List of Commonly Used Linking Words

Function Coordinators Subordinators Transitions

  Link independent clauses Link an independent clause with a dependent Link independent clauses within a sentence.
within a sentence. clause or phrase within a sentence. Link sentences within a paragraph.

Punctuation Use a comma before a When the dependent clause is at the beginning When the transition begins the sentence, it
coordinator: of the sentence, it should be followed by a should be followed by a comma:
I researched the topic, comma: First, I researched the topic.
and I created the After I researched the topic, I created the Then, I created the presentation.
presentation. presentation. When the transition connects two independent
Do not use a comma when the dependent clauses, a semi-colon comes before it and a
clause is at the end of the sentence: comma follows it:
I created the presentation after I researched I researched the topic; afterwards, I created
the topic. the presentation.

Showing time,  And  Before  Afterward(s)

beginning,  As  At first
during, ending  As long as  Initially
 At the same time (as)  Meanwhile
 Every time  Meantime
 Since  Simultaneously
 So long as  Eventually
 The first/second/next/last time  Finally
 When
 Whenever
 While
 By the time
 Till
 Until

Showing a  And  After  Next

sequence  As soon as  Subsequently
 Ever since  Then
 Following  Thereafter
 Later  First
 Once  Firstly
 Initially
 To begin
 Next
 Second
 Secondly
 Then
  Third
 Thirdly
 Finally
 Last
 Lastly

Showing  So    In all
conclusion  In summation
 In conclusion
 To conclude
 Briefly

Showing  But  Although  By comparison

contrast  Either … or  Despite  By contrast
 Yet  Even though  Conversely
 Even now  However
 In spite of  In contrast
 Instead of  Instead
 Though  Nevertheless
 Whereas  Nonetheless
 While  On the contrary
 On the other hand
 Otherwise

Showing  Neither … nor    In other words

similarity  Either … or  In other sides
 In the unlikely
 Likewise
 Similarly

Adding  And    Additionally

information  Also
 By far,
 By then,
 Plus
 Besides
 Further
 And then,
 And now,
 Furthermore
 In addition (to)
 Moreover
 Adding      For example
example  For instance
 In particular

Showing cause  For  As a result of …  

 Because …
 Due to (the fact that)
 In order to …
 Resulting from …
 Since …
 …so that…
 …as if…

Showing effect  So  (If) … then  Accordingly,

 … resulting in  As a result,
 So …that  Consequently,
 … then  Hence,
 Therefore,
 Thus,
 Thereafter,

Showing    Even if  
condition  No matte what
 Anyway
 If … then
 In case
 Provided that
 Providing
 Unless
 Whether or not
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/sample/ite/gs/gs_38.html
 List of Common Adverbs
Adverbs of Time
When?

after I’ll e-mail you after work.

already I already visited that Web site.

during I sent Brad a text message during the meeting.

finally I’ve been waiting for my broadband connection for six weeks, but I finally was able to connect to the Internet.

just They just got connected to the Internet! Now they are ready to explore many Web sites.

last Last night I received your e-mail.

later Why don’t we have a meeting later? I can’t meet now.

next I’m going to buy a new digital camera next week.

now Why don’t you call me later on my cellphone? I can’t talk now.

recently Judy recently won a big prize for her latest Web design project.

soon Soon, I’ll be working on my new Web site and will be able to promote the company.

then Soon, I’ll have the new Web site online then we can promote the company.

tomorrow Tomorrow is the first day of the course.

when Call me when you finish your homework.

while While you were at the library, your teacher called.

yesterday Did you see the new software release notification on the Internet yesterday?

How long? (Duration)

for The project manager told Isaac to attend an online training session for three hours.

forever Isaac wants to live and work in Canada forever.

from ___ to ____ Mariko is going to be in Tokyo from April 1 to April 10.

since Isaac has been afraid of virus attacks since last year, when his computer failed because he opened an infected
attachment.

still Mariko is still working on the project. She will finish it next week.

until We can work on this project until the project deadline next week.

 How often? (Frequency)

always I always read the online news at ten o’clock.

often I visit Lila’s Web page often.

as often as (possible) I create my backup copies as often as I can. This week I backed up my work every day.

every I have a meeting in my colleague’s office every Thursday.

once a I have a status meeting with my co-workers once a week.

regularly I check my e-mail regularly.

usually When I visit your Web page, I usually notice the updates.

sometimes Sometimes , I forget to save my files.

from time to time I download information from the Internet from time to time.

seldom I seldom send regular mail. I can’t remember the last time I sent a letter.

rarely I rarely print my files. I read all of my files on the computer.

never I will never forget to create backup files.

Adverbs of Manner
How is something done?

Adjective + -ly

cheerfully The employee cheerfully greeted her co-worker in the morning.

automatically The building doors open automatically; you don’t have to touch the door at all.

professionally This report is professionally written.

beautifully The presentation went beautifully.

happily Gabriel and Jill happily presented their new Web site.

quickly If you review your notes quickly, you will be better prepared for the presentation.

seriously Are you seriously considering switching to a different Internet provider?

slowly The large document loaded slowly.

Other common adverbs

fast The new scanner processes the files fast.

 hard He works hard to meet the deadline next week.

well George is doing well at his new job.

Adverbs of Certainty
How certain is the speaker?

surely Surely he knows his password!

certainly I certainly know my login!

probably The meeting will probably start on time.

obviously The meeting has started. It’s obviously going to be a productive session.

clearly You excelled on the test. Clearly, you have been studying hard.

perhaps My computer isn’t working. Perhaps there is something wrong with the hard drive.

maybe My computer is not working well. Maybe I should get it looked at by a technician.

