STATISTICS and

PROBABILITY 11
4th Quarter
Week 7

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Division of Surigao del Sur
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 Competencies:
1. Solves problems involving test of hypothesis on the population
proportion; M11/12SP-IVf-g-1
2. Illustrates the nature of bivariate data; M11/12SP-IVg-2
3. Constructs a scatter plot. M11/12SP-IVg-3

Objectives: At the end of the week, you shall have:

a. described bivariate data;
b. sketched the scatter plot based on the given data; and
c. appreciated the importance of hypothesis testing in decision-making.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview

You have learned from your previous week’s lessons the steps in hypothesis
testing on the population proportion. In this lesson, you will deepen and apply your
understanding on testing hypothesis on population proportion given some situations
or problems. You will also know the nature of bivariate data and learn how to
construct scatter plot.

Hypothesis Testing on Population Proportion

To solve problems involving hypothesis testing on the population proportion, let us first
review some concepts previously discussed:

Steps in testing hypothesis on the population proportion are as follows:

1. Describe the population parameter of interest.

2. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
3. Check the assumptions.
4. Check the significance level size for α.
5. Select the appropriate test statistic to be used.
6. Compute the test statistic and critical values.
7. State the decision rule for rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis.
8. Compare the computed values.
9. Interpret the result.

Test statistic for proportion is given by:

𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

z=
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
̂ −𝑝𝑜
p
z=
𝑝 𝑞
√ 𝑜𝑛 𝑜
𝑥
where: p̂ = 𝑛 ,
𝑝𝑜 = is the hypothesized population proportion

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 𝑞𝑜 = 1 - 𝑝𝑜
n = number of samples

Table 1: Critical Values for Common Choices of Significance level 𝛼 under 𝑧 −test.

Significance level 𝜶
Test Type
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎
Left-tailed −2.33 −1.645 −1.28
Right-tailed 2.33 1.645 1.28
Two-tailed ±2.575 ±1.96 ±1.645

Example 1. A sample of 150 students is randomly selected from Maligaya National

High School and 30 of them said they are left-handed. Test the hypothesis that less
than 25% of the students are left-handed by using 𝛼 = 0.05 as level of significance.

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Describe the population The parameter of interest is the population
parameter of interest. proportion 𝑝 of left-handed students.
2. Formulate the null and
alternative hypotheses. 𝐻𝑜 : p = 0.25
𝐻1 : p < 0.25

3. Check the assumptions. With 𝑛 = 150,

• Is the sample size large 𝑛𝑝 = 150(0.25) = 37.5 > 5, the CLT applies.
enough for the Central Limit
Theorem (CLT) to apply?
4. Check the significance level size 𝛼 = 0.05
for 𝛼.
• Is the test two-tailed or one- One-tailed (since “less than”)
tailed?
5. Select the appropriate test 𝑧 −statistic
statistic to be used.
6. Compute the test statistic and Test-statistic:
critical values. ̂ −𝑝𝑜
𝑝 30
𝑧= ,𝑝̂ = 150 = 0.20, 𝑝𝑜 = 0.25, 𝑞𝑜 = 0.75
𝑝 𝑞
√ 𝑜𝑛 𝑜
0.20 − 0.25
𝒛= = −𝟏. 𝟒𝟏
√(0.25)(0.75)
150

Critical value: −𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓 (left-tailed with 𝛼 = 0.05)

7. State the decision rule for Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑧 < −1.645 (critical region).
rejecting or not rejecting the
null hypothesis.

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8. Compare the computed values. Since 𝑧 is not less than −1.645, that is,
−1.41 ≮ −1.645, or 𝑧 does not fall on the
critical region, we failed to reject 𝐻0 .
9. Interpret the result. Therefore, we conclude that at 0.05 level of
significance, there is no sufficient evidence
to support the claim that less than 25% of the
students are left-handed.

Example 2. A politician claims that he will receive 60% of the votes in the upcoming
election. Of a random sample of 200 voters, there were 100 who will surely vote for
him. Test the politician’s assertion at the 0.05 level of significance.

