Study and Evaluate of Electrical Submersible Pump in Gialo Paleocene Reservoir at Gialo Field - Hadidan Et. Al

B.Sc.
Project for Completing the Requirements in

Petroleum Engineering
Presented By:
Nasre Ddin Ali Al-jeder Mahamed Mustafa Fadel
Ramzy Al-mabrouk Hadidan
Supervised By:
Eng. Adel El-traki
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Electrical Submersible Centrifugal
Pump
Chapter 3
Failures & Problems of ESP, with
Recommendations for Reducing them
Chapter 4
The Study Area
Chapter 5
ESP Design & Discussion of Results
Chapter 6
Conclusion & Recommendations
Abstract
Objective
Appendix A
Gialo Paleocene Data
Appendix B
Failure Percentage for Each Well
Appendix C
ESP Design Data & Pump
Performance Curves
Dedication
This project is dedicated with all our heart to our beloved
Parents and to our dear brothers and sisters.
Acknowledgments
First of all we would like to thank Allah the Merciful and
Almighty for giving us the support and power to finish this
work.
We would like to thank our families specially our parents for

their asking Allah for us to do this project successfully. We
are extremely grateful to our advisor Eng.Adel El-traki for
his guidance and patience during this study.
We would like to extend my gratitude to the faculty staff and

colleagues in the Petroleum Engineering Department for
providing a cooperative throughout our study at Al-Fateh
University.
Special thank to planning department in Al-Waha Campany

for supplying us with the data of wells.
Special thank to Schulmberger engineers for providing us
with PAD Software which used to validate and complete our
study.
List of Contents
Abstract …………………………………………………………………. 1
Objective ………………………………………………………………... 3
Chapter 1
Introduction……………………………………..……………………… 5
Chapter 2
Electrical Submersible Centrifugal Pump…………………………... 11
2.1 Introduction ……………………………………...……………… 12
2.2 Classification of Pumps ………………………...…………….... 15
Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrical
2.3 Submersible Pump Systems…...………………………….….… 16
2.4 Components of the Submersible Pumping System ……….…. 17
2.4.1 Subsurface Components………………………………… 18

2.4.1.1 Submergible Motor ………………………..... 18
2.4.1.2 Protector (Seal Section)……………………… 19

2.4.1.3 Pump Intake or Gas separator ………………. 21
2.4.1.4 Submergible Pump…………………………... 22
2.4.1.5 Electric Power Cable………………………… 25

2.4.2 Surface Components……………………………………. 27
2.4.2.1 Electric Power Supply……………………….. 27
2.4.2.2 Electrical Transformer……………………….. 27
2.4.2.3 Switchboard (Motor Controller)……………... 28
2.4.2.4 Junction Box (Vent Box)…………………….. 30
2.4.2.5 Wellhead Assembly………………………….. 31
2.5 Miscellaneous Equipment Installed with ESP…………….….. 32
2.5.1 Standard Installation……………………………………. 32
2.5.1.1 Check Valve…………………………………. 32
i
2.5.1.2 Bleeder Valve (Drain Valve)………………… 33
2.5.1.3 Shrouded Pumping System…………………... 34
2.5.1.4 Centralizers…………………………………... 35
2.5.1.5 Cable Bands………………………………….. 35
2.5.1.6 Flat Cable Guards……………………………. 35
2.5.1.7 Y-Tool……………………………………….. 35
2.5.2 Optional Equipment with ESP………………………….. 35

Downhole Pressure and Temperature
2.5.2.1 35
Monitors……………………………………...
2.5.2.2 Variable Speed Drive………………………… 37
2.6 Equipment Needed for ESP Installation…………………….… 39
2.7 General Instruction in Pulling and Running ESP….…………. 40

Chapter 3
Recommendations for Reducing them……………………………….. 41
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………... 42
3.2 Failures of ESP Components………………..…………………. 43
3.2.1 Motor Failures…………………………………………... 43

3.2.1.1 Causes of Motor Failures…………………….. 43
Recommendations or Practical Precautionary
3.2.1.2
Steps for the Motor Failures…………………. 44
3.2.2 Pump Failures…………………………………………… 45
3.2.2.1 Causes of Pump Failures…………………….. 45
3.2.2.2
Steps for the Pump Failures………………….. 45
3.2.3 Protector or Seal Failures……………………………….. 46
3.2.3.1 Causes of Protector Or Seal Failures………… 46

3.2.3.2
Steps for the Protector Failures……………... 46
3.2.4 Pump Intake or Gas Separator Failures…………………. 47
ii
3.2.4.1 Causes of Pump Intake Failures……………... 47
3.2.4.2
Steps for the Pump Intake Failures………….. 47
3.2.5 Cable Failures…………………………………………... 47
3.2.5.1 Causes of Cable Failures…………………….. 47
3.2.5.2
Steps for the Cable Failures…………………. 48
3.3 ESP Problems…………………………………………………… 49
3.3.1 Sand Production………………………………..……… 49
3.3.1.1 Causes of Sand Production………………….. 49

Recommendations for the Sand Production
3.3.1.2
Problem……………………………………… 50
3.3.2 Corrosion………………………………………………... 52
3.3.2.1 Causes of Corrosion…………………………. 53
3.3.2.2 Recommendations for the Corrosion Problem. 53
3.3.3 Scale Problem…………………………………………... 54

3.3.3.1 Causes of Scale……………………………… 54
3.3.3.2 Recommendations for the Scale Problem…… 55
3.3.4 Free Gas………………………………………………… 55

3.3.4.1 Recommendations for the Free Gas Problem... 56
3.3.5 Other Problems…………………………………………. 59
3.3.5.1 High Viscosity and Emulsion………………... 59
Recommendations for High
3.3.5.1.1
Viscosity and Emulsion………… 59
3.3.5.2 High Temperature…………………………… 59
Recommendations for High
3.3.5.2.1
Temperature…………………….. 60
Chapter 4
The Study Area…………………………………………………………. 61
4.1 Introduction………………………………………….………….. 62
4.2 General Background of Gialo Field…………………………… 62
iii
4.3 Reservoir Description…………………………………………… 65
Chapter 5
ESP Design & Discussion of Results ………………………………... 70
5.1 Introduction……………………………………….……………… 71
5.2 (Pump Application Data, PAD) Software…………………….. 72
5.3 Electrical Submersible Pump Design…………………...……... 75
5.3.1 Data Required for Pump Design………………………. 75
5.3.2 Design Procedure………………………………………. 76
5.4 Discussion of Results…………………………………………… 84

Chapter 6
Conclusion & Recommendations …………………………….…….... 85
6.1 Conclusion……………………………………..………………… 86
6.2 Recommendations………………………………………..……… 88
Reference……………………………………………..………………… 90
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
iv
List of Figures
Chapter 1
Introduction………………………………………………………………. 5
Number of artificial lifts installations throughout the
Figure (1.1) world……………………………………………………. 9
Chapter 2
Electrical Submersible Centrifugal Pump……………………………. 11
Figure (2.1) A typical submersible pumping unit………………….... 13
Figure (2.2) An electrical motor……………………………………... 19

Figure (2.3) Protector or (seal section)………………………………. 20
Figure (2.4 A) A rotary gas separator………………………………….. 22
Figure (2.4 B) Vortex gas separator……………………………………. 22

Figure (2.5 A) Shows a typical single housing pump………………….. 23
Figure (2.5 B) Shows an impeller and diffuser for one stage………….. 24
Figure (2.5 C) Shows the position of stages…………………………… 24
Figure (2.6) Shows different types of power cables…………………. 26

Figure (2.7) An electrical transformer………………………..……... 28
Figure (2.8 A) Motor controller system………………………………... 28
Figure (2.8 B) An example for ammeter chart…………………………. 29

Figure (2.9) Junction box or (vent box)……………………………... 31
Figure (2.10) Wellhead assembly……………………………………... 32

Figure (2.11) Check valve…………………………………………….. 33
Figure (2.12) Bleeder valve…………………………………………… 33
Figure (2.13) Shrouded pumping system……………………………... 34
Figure (2.14) Monitoring systems…………………………………….. 36

Figure (2.15) Shows a variable speed drive…………………………... 37
Figure (2.16) Summary for basic equipment………………………….. 38

Figure (2.17) The basic equipment needed for ESP installation…….... 39
v
Chapter 3
Recommendations for Reducing them……………………………….. 41
Figure (3.1) Desanding system, run below the ESP……………….... 51
Figure (3.2) Advanced gas handler…………………………………. 57
Figure (3.3) Shows the position of Poseidon gas handling…………. 58