Adverbs of Completeness
How much?

absolutely I’m absolutely convinced that we will meet the deadline.

almost I’m almost finished creating the presentation.

completely I am completely finished designing the database. Can I input the data now?

enough / not enough Have you researched the topic enough, or do you need some more time?

entirely I entirely agree with you. You are 100 percent right.

fully Are you fully aware of all the components of this project?

hardly I have hardly spent enough time on the project to understand it completely.

partly Her answer is partly correct, but she is missing some important details.

rather I rather like this laptop. It’s very portable.

really I really like your new webcam.

too This monitor is too small. I can’t see the entire image.

too much / too little I have spent too much time waiting for the software to download.

totally I totally agree with you. Everything you say is accurate.

very / not very I’m very pleased with the performance of my new hard drive.
Adverbs of Place
Where?

everywhere Banner ads are everywhere on the Internet.

here Bring the laptop here, so I can fix it.

there The file was there this morning. Do you know who deleted it?
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/sample/ite/gs/gs_39.html
 List of Modals Verbs
Modals Amount of Certainty Sentences

Will 100% certain I will see you at seven o’clock.

Will not / won’t
I will not be at work tomorrow.

May 50 to 75% certain The e-mail should arrive soon.

May not
Many modals can be used for different It shouldn’t be hard to modify this spreadsheet.
Ought to amounts of certainty. (This sentence means: It should be easy to modify this spreadsheet.)
Ought not to / oughtn’t
to

Should
Should not / shouldn’t

Could Less than 50% certain I might win the Web design competition.
(I am hoping to win, but I am not confident.)
May
May not I could win the Web design competition.
(It is possible, but I don’t think it will happen.)
Might
Might not

Can Something is possible A laptop can be quite convenient for travelling, but sometimes
it can be inconvenient as the monitor may be too small.
May

Would Something is 100% certain, but there is If I had more time, I would stay and talk longer. (certain)
Would not / wouldn’t a condition (if) (I do not have more time. I will not stay and talk longer.)

Could Something is possible only with a I couldn’t do this if you weren’t helping me. (possible)
Could not / couldn’t condition (if) (I can do this only because you are helping me.)

Might
Might not / mightn’t

Modals Obligation or Freedom to Do Sentences

Something

Have to Strongly obligated to do something Users must obey the password rules.

Have got to People have to logon to the network in order to access the files.

Must

Will
 Must not Not permitted to do something Users must not install software illegally.

May not Students may not look in their dictionaries during the vocabulary

test.
Can not

Had better / Had better Recommending or suggesting that The student had better do his homework.
not something be done or not done (The student will get into trouble if he doesn’t do his homework.)

Should / Should not The student should do his homework.

(It is good for the student to do his homework.)
Ought to / Ought not to

Might / Might not

Will Willing to do something, offering to do I’ll check my e-mail while I’m out of the office.
something
I’ll pay for the new software.

“Who will offer to install the new software?”

“I will!”

Can / can not Asking or giving permission to do Can I borrow your DVD player?
something
May / may not Might I log off now?

Might You may not log off now.

Need not / needn’t No obligation to do something You needn’t pay the bill. The company has already paid for
everything.
(This means that it is not necessary to pay the bill.)

Can Ability to do something Mariko can play the computer game.

Be able to Mariko is able to play the computer game.

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/sample/ite/gs/gs_13_es.html
 List of Pronouns
Pronoun Types Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Pronouns

First person singular I me mine

Second person singular you you yours

Third person singular (male) he him his

Third person singular (female) she her hers

Third person singular (neutral) it it its

First person plural we us our

Second person plural you you yours

Third person plural they them theirs

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/sample/ite/gs/gs_22_es.html

Expressions of Quantity
Positive Expressions
With Count Nouns Examples With Non-Count Examples
Nouns

 all (of) I read all the e-mail messages in my inbox.  all (of) I read all the news.
 each of
 every one of

 almost all I read almost all the e-mail messages.  almost all I read almost all the news.

 most of I read most of the e-mail messages.  most of I read most of the news.

 a great I read lots of e-mail messages.  a great deal of I read a great deal of news.
many  a lot of
 a lot of  lots of
 lots of  plenty of
 many
 plenty of

 quite a few I read quite a lot of e-mail messages.  quite a bit of I read quite a bit of news.
 quite a lot of

 some of I read some of the e-mail messages.  some I read some news.

 several of  a certain
 a certain amount of
 number of

 a few of I read a few of the e-mail messages.  a little I read a little news.

Negative Expressions
With Count Nouns Examples With Non-Count Examples
Nouns

 not all Not all the e-mail messages were read.  not all Not all the news was read.

 not every Not every e-mail message was read.    

 not many of Not many of the e-mail messages were read.  not much of Not much of the news was read.

 few of Few of the e-mail messages were read.  little of Little of the news was read.

 almost no I read almost no e-mail messages.  almost no I read almost no news.

 almost none I read hardly any of the e-mail messages.  almost none of I read hardly any of the news.
of  hardly any of
 hardly any of

 no I read no e-mail messages.  no I read no news.

 none of I read none of the e-mail messages.  none of I read none of the news.