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Describe the population The parameter of interest is the population
parameter of interest. proportion 𝑝 of election votes.
2. Formulate the null and
alternative hypotheses. 𝐻𝑜 : p = 0.60
𝐻1 : p ≠ 0.60 (non-directional)

3. Check the assumptions. With 𝑛 = 200,

• Is the sample size large 𝑛𝑝 = 200(0.60) = 120 > 5, the CLT applies.
enough for the Central Limit
Theorem (CLT) to apply?
4. Check the significance level size 𝛼 = 0.05
for 𝛼.
• Is the test two-tailed or one- two-tailed (since 𝐻1 has ≠ symbol)
tailed?
5. Select the appropriate test 𝑧 −statistic
statistic to be used.
6. Compute the test statistic and Test-statistic:
critical values. ̂ −𝑝𝑜
𝑝 100
𝑧= ,𝑝̂ = = 0.50, 𝑝𝑜 = 0.60, 𝑞𝑜 = 0.40
𝑝 𝑞 200
√ 𝑜𝑛 𝑜
0.50 − 0.60
𝒛= = −𝟐. 𝟖𝟗
√(0.60)(0.40)
200

Critical value: ±𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 (two-tailed with 𝛼 = 0.05)

7. State the decision rule for Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑧 < −1.96 or 𝑧 > 1.96 (critical
rejecting or not rejecting the region)
null hypothesis.
8. Compare the computed values. Since the computed statistic 𝑧 is less than
−1.96, that is, −2.89 < −1.96, or 𝑧 falls on the
critical region, we reject 𝐻0 .
9. Interpret the result. Therefore, at 0.05 level of significance, we
can conclude that the politician’s vote in the
upcoming election is different from 60%.

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 As observed in our previous study of statistics. We dealt with data which involve
single variable. These are called univariate data. Since we are dealing with a single
variable independently of the other variables, data are often described using the
measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode), variation, or other
descriptive statistics. But this LAS will introduce to you another type of data that involve
two variables.

Bivariate Data

- involve two variables. The statistical method used to determine and

describe relationship between two variables is called correlation analysis.

Examples of Bivariate Data

Here are some examples of bivariate data. The italicized and underlined phrases are
the variables in each situation.
1. A researcher observed the number of minutes it takes for students to answer a
worded problem in Math and the number of hours they spend in studying the
subject for a grading period.
2. A group of researchers found out that long hours spent by students in browsing
the Facebook application has negative effect on their academic grades.
3. The teacher-researcher wanted to find out if the IQ scores of her students are
related to their math scores.

Scatter Plot

- is sometimes written as one-word, scatterplot and is also called scatter graph

or scatter diagram.
- shows how points collected from a set of bivariate data are scattered on the
Cartesian plane.
- gives a good visual picture of how two variables are related or associated
with one another in terms of form, trend, and variation of correlation.
- The form of points in the scatter plot determines the shape of the correlation
of the variables.
- The independent variable will assume the values of 𝑥 or abscissa while the
dependent variable will assume the values of 𝑦 or ordinate.

Notes
• In the analysis of a scatterplot, the two elements that should be
considered are: direction and strength of the correlation or relationship.
• The trend determines the direction of the points, either the variables have
positive, negative, or no correlation.
• The variation or strength of correlation is based on the closeness of the
points on a trend line and it determines whether the variables have no,
weak, moderate, strong, or perfect correlation.

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 Note

• A perfect correlation exists when all the points fall in the trend line. A
perfect correlation maybe positive or negative. Perfect correlation
happens only when other variables that may affect the relationship
between the two variables are controlled.

Example 3. A Math teacher conducted a study regarding relationship between a

student’s score on a test and his or her average grade. The table of values below
show the data gathered. Construct the scatterplot.

Test Scores 35 36 38 40 42 45 48 50
Average
86 88 84 82 82 81 80 79
grades

90 From the data given, the

88 independent variable is the
student’s score on a test and
Average Grades

86
the dependent variable is the
84
average grade. From this, test
82 score will be plotted on the x-
80 axis and grades will be plotted
on the y-axis. As observed, the
78
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 trend line points to the left, we
Test Scores say that there is a negative
correlation between the two
variables.

Example 4. A gym instructor believes that health should be maintained by anyone

regardless of age. That’s why he recorded the ages of his customers and the number
of minutes they spend in exercising. The data are as follows:

Age 16 18 20 24 26 30 32 35
Number of
50 55 60 35 45 50 60 70
minutes

80 From the data given, the

70 independent variable is the age
Number of minutes

60
of customers and the dependent
50
40 variable is the number of minutes
30 spent in exercising. From this age
20 will be plotted on the x-axis and
10 number of minutes will be plotted
0 on the y-axis. As observed, the
0 10 20 30 40
trend line points to the right, we
Age
say that there is a positive
correlation between the two
variables.
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Activity 1. Complete Me!

Directions: Complete the following statements. Write your answers on a separate

sheet of paper.

