each other.
Such separately simple processors together are capable of performing
complex tasks. In data science point of view, ANNs are non-linear sta-
tistical data structures organized as modeling tools. They can be em-
ployed to simulate complex and highly non-linear relationships be-
tween inputs and outputs that other analytical methods can't easily
represent. In general, ANNs may consist of one or multiple layers.
Exemplifying with three layers, we could have an input layer that send
data through the synapses to the hidden layer of neurons, and then
through more synapses to the last layer. However, the more capable
networks will have more than three layers. An ANN can be understood
both by software programs and by various hardwares such as Digital
Signal Processor (DSP). This field as an important branch of artificial
intelligence can also be utilized with other intelligent methods such as
the fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms. Over the decades, various
types of ANNs have been developed to solve a variety types of pro-
blems. They include: Feed-forward multi-layer perceptron [25], Con-
volutional [26], Radial Basis Function (RBF) [27], etc. The choice of the
type of neural network fully depends on the area of the usage and
nature of the problem to be solved. The general operation mechanism of
feed forward perceptron networks can be explained with the block
diagram shown in Fig. 1. As illustrated in Fig. 1, a feed forward per-
ceptron network is a control system consisting of an adder block, a
processor block and another adder block. The processor block is a
mathematical function known as the activation function. Initially, the
network receives the first input as a vector consisting of number of
arrays. Each array will be multiplied by a constant number which is
called a weight. The weighted arrays next will be summed and then
went into the activation function to calculate the function output. This
value, which is called the network output, will be sent to the next adder
block, where it will be reduced by the real output. The difference be-
tween these values will be the first stage error. At the end of first stage,
network optimizes the weights in order to minimize the first stage error,
and repeats the above process on the next input using the adjusted
weights. At the end of next stage, network readjusts the weights so that
the first and second stage errors are minimized. This process is repeated
for each stage until all training inputs are trained. During the last stage,
P.V. Yekta et al.
weights should be adjusted in a manner that the errors of all stages are
minimized. After the final weight adjustment, the network is ready to
receive new inputs and compute the output based on the adjusted
weights. This process is an optimization problem which can be solved
by several methods such as least squares method which is described as
follows:
Let A be the number pairs with independent variables xi and de-
pendent variables yi representing n experimental data. Also, let F(xi, β ) ,
be the model function, where β is a matrix of adjustable weights.
Considering definitions above, the function S is defined as Eq. (1).
n assigned for cross over, mutation and natural selection, respectively.
S(xi, β ) = ∑ (yi − F(xi, β ))2
i=1 (1)
The goal is to set the β matrix in order to minimize the function S.
There are several solutions to the least square problem like genetic
algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, Monte-Carlo algorithm, etc.
In order to solve the least squares optimization problem using the GA, it
is first necessary to provide some initial values for the β matrix. After
generating enough β matrices, they should be sorted according to the
best fit. Thus, a new matrix will be created whose first line identifies the
best solution. The resulting matrix is known as sorted first generation.
In order to achieve the optimal β matrix, it is necessary to apply se-
lection, cross over and mutation operators as three main genetic op-
erators to the sorted first generation. Selection means retaining mem-
bers who better satisfy the conditions. In practical word, selection
operators allow the better solutions to be passed on to the next gen-
eration. The best solutions are determined according to problem fitness
function. For mathematical modeling of selection, various methods
have been proposed such as tournament selection and fitness propor-
tionate selection. The cross over is an operator employed to combine
the solutions (chromosome information) of two parents to produce new
offspring. It is similar to the crossover that occurs during sexual re-
production in biology. To model cross over process in GA, we can use
Eq. (2):
X = aY + (1 − a) Z (2)
where X is offspring which is produced by combination of Y and Z