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/sample/ite/gs/gs_37_es.html

List of Conjunctive Adverbs

 Accordingly  Further  In comparison  Nevertheless  Subsequently
 Additionally  Furthermore  In contrast  Next  Then
 Also  Elsewhere  Indeed  Nonetheless  Thereafter
 Besides  Equally  Instead  Now  Therefore
 Comparatively  Hence  Likewise  Otherwise  Thus
 Consequently  Henceforth  Meanwhile  Rather  Yet
 Conversely  However  Moreover  Similarly
 Finally  In addition  Namely  Still
http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/adverbs/list-of-conjunctive-adverbs.html
 TRANSITION WORDS AND PHRASES
Agreement / Addition / Similarity
The transition words like also, in addition, and, likewise, add information, reinforce ideas, and express agreement with
preceding material.
in the first place first, second, third and too similarly
not only ... but also in the light of also moreover furthermore
as a matter of fact not to mention then as well as additionally
in like manner to say nothing of equally together with
in addition equally important identically of course
coupled with by the same token uniquely likewise
in the same again like comparatively
fashion / way to as correspondingly
Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction
Transition phrases like but, rather and or, express that there is evidence to the contraryor point out alternatives, and thus
introduce a change the line of reasoning (contrast).
although this may in spite of still even though rather
be true even so / though unlike although nevertheless
in contrast be that as it may or instead nonetheless
different from then again yet whereas regardless
of course ..., but above all while despite notwithstanding 
on the other hand in reality albeit conversely
on the contrary after all besides otherwise
at the same time but as much as however
Cause / Condition / Purpose
These transitional phrases present specific conditions or intentions.
in the event that with this in mind If... then since so that
granted (that) in the hope that unless while so as to
as / so long as to the end that when lest owing to
on (the) condition for fear that whenever in case inasmuch as
(that) in order to while provided that due to
for the purpose of seeing / being that because of given that
with this intention in view of as only / even if
Examples / Support / Emphasis
These transitional devices (like especially) are used to introduce examples as support, to indicate importance or as
an illustration so that an idea is cued to the reader.
in other words to put it another important to realize must be on the positive /
to put it differently way another key point remembered negative side
for one thing that is to say first thing to point often with this in mind
as an illustration with attention to remember overlooked notably
in this case by all means most compelling to point out including
for this reason evidence like
to be sure surely frequently for example to explain
namely markedly significantly for instance to enumerate
chiefly  especially in fact to demonstrate such as 
truly specifically in general to emphasize
indeed expressively in particular to repeat
certainly surprisingly in detail to clarify
Effect / Consequence / Result
Some of these transition words (thus, then, accordingly, consequently, therefore, henceforth) are time words that are used to
show that after a particular time there was aconsequence or an effect.
Note that for and because are placed before the cause/reason. The other devices are placed before the consequences or effects.
as a result for this reason because the therefore henceforth 
under those in effect then thereupon
circumstances for hence forthwith
in that case thus consequently accordingly
Conclusion / Summary / Restatement
These transition words and phrases conclude, summarize and / or restate ideas, or indicate a final general statement. Also
some words (like therefore) from the Effect / Consequence category can be used to summarize. 
as can be seen given these points in conclusion overall in either case
generally speaking as has been noted in short ordinarily all in all
in the final analysis in a word in brief usually Obviously
all things for the most part in essence by and large Ultimately
considered after all to summarize to sum up Definitely
as shown above in fact on balance on the whole
in the long run in summary altogether in any event
Time / Chronology / Sequence
These transitional words (like finally) have the function of limiting, restricting, and definingtime. They can be used either alone or
as part of adverbial expressions.
Many transition words in the time category (consequently; first, second, third; further; hence; henceforth; since; then,
when; and whenever) have other uses.
Except for the numbers (first, second, third) and further they add a meaning of time in expressing conditions, qualifications, or
reasons. The numbers are also used to add information or list examples. Further is also used to indicate added space as well as
added time.
at the present time as soon as first, second till about
from time to time as long as immediately since next
sooner or later in the meantime quickly then now 
at the same time in a moment finally before formerly
up to the present without delay after hence suddenly
time in the first place later since shortly
to begin with all of a sudden last when henceforth
in due time at this instant until once whenever
eventually during forthwith whenever instantly
meanwhile in time straightaway until now presently
further prior to by the time now that occasionall
Space / Location / Place
These transition words are often used as part of adverbial expressions and have the function to restrict, limit or qualify space.
Quite a few of these are also found in the Timecategory and can be used to describe spatial order or spatial reference.
in the middle in the center of  over beyond among
to the left/right adjacent to near nearby beneath
in front of opposite to  above wherever beside
on this side here below around behind
in the distance there down between across
here and there next up before
in the foreground where under alongside
in the background from further amid
http://www.smart-words.org/linking-words/transition-words.html
Subordinating Conjunctions
Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the
clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause. 
Examples: 
If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham Maslow]
Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt]
 