Chapter 4
The Study Area…………………………………………………………. 61
Figure (4.1) Gialo field location…………………………………….. 63
Figure (4.2) Failure percentage by component for Gialo field……… 65
Figure (4.3) Failure percentage by cause for Gialo field…………… 65
Figure (4.4) 3 D-View of Gialo Paleocene reservoir……………….. 66
Figure (4.5) Gialo Paleocene reservoir-location of wells…………… 66
Figure (4.6) Gialo Paleocene reservoir classification of 48 wells…... 67
Figure (4.7) Gialo Paleocene-Iso water cut map as of February 2005 68
Figure (4.8) Gialo Paleocene-Iso baric map as of may 2005……….. 69
Chapter 5
ESP Design & Discussion of Results………………………………… 70
Figure (5.1) Pump Performance Curve……………………………... 71
5 figures shows; how the PAD program run…………………………….. 73
vi
List of Tables
Chapter 5
ESP Design & Discussion of Results……………………………….. 70
Required data for pump design and some information for
Table (5.1)
well E89…………………………………………………... 78
ESP design results for Gialo Paleocene wells after
Table (5.2)
redesigning them…………………………………………. 81
vii
Abstract
Artificial lift techniques are employed when reservoirs do not have

enough energy to naturally produce oil or gas to the surface or at the
desired economic rates. The second-most common artificial lift method
worldwide, after the rod pump, is the electrical submersible pump (ESP).
This study reviews ESP components, how and where they work, and
the conditions that reduce ESP system run life or cause failure, also lists
briefly problems, with recommendations for reducing these failures and
problems to improve ESP performance, and well and field economics.
Pull & Run Reports for each well of Gialo Paleocene wells have been
reviewed for the period of (Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004). The following
data was extracted:
1. ESP run life for each installed unit.

2. Time ESP remained off in hole.
3. Failed ESP component and the cause of failure.
Also, this study presents PAD program, which is small software

program to provide us with pump performance curves. Using pump
performance curves, we can determine the number of pump stages
needed based on the total dynamic head requirement to achieve a desired
production rate.
2
Objective
This study will aid the engineer, technician, or field man involved
with submersible operations to become more knowledgeable concerning
the causes of equipment failures and will identify the most common
causes of ESP's problems, and introduce the possible recommendations or
practical precautionary steps that should be taken to eliminate these
failures and problems.
The study scope of work has been divided into two phases as follows:
Phase Ι : Is basically a statistical analysis of the history of ESP run life,

and failure percentage by component and cause for Gialo
Paleocene wells as reported in pull & run Reports during
period of (Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004).
Phase ΙΙ : After collecting all the required data, we will redesign all the
Gialo Paleocene wells by hand, with asking aid from PAD
program, which providing us with all pump performance
curves.
4
1.1 Introduction
Most oil wells in the early stages of their lives flow naturally to the
surface, these are called flowing wells. The basic prerequisite to ensure
flowing production is that the pressure at well bottom be sufficient to
overcome the sum of pressure losses occurring along the flow path to the
surface. When this criterion is not met, the well stops flowing naturally
and dies.
There are two main causes of a well's dying; either the bottomhole
flowing pressure drops to a level at which it is no longer sufficient to
overcome pressure losses in the well, or the flowing pressure losses
become greater than the bottomhole pressure necessary for the well to
produce. The first case happens due to the removal of fluids from the
underground reservoir and entails a gradual decrease in reservoir
pressure. In the second case, mechanical problems (too small tubing size,
downhole restrictions,… etc.) or a change in composition of the flowing
fluid (usually a decrease of gas production) tend to increase the flow
resistance in the well. Surface condition such as separator pressure or
flow line size, also directly impact total pressure losses and can prevent a
well from flowing.
To produce wells already dead, or to increase the production rate

from flowing wells, some kind of artificial lifting equipment is needed.
Several lifting systems are available to choose from, and all work on the
principle of supplying from the surface the energy needed to move well
fluids up the well. One basic mechanism of artificial lift is the use of a
downhole pump to increase the pressure in the well in order to override
flowing pressure losses. Other lifting methods use compressed gas,
6
injected periodically below the liquid present in the well, and use the
expansion energy of the gas to displace a liquid slug to the surface.
Each of artificial lift systems has economic and limitations that

eliminate it from consideration under certain operation condition.
The selection of the most suitable type of lift required is influenced

by numerous factors. These factors are:
1. Producing characteristics.
Inflow performance.
Liquid production rate.
Water cut.
Gas-liquid ratio. GLR
2. Fluid properties.
Viscosity.µ
Formation volume factor. β
3. Hole characteristics.
Depth.
Size of tubular.
Completion type.
Deviation.
4. Reservoir characteristics.
Depletion drive reservoir.
Water drive reservoir.
Gas cap expansion drive.
5. Long-range recovery plan.
Primary recovery.
Water flood.
7
Gas injection.
Thermal recovery.
Chemical recovery.
6. Surface facilities.
Surface flow lines.
Separator pressure.
7. Location.
Offshore.
Urban.
Spacing considerations.
8. Power sources available.
Electricity.
Natural gas.
9. Operating problems.
Sand.
Paraffin.
Scale.
Corrosion.
Emulsions
Bottom hole temperature.
10. Multiple completions.
11. Operating personnel.
12. Services available.
The following list represents the different type of standard artificial

lift based on the number of installations throughout the world, see Figure
(1.1), (this figure has been taken from; taking the pulse of producing
wells-ESP surveillance, pdf file, schlumberger summer 2004)
8
1. Sucker rod pump (beam pumping).
2. Electrical submersible pump ESP.
3. Gas lift.
4. Hydraulic piston pump.
5. Hydraulic jet pump.
6. Plunger lift.
Figure (1.1) Number of artificial lifts installations throughout the world
9
This study will identify the most common causes of Electrical
Submersible Pump (ESP) failures and problems, and introduce the
possible Recommendations to overcoming these problems.
10
Electrical Submersible Centrifugal Pump
2.1 Introduction
The first submersible pumping unit was installed in an oil well in
1928 and since that time the concept has proven itself throughout the oil-
producing world.
Presently, it is considered as an effective and economical means of

lifting large volumes of fluids from great depths under a variety of well
conditions. Submersible pumping equipment is used to produce as low as
200 b/
b/dd and as high as 60,000 b/
b/dd of fluid from depths up to 15,000 fftt.
The oil cut may also vary within very wide limits, from negligible
amounts to 100
100%%.
A typical submersible pumping unit Figure (2.1) consists of an

electric motor, seal section, intake section, multistage centrifugal pump,
electric cable, surface installed switchboard, junction box, transformers
and well head supports. Additional miscellaneous components of
installation will include check and bleeder valves, means of securing the
cable alongside the tubing. Optional equipment may include a pressure
sentry for sensing bottom-hole temperature and pressure.
12
Figure (2.1) A typical submersible pumping unit consists of an electric motor, seal
section, intake section, multi-stage centrifugal pump, electric cable, surface installed
switchboard, junction box, and transformers.
13
In its operating position, the standard down hole equipment is
suspended from discharge tubing and submerged in well fluid.
The submersible pump is also used in producing high viscosity fluids,

gassy wells, and high temperature wells. With additional experience and
improved technology, wells that were once considered non-feasible for
submersibles are now being pumped economically.
The electric motor turns at a relatively constant speed and the pump
and the motor are directly coupled with a protector or seal section in
between. Power is transmitted to the subsurface equipment through a
three-conductor electrical cable which is strapped to the tubing on which
the unit is run into the well.
The surface equipment for a typical submersible installation consists

of a bank of three single-phase transformers, a three- phase transformer or
an auto-transformer, a motor controller (or switchboard), a junction box,
and a submersible wellhead where the round or flat power cable can be
packed off.
The pump performs at highest efficiency when pumping liquid only. It

can and does handle free gas along with the liquid.
The motor and the pump rotate at 3,475 to 3,500 rpm for 60Hz power
and 2,900 to 2,915 rpm for 50Hz power. The unit is a precision-built
piece of equipment and, under normal operating conditions, can be
expected to give from 1 to 3 years of good operating life with some units
operating over 10 years.
14
The electrical pump is becoming more popular and is presently being
used in a greater percentage of the wells that are eligible artificial lift
candidates. In particular it is well suited for off-shore applications.
2.2 Classification of Pumps

Pumps are classified in several ways on the applications they serve,
the materials from which they are made, the liquids they handle, their
orientation in space, or the type of driving system.
All such classifications are limited in scope and, in many instances,

overlap each other. Another way of classifying the pumps is based on the
principle of transferring the energy to the fluid. According to this system,
the pumps are classified into two basic groups - dynamic pumps and
displacement pumps.
Each of these groups can be further classified into several subgroups

depending upon design features and characteristics.
In dynamic pumps,
pumps energy is continuously added to the fluid and is
utilized to increase the velocity of the fluid. The velocity difference is
subsequently converted into pressure energy.
The centrifugal pump basically consists of a moving part, known as an

impeller, which is mounted on a rotating shaft and a stationary part,
called a diffuser, which is a series of stationary passages with gradually
increasing cross-sectional areas.
The rotation of the impeller with appropriately shaped blades sets the
fluid particles in motion from the inlet towards the discharge. As the fluid
15
flows through the impeller, the particles are accelerated; thus, their
kinetic energy increases. This energy is partially converted into potential
energy (pressure or head) in the impeller and in the diffuser.
pumps energy is periodically added by application of