parents.
Mutation is an operator employed to keep up genetic variety from
one generation to the next that is similar to biological mutation. In
mutation operation, the gene values in typical chromosomes are altered
from their first values. Finally, with the application of triple operators
of the GA, the second generation is created. Next generations are cre-
ated by repeating the above process. Ultimately, the most elite member
of the last generation is the optimal solution to the optimization pro-
blem.
3. Results and discussion
Our first attempt was to use a simple perceptron with four para-
meters as inputs and magnetization as output. The results were not
satisfactory because the simple configuration of network. Therefore, we
created a Multi-Layer Perceptron. A part of the MATLAB code asso-
ciated to GA and ANN parameters are provided as follows such that
readers be able to duplicate our results.
Genetic Algorithm Parameters:
PopSize = 150;
MaxGenerations = 500;
RecomPercent = 15/100;
CrossPercent = 50/100;
MutatPercent = 1 - RecomPercent - CrossPercent;
RecomNum = round(PopSize*RecomPercent);
CrossNum = round(PopSize*CrossPercent);
if mod(CrossNum,2)∼=0
CrossNum = CrossNum − 1;
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Computational Materials Science 159 (2019) 349–356
end
MutatNum = PopSize - RecomNum - CrossNum;
Artificial Neural Network Parameters:
pr = [0 1];
PR = repmat(pr,4,1);
net = newff(PR,[1 0 1], {'tansig' 'tansig'});
net.trainParam.epochs = 1000;
net.trainParam.goal = 0.0007;
net = train_using_GA(net,Xtrain',Ytrain');
As it can be seen in the MATLAB code, 150 chromosomes were gener-
ated as population size. Also, 50%, 35% and 15% of chromosomes were
The number of inputs was 4, the number of hidden layers was 1 and we
used newff syntax for the Multi-Layer Perceptron with hyperbolic tan-
gent function. Before training, a portion of experimental data should be
held for network validation, test and performance appraisal. In this
case, the dividing method was based on randomly choosing of the
samples. Thus, all data (3650 records) was divided into two separate
sets: one for the training of ANN including 2920 independent data (80%
of all data) obtained from 20 samples and the rest including 730 in-
dependent data (20% of all data) from 5 samples for the validation and
test. The data used in test process has never been seen by ANN before.
This gave us a good chance to perform an important test of the power of
our network in the prediction of Fe-48Ni hysteresis loop. In detail, four
ANN inputs were: thickness of samples, annealing temperature, holding
time and magnetic field and target is magnetization. In constructing an
ANN, the number of inherent parameters such as neurons and hidden
layers is one of the most important keys to success. Using too few
neurons may cause a problem called underfitting which occurs when a
network cannot adequately capture the underlying structure of the
data. Conversely, using too many may cause a problem called over-
fitting which happens when a model fits exceptionally well to the
training data, but fails to fit to test data. In this case, we Initially ana-
lyzed the effect of number of neurons (0 to 100) and hidden layers (1 to
5) on the network performance. Accordingly, to avoid underfitting and
overfitting of the network and thus reach the best performance, one
input layer with four neurons, one hidden layer with ten neurons and
one output layer with one neuron was found to be the appropriate
structure for precise prediction of the target. The graphical topology of
ANN is demonstrated in Fig. 2. In order to reach the best solutions, 500
generations created using GA as optimization algorithm. Also, all data
were normalized to (0, 1) interim before training, in order to improve
network performance. After training, the result data should be de-
normalized again. Let X, H and L be the data, upper limit and lower
limit of normalization interim, respectively. The Normalized (N) and
Denormalized (DeN) data will be given by:
X − MinX
N=L+ (H − L)
MaxX − MinX (3)
XN − L
DeN = MinX + (MaxX − MinX )
H−L (4)
The network has been modeled, trained and simulated utilizing the
MATLAB software and then executed on the computer with 2.0-GHZ.
CPU, 4-GB memory, and the operation system of Windows 10.
The comparison was made in terms of two statistical criteria, the
Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE),
as characterized by Eqs. (5) and (6).
n
1
MAE =
n
∑ |Xthe − Xexp|
i=1 (5)
1 n
RMSE =
n
∑i=1 (Xthe − Xexp)2 (6)
where n is the number of data, Xthe and X exp are the theoretical and
experimental data, respectively. To be more specific, MAE and RMSE
are statistical measures that demonstrate the average magnitude of the
P.V. Yekta et al. Computational Materials Science 159 (2019) 349–356