Conjunctions Concession since what
though Conjunctions Comparison till whatever
although than until which
even though rather than when whichever
while whether whenever  
as much as while Relative Pronoun
Conjunctions Condition whereas   who
if Conjunctions Reason whoever
only if Conjunctions Time because whom
unless after since whomever
until as long as so that whose
provided that as soon as in order (that)  
assuming that before why Conjunctions Manner
even if by the time how
Relative Adjective
in case (that) now that as though
that
lest once as if
 wherever or for
Conjunctions Place nor yet
Conjuntions Coordinating so
where
and but
Correlative/Coordinate Conjunctions
They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a
sentence - and thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to
the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. 
scarcely . . . when if . . . then not only . . . but also
as . . . as either . . . or not . . . but no sooner . . . than
just as . . . so neither . . . nor what with . . . and rather . . . than
both . . . and   whether . . . or
hardly . . . when
Conjunctive Adverbs
They are often used as a linking device between ideas. They show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or
paragraphs.
Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly.
Similar to And conversely consequently
also Similar to But instead hence
besides however otherwise meanwhile
furthermore nevertheless rather then
likewise nonetheless therefore
moreover still Similar to So
thus
accordingly
http://www.smart-words.org/linking-words/conjunctions.html
 Cohesion: linking words and phrases
 Listing  Transition to new For instance In that case
First, second, third point As follows: Otherwise
First, furthermore, finally Now, That is This implies that ...
To begin, to conclude As far as x is concerned In this case If so/not
In the end With regard/reference to Namely
Next As for ... In other words  Stating the obvious
It follows that For instance Obviously
 Reinforcement Turning to Such as … Clearly
Also To illustrate: Naturally
Furthermore  Summary/Concluding Of course
Moreover In conclusion  Result/Consequence As can be expected
What is more To conclude So Surely
In addition In brief Therefore After all
Besides To summarise As a result/consequence
Above all In summary, Accordingly  Generalising
As well (as) In short, Consequently In general
In the same way To conclude with, Because of this/that Generally
Not only ... but also Ultimately Thus On the whole
Overall Hence As a rule
 Similarity Overview For this/that reason For the most part
Equally Oversee So that In most cases
Likewise Conclusion In that case Usually
Similarly Therefore Under these circumstances Generally speaking,
Correspondingly Overall,
In the same way Giving/Showing  Deduction On the whole,…
examples Then All things considered,
For example In other words
Specifying However, I believe that… In agreement that…
In particular, Nevertheless, It appears to me that … In accordance with..
Particularly, On the other hand, Accordingly
Specifically, On the contrary,  Comparing
To be more precise, Nonetheless, Similar to…  Stating the reason
Although……, ….. Similarly, Due to…
 Highlighting While/Whereas In much the same way, Owing to…
In particular Conversely As…as… This is due to …
Particularly On the contrary Because…
Actually In contrast  Adding information Because of…
Especially In comparison Moreover,
Mainly Furthermore,  Stating the effect/
 Concession (sth In addition, result
 Reformulation unexpected) Besides, As a result,
In other words However What’s more, Therefore,
Rather Even though Apart from…, Thus,
To put it more simply However much Also, For this reason,
Nevertheless Additionally, Consequently,
 Expressing an Still As a consequence,
alternative Yet  Expressing certainly
Alternatively Certainly,  Sequencing
Rather  Expressing your Undoubtedly, Firstly,
On the other hand opinion Obviously, Secondly,
The alternative is In my opinion, It is obvious/clear that… Thirdly,
Another possibility would be Personally, Definitely Finally,
From my point of view, Lastly,
 Constrasting From my perspective,  Expressing agreement At the same time,
Instead It seems to me that… Meanwhile,
http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.33.htm
1. Những từ dùng để thêm thông tin  • in similar fashion (theo cách tương tự
• and (và)
• also (cũng)
• besides (ngoài ra)
• first, second, third… (thứ nhất, thứ hai,
thứ ba…)
• in addition (thêm vào đó)
• in the first place, in the second place, in
the third place (ở nơi thứ nhất, ở nơi thứ
hai, ở nơi thứ ba)
• furthermore (xa hơn nữa)
• moreover (thêm vào đó)
• to begin with, next, finally (bắt đầu với,
tiếp theo là, cuối cùng là)
• in the other side (mặt khác…)
• in the first side…second side (mặt 1…mặt
2…)
• in the positive/negative side (mặt
tiêu/tích cực…)
• as well as (cũng như)
2. Những từ dấu hiệu chỉ nguyên nhân,
hệ quả  • to summarize (Tóm lại)
• accordingly (Theo như)
• and so (và vì thế)
• as a result (Kết quả là)
• consequently (Do đó)
• for this reason (Vì lý do này nên)
• hence, so, therefore, thus (Vì vậy)
• then (Sau đó)
• so (vì thế)
• due to, because (do/vì)
3. Những dấu hiệu chỉ sự so sánh  định/nhấn mạnh
• by the same token (bằng những bằng
chứng tương tự như thế)
• in like manner (theo cách tương tự)
• in the same way (theo cách giống như
thế)
CÁC TỪ NỐI TRONG CÂU
thế)
• likewise, similarly (tương tự thế)
4. Những dấu hiệu chỉ sự đối lập  •
• but, yet (nhưng)
• however, nevertheless (tuy nhiên)
• in contrast, on the contrary (Đối lập với)
• instead (Thay vì)
• on the other hand (Mặt khác)
• still (vẫn)
5. Những từ dấu hiệu chỉ kết luận hoặc
tổng kết.  • in front (phía trước)
• and so (và vì thế)
• after all (sau tất cả)
• at last, finally (cuối cùng)
• in brief (nói chung)
• in closing (tóm lại là)
• in conclusion (kết luận lại thì)
• on the whole (nói chung)
• to conclude (để kết luận)
6. Từ dấu hiệu để chỉ ví dụ  • in simpler terms (nói theo một cách đơn
• as an example
• for example
• for instance
• specifically
• thus
• to illustrate
7. Những từ dấu hiệu chỉ sự khẳng
• undoubtedly (chắc chắn là)
• indeed (thực sự thì)
• obviously (rõ ràng là)
• generally (nói chung thì)
• admittedly (sự thật là, thực sự thì)
• in fact (thực tế là)
• particularly/in particular (đặc biệt là)
• especially (đặc biệt là)
• clearly (rõ ràng là)
importantly (quan trọng là)
8. Những từ dấu hiệu chỉ địa điểm
• above (phía trên)
• alongside (dọc)
• beneath (ngay phía dưới)
• beyond (phía ngoài)
• farther along (xa hơn dọc theo…)
• in back (phía sau)
• nearby (gần)
• on top of (trên đỉnh của)
• to the left (về phía bên trái)
• to the right (về phía bên phải)
• under (phía dưới)
• upon (phía trên)
9. Những từ dấu hiệu chỉ sự nhắc lại 
• in other words (nói cách khác)
• in short (nói ngắn gọn lại thì)
giản hơn)
• that is (đó là)
• to put it differently (nói khác đi thì)
• to repeat (để nhắc lại)
10. Những từ chỉ dấu hiệu thời gian 
• afterward (về sau) 
• at the same time (cùng thời điểm) 
• at the moment (hiện tại) 
• currently (hiện tại)
• earlier (sớm hơn)
• formerly (trước đó) 
• previously (trước đó) 
• immediately (ngay lập tức) 
• in the future (trong tương lai)  • sooner (sớm hơn)   • next (tiếp theo)
• in the meantime (trong khi chờ đợi)  • then (sau đó)  • lastly, finally (cuối cùng)
• in the past (trong quá khứ)  • until now (cho đến bây giờ) • in addition (ngoài ra)
• later (muộn/trễ hơn)  • moreover (hơn thế nữa)
• meanwhile (trong khi đó)  11. Những tử chỉ trình tự • further (thêm vào đó)
• previously (trước đó)  • first/ firstly (đầu tiên/thứ nhất) • furthermore (hơn nữa)
• simultaneously (đồng thời)  • second/ secondly (thứ hai) • in conclusion (tóm lại/ kết luận)
• subsequently (sau đó) • third/ thirdly (thứ ba) • to summarise (để tóm tắt)

