ttsymptotes :

Asymptote of a curve is a brie such that the

distance between the line and the curve approaches zero

of coordinate tend to
as one or both n or
y infinity .

There are three kind of asymptotes : -

① Horizontal .

Vertical .

dig oblique .

Horizontal
Asymptote

Vertical
Asymptote

Note we will focus on vertical and horizontal asymptotes .

Horizontal
Asymptote The line y =L is a horizontal asymptote
.

of the
graph of f if
Lim fin ) = L or bin flak L
x S
-
D U s- -
a

Vertical Asymptote :
The line n -

-
c is called a vertical

asymptote of if either of limits

the graph of f the

fin ) fin fails

nhjm -
or
aliens ,
to exist .
 Cases in Vertical Asymptote :

him flat = a term feat = -

a

Ntc Ntc

J:L
n l n l
l l

l l

:
l l

l l

L l S C l S
ite ite

Tf
i
l l
l l

l l

l I
v v

nhjrchflnt-agzekycn.fm = -
a
tariff folk - N.

nlejhzfinta

n l n l

:L J
l l

l l

l l

:
I I

yin
< ' ' '
. '

l l
l l
l l

l l

l I
v v
 UNITED :

suppose f is continuous at a point ⇐ fled .

Then the

graph of f has

④ Vertical
tangent at Lc , fu ) if nlejmoftn ) and
absinthe)
are either both N or both -
a .

dis
cusp at
@ifkDieflyjmc.f 'm ) and
sheriff 'm are both

D with opposite signs ( one o and other -

o) .

Vertical Vertical cusp cusp

l
Tangent Tangent
l

win flat =n kiss flak - n 'm fine

b a lens flak -
a

NTC N Ict Ict

-
-

Nyc x
-
-

'm
le finna win f' Cala - a Lim fins = -
•
him Fink a

N -

Ict x -
Ict Nyc
-
N IC-
-

N
or T x
\ I 1 7

C c C C
Steps for curve
Tracing :

-1
Simplify function if
.

, possible and .
find domain of function .

2 .
Find critical points .

3 Determine intervals of increasing and decreasing first

by
.

derivative test .

Determine extrema
4
using first second order derivative test
.
.

5 .
Find interval of concavity and points of inflection .

6 find vertical
.

asymptotes , tangents , cusp .

7 .
Determine x -

intercept ,
y intercept
-

, points of extrema on the

graph .

D .
Sketch the curve with the above information .

Ede : sketch the graph of the function fish =

HI '

U2 ¢
HI **
Here domain of
fin , =

NICO
.

NZ 4
f- is 112-{21-2}
f-
'

fuk K£4)
-
-

2x -

X 's
9) ( 2K )
=
102g -_

2
@2- 4) 2
He
@ 2-45
2-
"
-
RIN 472N
f- Ink 10 -

4
@ 2-4,
= to
nhYI=-w:;
Critical point : f 'cm=o 2=0

at n= Iz ; f- Cn ) does not exist , but it is not in

'
our domain .

: n o is the
only critical point
-
.
. -
 I
Interval of
increasing / decreasing : f 'm =

@
2- cj2
'
,

l
M

/
l

l
'

- : + :
,
i
. i
.

i . I
O O

Behaviour
'

sign of f off

Extrema By first derivative test ,

we have local minima

at n=o .

Point on the cure =

@ ,
Hol) =
( , 914)
o .

Inflection Point / concavity :

fun , =
-1013*47
2- 3
@ 4)

they be ¥0 int of inflect

'
at a- I2 f' Cal does not exist ; so can 't
,

and for no real no -

n
, f 'm
'
-0

So , we need to find the intervals for concavity .

I l l l

hi U in
l l l

: :
- + -

i
'

i '

2 2
-
z I
"

sign of f concavity .

*
*
Efron above it looks like that f has inflection point at a .

But since a- I 2 not in the f-

are domain of f . So has no

point of inflection

k¥1 :

Horizontal ;z:II
align finishes ,
=
tennis ¥471 - I

similarly ; him f- In , = l
U -

s - as

i .
Line Y -

- I is the horizontal asymptote to the curve fly ) .

 verttcalasymptok.fm =
FEI ,

NZ 9 Mtg
him flat bin - =
bin -
= -
N
*
N -12T
K£4 U -12-1 X 2) Cath
-

n -12-1

him N←9_-
him flat = = A

N -12
-

N-12 -
CN 2) (NTH
-

NZ g
* him fink him - = -
no

U -1.2
X 2) IN -12 )
-

Nt I
-

x
2-
g
him tints him - -
=D

No - at n→ -
at @ -

y Cath

Hence ; x=±z are vertical asymptotes .

Vertical tangent ( cusps

'
. No such
thing ispossible here as f

exists for all points on the domain off .

Points on cure :

pkg
N-interce.pt#ffaI=o =o a- IS

- :
(3,0) and f- 310

!
y intercept : flo ) +914 il
)
- =

-f÷iis
(019/4)
'

. .

•
2 -
¥16 : sketch the
graph of the function flat 2%(224-5)
Numbers
Domain-IR.at
f- INK Rd "
( 2x -15) ceding
'
Ndb 2+24+53
f- fuk 2%
. .

6 at 4N -110 10 ( Ntl )
=
- = -

3. N
"3
32113

''
f- Ink FL ]
Ndb

MI
=
lo
-3 3×413
=
GI 2413

buticalpoinl f' lato a= -

s

at n=o flat does not exist .

Hence ,
A- o om a = -

I are the critical points .

wH
for Increasing ( decreasing
'

Interval : f- in, =

3h13

l l
l l

/
7

1-
'

I -
'

I 1- / :L ,

,
'
l

l l
;
l i
I
'

o I 0
-
-

Behaviour
'

Sign off of f

Extrema : By first derivative test .

local maxima at n= -
I

and local minima at n=o

f- f- 1) =
-443 (2 felt 5) =
3 ,
 Inflection Point and concavity :

(E) 2M£)
GI
''
since ' -0
f 'M
'

f INI = =
does
film ,
,
413
2413 9N

-1¥
not exist
÷
Possible inflection points ase se and a If

÷ :
:
-

: - . n
l l l l
"
O 112 O 2

tonality of f
''

Sign of f

By above discussion , we can see that f has inflection point

at a = 42 .
No inflection point at n=o .

Asymptotes fink R&B Canta

since
lying ate
,ig
: =

& bin fink bin R&B ( ants ) =

-
N
,

N I
-
-
o n s - -

So no hormonal asymptote .

flat x' b cants )

Also ,
nlejm =

nteicm exists for all real no .

c .

hence vertical
,
no
asymptote .

ver¥s :

f-
'

Cn ) =
lot
"3
3x

akin "Sh
'

akin "SI
&
akin.it
'

heart
'm
'm
-
-

= a =
-
o
.

Hence ,
we have a cusp at n=o
of the form V. .

In
0
No , vertical
tangent
.
Points on curve :

N-interce.pt : fin , -_o R&b ( 2x -151=0

213
N=0 or 22-15=0

U=o or ze= -512=-2.5

:
N -

intercept are : @ O) , C -

2.5.07

y -

intercept : flo ) = O

y intercept is cool
i. -

Fay :

Interval C- Ni -

l) C- 110 ) ( 0,42 ) ( 42 , a)

Behaviour Increasing Decreasing Increasing Increasing

concave down concave down concave down concave up

Graph
( \ ( )
cusp at o
of the form V
(I 3.8 )
Points on curve (0,0) ,
(-2-510) ,
C- 113 ) ,
,

r.tv
n
4-
•

• 3 -

-
'

s - L s, Boo : I 7