1. Data that involve two variables are called __________________ .

2. The statistical analysis that can be used in bivariate data is _______________ .
3. In univariate data, the purpose of analysis is to describe based on descriptive
statistics while in bivariate data, its purpose is to describe ________________.
4-5. The two variables involved in the underlined situation “A school nurse
recorded the age and blood pressure of the teachers.”, are ____________________
and _____________________________ .

Activity 2. Do as Instructed.

Directions: Sketch the scatter plot of the data gathered from constructing squares by
following the provided steps. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Step 1: Construct 10 squares. Measure the side of each square and find their
perimeters. Tabulate the results by filling in the table of values below.

Square Length of a side (inches) Perimeter (inches)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Step 2: Sketch the scatter plot from the data gathered in Step 1. Do this on a graphing
paper.

Question: Based on the graph in Step 2, is there a relationship between the

length of a side and the perimeter of a square?

Activity 3. Solve Me!

Directions: Solve the given problem below using the steps on hypothesis testing on
population proportion. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

Situation: A common prescribed drug on the market for relieving nervous

tension is believed to be only 62% effective. Experimental results with a new drug
administered to a random sample of 100 adults who were suffering from nervous
tension showed that 75 received relief.
Is this sufficient evidence to conclude that the new drug is superior to the one
commonly prescribed? Use a 0.05 level of significance.

Question: Based on the result and conclusion, which drug will you likely use? Why?
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 Formative Test

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your answers.

1. A researcher interviewed his respondents about their family annual income and
floor area of their house. The data presented is an example of _________________.
A. bivariate B. frequency C. univariate D. distribution

2. Which of the following table of values represents the scatter plot below?
60

50

40
Weight, in kg

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Age of a person, in years

A. x 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
y 42 42 38 35 45 51 48 50 55 47

B. x 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
y 40 42 38 35 45 51 48 48 50 47

C. x 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
y 40 42 38 35 50 51 48 48 50 50

D. x 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
y 40 40 38 40 45 51 50 48 50 47
For items 3 – 5, please refer to the problem below:

Two hundred fifty housewives were randomly selected and asked whether they
prefer purchasing fish from supermarkets or from wet (public) markets. If 114 of them
preferred supermarkets, is there an evidence, at the 5% level of significance, to
suggest that the proportion of housewives throughout the city who prefer supermarket
exceeds 40%?

3. What is the proportion of housewives in the sample who prefer supermarkets?

A. 250 B. 114 C. 0.456 D. 0.40

4. What is the test-statistic or computed value?

A. −1.81 B. −1.80 C. 1.81 D. 1.86
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5. What can you conclude based on the rejection region and the computed value?
A. There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of housewives in
the city who preferred purchasing fish in the supermarket exceeds 40%.
B. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of housewives in the
city who preferred purchasing fish in the supermarket exceeds 40%.
C. There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of housewives in
the city who preferred purchasing fish in the supermarket is 40%.
D. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of housewives in the
city who preferred purchasing fish in the supermarket equals 40%.

Answer Key

Activity 1 Activity 3
The parameter of interest is the population proportion 𝑝
1. bivariate of drug’s effectiveness in relieving nervous tension.
2. correlation analysis 𝐻𝑜 : p = 0.62
𝐻1 : p > 0.62 (superior)
3. relationship
With 𝑛 = 100,
4-5 . age and blood 𝑛𝑝 = 100(0.62) = 62 > 5, the CLT applies.
𝛼 = 0.05
pressure of teachers
right-tailed (since 𝐻1 has > symbol)
𝑧 −statistic
Test-statistic:
Activity 2 𝑝̂−𝑝 75
𝑧 = 𝑝 𝑞𝑜 ,𝑝̂ = 100 = 0.75, 𝑝𝑜 = 0.62, 𝑞𝑜 = 0.38
√ 𝑜 𝑜
𝑛
Answers may vary 0.75 − 0.62
𝒛= = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟖
depending on the size (0.62)(0.38)
√
of the constructed 100
squares by the leaner. Critical value: 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓 (right-tailed with 𝛼 = 0.05)
Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑧 > 1.645 (critical region).
Since 𝑧 is greater than 1.645, that is, 2.68 > 1.645, or 𝑧
falls on the rejection region, we reject 𝐻0 .
Therefore, we conclude that at 0.05 level of
significance, there is sufficient evidence to support the
claim that the new drug is superior to the one
commonly prescribed.

Based on the results of the test, I would prefer the new

drug because it is more effective.

References

Belecina, Rene R., Baccay,Elisa S. and Mateo, Efren B. “Statistics And Probability”.
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI), 2016.
Almeda, Josefina. Slide Presentations during the Training on Teaching Basic Statistics
for Teachers. Summer 2008.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KHVXQ8hIE4
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