NHỮNG CÂU CẦN THIẾT KHI THUYẾT TRÌNH TIẾNG ANH

I _ INTRODUCING YOURSELF – TỰ I'd just like to give you some background

GIỚI THIỆU
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.
(Chào buổi sáng quí ông/bà)
Good afternoon, everybody
(Chào buổi chiều mọi người.)
I’m … , from [Class]/[Group].
(Tôi là…, đến từ…)
Let me introduce myself; my name is …,
member of group 1
(Để tôi tự giới thiệu, tên tôi là …, là thành
viên của nhóm 1.)
II _ INTRODUCING THE TOPIC – GIỚI
THIỆU CHỦ ĐỀ
Today I am here to present to you about
[topic]….(Tôi ở đây hôm nay để trình bày
với các bạn về…)
I would like to present to you [topic]….(Tôi
muốn trình bày với các bạn về …)
As you all know, today I am going to talk
to you about [topic]….(Như các bạn đều
biết, hôm nay tôi sẽ trao đổi với các bạn
về…)
I am delighted to be here today to tell you
about…(Tôi rất vui được có mặt ở đây hôm
nay để kể cho các bạn về…)
III _ INTRODUCING THE STRUCTURE–
GIỚI THIỆU CẤU TRÚC BÀI THUYẾT
TRÌNH
My presentation is divided into x parts.(Bài
thuyết trình của tôi được chia ra thành x
phần.)
I'll start with / Firstly I will talk about… / I'll
begin with(Tôi sẽ bắt đầu với/ Đầu tiên tôi
sẽ nói về/ Tôi sẽ mở đầu với)
then I will look at …(Sau đó tôi sẽ chuyển
đến phần)
Next,… (tiếp theo )
and finally…(cuối cùng)
IV _ BEGINNING THE PRESENTATION
– BẮT ĐẦU BÀI THUYẾT TRÌNH
I'll start with some general information
about … (Tôi sẽ bắt đầu với một vài thông
tin chung về…)
information about… (Tôi muốn cung cấp
cho bạn vài thông tin sơ lượt về…)
As you are all aware / As you all know…
(Như các bạn đều biết…)
V _ ORDERING – SẮP XẾP CÁC PHẦN
Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly... (Đầu
tiên…thứ hai … thứ ba…cuối cùng…)
First of all...then...next...after
that...finally... (Đầu tiên hết … sau đó…
tiếp theo…sau đó…cuối cùng )
To start with...later...to finish up... (Bắt
đầu với … sau đó…và để kết thúc…)
VI _ FINISHING ONE PART… - KẾT
THÚC MỘT PHẦN
Well, I've told you about... (Vâng, tôi vừa
trình bày với các bạn về phần …)
That's all I have to say about... (Đó là tất
cả những gì tôi phải nói về phần …)
We've looked at... (Chúng ta vừa xem
qua phần …)
VII _ … STARTING ANOTHER PART –
BẮT ĐẦU MỘT PHẦN KHÁC.
Now we'll move on to... (Giờ chúng ta sẽ
tiếp tục đến với phần…)
Let me turn now to... (Để thôi chuyển tới
phần…)
Next... (Tiếp theo…)
Let's look now at...(Chúng ta cùng nhìn vào
phần…)
VIII _ ENDING – KẾT THÚC
I'd like to conclude by… (Tôi muốn kết luật
lại bằng cách …)
Now, just to summarize, let’s quickly look
at the main points again. (Bây giờ, để tóm
tắt lại, chúng ta cùng nhìn nhanh lại các ý
chính một lần nữa.)
That brings us to the end of my
presentation. (Đó là phần kết thúc của bài
thuyết trình của tôi.)
IX _ THANKING YOUR AUDIENCE. –
CẢM ƠN THÍNH GIẢ
Thank you for listening / for your attention.
(Cảm ơn bạn đã lắng nghe/ tập trung)
Thank you all for listening, it was a
pleasure being here today. (Cảm ơn tất cả
các bạn vì đã lắng nghe, thật là một vinh
hạnh được ở đây hôm nay.)
Well that's it from me. Thanks very much.
(Vâng, phần của tôi đến đây là hết. Cảm ơn
rất nhiều.)
Many thanks for your attention. (Cảm ơn
rất nhiều vì sự tập trung của bạn.)
May I thank you all for being such an
attentive audience. (Cảm ơn các bạn rất
nhiều vì đã rất tập trung.)
X _ AUDIENCE’S COMMENT – KHÁN
GIẢ NHẬN XÉT
Agreement (Biểu lộ sự đồng ý)
• There are many reasons for ... (Có rất
nhiều lý do cho….).
• There is no doubt about it that ... (Không
còn nghi ngờ gì về việc….).
• I simply must agree with that. (Đơn giản
tôi chỉ có thể đồng ý về việc đó).
• I am of the same opinion. (Tôi cũng có
chung ý kiến như thế).
• I am of the same opinion as the author.
(Tôi cũng có cùng ý kiến với tác giả).
• I completely/absolutely agree with the
author. (Tôi hoàn toàn đồng ý với tác giả).
Qualified Disagreement (Biểu lộ sự
không đồng tình một cách dè dặt)
• It is only partly true that... (Có thể nó
đúng một phần…).
• I can agree with that only with
reservations. (Tôi hơi đồng ý với điều
này…).
• That seems obvious, but ... (Có vẻ như
mọi việc đã rõ ràng, nhưng…).
• That is not necessarily so. (Điều đó là
không cần thiết vì vậy…).
• It is not as simple as it seems. (Điều đó
không đơn giản như chúng ta tưởng).
• Under certain circumstances ... (Trong
một hoàn cảnh đặc biệt…).
Disagreement (Biểu lộ sự phản đối)
• There is more to it than that (Có thể có
nhiều hơn thế…).
• The problem is that ... (Vấn đề ở đây
là…)
• I (very much) doubt whether ... (Tôi
nghi ngờ rằng…).
• This is in complete contradiction to ...
(Điều này hoàn toàn mâu thuẫn…).
• What is even worse….. (Điều này còn có
thể tệ hại hơn…).
• I am of a different opinion because ...
(Tôi có ý kiến hoàn toàn trái ngược vì….)
• I cannot share this / that / the view.
(Tôi không có cùng quan điểm với bạn).
• I cannot agree with this idea. (Tôi
không đồng ý với ý kiến này).
• What I object to is ... (Cái mà tôi quan
tâm là….).
• Unlike the author I think ... (Không
giống như tác giả, tôi nghĩ…)