In displacement pumps,
force to one or more movable boundaries of any number of enclosed
fluid-containing volumes. Under the action of the force, pressure of the
volume increases sufficiently to force the fluid through valves and other
resistances into discharge section.
The submersible pumps, used presently for production of

petroleum crude, belong to the category of closed impeller,
multistage, self-priming, single suction, radial and mixed-flow
centrifugal pumps. Most of the discussion and principles outlined in
this study are directed at these types of pumps.
2.3 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of

Electrical Submersible Pump Systems
The major advantages of ESP systems include:
o Wide application in oil and water wells, pumping at rates from

200-60,000 BP
BPDD to depths of 15,000 fftt;
o Crooked or deviated wells cause few problems;
o Applicable offshore and at urban sites;
o Simple to operate;
o Lifting cost for high volumes are generally low; and
16
o Corrosion and scale treatment are easy to apply.
The major disadvantages include:
o Not applicable to multiple completions;

o Only applicable where electric power and high voltages are
available;
o Expensive to change equipment to match declining well
productivity;
o Handling tubular is difficult with cable;
o Gas and solids production are troublesome;
o Performance is not easily analyzed;
o Lack of production rate flexibility exists because of problems (to
date) with multiple stop/starts; and
o Cable may deteriorate under high temperature operation.
2.4 Components of the Submersible Pumping

System
Electrical submersible pump consists of surface and subsurface

components. The submergible pumping system major components are
(electric motor, protector, intake, multi-stages pump and power cable).
Which are run into the well below the tubing string and submerged into
the well fluids.
Surface components are (electric power supply, transformer,
switchboard, junction box, and wellhead).
Additional miscellaneous components will normally include (special
well heads, cable clamps, check and bleeder valves, Y-tool, centralizers,
17
and flat cable guards). Optional equipment may include (a downhole
pressure sensor to monitor well bore condition, and variable-speed drive).
Let us now explain each of the components of the system in more

details;
2.4.1 Subsurface Components

2.4.1.1 Submergible Motor
The electrical submersible motor Figure (2.2) is the driving force

(prime mover) which turns the pump. And is usually a 3-phase, induction
type, which is filled with a highly refined mineral oil that must provide
dielectric strength, lubrication for bearings, and good thermal
conductivity. Operating voltage of these motors can be as low as 230 volt
or as high as 5,000 volt, amperage requirements vary from 12 to 130
amps, available horsepower range from 12 Hp to 2000 Hp at 60-Hertz
speeds, under full load, the motor rotates at approximately 3,475 rpm in
60- Hertz operation.
Electrical submersible motor consists of stator and rotor, stator

lamination optimizes the magnetic circuit, rotors shaped bar design
improve efficiency.
To reduce power cost, Reda motors feature improved winding

configurations which optimize the electrical performance and improve
efficiency.
18
Figure (2.2) An electrical motor
2.4.1.2 Protector (Seal Section)

The protector located between the pump and the motor, and the main
functions besides providing mechanical link between the diving and
driven shafts are:
1. Prevents well fluids from entering the motor.
2. Provides a reservoir for motor oil expansion and contraction
caused by temperature and pressure changes.
3. Equalizes the internal pressure of the motor with the pressure in
the well annulus, and
4. Absorbs the pump shaft thrust on the seal thrust bearing.
19
Figure (2.3) shows the cross section of one of the seal sections
currently available.
Figure (2.3) Protector or (seal section)
Seal section is a main element in long system run life. The principle
of operation of seal section differs from one manufacture to another. The
main difference in the way that the motor oil is isolated from the well
fluid.
It works by simply keeping the pressure inside the unit same as the
pressure outside the unit.
20
ª
Some submersible pump applications have required that two or
more protectors be bolted in tandem to achieve adequate protection.
The Modular protector eliminates the cost of tandems by combining
multiple protector section in one unit.
2.4.1.3 Pump Intake or a Gas Separator
The pump intake is used to allow fluid to enter the pump, when the
gas liquid ratio (GLR) greater than can be handle by the pump (grater
than 10 % in generally).
It may also have a gas separator which is a bolt-on section between

the protector and the pump where it serves as the pump intake, and
designed to separate a greater portion of any free gas in the produced
fluid.
The rotary separator Figure (2.4 A) uses centrifugal force to separate

the free gas. The gas/fluid mixture enters the intake ports and moves to
the screw type inducer. Here, the pressure of the fluid is increased and
moved to the centrifuge where the separation occurs. The fluid is forced
to the outside of the separator and on to the first pump stage. The lighter
gas rises through the flow divider and is vented to the annulus.
Vortex style gas separators Figure (2.4 B) use a natural vortex action
created by a special inlet configuration, axial flow inducer, propeller,
retention chamber, and discharge crossover. These separators provide
efficiency over broader flow rang than rotary separators.
21
Figure (2.4 A) A rotary gas separator Figure (2.4 B) Vortex gas separator
2.4.1.4 Submergible Pump

Figure (2.5 A) shows a typical single housing pump. Submergible
pumps are multi-staged centrifugal pumps. Each stage consists of a
rotating impeller and a stationary diffuser, see Figure (2.5 B) and Figure
(2.5 C). The type of stage used determines the volumes of fluid to be
produced. The number of stages determines the total head generated and
the horsepower required.
The pressure-energy change is accomplished as the liquid being

pumped surrounds the impeller, and as the impeller rotates, it imparts a
rotating motion to the liquid. Actually, there are two components of the
motion imparted to the liquid by the impeller. One motion is in a radial
22
direction outward from the center of the impeller. This motion is caused
by centrifugal force. The other motion moves in a tangential direction to
the outside diameter of the impeller. The result of these two components
is the true direction of flow.
The diffuser's function is to change some of the high velocity energy

into relatively low velocity energy while directing the flow to the eye of
the next impeller.
Figure (2.5 A) Shows a typical single

housing pump
23
Figure (2.5 B) Shows an impeller and diffuser for one stage
Figure (2.5 C) Shows the

position of stages
24
The flow rate of a submersible centrifugal pump depends on the
following operational parameters;
o Speed of rotation.
o Size of impeller.
o Impeller design.
o Number of stages.
o The total dynamic head against which the pump is
operating, and
o The physical properties of the fluid being pumped.
For deeper applications, the impellers are of the floating or balanced

type. In higher volume, larger units, a fixed type impeller is used.
In a floater pump, the impellers move axially along the shaft. And in
a fixed pump, the impeller is fixed to the shaft and cannot move axially.
In a combination pump, a certain percentage of the stages are floater and
the remaining fixed.
So, we can say that, the centrifugal pumps are divided into three
groups:
9 Radial-flow pumps.
9 Axial-flow pumps.
9 Mixed-flow pumps.
2.4.1.5 Electric Power Cable

Power is supplied to the electric motor by an electric cable. Available
in either round or flat styles, these insulated cables may be installed in
25
well temperatures in excess of 300°F. Flat cable is used from pothead of
the motor to the pump discharge head, and the round cable used from
pump discharge head to junction box.
The power cable is manufactured in different types, size, and armors.

Different cable types are available for normal, high temperature, gassy,
and corrosive service, see Figure (2.6).
Figure (2.6) Shows different types of power cables
Joining round and flat cable sections requires splicing of cable ends
with the materials and procedures recommended by the manufacturer.
The power cable is usually connected to the motor with a splice but
special connectors are also available.
26
The motor flat cable is manufactured with a special terminal called a
“pothead”. The function of the pothead is to allow entry of electric power
into the motor while sealing the connection from well fluid entry.
Cable selection based on;

9 Cable length.
9 Cable type.
9 Cable size.
2.4.2 Surface Components

2.4.2.1 Electric Power Supply
For an efficient operation, it is necessary to have a dependable
uniform power supply. The two basic supplies are:
1. Lease generation equipment.
2. Local power company.
2.4.2.2 Electrical Transformer
The transformer system Figure (2.7) is used to step-up or step-down

the primary line voltage to the voltage required by the motor of the
submersible pump. For example, we may have a primary voltage of
12,500 volts and require that the transformer step it down to 2400 volts.
In another situation, the primary voltage may be 440 volts and we may
require that the transformer step up that voltage to 880 volts.
27
Figure (2.7) Shows an electric transformer.
In general, you will find that the manufacturers of electrical

submersible pumps also manufacture and sell the necessary transformers.
2.4.2.3 Switchboard (Motor Controller)

