GENERAL

CHEMISTRY 2
PRE-REQUISITE
ASSESSMENT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Jtw8g795Us
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcZrwBwVN2A
 Kinetic molecular theory
(KMT)

describes the states of

matter in terms of:
Kinetic Molecular Theory
01 Arrangement of
Particles
02 Kinetic Energy of
Particles

03 Particle in Motion
04 Attractive Forces
between Particles

05 Intermolecular
Forces
Postulates (Kmt)
01 Matter is made of
particles that are
constantly in motion.
This energy in motion is
called kinetic energy.
solid
liquid
gas
Postulates (Kmt)
02 The amount of kinetic
energy in a substance is
related to its
temperature. Increased
temperature means
greater speed.
Postulates (Kmt)
03 There is space between
particles. The amount of
space between particles
is related to the
substance's state of
matter.
Postulates (Kmt)
04 Phase changes happen
when the temperature
of the substance
changes sufficiently.
Postulates (Kmt)
05 There are attractive forces in
between particles called
intermolecular forces. The
strength of these forces
increases as particles get
closer together.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YwdeEDrfPI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iYKajMsYPY
Questions:
1. What is the difference between intermolecular forces and
intramolecular forces?

2. What are examples of intramolecular forces?

3. What are examples of intermolecular forces?

4. Describe the following:

A. ion-dipole forces
B. dipole-dipole
C. London Dispersion Forces
D. Hydrogen Bonds
Intramolecular Vs Intermolecular Forces
Intramolecular Intermolecular
(within molecules) (between molecules)
**hold atoms **responsible for the non-
ideal behavior of gases,
together in a
but they exert more
molecule. influence in the
**stabilize condensed phases of
individual molecules matter - liquids and
solids.
 Intermolecular forces

Ion-dipole Forces
Dipole-Dipole Forces
London Dispersion
Hydrogen Bonds
 Intermolecular forces

Ion-dipole Forces
 Intermolecular forces

Dipole-Dipole Forces
 Intermolecular forces

London Dispersion Force

 Intermolecular forces

Hydrogen Bonds
1. Ion-dipole Force

** acts between an ion (either

cation or anion) and a polar
molecule.
 Ion-dipole Forces
**When an ionic compound is placed
in an aqueous solution
the positive end of the ionic
compound becomes surrounded
by the partial negative end of the
ionic compound.
Ion-dipole Forces
In turn, it becomes surrounded
by the partial positive
Hydrogen ion
in water.
Ion-dipole Forces
In short, the positive pole is
attracted to the negative ion
(anion), while the negative pole is
attracted to a positive ion
(cation).
 Ion-dipole Force
Ion-dipole interactions

involved in the
dissolution process

sodium chloride (table salt)

dissolving in water
 Ion-dipole Force

Na+ and Cl- ions

among polar water

molecules
 Ion-dipole Force

Na+ ions will be surrounded by

the partial negative Oxygen of the
water

Cl- ions will be surrounded by

the partial positive H of the water
molecule.
 Ion-dipole Force
strength of this interaction

charge and size of the ion

the magnitude of the dipole moment
size of the molecule
 Ion-dipole Force
dipole moment
-the moment produced by a
magnetic or electric dipole
especially : the product of the
distance between the two poles
and the magnitude of either pole.
 Ion-dipole Force
charges on cations
generally more concentrated
cations are usually smaller
than anions.
 Ion-dipole Force

Na ,
Therefore, a cation +1 (+1)
interacts more strongly with dipoles
than does an anion Cl , (-1) having
-1

a charge of the same magnitude.

2. DIPOLE-dipole Forces
** attractive forces between
polar molecules, that is,
between molecules that possess
dipole moments
 DIPOLE-dipole Forces
** Their origin is electrostatic,
and they can be understood in
terms of Coulomb's law.
 DIPOLE-dipole Forces

Coulomb's law
like charges repel and opposite charges
attract, with a force proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the
distance between them
 DIPOLE-dipole Forces

** The larger the dipole

moment, the greater the
force.
 DIPOLE-dipole Forces

polar substance
Hydrogen chloride (HCl)
**posses a permanent
dipole moment
 DIPOLE-dipole Forces
a permanent dipole moment

due to the difference

electronegativities of their
component atoms and how atoms
are arranged in space
 DIPOLE-dipole Forces
**Each polar molecule has
unequal electron densities

Dipole (a partial positive end

and a partial negative end)
 DIPOLE-dipole Forces
**When these polar molecules are
brought close together
the partial positive charge of one
molecule will be attracted to the
partial negative charge of the
neighboring molecule
 3. London dispersion Forces
(LDF)
**intermolecular
forces of attraction
between ALL atoms
and molecules
 London dispersion Forces
-are present in ALL
atoms and molecules
 London dispersion Forces

Nonpolar Molecules

LDF is the only acting

force between their
particles.
 London dispersion Forces
**are the only kind of
intermolecular forces present
among symmetrical nonpolar
substances such as O2 and
CO2 and monoatomic species
such as noble gases
 London dispersion Forces

**Without dispersion forces, such

substances could not condense to
form liquids or solidify to form
solids.
 London dispersion Forces (LDF)
weak attractive forces
that result from the
continuous movement of
electrons in particles
 London dispersion Forces
Nonpolar molecules have
zero dipole moment

their electron density is

uniform and symmetrical
 London dispersion Forces

Nevertheless, the
electrons have some
freedom to move around
the molecule.
 London dispersion Forces

This induces temporary

dipoles (instantaneous
dipoles) in neighboring
atoms or molecules.
 London dispersion Forces
As electron clouds become
larger and more diffuse
attracted less
strongly by their own
positive nuclei
 London dispersion Forces
As electron clouds become larger and more diffuse
attracted less strongly by
their own positive nuclei

more easily distorted or

polarized by the
adjacent/nearby nuclei
 London dispersion Forces
Polarization increases
with increasing
numbers of electrons
and therefore with
increasing size of
molecules.
 London dispersion Forces

dispersion forces
generally stronger for
molecules that are
larger or have more
electrons.
Example London dispersion Forces

between Helium and Argon

two Argon atoms will have
greater dispersion force
because they are bigger
than Helium atoms
 4. Hydrogen bonds
-a special type of dipole-
dipole interaction
 Hydrogen bonds
- exists only in molecules
N small, highly
H+ electronegative
O
atom
F
 Like ordinary dipole-dipole

Hydrogen bonds

+ (partial _ (partial negative)

positive) atoms of
one molecule, in
this case H atoms
+ atoms of another
molecule
Typically

Hydrogen bonds
about five to ten times stronger
than other dipole-dipole
interactions
Decreasing Strength of the 4 Intermolecular Forces

ION-DIPOLE STRONGEST

DIPOLE-DIPOLE

HYDROGEN BOND

LONDON DIDPERSION
Thank you!

God Bless you!