1. Những liên từ Đẳng lập (song song):
AND
Ví dụ: She is a good and loyal wife.
I have many books and notebooks.
BOTH ... AND
Ví dụ: She is both good and loyal.
They learn both English and French.
AS WELL AS
Ví dụ: He has experience as well as
knowledge.
NO LESS THAN
Ví dụ: You no less than he are very rich.
NOT ONLY ... BUT (ALSO)
Ví dụ: He learns not only English but but
(also) Chinese.
I like playing not only tennis but (also)
football.
OR
Ví dụ: Hurry up, or you will be late.
EITHER...OR
Ví dụ: He isn't either good or kind.
I don't have either books or notebooks.
NEITHER ... NOR
Ví dụ: He drinks neither wine nor beer.
She has neither husband nor children.
BUT
Ví dụ: He is intelligent but very lazy.
She is ugly but hard-working.
THEN
Ví dụ: You have eaten nothing; then you
must be very hungry.
LIÊN TỪ (Conjunctions)
The plant looks very faded; then it hasn't
been watered for long. WHEREAS
Ví dụ: He learns hard whereas his friends
CONSEQUENTLY don't.
Ví dụ: You didn't work hard for this term; Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid
consequently, he failed the exam. it.
HOWEVER WHILE
Ví dụ: He is a very lazy student; however, Ví dụ: Don't sing while you work.
he can pass all the exams easily. Don't talk while you eat.
It was raining very hard; however, we
went out without umbrella. BESIDES, MOREOVER
Ví dụ: We have to study hard at school;
NEVERTHELESS besides, we must pay attention
Ví dụ: She studies very hard; nevertheless, to physical exercise.
she always gets bad marks. He stole two watches; moreover, he
broke the window.
STILL, YET
Ví dụ: I speak to you peaceably; still/yet SO
you will not listen. Ví dụ: He is a good teacher; so, he is
She says she does not love me, yet, I still very popular with students.
love her. It rained very hard; so, we didn't go out
that night.
OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE
Ví dụ: We have to work hard, HENCE
or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam. Ví dụ: I had not money about me; hence
I did not buy the book.
ONLY He came late; hence, he missed the first
Ví dụ: Go where you like; only do not stay part of the lesson.
here.
3. Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng
THEREFORE ngữ):
Ví dụ: He violated the traffic signs, a. Thời gian (Time):
therefore he was punished. AFTER
Ví dụ: A man should take a little rest,
2. Những liên từ phụ thuộc (chính after he has worked hard.
phụ): The ship was checked carefully after she
FOR had been built.
Ví dụ: He will surely succeed, for (because)
he works hard. AS
Ví dụ: He came her, as the clock struck six. Ví dụ: His mother follows him wherever he Ví dụ: I work hard that I may succeed in
They left as the bell rang.. goes. life.
I will go wherever to find a suitable job for
AS SOON AS me. SO THAT
Ví dụ: I will phone you as soon as I come Ví dụ: We went very early so that we
home. c. Thể cách (Manner): could catch the last bus.
They will get married as soon as they finish AS
university. Ví dụ: Do as I told you to do. IN ORDER THAT
Ví dụ: We learn French in order to study
BEFORE AS IF in France.
Ví dụ: Don't count your chickens before Ví dụ: He talks as if he knew everything
they are hatched. about her. g. Điều kiện (Conditions) :
He talks as if he were very wise. He dances as if he were a professional IF
dancer. Ví dụ: I will phone him if I have his phone
SINCE number.
Ví dụ: He has been very weak, since he d. So sánh (Comparisons):
was taken sick. AS UNLESS (IF NOT)
Ví dụ: He is as tall as his brother. Ví dụ: You will be late unless you set off
AS LONG AS This bag is as expensive as that one. now.
Ví dụ: No one can harm us, as long as we Unless you work hard, you will not pass
remain friends. THAN the exam.
I will lend you some money as long as you Ví dụ: She is more beautiful than her
promise to pay me back. sister. PROVIDED THAT
She looks fatter than his friend. Ví dụ: I will pardon him provided that he
UNTIL acknowledge his fault.
Ví dụ: People do not know the value of e. Lí do (Reasons): You can enter the room provided that you
health until they lose it. AS have the ticket..
Ví dụ: As it rained very hard, we stopped
WHEN they games. IN CASE
Ví dụ: When you visit this country, you Ví dụ: You should take an umbrella in
should bring thick winter clothes. BECAUSE case it rains.
Ví dụ: We could not pass the test because Please take a map with you in case (that)
WHILE we didn't learn hard. you may get lost.
Ví dụ: Make hay while the sun shines. I didn't meet her because she had left
Step while you dance. earlier. h. Sự tương phản, trái ngược:
ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH
b. Nơi chốn (Places): SINCE Ví dụ: Though/even though /although it
WHERE Ví dụ: I must go since she has telephoned rained hard, I went out with her.
Ví dụ: The bed room is the best place three times.
where I do my homework. AS
Ví dụ: Rich as he is, his isn't ever happy.
f. Mục đích (Purposes):
WHEREVER THAT EVEN IF
Ví dụ: Even if my watch is right, we will be Ví dụ: He is poor not with standing that
too late. NOT WITH STANDING THAT he works very hard.