The primary purpose of the switchboard Figure (2.8 A) is to control
the pump motor and provide overload and underload protection.
Figure (2.8 A) Motor controller system.
Protection during underload, a condition where the pump is not

displacing its design volumes, is needed because low flow rates will not
allow adequate cooling of the motor.
28
Protection against overload, a condition where excessive amperage
flows through the motor, is needed to prevent the burning of the motor
windings.
Additionally, the switchboard may be used to record amperage on a

continuous basis using typically a 24-hour chart or weekly chart
(ammeter chart). These ammeters can helps to determine causes of
failures and give an indication of pump and well performance, see Figure
(2.8 B)
Figure (2.8 B) An example for ammeter chart
The switchboard can also be used as an adjustable time, automatic

restart control. If a pump, for example, shuts down because the well is
pumped off, you may set the control to begin pumping again in a fixed
number of hours. This control will provide automatic restart as needed.
29
The modem switchboard provided with variable speed drive (VSD),
which will allow altering the frequency and / or voltage at the out put
terminals.
The main basic components of the switchboard are;
Main switch.
Selector switch.
Fuses.
Potential transformer.
Over load relays.
Under load relays.
Ammeter chart recorder.
Current transformer.
2.4.2.4 Junction Box (Vent Box)

The next component of our system is the junction box Figure (2.9).
This component provides a point at which to connect the power cable
from the switchboard to the power cable from the wellhead.
Junction box is necessary to vent to the atmosphere any gas that

may migrate up the power cable from the well, this prevent accumulation
of gas in the switchboard that can result in an explosive and unsafe
operation condition.
A junction box is used for three basic functions;
30
1. Provides a vent to the atmosphere for any gases that might
migrate up the cable.
2. Provides for easy access to test points for electrically checking
the down hole equipment.
3. To change the direction of pump rotation.
Figure (2.9) Junction box or (vent box)
ª
The junction box should be located at least 15 ft from the
wellhead and should be locked at all times for security reasons.
2.4.2.5 Wellhead Assembly

The ESP wellhead or tubing support is used as a limited pressure seal
Figure (2.10). The wellhead provides a pressure tight pack-off around the
tubing and power cable. High pressure wellheads, up to 3,000 psi, use an
electrical power feed to prevent gas migration through the cable.
Wellheads are manufactured to fit standard casing sizes from 4.5 to 10 ¾
inches.
31
Figure (2.10) Wellhead assembly
2.5 Miscellaneous Equipment Installed with ESP
2.5.1 Standard Installation

2.5.1.1 Check Valve
A check valve Figure (2.11), which is usually located 2 to 3 joints
above the pump assembly, can be used to maintain a full column of fluid
above the pump. If the check valve fails or if it is not installed, downward
flow of well fluid from the tubing through the pump can cause a reverse
rotation of the subsurface unit when the motor is shut off. Power applied
during this reverse rotation can result in a motor burn, cable burn, or
broken shaft. The check valve also prevents any solids in the produced
32
fluid from setting back into the pump's top impellers when the unit is shut
down.
Figure (2.11) Shows check valve
2.5.1.2 Bleeder Valve (Drain Valve)

Whenever a check valve is used in the tubing string, it is necessary to
install a bleeder or drain valve Figure (2.12) immediately above the
check valve (about 2 joints above the check valve) to prevent pulling a
wet tubing string. If a check valve is not run and the well has no sand
problems, there is no reason to run a bleeder valve as the fluid in the
tubing will drain through the pump while pulling.
Figure (2.12) Shows bleeder valve
33
2.5.1.3 Shrouded Pumping System
This system is essentially the same as the typical standard
installation. With a shroud, the unit can be set in or below the perforation
as shown in Figure (2.13). A shroud can serve two purposes:
1. Direct fluid past the motor for cooling, and

2. Allow free gas to separate from the fluid before entering the
pump intake.
Figure (2.13) Shrouded Pumping System.
34
2.5.1.4 Centralizers
Centralizers are used to center the motor and pump for proper
cooling and in same cases to prevent cable damage due to rubbing
centralizers also help prevent damage to anticorrosive coating during
equipment installation.
2.5.1.5 Cable Bands

Cable bands are used to strap the power cable to the tubing. One
band per 15 foot interval is normal.
2.5.1.6 Flat Cable Guards

A cable guard is installed over the cable along the seal and pump
sections to prevent mechanical damage during installation and removal.
2.5.1.7 Y-Tool
Is a special tool run with ESP to allow for running bottom hole
pressure survey and production logging tool during the pump operation
downhole.
2.5.2 Optional Equipment with ESP

2.5.2.1 Downhole pressure and temperature monitors
Valuable reservoir and pump performance data can be made

available with the use of downhole pressure and temperature monitoring
systems. See Figure (2.14).
35
Figure (2.14) Monitoring systems
There are different types of downhole pressure and temperature

sensors available from submersible pump suppliers. This system has the
capability of continuously monitoring bottomhole pressure and
temperature at the pump's setting depth, and of detecting electrical
failures, such as shorts to ground. These units also allow the operator to
calculate reservoir parameters by running drawdown or build up tests as
the is stopped or started.
36
2.5.2.2 Variable-Speed Drive VSD
The variable speed drive (VSD) is a highly sophisticated
switchboard controller. It performs three distinct functions:
1. It varies the capacity of the ESP by varying the motor speed by

changing the voltage frequency supplied to the motor.
2. Protects downhole components from power transients.
3. Provides “soft-start” capability.
A new generation of variable frequency controllers is available, see

Figure (2.15). The system includes a digital data recorder, programmable
logic functionality and a high-speed internal communications bus for easy
system expansion.
Figure (2.15) Shows a Variable Speed Drive VSD
37
Figure (2.16) is a summary for basic equipment which described
earlier.
Figure (2.16)
38
ª
However, by using all the equipment described earlier, centrifugal
pumps can be applied with good ''engineered'' selection, and
produced fluids ranging from brine, gassy oil or heavy emulsions can
be produced if accurate complete.
2.6 Equipment Needed for ESP Installation

9 Rig of hoist.
9 Cable splicing equipment.
9 Cable banding tools.
9 Cable reel and spooler with pulley.
Figure (2.17) shows the basic equipment needed for ESP

installation.
Figure (2.17)
39
2.7 General Instruction in Pulling and Running
ESP
1. Place all unit boxes at the well with red painted ends toward the
wellhead, and allow at least (5/6) fee
feett.
2. Place the reel of cable (spooler machine) (80-100) feet away from
the well.
3. The control switch board should be placed approximately (50-100)
feet the well.
4. The transformer or generator may be placed at any location within
(50-300) feet from the well.
5. Pump technician should be present during pulling and running.
6. Check all material and equipment, remove box covers and take all
information directly from name plates on (motor-pump-gas
separator-protector).
7. The cable wheel should be (25-40) feet above the rig floor.
8. Install (6) bands per joint above pump, followed by (2) bands per
joint, and finally (6) band per joint in the last (300) feet to surface.
9. Run or pull ESP equipment slow and at fixed speed.
10. Avoid cable slipping when no bands are noticed during pulling of
the hole.
11. Spliced of cable must be banded equally at top and bottom.
12. Use mechanical or air banding machines.
13. Cut off bands with cutting tool.
40
Faiilu
Fa urreess & P
Prrob
obllem
emss ooff ESP
ESP,, w
wiith
Recommendattion
Recommenda onss foorr Reduc
Reduciing them.
3.1 Introduction
Electrical submersible pump system has many failures result from
one or combination of factors that Compromise the operation of each
component, these failures will lead to spoil it and decreasing its
Performance, consequently production loss.
Since the electrical system is simply a series circuit, any component

that is the weakest link will result in system failure. For example, the seal
section is generally quite robust, but failure could occur due to very high
shaft load caused by operation out of range of pump, high shaft vibration,
and operation at extreme temperature or fast pressure changes resulting in
seal failure. This Chapter represents general view about ESP failures and
problems and introduces possible recommendations to reduce them.
42
3.2 Failures of ESP Components
3.2.1 Motor Failures
3.2.1.1 Causes of motor failures

1. Excessive motor overload. This can be due to any one reason or
combination of the following reasons;
a. Abnormally high specific gravity of the well fluid.
b. Bad design (undersized motor) due to poor data.
c. Worn out pump.
d. Low or unbalanced voltage.
2. Seal or protector section leak. A leaking seal section allows well
fluids to enter the motor and usually results in a motor failure.
3. Well conditions-insufficient fluid movements.
a. This occurs when the production volume is not sufficient to
cool the motor.
b. This also occurs when a unit is set below the perforations
in a well and a cooling jacket is not installed to direct the
fluid by the motor.
4. Change of description of the productive fluid, especially viscosity.
5. Corrosion.
6. Faulty installation.
7. Faulty equipment.
8. Worn out pump.
9. Motor switchboard doesn't work in better face.
10. Lightning. Damage to transformers, switchboards and motors can
result from lightning striking at or near the surface equipment.
43
11. Electrical system. Low or unbalanced voltage and current can be
detrimental to good submersible operation and will result in
equipment failures.
3.2.1.2 Recommendations or practical precautionary steps for

the motor failures
These recommendations are listed under two categories: (1) initial

installation and (2) re-installation.
Initial installation:
1. First, the motor should be sized correctly for the installation.

