Project

Development
CHARMYNE V. SANGLAY, MM
What is a Project?

ѷ Series of complex, connected activities

with a common purpose

ѷ Group of tasks designed to meet specific

objectives within a defined period and
specific resources
What is a Project?
1. Project Identification

13. Follow-up Analysis & Action 2. Project Design

3. Feasibility Analysis
12. Project Evaluation

4. Project Appraisal
11. Project Completion
5. Project Selection

10. Project Supervision,

Monitoring & Reporting 6. Negotiation

9. Project Implementation 7. Project Approval

8. Project Activation
Project Identification
Sources of Project Ideas
ѷ Interest
ѷ Research Results
ѷ Calamities/ Disasters
ѷ Funding Agencies
ѷ Development Needs
Project Identification
Criteria in Screening Project Ideas
ѷ Resources and expertise
ѷ National priorities and
development programs
ѷ Appropriate scale and design
ѷ Appropriate technology
ѷ Commitment and support
Project Identification (Problem)

Describe a problem based on

observations and symptoms

Do not describe in terms of

a solution
Problem Analysis

ѷ Identifies negative
aspects
ѷ Establishes the
“cause and effect”
 Three Steps in Describing a Problem

Define framework and subject of analysis

Identify major problems faced by target

groups and beneficiaries

Visualize the problems in the form of a

diagram, called a “problem tree” or
“hierarchy of problems”
Problem Tree

A proven technique for

better problem definition.
Also called “why-why”,
“cause and effect”.
Used widely in re-
engineering improvement
programs - private and
public sector.
The problem tree represents a
comprehensive picture of the
existing negative situation.
Problem Tree High Poverty Incidence

Low Productivity

Effect Low formal

High family health incidence
education

Respiratory problem Diarrhea Worm related diseases Low Enrollment rate

Limited access to health service Lack of access to basic needs Poor housing conditions Limited Access for
(clean water & nutritious food) children’s education

LOW INCOME OF POOR

Cause FISHERMAN Development
Problem
Low Fish
Limited Alternative Source Reduction of Marine Low Farm Gate Price
Catch
of Livelihood Resources

Ecological
Disturbance
Variable Poor Traditiona Un- No Access Lack of Multi layer Poor Limited
Weather Fishing l Fishing Produc- to skills other trader Transportatio Direct
Condition Equip- Method tive Soil productive than fishing n System Access to
ment Illegal Illegal Fishing market
assets
Fishermen Practices (use
(land, boat,
Limited of dynamite & Insuffi- Limited LGU
etc.) Absence
Unaffordable Limited cyanide) cient budget for
access to of market
modern Fishing technical vocational local infrastructure
High soil infor-
Gear support training catch fish Development
salinity Weak Law Enforcement mation
volume
No support Low LGU
Lack of access to
from LGU Revenue &
working capital Limited Operation Support for the Police
IRA Fund
How to do the Problem Analysis

Effects

Core problem/s

Causes
How to do the Problem Analysis

Step 1: Identify proposals for a core problem

Core problem = “most important problem”

starting point of constructing a

problem tree

Formulate each problem as a negative

condition.
How to do the Problem Analysis

Step 2: Agree on one core problem

If you cannot agree on the core
problem, agree on a more obvious
problem and continue identifying other
related problems.
How to do the Problem Analysis
Step 3: Identify the causes of the core problem
Identify only existing problems, NOT
possible or imagined ones.
A problem is not the absence of a solution
but an existing negative state.
How to do the Problem Analysis
Step 3: Identify the causes of the core problem

Therefore avoid using a statement like “lack of so

and so” or “No… is available.”
Avoid: No hospital is available.
Better: People do not receive modern
medical treatment.
How to do the Problem Analysis
Step 4: Identify the effects of the core problem
Avoid co-existence of “cause and effect” of the
problem on the same statement.
Avoid: Frequent floods destroy farms

Better: Farms are often damaged and destroyed.