MỘT SỐ TỪ NỐI TRONG TIẾNG ANH

1. Khi so sánh (Comparing things) Likewise: tương tự như thế, Nói chung, nhìn chung:
By contrast Otherwise: mặt khác Generally
Conversely On the one hand: mặt này In general
In contrast On the other hand: mặt khác
On the contrary 3. Khi miêu tả quá trình hoặc liệt kê
2. Khi khái quát (generalizing) First, … : Thứ nhất
Ngược lại: Thông thường, thường thì: Second, … : Thứ hai
However As a rule Third, … : Thứ ba
Nevertheless As usual Next, … : Sau đây
For the most part Then, … : Tiếp theo
Tuy nhiên: Ordinarily Finally, … : Cuối cùng
In spite of: mặc dù Usually
Instead: thay vì

NHỮNG CỤM TỪ DẪN DẮT TRONG TIẾNG ANH

It is worth noting that : đáng chú ý là
It was not by accident that… : không phải tình cờ mà…
What is more dangerous, .. : nguy hiểm hơn là
But frankly speaking, .. : thành thật mà nói
Be affected to a greater or less degree : ít nhiều bị ảnh
hưởng
According to estimation,… : theo ước tính,…
According to statistics, …. : theo thống kê,..
According to survey data,..theo số liệu điều tra,..
Viewed from different angles, … : nhìn từ nhiều khía cạnh
khác nhau
In the eyes of domestic and foreign tourists,… trong mắt
của du khách trong và ngoài nước.
As far as I know,…..theo như tôi được biết,..
Not long ago ; cách đâu không lâu
More recently, …gần đây hơn,….
What is mentioning is that… điều đáng nói là ….
There is no denial that… không thể chối cải là…
To be hard times : trong lúc khó khăn
According to a teacher who asked not to be named,..theo
một giáo viên đề nghị giấu tên,…
Make best use of : tận dụng tối đa
In a little more detail : chi tiết hơn một chút
From the other end of the line : từ bên kia đầu dây (điện
thoại)
Doing a bit of fast thinking, he said ..sau một thoáng suy Keep up with the Joneses : đua đòi
nghỉ, anh ta nói… I have a feeling that..tôi có cảm giác rằng…