2. A sufficient volume of fluid for cooling purposes should pass the
motor.
3. Surface voltage should be correct and balanced.
4. Underload and overload devices should be set properly for best
protection.
5. Operating data should be monitored periodically.
Reinstallation:
If a motor is pulled and checks good electrically, there is no reason it

cannot be flushed, refilled with new oil and rerun.
However, the decision to rerun a motor should also take into account
the prior operating conditions and the age of the motor.
When a unit is pulled (if the motor is rerun) the following
precautions should be taken:
1. Flush and refill the motor.
2. Change out the protector or seal section.
44
3. If there is any doubt as to the pump’s condition, it should be
changed out to avoid burned motor.
3.2.2 Pump Failures

3.2.2.1 Causes of pump failures
1. Down thrust wear, due to producing below peak efficiency.
2. Up thrust wear, due to producing above peak efficiency.
3. Wear due to producing abrasives.
4. Plugged or locked stages, due to deposition build up.
5. Longevity wear.
6. Twisted shaft due to locked pump or starting before fluid columns
in tubing and annulus have equalized after a shut down.
7. Corrosion.

the pump failures
1. If there is any doubt as to the pump’s condition, it should be

changed out. Pump conditions can ordinarily be determined by an
experienced serviceman. Pump wear is a function of:
a. Amount of fluid pumped.
b. Nature of the fluid.
c. How much abrasive material has passed through the pump.
d. Length of the pump’s run.
2. If the cable voltage and motor are O.K., it is possible that the
O.K
pump is stuck from sand, deposition, or other causes. This can
often be remedied by reversing any two (2) leads at switchboard
45
and bumping pump in reverse rotation two or three times. If this
fails, unit must be pulled to determine and correct fault. Acid may
be spotted in pump if there is no check valve.
3. If there is broken pump shaft, Unit will need to be pulled and
faulty piece of equipment replaced.
4. If there was leakage in check valve, should be changed.
3.2.3 Protector or seal failures

3.2.3.1 Causes of Protector or seal failures
1. A worn pump’s vibration, resulting in leakage through the
mechanical seals.
2. Bad handling procedures, resulting in a protector failure due to
breaking or cracking ceramic parts of the mechanical seals.
3. Improperly serviced unit.
4. Numerous cycles.

the protector failures
1. If there was a leakage in protector, or broken protector shaft; it

must be pulled and sent to the factory for repairs.
To protect the external housings of the motor, pump and seal

sections, various types of coatings are available. For severe corrosive
environments, a nonmetal coating is available that has been used with
excellent results for several years. There are also several effective metal
coatings.
46
3.2.4 Pump intake (or gas separator) failures
3.2.4.1 Causes of pump intake failures
Pump intake may be plugged or locked, due to deposition build up.
That produces little or no fluid.

the pump intake failures
Change out the pump intake, or clean it. Can sometimes be cleaned
by reverse rotation.
3.2.5 Cable Failures

3.2.5.1 Causes of cable failures
1. Mechanical damage during running or pulling operations can be
caused by;
a. Crushing.
b. Stretching.
c. Crimping.
d. Cutting.
2. Cable deterioration is due to;
a. High temperatures.
b. High pressure gas.
c. Corrosion.
d. Normal aging.
3. Excessive amperage load creating high conductor temperature is
capable of breaking down the insulation.
47
the cable failures
Should a well be pulled for any reason, the flat cable by the pump
should be changed before rerunning the equipment.
The cable should be properly sized to reduce the possibility of cable

failure. Good handling procedure during running operations is essential to
minimize the chances of cable failure.
If it has received proper care, the round cable can usually be rerun.
However, cable being pulled from a gassy well will usually be damaged,
especially in the lower portion. In some cases, the cable can be reversed,
that is, the top portion is run as the bottom portion and reused. In some
cases a portion of the cable should be replaced.
48
3.3 ESP Problems
3.3.1 Sand production

Sand production is one of the oldest problems of the oil field. It is
usually associated with shallow unconsolidated sandstone formations.
Sand production is not desired in oil or gas wells because it causes wear
to pumps, tubing and other well and surface equipment.
In oil wells which produce significant quantities of sand it is general

accepted that the run life of conventional electrical submersible pump is
too shorts to be considered the best economic choice of an artificial lift
method.
3.3.1.1 Causes of sand production

1. Drag forces of flowing fluid which increases with higher flow rates
and higher fluid viscosity. High flow rates inside small pores of
sandy formations induce higher frication forces which cause the
sloughing of sand grains in fluid flow channels.
2. Reduction in formation “strength” often associated with water
production due to dissolving of cementing materials, or a reduction
in capillary forces with increasing water saturation.
3. Reduced relative permeability to oil, due to increased saturation,
which increases pressure drawdown for a given oil production rate.
4. Declining reservoir pressure which increases compaction forces
and may disturb cementation between grains.
49
3.3.1.2 Recommendations for the sand production problem
On initial start-up, the formation may sometimes tend to produce

large slugs of sand. This is especially true when the producing zone is an
unconsolidated sand formation. This problem can be minimized by either
maintaining back pressure on the tubing or by cycling lifted fluids from
which the produced abrasives have been removed back into the well bore
and thereby minimizing the amount of fluid removed from the formation.
The well should be swabbed for a sufficient time before the pump is
installed to remove unconsolidated sand.
The following recommendations should be taken to reducing sand

production:
9 Install gravel pack or screens.

9 Use axial flow impellers.
9 Design for lower rpm, more stages.
9 Lower draw down (higher PIP).
9 Standard ARZ pumps (Abrasion Resistant Zirconia) are
the most technologically advanced submersible pumps
available for sandy wells.
9 Install ESP desander Figure (3.1), where it used to extend
ESP life in sandy wells by reducing pumped sand through
the ESP.
It works by simply Separates out sand in well fluid then catches the
sand in tailpipe “Dustbin”, or drops the sand via tailpipe to below
perforations, to be removed in a later workover
50
Figure (3.1) Shows desanding
system run below the ESP,
dumping separated sand into a
tailpipe.
51
Benefits:
o Reduces pump wear, repair and replacement.

o Extends pump life by four times or more.
o Saves on pump energy costs with higher operating
efficiency.
o Minimizes critical pump breakdowns. and
o Helps maintain optimum pump yield
9 Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP) is very useful in pumping

mixtures of sand, oil, gas and water.
Benefits:
o High system efficiency.
o Simple installation.
o Pumps oils and waters with solids.
o No internal valves to clog or gas lock. And
o Minimal maintenance costs.
3.3.2 Corrosion
Corrosion costs the petroleum industry hundreds of millions of
dollars each year. A large number of possibilities exist to reduce or
minimize these costs, but they require a continuous and diligent material
selection should be an important part of all equipment design,
surveillance, and operations of the past few years and anticipated future
activities.
52
3.3.2.1 Causes of corrosion
Four elements are necessary for corrosion to occur: an anode, a
cathode, electrolyte (water) and a metallic path for electron flow.
At high pressures and temperatures, hydrogen sulfide H2S, carbon

dioxide CO2 and certain well treatment chemicals can damage seals,
allowing entry of damaging fluids that attack critical motor components.
Insulation material in cables used for powering ESP and data collection is
also vulnerable in these environments.
H2S can cause rapid failure of some steels generally, H2S can also
cause significant corrosion if the PH is low or oxygen is present. This
also usually occurs in the form of pitting or crevice corrosion. Under
some conditions, H2S forms a tightly adhering surface coating that protect
the metal from further corrosion unless it is interrupted by high
temperature or by reaction with such chemicals as acids, oxygen, and
sulfur.
3.3.2.2 Recommendations for the corrosion problem

The oil and gas often contain H2S and CO2 and may also content
organic acids, these conditions causes rapid corrosion in ESP component.
It is usually impossible or too expensive to stop all corrosion,

corrosion may be allowed to proceed at an acceptable rate if the projected
economic loss from corrosion is less than the cost of corrosion control.
The following methods are used to control corrosion:
53
9 Use corrosion-resistant materials like stainless steel or other
steel alloys and thermoplastic materials are the most
commonly used metals in oil field operation because of their
lower cost, easy of lubrication and strength and prevent
contact between dissimilar materials.
9 Inject inhibitors.
9 Upgrade metallurgy, monel coating. Against H2S attack.
9 Corrosion control through original design.
3.3.3 Scale problem

Scale is deposited in formation matrix and fracture, wellbore,
downhole pumps, tubing, casing, flowlines, heaters, tanks, and salt water
disposal and water flood system.
3.3.3.1 Causes of scale

The problem of scale occur all the way from the formation to the
wellbore, scale also occurs in ESP where it is probable that some wells
and reservoir are prematurely abandoned because of deposition of
minerals in the producing formation, and ID of tubing causes decrease
pump efficiency.
Scale deposits usually form as a result of crystallization and

precipitation of minerals from the water.
The direct cause of scaling is frequently due to pressure drop,

temperature change, mixing of two incompatible water, or exceeding the
solubility product.
54
3.3.3.2 Recommendations for the scale problem
Scale deposited slowly may be very hard, dense, and difficult to
remove with acid or other chemical.
Scale deposits are removed by mechanical and/or chemical means,

depending on the type and amount of scale, the type of completion, and
the availability and cost of chemicals. The following methods are used to
remove scale;
9 Inject chemical inhibitors to prevent scale deposition.