Fig. 2. The ANN topology (4-10-1) used in the present study.

Fig. 3. Hysteresis loop of samples in training region. (a) 80% cold rolled sample annealed at 1000 °C for 20 min. (b) 60% cold rolled sample annealed at 900 °C for
20 min. (c) 40% cold rolled sample annealed at 600 °C for 20 min. (d) 20% cold rolled sample annealed at 700 °C for 20 min.

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P.V. Yekta et al. Computational Materials Science 159 (2019) 349–356

Fig. 4. Hysteresis loop of samples in test region. (a) 80% cold rolled sample annealed at 600 °C for 20 min. (b) 80% cold rolled sample annealed at 1100 °C for 20 min.
(c) 40% cold rolled sample annealed at 1100 °C for 20 min. (d) 20% cold rolled sample annealed at 1000 °C for 20 min.

Table 1
Saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) of training samples in the case of experimental data (EXP) and ANN based calculation.
Sample Ms EXP ( emu ) Ms ANN ( emu ) Mr EXP ( emu ) Mr ANN ( emu ) Hc EXP (Oe) Hc ANN (Oe)
gr gr gr gr

0.4 mm (cold rolled) 152 150 1.9 1.8 11 9

0.4 mm at 700 °C for 20 min 159 159 1.2 1.3 4.5 5
0.4 mm at 900 °C for 5 min 159 159 0.4 0.5 2.8 2.8
0.4 mm at 900 °C for 10 min 146 145 0.9 0.9 3.3 3
0.4 mm at 900 °C for 60 min 162 165 1 1 3.5 3.2
0.4 mm at 1000 °C for 20 min 164 161 1.2 1.1 4.2 4.1
1.2 mm (cold rolled) 158 158 0.9 0.8 7 6.1
1.2 mm at 600 °C for 20 min 158 156 0.5 0.6 5 6.1
1.2 mm at 700 °C for 20 min 160 163 0.4 0.5 3.4 3.6
1.2 mm at 800 °C for 20 min 158 157 0.3 0.5 2.5 3.6
1.2 mm at 900 °C for 20 min 161 165 0.3 0.4 2.5 3.6
1.2 mm at 1000 °C for 20 min 157 154 0.6 0.8 3.5 3.6
1.6 mm (cold rolled) 158 160 0.8 0.9 6 5.5
1.6 mm at 600 °C for 20 min 157 157 0.5 0.4 5 5.2
1.6 mm at 700 °C for 20 min 154 156 0.4 0.3 3.8 4
1.6 mm at 800 °C for 20 min 160 162 0.4 0.5 3 3.2
1.6 mm at 900 °C for 20 min 161 163 0.4 0.5 2.5 2.7
1.6 mm at 1000 °C for 20 min 155 155 0.3 0.5 2.9 2.5
0.8 mm (cold rolled) 156 158 1.3 1.5 10 10.7
0.8 mm at 900 °C for 20 min 164 160 0.8 0.5 4 9

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P.V. Yekta et al. Computational Materials Science 159 (2019) 349–356

Table 2
Saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) of test samples in the case of experimental data (EXP) and ANN based calculation.
Sample Ms EXP ( emu ) Ms ANN ( emu ) Mr EXP ( emu ) Mr ANN ( emu ) Hc EXP (Oe) Hc ANN (Oe)
gr gr gr gr

1.6 mm at 1100 °C for 20 min 160 160 0.3 0.4 2.8 2.6
1.2 mm at 1100 °C for 20 min 162 160 0.3 0.4 2.3 2.7
0.4 mm at 1100 °C for 20 min 152 152 1.6 1.5 4.6 4.3
0.4 mm at 600 °C for 20 min 164 165 1.7 1.7 6 7
0.4 mm at 800 °C for 20 min 162 160 1.3 1.3 4.4 4.7

errors in a set of prediction. MAE is a linear criterion which implies that
all the individual differences are weighted equally in the average.
While, RMSE is a nonlinear scoring rule which demonstrates the
average magnitude of the error. Since the errors are squared before they
are averaged, the RMSE gives a relatively high weight to large errors.
Considering the train and test datasets, in this work MAE and RMSE
values were found as 2.69 and 3.47 ( emu ) for the training dataset and
gr
3.95 and 4.77 ( emu ) for the test. Given the fact that the VSM test also has
gr
the same amount of error, we can conclude that the hybrid of ANN and
GA have been able to predict hysteresis loop of Fe-48Ni permalloy with
very low discrepancy. Fig. 3 illustrates the experimental and predicted
hysteresis loop of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% cold rolled samples an-
nealed at different temperatures for 20 min. Since the hysteresis loop of
other samples conveys the same basic message, only the hysteresis loop
of some of the training samples is shown. As it can be seen in Fig. 3, the
prediction of ANN is in an excellent agreement with experiment.
However, the predictive ability of ANN in test region is more important
in comparison to training part. Fig. 4 which is related to 20%, 40% and
80% cold rolled samples annealed at different temperatures for 20 min,
shows the excellent ability of ANN in test region. This excellent
agreement, enable us to determine magnetic properties of Fe-48Ni alloy
theoretically, and we have no need to implement new experiments. The
saturated magnetization, remanence and coercivity experimental mea-
surements and theoretical predictions in training and test dataset which
are obtained from related hysteresis loops are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
The results demonstrate the high capability of ANNs in prediction of
saturated magnetization, remanence and coercivity. Furthermore, it is
necessary to perform some statistical analysis in order to ensure that
our model is accurate as possible in the case of all samples. Thus, to
have a comprehensive approach of error values in both train and test
regions, we evaluated all the inputs by employing some frequently used
statistical criteria such as Average, Variance, Range of Variation and
Standard deviation. Tables 3 and 4 represent the results of statistical
analysis of 20 training samples and 5 test samples, respectively. As it
can be seen in Tables 3 and 4, the GA-based ANN has been successful in
predicting the hysteresis loop of each sample from statistical analysis
point of view. Considering theoretical predictions obtained from the
ANN, we can find that the saturated magnetization, remanence and
coercivity, clearly change after heat treatment. Since it is not possible to
draw a 4-D graph, we should choose an input as a constant parameter.
For this, the holding time is supposed to be 20 min constant. As it can be
seen in Figs. 5–7, in each group of constant temperature, by increasing
the thickness of samples, the saturation magnetization slightly de-
creases while remanence doesn’t show a monotonic trend. In this case,
the coercivity experiences a typical decrease. Also, in each group of
constant thickness of samples, by increasing the temperature, the sa-
turation magnetization fluctuates and remanence and coercivity clearly
decrease.
4. Conclusion
In this work, a hybrid Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic
Algorithm (GA) was employed to predict the hysteresis loop and mag-
netic properties of Fe-48Ni permalloy. In this case, saturation magne-
tization, remanence and coercivity as three important magnetic prop-
erties for Fe-48Ni alloys were investigated. In order to have a rich
training dataset, several experiments were carried out at thicknesses of
0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mm which are related to 80%, 60%, 40% and 20%
rolled samples, annealing temperatures of 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 and
1100 °C, holding times of 5, 10, 20 and 60 min and field strength be-
tween −10,000 and 10,000 Oe. Under this circumstances, 3650 in-
dependent data obtained from experiments. Next, for theoretical eva-
luation of Fe-48Ni magnetic properties, a multi-layer perceptron ANN
based on GA was employed to calculate the magnetic properties as
function of thickness of samples, annealing temperature, holding time