STEPS IN A PRESENTATION
I/ INTRODUCTION Let’s start/begin with…
 HOOK  CALL FOR ACTION
What would you do if…?  SHOWING GRAPHICS, This is why we need your approval
Why do our customers…? TRANSPARENCIES, SLIDES.ETC This is an opportunity that is too good to
Somebody once said… I’d like to illustrate this by showing you… miss
How woulde you like to know (exactly These are the reasons why I am asking
where your young child or teenager is?)  MOVING ON TO THE NEXT POINT you to…
Did you know that, (on average sales Now let’s move on to…
representatives spend less than 20% of Can I just turn to…  CLOSE
their time actually with customers?) Thank you for listening
 GIVING MORE DETAILS Thank you very much for your attention
 OBJECTIVE I’d like to expand on this If you have any question, I’ll do my best
My objective today is… aspect/problem/point to answer them.
The goal of meeting is… Let me elaborate on tha
I’m here this morning to present (the Would you like me to expand on/elaborate IV/ DISCUSSION (FOR AUDIENCE)
Pingman, a superior MP3 player) on that?  STARTING AN OPINION
The reason I’m here today is (demonstrate Let me show you an examble of… In my opinion,…
our prototype and to ask you to approve As far as I;m concerned…
the intervest needed to start production)  REFERRING BACK TO AN EARLIER For me,…
POINT
 AGENDA Let me go back to what I said earlier  ASKING FOR AN OPINION
Feel free to interrupt me if you have any about… What’s your ideal?
question Let’s just go back to… How do you feel about that?
I ‘ll take anny questions at the end Do you have anything to say about this?
My presentation is made up of 3 part III/ CONCLUSION Do you agree?
I intend to begin by…  SUMMARY What do you think?
I’ll then go on to... I’m going to break off in a moment Can you go along with that?
Lastly, I want to… In the first part,…
In the second part,…  EXPRESSING AGREEMENT
I’ve divided my presentation into 3 sections In the third and final part,… OK. It’s a deal
First of all, I’m going to… I agree with you 100%
After that, I’ll be talking about… I’d like to wrap up the presentation I couldn’t agree with you more
Finally, I’d like to present… Firstly, I exlained why… That’s so true
Secondly, I presented the different That’s for sure
II/ BODY specifications… You’re absotutely right
 INTRODUCING THE FIRST POINT Last but not least, I have given you… Absolutely
That’s exactly how I feel May I say something here?
Exactly Could I just say something?
No doubt about it May I add something here?
Me neither (agree with negative statement) I want to add one thing…
I suppose so (weak) I have a similar experience…
I gress so Let me tell you a similar story of mine
You have a point there Sorry, could I interrupt for a moment?
(formal)
 EXPRESSING DISAGREEMENT I wonder if I could comment on what you
I don’t think so have just said please? (formal)
That’s out of question
No way (strong)  INTERRUPT AND ASK QUESTION
I’m afraid I disagree Excuse me…
I totally disagree (strong) Sorry to interrupt you, but…May I ask a
That’s not always true question?
That’s not always the case Sorry for interrupting you, but…I’m not
No, I’m not so sure about that clear about what you have said
I really don’t want to interrupt you, but…
V/ INTERRUPTION (FOR AUDIENCE) Could you tell that problem again?
 INTERRUPT AND ADD A COMMENT Wait a minute…
May I interrupt here? Sorry, but the point I need to clarify here
Do you mind if I say something? is…
 INTERRUPT AND VOICE YOUR
DISAGREEMENT
Now wait a minute here. I don’t agree
with you
Excuse me for interrupting, but I don’t
agree with you on this point
Hold on a second. I disagree. I think you
are wrong (informal)
 EXPRESSION FOR DEALING WITH
INTERRUPTION
Please allow me to finish and then you
can make your comments
You didn’t let me finish. If I could finish
what I was saying?
That’s a very interesting point, which I’d
like to come back later
And another thing is…
There are two point I’d like to make
before we all start talking
 LINKING WORD
1/ TRÌNH TỰ As a result – Kết quả là/ hậu quả là In fact – Trong thực tế
First/ firstly, second/ secondly, third/ (thường mang nghĩa tiêu cực) Particularly/ In particular – Đặc biệt/
thirdly etc – Đầu tiên/ thứ nhất, thứ hai/ As a consequence (of) – Như một hệ quả Đặc biệt là/ nói riêng
thứ hai, thứ ba/ thứ ba vv… (của) Especially – Đặc biệt là
Next, lastly, finally – Tiếp theo, cuối Therefore – Do đó/ vì thế Clearly – Rõ ràng
cùng, cuối cùng Thus – Do dó Importantly – Quan trọng
In addition, moreover – Ngoài ra, hơn Consequently – Do đó
thế nữa Hence – Do đó 4/ NGOÀI RA/THÊM NỮA
Further/ furthermore – Thêm vào đó/ Due to – Do And – Và
Hơn nữa In addition/ additionally – Ngoài ra/
In conclusion – Trong kết luận, tóm lại, 3/ NHẤN MẠNH thêm vào đó, hơn nữa/ thêm
kết luận Undoubtedly – Chắc chắn Furthermore – Hơn nữa
To summarise – Để tóm tắt Indeed – Thực sự Also – Cũng
Obviously – Rõràng As well as – Cũng như
2/ KẾT QUẢ Generally – Nói chung
So – Vì vậy Admittedly – Sự thật là, thực ra là

138 nối thông dụng cho IELTS Writing

1. Stating Your Opinion • I realize • namely • Just as
• In my opinion, • I understand • To illustrate • resemble
• According to me, • I imagine • To paraphrase
• In my view, • I feel 4. Contrasting
• To me, 3. Comparing • However,
• From my point of view, 2. Giving Examples • Similar to • But
• I think • For example, • As… as • On the contrary,
• It seems to me that • For instance, • in common • On the other hand,
• I believe • such as • also • Differ from
• From my perspective • In other words, • Either… or • Nevertheless
• To my way of thinking • as • In the same way, • Although
• It appears that • like • Neither… nor • Though
• I suppose • that is • At the same time • Otherwise
• Instead 7. Expressing Partial • First, • Also
• Alternatively, Agreement • Last • And
• Even though • More or less, • Second, • Moreover
• To some extent, • Lastly, • Similarly
5. Generalizing • Up to a point, • Third, • Likewise
• Generally, • Almost, • Then, • As well as
• Generally speaking, • In a way, • Firstly, • Besides
• Overall, • So to speak, • First of all, • Too
• On the whole, • Secondly, • Even
• In general, 8. Showing cause • Before • What’s more
• By and large, • Due to • Thirdly,
• It seems to me that • Because • After 12. Expressing condition
• I believe • Because of • During • If
• All in all, • Owing to • While • Whether
• Basically, • To begin with • In case
• Essentially, 9. Showing effect • At the same time • Unless
• As a rule, • Therefore, • Simultaneously • Provided that
• All things considered • As a result, • After this / that • So that
• For the most part • Consequently, • Since
• For this reason, • Meanwhile 13. Concluding
6. Expressing Certainty • Thus, • Afterwards • To summarize
• Certainly, • So, • Following this • In conclusion
• Undoubtedly, • thereby • When • Lastly,
• Doubtless, • Eventually, • As soon as • Finally,
• No doubt, • Hence, • To conclude with,
• Definitely, • The reason why 11. Adding Information • In short
• Of course, • Furthermore
10. Marking time • In addition
CHÚ THÍCH:
[LINKING=CONNECTING=TRANSITIONS] ADVERBS/WORDS/PHRASES
 TRANSITION WORDS
 CONJUNCTIONS=COHESIVES/COHESION
 COHERENCE PHRASES