9 Upgrade metallurgy, monel coating.
9 The jet plaster is a very efficient jetting system for removing
calcium carbonate scale.
3.3.4 Free gas

How does gas affect ESP's V
Extreme differences in the densities of liquids and gases create a

low-pressure area in the impeller eye, resulting in gas accumulation. Free
gas in the stage impellers displaces liquid and restricts the volumetric
efficiency of the pump. The accumulation of free gas results in lower lift
per stage and a decline in expected production. Without technology to
prevent excessive gas accumulation, either gas interference or gas lock
will occur. Gas interference is a partial blockage of the impeller flow
path, resulting in degraded pump performance and low production. Gas
lock is complete blockage of the flow path and requires a shutdown of the
pump. Gas and gas lock can be detected by pressure fluctuations
55
measured by a downhole sensor or by erratic current fluctuations from
amp chart.
3.3.4.1 Recommendations for the gas problem

As the amount of free gas in the fluid approaches 10% by volume,
gas lock can occur. At manageable free-gas levels, there are several ways
to alleviate this problem;
9 Maintaining a higher pump-intake pressure can keep free gas

from forming downhole. Two ways to increase intake
pressure are choking back production or placing the ESP
lower in the well, thereby increasing the fluid-column weight
above the pump intake.
9 Another common way to manage the presence of free gas is
to install a gas-handling device, or gas separator, below the
pump section, allowing much of the gas to bypass the pump
section.
Advanced Gas Handler (AGH) Figure (3.2) improves the overall lift
efficiency of a submergible lift installation by maintaining a higher gas-
liquid ratio in the tubing string.
The AGH centrifugal stage design alters the pressure distribution of

the impeller creating a homogenized mixture with a smaller gas bubble.
This conditioned fluid behaves as a single-phase fluid before entering the
pump.
56
Figure (3.2) Advanced gas handler
9 New technology such as the Poseidon gas-handling system

Figure (3.3) has demonstrated the ability to manage free-gas
volumes as high as 75
75%% without gas locking, effectively
increasing liquid-production rates and extending ESP motor
life.
57
Benefits:
o Increased production and reservoir life in gassy wells

by increasing drawdown and allowing effective pump
operation at lower intake pressure.
o Increased production by reducing gas locking
production shutdowns.
o Improved installation run life by stabilizing motor
current.
o Extended pump run life.
.
Figure (3.3) Shows the position of Poseidon
Gas Handling
58
3.3.5 Other problems
3.3.5.1 High viscosity and emulsions
Viscosity affects the performance of centrifugal pumps by lowering
the head-capacity curve, reducing the efficiency and making the highest
efficiency occur at a lower flow. Viscous liquids cause hydraulic losses in
the pump, so that at greater viscosities, pumping head and pump
efficiency decrease while required power increase.
Anticipating emulsion problems when use ESP is very important,

emulsions tend to cause abnormally high-pressure losses in the tubing
which result in back pressure. This back pressure effect will require
additional horsepower and reduces the efficiency of ESP.
3.3.5.1.1 Recommendations for high viscosity and emulsion

9 Inject demulsifier at pump intake.
9 Design for lower rpm, more stages.
9 Use Progressing Cavity Pump. (PCP)
3.3.5.2 High temperature

The bottom hole temperature is important for installing an
electrical submersible pump. It is necessary to know at what temperature
the motor is going to operate, “the higher the temperature at the pump,
the shorter the motor life”. Also, the cable is selected according to the
temperature.
59
Cables are available that will operate successfully up to 350 ºF, but
become more costly as the temperature becomes high.
3.3.5.2.1 Recommendations for high temperature

9 Use the motor shroud for to provide motor cooling.
60
The Study Area
4.1 Introduction
The selected area for study is Gialo oil field “Gialo Paleocene” that
located in Sirt Basin. The Sirt Basin is located in the north central part of
Libya. An active subsidence and block faulting as a result of the collapse
of the Sirt Arch in late Early Cretaceous time developed this basin. This
Chapter represents general view about field history and some information
about its reservoir.
4.2 General Background of Gialo Field

Gialo oil field was discovered in 1961, and considered as one of the
giant fields, located in the eastern part of the Sirt Basin, concession 59
which belongs to Waha Oil Company, between coordinates a longitude of
21° 19’ and 21° 31’ E and latitudes of 28° 39’ and 28° 41’ N. Figure
(4.1) shows the location of Gialo field. The basic reservoirs properties
(Porosity, Permeability, Water Saturation,…etc.) in this field are shown
in Table (A-1).
62
Concession 59,
Gialo Field
R.S.&A.E.U
Figure (4.1) Gialo field location
63
The Electrical Submergible Pump, ESP was first used for Gialo field
in 1964. Suitable operating conditions for ESP, in terms of moderate
depth, steady flow rates and low gas- oil ratio prevailed in this field. It
proved to be efficient and most profitable, and thus its use progressed to
cover almost all Waha oil company’s fields.
These favorable operating conditions have gradually degraded

because of decline in reservoir producing parameters and accumulation of
some wellbore adverse factors. Consequently the ESP performance began
to decline as has been noticed in the increased rate of premature pump
failures.
Optimizing ESP run life is essential to avoid additional workover

costs and maintain production levels. Although some failures may require
specialist equipment or solutions, the vast majority of short runlives are
preventable. The problems usually result from a lack of consideration of
the entire ESP system during the design phase or shortcomings during the
installation and operation phases.
However, ESP failure Percentage by component and cause for Gialo

field during period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004 are showed in Figure
(4.2) and Figure (4.3) respectively.
From Figure (4.2) we can see that more than 25 % of ESP change out
is counted as cable Failure. And 25 % as protector failure.
In return, from Figure (4.3) we can see that the effective cause is
corrosion with 68 %.
64
Pump 423 23 %
Motor 414 23 %
Prot. 448 25 %
G. Sep. 76 4%
Cable 465 25 %
Figure (4.2) Failure Percentage by Component for Gialo Field.
Sand 21 9%
Scale 6 3%
Corr. 164 68 %
Fr. Gas 0 0%
Other 48 20%
Figure (4.3) Failure Percentage by Cause for Gialo Field.
4.3 Reservoir Description
The reservoir underlying strong water drive, See Figure (4.4), and
has a Net Pay thickness of 2,117 ft, with a datum depth of 5,900 ft. SS.
The production capacity for this reservoir is 18,500 BOPD, although the
total wells drilled in the reservoir are 48 wells. To know the location and
65
the classification of these 48 wells see Figure (4.5) and Figure (4.6)
respectively.
Figure (4.4) 3-D View
Figure (4.5) Gialo Paleocene Reservoir-Location of Wells
66
Pumping 30 63 %
Recompleted 11 23 %
in Other Res.
ODH 3 6%
OBS 2 4%
Completion 2 4%
Figure (4.6) Gialo Paleocene Reservoir Classification of 48 wells
However, the basic reservoir data, average rock properties, reserves

and Fluid properties for Gialo Paleocene reservoir are shown in Table
(A-2).
In Jan-2003, oil production rate was 8,814 bopd from 13 producers,

and water rate 18,337 bwpd, with water cut 67.5 %. The cumulative oil
production reached 152,106 Mstb. In Oct-2005, oil production rate was
15,048 bopd from 32 producers, and water rate 36,751 bwpd, with water
cut 70.9 %.The cumulative oil production became 166,860 Mstb.
However, Figure (A-1) shows the production history for this reservoir.
As we saw in the last figure there are 30 wells in Gialo Paleocene

reservoir producing by ESP, Table (A-3) shows the ESP run and pull
dates, average run life days and idle days in hole for these 30 wells during
period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004. This table was plotted in Figure (A-
2), from this figure we can note that the best well is E284 which have an
average run life 902 days.
67
ESP failure percentage by component and cause for the Paleocene
reservoir wells (during the same period) are also showed in Table (A-4).
This table was plotted in Figure (A-3) and Figure (A-4). The main
failures with this system are cable and protector due to high water cut.
The Water Cut Map as of Feb. 2005 is shown in Figure (4.7).
Avg. WC: 71 %
Figure (4.5) Gialo Paleocene-Iso Water Cut Map as of February 2005
ª
To know the failure percentage by component and cause for each
well separate see Appendix B.
68
48 wells were pressure-surveyed in May 2005, results are summarized
in Figure (4.8). Average Static Bottom Hole Pressure (SBHP) was
recorded at 2311 psig. The stable reservoir pressure is attributed to the
pressure support provided by the underlying aquifer.
Figure (4.8) Gialo Paleocene-Iso Baric Map as of May 2005
69
ESP Design & Discussion of Results
5.1 Introduction
The pump rate, or discharge rate, is a function of the rotational speed,
the number of stages, the dynamic head acting against an ESP, and the
viscosity of the fluid being pumped. These factors should be considered
when designing an artificial lift system for a specific reservoir and well.
However, for a given pump, there is an optimal design flow rate that
maximizes pump efficiency and run life. For this reason, ESP
manufacturers specify a recommended operating range, see Figure (5.1).
Figure (5.1) Pump Performance Curve.
71
Pump-performance curve, Pump manufacturers publish single-stage
pump-performance curves Figure (5.1) that define the optimal operating
range (yellow shaded area) for a given pump speed and fluid viscosity.
The head-capacity curve (blue) shows the amount of lift per stage at a
given flow rate. The horsepower requirements of the pump (red) across a
range of flow capacities are derived from performance testing. The pump
efficiency (black) is calculated from the head, flow capacity, fluid
specific gravity and the horsepower.
Using pump performance data, artificial-lift experts can determine the

number of pump stages needed based on the total dynamic head
requirement to achieve a desired production rate.
ª
In this chapter we are going to redesign an ESP system for all
working Paleocene wells by hand. Reda Pump Performance Curves
for dynamic head, horsepower and efficiency are provided to the
simple software program to help us to select the suitable pump for a
given well condition.
5.2 (Pump Application Data, PAD) Software