Table 3
Statistical analysis of training samples based on Average, Variance, Range of Variation and Standard deviation. All values are in terms of ( emu ).
gr

Sample Average Variance Range of variation Standard deviation

0.4 mm (cold rolled) 2.8 13.7 1.2 3.7

0.4 mm at 700 °C for 20 min 3 12.2 1.1 3.5
0.4 mm at 900 °C for 5 min 2.9 13 2.1 3.6
0.4 mm at 900 °C for 10 min 3.1 8.4 2.2 2.9
0.4 mm at 900 °C for 60 min 3.1 14.4 1.1 3.8
0.4 mm at 1000 °C for 20 min 3.5 9.6 1.2 3.1
1.2 mm (cold rolled) 2.9 10.2 1.2 3.2
1.2 mm at 600 °C for 20 min 3 9.6 0.9 3.1
1.2 mm at 700 °C for 20 min 2.9 12.2 1 3.5
1.2 mm at 800 °C for 20 min 3.2 15.2 1 3.9
1.2 mm at 900 °C for 20 min 2.7 9.6 1.1 3.1
1.2 mm at 1000 °C for 20 min 3.2 9.6 0.9 3.1
1.6 mm (cold rolled) 3 10.2 1.2 3.2
1.6 mm at 600 °C for 20 min 3 13 1.1 3.6
1.6 mm at 700 °C for 20 min 3.1 12.2 1 3.5
1.6 mm at 800 °C for 20 min 2.7 11.6 1.2 3.4
1.6 mm at 900 °C for 20 min 3.2 13 1 3.6
1.6 mm at 1000 °C for 20 min 2.9 12.2 1.1 3.5
0.8 mm (cold rolled) 3 9.6 1.2 3.1
0.8 mm at 900 °C for 20 min 3.1 9 1.1 3

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P.V. Yekta et al. Computational Materials Science 159 (2019) 349–356

Table 4
Statistical analysis of test samples based on Average, Variance, Range of Variation and Standard deviation. All values are in terms of ( emu ).
gr

Sample Average Variance Range of variation Standard deviation

1.6 mm at 1100 °C for 20 min 3.5 16.8 1.1 4.1

1.2 mm at 1100 °C for 20 min 3.4 13 1.2 3.6
0.4 mm at 1100 °C for 20 min 3.5 15.2 1.1 3.9
0.4 mm at 600 °C for 20 min 3.5 10.2 1.1 3.2
0.4 mm at 800 °C for 20 min 2.9 15.2 1.3 3.9

Fig. 5. The effect of annealing temperature and thickness of samples on sa-

Fig. 7. The effect of annealing temperature and thickness of samples on coer-
turation magnetization in 20 min constant holding time.
civity in 20 min constant holding time.

and field strength. All data divided into 2 datasets: (i) train dataset
including 2920 independent data (80% of all data) obtained from 20
samples and test including 730 independent data (20% of all data) from
5 samples. In each dataset, the predictive ability of the ANN was
compared to Experiment. For comparison, Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) considered as two frequently used
statistical criteria. In this research, MAE and RMSE values found as 2.69
and 3.47 for the training dataset, and 3.95 and 4.77 for the test which
shows that the predicted hysteresis curve and magnetic properties were
in good agreement with experiment, in respect of both criteria.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Parastoo Vahdati Yekta: Data curation, Investigation, Writing -

review & editing, Project administration, Resources. Farzad
Jaafari Honar: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology,
Software, Writing - original draft. Mohammad Naghiyan Fesharaki:
Validation, Visualization.

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