Rivers are often flooded.
How to do the Problem Analysis

Step 5: Form a diagram showing the cause –

effect relationships of a “problem
tree”

Step 6: Review the diagram as a whole and

verify its validity
Group Work : Create a Problem Tree

1. Vehicles too old

2. Bad condition of vehicles
3. Frequent bus accidents
4. Loss of confidence in bus company
5. No regular maintenance of cars
6. Drivers not careful enough
7. People arrive late for work
8. Passengers hurt or killed
9. Bad road condition Adopted from RBaconguis 2014
Group Work : Create a Problem Tree

Loss of confidence in bus

company

Passengers People arrive

hurt or late for work
killed
Frequent bus
accidents

Drivers not Bad road

Bad condition of
careful condition
vehicles
enough

Vehicles No regular
too old maintenance of cars
Group Work : Problem Identification

1. Identify a problem in a farming community

2. Develop a problem tree
 Solution/ Objective Tree

We should only talk about

problems so we can get to
possible solutions.
Analysis of Objectives

• Describe the situation in the future once

problems have been remedied;

• Verify the hierarchy of objectives;

• Illustrate the means - end relationships

in a diagram.
 The Objective Tree

The ‘negative situations’ of the problems

diagram are converted into solutions
expressed as ‘positive achievements’

Example : ‘agricultural production is low’

‘agricultural production increased’

 The Objective Tree

These positive achievements are in fact

objectives and are represented
diagrammatically showing means / ends
hierarchy.
The diagram provides a clear overview of
the desired future situation.
Objective Tree Low Poverty Incidence

High Productivity
High formal
education
End Low family health incidence

High Enrollment
Reduced Respiratory problem Low Diarrhea Incidence Reduced Worm related diseases rate

High access to health service High access to basic needs Healthy housing conditions High Access for children’s
(clean water & nutritious food) education

Means HIGH INCOME OF POOR

FISHERMEN Development
Objective
High Fish
Sufficient Alternative Preservation of Marine High Farm Gate Price
Catch
Source of Livelihood Resources

Ecological
Balance
Variable Modern Modern Access to Available Less Multi Improved Direct
Weather Fishing Fishing Produc- productive skills for layer trader Transporta- Access to
Condition Equip- Method tive Soil assets vocational o tion System market
ment Less Illegal Less Illegal
(land, boat, fishing
Fishermen Fishing
etc.)
Available Practices (use Suffi- Sufficient Presence
Affordable Sufficient access to of dynamite & cient LGU budget of market
modern Fishing technical cyanide) local for
Less soil vocational infor-
Gear support training catch fish infrastructure
salinity Strong Law mation
volume Development
Enforcement
Sufficient High LGU
Access to
support from Revenue &
working capital Sufficient Operation Support for the Police
LGU IRA Fund
How to do the Objective Analysis

Not a mechanical reformulation of

negative statements to positive
statements
Problems need to be addressed, but not
necessarily have to be overcome

Look for alternative ways to deal with

problems.
How to do the Objective Analysis
An Example:
Levels of Solving Problems
Potential Means
• Overcoming problems
• Bad soil quality • Fertilizer
• Poor access to markets • Transport
• Adjusting to problems
• Bad soil quality • Plants which grow on poor soils
• Poor access to markets • Production for local demand
• Reducing objectives
• Bad soil quality • No income increase possible, or
• Poor access to markets • Out-migration of people
supported
How to do the Objective Analysis

Step 1: Reformulate all negative conditions in

the problem tree into positive conditions
that are:
Desirable (what do we want to
achieve?)
Realistically achievable (what can we
achieve given the technical and
financial capability of the implementers
to achieve the objective in a certain
period of time?)
How to do the Objective Analysis

Step 2: Form a diagram

showing the means-
ends relationships in
the shape of an
“objectives tree”.
How to do the Objective Analysis
Step 3: Review the diagram as a whole and
verify its validity and completeness.
If necessary
Revise a statement.
Add new objectives if these appear to
be relevant and necessary to achieve an
objective on the next higher level.
Delete objectives which do not seem to
be necessary.
Main Advantages of an Objective Tree

• To identify criteria for evaluating

alternatives;

• To help assess the scope of a project; and

• To provide inputs into the logical

framework.