Pump Application Data, PAD it is a simple software program to draw
all Pump Performance Curves which needed to accurate pump selection.
This program can also perform a comparison between many pumps to
select the best.
How the program is run?
72
1. Firstly, insert the specific gravity (In these curves the
manufacturers normally assumed a specific gravity 1.00 of fresh
water), pump series and the pump type in its places.
Let us say we have a

specific gravity equal
to 1.00
And the suitable pump

series 400
With a selected pump

type DN-1300
73
2. Second step you have to be sure from three things;
a. Whether it is 50 or 60 Hz will establish the speed and output
of the pump.
b. Motor speed, and
c. The number of stages, (normally equal 1.0)
3. As soon as you click the Graph button you will get the pump
performance curve for the selected pump type (DN-1300). To see
the curve very clearly you have to click Zoom button.
No. Stages Speed Frequency

Output Data Button Button Button
Graph
Button
Zoom
Button
Output Data:
Best Point Efficiency (Optimum Pump Rate) 1283 bpd
Nominal Housing Diameter 4.00 inches
Shaft Diameter 0.688 inches
Shaft Cross Section Area 0.371 in 2
Minimum Casing Size 5.500 inches
74
Last face of the curve after clicking Zoom Button;
5.3 Electrical Submersible Pump Design
5.3.1 Data Required for Pump Design
Oil Rate : bbl/d

Water Rate : bbl/d
Casing Size : inches
Perforation Interval : ft
Tubing Size : inches
Static Bottom Hole Pressure, SBHP : psi
Bubble Point Pressure : psi
Wellhead Pressure : psi
Water Cut : %
75
Water Gradient : psi/ft
API : deg.
Pump Seating Depth : ft
PI : bfpd/psi
55..33..2 Design Procedure
1. Calculate the liquid gradient, LG

- L.G = Oil % × Gradient of oil + WC % × Gradient of water
- Oil gradient = Sp. gr (Oil) × 0.433 (water gradient)
- Sp. gr (Oil) = ⎛⎜ ⎞
141 . 5
⎟
⎝ 131 . 5 + API ⎠
2. Bottom hole flowing pressure, Pwf

⎛ q ⎞
- Pwf = Pws − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ PI ⎠
Where;
q = Total flow rate, bbl/d
3. Total Dynamic Head, TDH
- TDH = Pf + Ld + Ps
⎛ WHP ⎞
- Ps = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ LG ⎠
⎛ friction loss in feet ⎞
- Pf = ⎜ ⎟ × pump seating depth
⎝ 1000 ⎠
⎛ Pwf ⎞
- Ld = Datume – ⎜ ⎟
⎝ LG ⎠
Where;
Ps = Wellhead pressure, ft
[Friction loss in feet /1000 ft] = from Figure C.1
Ld = Producing dynamic liquid level, ft
Datume = Mid of perforation, ft
76
4. Calculate the minimum pump depth, MPD
⎛ Pwf − Pb ⎞
- MPD = Datume – ⎜ ⎟
⎝ LG ⎠
Where;
Pb = Bubble point pressure.
5. The pump selection
The pump selection depends on;
- Desired rate, bfpd and
- Casing size.
6. Minimum number of stages
⎛ TDH ⎞
- Minimum number of stages = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ft / stage ⎠
Where;
ft/stage = the amount of lift per stage at a given
flow rate, obtained using pump
performance curve for the selected
pump.
- Actual number of stages from special tables refers to each
Reda pumps.
7. Minimum horsepower
- Minimum horsepower = actual number of stages × hp/stage
Where;
hp/stage = from pump performance curve for the
selected pump.
- Actual horsepower from Table C.1
8. Fluid velocity beside the motor, Vf
⎛ q ⎞
- Vf = 1 . 19 × 10
−2
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ IDc
2
− ODm 2
⎠
Where; IDc = Casing inside diameter, inches
77
ODm = Motor outside diameter, inches
9. Voltage drop
- Voltage drop =
⎛ voltage drop ⎞
⎜ ⎟ × pump depth × temperature correcssion factor
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Where;
[Voltage drop /1000 ft] = from Figure C.2
10. Surface voltage, Vs
- Vs = motor voltage + voltage drop
11. Required kilo volt amps, KVA
⎛ Vs × A × 1 . 73 ⎞
- KVA = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 ⎠
ª
Now, let us apply the previous step-by-step procedures on the
first well (E-89), and we will be satisfied to give only the results for
the remaining wells.
Table (5.1) : Required data for pump design and some information for
well E-89
ESP Design Data

Oil Rate : 868 bbl/d
Water Rate : 2248 bbl/d
Casing Size : 7 ''
Perforation Interval : 6155 ' – 6177 '
First Pump Installed Date : May. 17, 1977 Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
Type: G-180 69 Stage 150 HP SBHP : 2390 psi
Cum. Oil Production : 20,298 Mbbl Bubble Point Pressure : 927 psi
Cum. Water Production : 18,523 Mbbl Wellhead Pressure : 100 psi
Water Cut : 72.1 %
Water Gradient : 0.433 psi/ft
API : 39
Pump Seating Depth : 5850 '
PI : 4 bfpd/psi
BHT : 185 f
78
1. Calculate the liquid gradient, LG
⎛ 141 . 5 ⎞
- Sp. gr. (Oil) = ⎜ ⎟ = 0 . 830
⎝ 131 . 5 + 39 ⎠
- Oil gradient = 0.830 × 0.433 = 0.3594 psi/ft
- LG = 0.279 × 0.3594 + 0.721 × 0.433 = 0.4124 psi/ft
2. Bottom hole flowing pressure, Pwf
⎛ 3116 ⎞
- Pwf = 2390 − ⎜ ⎟ = 1611 psi
⎝ 4 ⎠
3. Total Dynamic Head, TDH
⎛ 100 ⎞
- Ps = ⎜ ⎟ = 242 ft
⎝ 0 . 4124 ⎠
⎛ 1611 ⎞
- Ld = 6166 − ⎜ ⎟ = 2260 ft
⎝ 0 . 4124 ⎠
⎛ 30 ⎞
- Pf = ⎜ ⎟ × 5850 = 176 ft
⎝ 1000 ⎠
- TDH = 242 + 2260 + 176 = 2678 ft
4. Minimum pump depth, MPD
⎛ 1611 − 927 ⎞
- MPD = 6166 − ⎜ ⎟ = 4507 ft
⎝ 0 . 4124 ⎠
5. Pump selection
- Since our desired rate is 3116 BFPD, than it is required to
use PAD program to select a pump that produced at this
range. Keeping in mind that our casing is 7''. For this well
we will select DN-3100, series 400. Refer to pump
performance curve on the PAD program for DN-3100,
enter the curve with 3116 BFPD and obtain the following;
Head = 18.8 ft/stage
HP = 0.63 hp/stage
Efficiency = 67.8 %
79
6. Minimum number of stages
⎞
- Minimum number of stages = ⎛⎜ 2678 ⎟ = 142 stage
⎝ 18 . 8 ⎠
- Actual number of stages = 147 stage

[Two pumps; upper & lower tandem 96 stage, 19 ft length
+ 51 stage, 10.6 ft length]
7. Minimum horsepower
- Minimum horsepower = 147 × 0.63 = 93 hp
- Actual horsepower = 100 hp
[100 hp, 2170 volt, 29 amps, 60 Hz, 16.9 ft length]
8. Fluid velocity beside the motor, Vf
⎛ 3116 ⎞
- Vf = 1 . 19 × 10
−2
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1 . 87 ft / sec
⎝ 6 . 366 − 5 . 4
2 2
⎠
9. Voltage drop
⎛ 7 × 5850 × 1 . 23 ⎞
- Voltage drop = ⎜ ⎟ = 50 volt
⎝ 1000 ⎠
10. Surface voltage, Vs
- Vs = 2170 + 50 = 2220 volt
11. KVA
⎛ 2220 × 29 × 1 . 73 ⎞
- KVA = ⎜ ⎟ = 111
⎝ 1000 ⎠
80
Table (5.2) : ESP design results for Gialo Paleocene wells
after redesigning them.
Pump
Minimum Pump
Motor Description
Voltage Drop
Description
Well Name
Depth, ft
TDH, ft
Pump
KVA
Actual HP
Actual
Vf, ft/sec
Model & Vs
Model
Motor
Number
The
of
Curve
Stages
Reading
Series 400 100 HP, 29 A,
147
DN-3100 2170 V, 60 Hz,
E89 2678 4507 Tandem Series 540 3.26 50 2220 111
H=18.8 Single, 16.9 ft
(96+51)
HP=0.63 Length
Series 400 20 HP, 17 A,
DN-450 172 755 V, 60 Hz,
E93 2969 4785 Series 540 0.49 26 781 23
H=17.8 Single Single, 6 ft
HP=0.12 Length
Series 540 70 HP, 45 A,
GN-2500 59 1015 V, 60 Hz,
E192 2347 4171 Series 540 2.58 71 1086 85
H=41.8 Single Single, 12.8 ft
HP=1.22 Length
Series 540 70 HP, 45 A,
GN-2100 61 1015 V, 60Hz,
E197 2320 3857 Series 540 2.27 74 1089 85
H=42 Single Single, 12.8 ft
HP=1.07 Length
Series 540 80 HP, 45 A,
G-2700 59 1160 V, 60 Hz,
E210 2020 3561 Series 540 0.65 75 1235 96
HP=1.3 Length
Series 400 40 HP, 20 A,
DN-1000 133 1325 V, 60Hz,
E211 2761 4687 Series 540 0.98 37 1362 47
HP=0.28 Length
Series 400 30 HP, 16 A,
DN-1300 73 1215 V, 60 Hz,
E226 1449 3325 Series 540 1.37 29 1244 35
HP=0.31 Length
Series 540 80 HP, 45 A,
G-2700 59 1160 V, 60 Hz,
E227 2230 3817 Series 540 2.84 63 1223 95
HP=1.29 Length
Series 400 100 HP, 29 A,
132
DN-3000 2170 V, 60 Hz,
E256 2273 3979 Tandem Series 540 3.15 53 2223 112
H=18 Single, 16.9 ft
(81+51)
HP=0.63 Length
81
Series 540 40 HP, 20 A,
GN-2100 35 1325 V, 60Hz,
E258 1084 2968 Series 540 2.19 37 1362 47
HP=1.06 Length
Series 400 20 HP, 17 A,
DN-450 121 755 V, 60 Hz,
E263 2303 2708 Series 540 0.45 22 777 23
H=19.5 Single Single, 6 ft
HP=0.13 Length
Series 400 20 HP, 17 A,
DN-750 95 755 V, 60 Hz,
E269 2035 3531 Series 540 0.78 26 781 23
H=24 Single Single, 6 ft
HP=0.23 Length
Series 540 60 HP, 30 A,
GN-2500 46 1320 V, 60 Hz,
E270 1752 3517 Series 540 2.70 51 1371 71
HP=1.25 Length
Series 400 50 HP, 22 A,
D-1400 129 1375 V, 60 Hz,
E271 2565 4546 Series 540 1.62 37 1412 54
HP=0.40 Length
Series 400 40 HP, 20 A,
DN-1750 116 1325 V, 60Hz,
E272 2220 4027 Series 540 1.82 30 1355 47
HP=0.36 Length
Series 400 60 HP, 30 A,
DN-1300 202 1320 V, 60 Hz,
E283 3876 5867 Series 540 0.30 52 1372 71
HP=0.30 Length
Series 400 40 HP, 20 A,
D-1400 92 1325 V, 60Hz,
E284 1869 3873 Series 540 0.34 30 1355 47
HP=0.40 Length
Series 540 80 HP, 45 A,
GN-2500 59 1160 V, 60 Hz,
E285 2069 3891 Series 540 0.60 74 1234 96
HP=1.24 Length
Series 540 100 HP, 29 A,
GN-2100 86 2170 V, 60 Hz,
E286 3202 4562 Series 540 0.52 52 2222 111
HP=1.07 Length
Series 400 50 HP, 22 A,
D-1400 129 1375 V, 60 Hz,
E287 2771 4727 Series 540 0.34 38 1413 54
HP=0.40 Length
Series 400 40 HP, 20 A,
DN-1750 108 1325 V, 60Hz,
E288 2017 3962 Series 540 0.40 37 1362 47
HP=0.36 Length
82
Series 540 80 HP, 45 A,
G-2700 59 1160 V, 60 Hz,
E290 2311 4072 Series 540 0.64 71 1231 96
HP=1.29 Length
Series 400 40 HP, 20 A,
DN-1000 133 1325 V, 60Hz,
E291 2939 4469 Series 540 0.24 38 1363 47
HP=0.28 Length
Series 400 30 HP, 16 A,
DN-1300 92 1215 V, 60 Hz,
E300 1713 3669 Series 540 0.30 26 1241 34
HP=0.31 Length
Series 400 30 HP, 16 A,
DN-1300 73 1215 V, 60 Hz,
E317 1297 3267 Series 540 1.39 26 1241 34
HP=0.31 Length
83
5.4 Discussion of Results
After studying the ESP design and installation and by comparing the
type of pump with the rate of production of each well, it was found out
that it is advisable to change and redesign the installation of ESP for
almost all wells.
In order to achieve the required heat transfer, flow velocity in the

casing-motor annulus should attain a minimum value. The sufficient
cooling requires at least 1.0 ft/sec flow velocity around the motor. In
cases when this value cannot be attained due to large casing inside
diameter a special shroud is fitted around the motor to decreases the
annular area and thus increase fluid velocity. 14 wells already have had
this problem, these wells are; E93, E210, E211, E263, E269, E283, E284,
E285, E286, E287, E288, E290, E291 and E300.
84
6.1 Conclusion
The following conclusions have been withdrawn from this study;
o The outcome of the ES

ESPP study is based on the validity of the data
reported in the Run & Pull report which summarized in Table (A-
3) and Table (A-4).
o The run life data gathered from the total runs of 157 units in the 8
year
yearss period (Dec. 31, 1995 – Jun. 1, 2004) indicates the Average
Run Life is 490 day
dayss (1.34 years) for the 330
0 Paleocen
Paleocenee well
wellss.
o For Gialo Paleocene reservoir; the Protecto

Protectorr and Cabl
Cablee constitute
the highest percentage of ESP failure on the average 28 % and 25
% respectively, followed by 19 % from Pump, 16 % Motor and 12
Pump
% Ga
Gass Separato
Separatorr. The main reported cause of failure is Corrosio
Corrosionn,
which constituting 81 % followed by 19 % from ““Others”
Others”, with 0
% for each of San
Sandd, Scal
Scalee and Fre
Freee Ga
Gass.
o According to the Appendix B, there is no failure by cause for some

wells; E8
E899, E21
E2111, E22
E2266, E25
E2577, E25
E2588, E26
E2699, E27
E2700, E28
E2833, E28
E2844,
E28
E2866, E29
E2911, E30
E3000 and E31
E3177.
o According to the ESP design, almost all wells needing to change

and redesigning pumps.
86
o New Pump Performance Curves were available on PAD softwar
softwaree.
o The calculated fluid velocity around the motor in some wells less
than 1 ft/se
ft/secc.
87
6.2 Recommendations
o Continuous or nearly continuous operation of well pump is

preferred. Short cycle start / stop operation should be avoided.
o Surveillance throughout the operational life of the ESP provides

valuable information to identify the cause of failure should the
system fail before its normal life expectancy.
o Protector failure is the highest which automatically affect the

motor. The model being used need to be studied for possible
replacement with new efficient model; which may lead to dramatic
increase in run life of the ESP.
o Metallurgy of the ESP component need to be evaluated against the

current down hole conditions as the corrosion.
o The ammeter chart is a very valuable tool for monitoring the well's
operation. If the amp chart is used correctly (checked each day) it

will be warn you of changes in the well's operation, such as voltage
fluctuation in the power distribution system. The amp also can be
helpful in determining that the motor amperage is okay, whether or
not the well is pumping off or gas locking, the possibility of an
emulsion problem, or other motor loading deviations.
88
o The cable type and size should be selected according to the well
environments, such as well depth, bottom hole temperature,
H2S…etc
o It is strongly recommended that the pumps should be pulled and

inspected on a regular basis, based on experience or as
recommended by the manufacturer. It is bad practice to replace an
existing pump assembly that is mis-sized with the same size merely
because one is available from the manufacture's warehouse.
o Corrosion problem should be solved, by using one method or more

of methods that named in chapter 3.
o For more than half wells, the calculated velocity around the motor
is less than 1.0 ft/sec. that means they are needed to run shroud to
provide the sufficient cooling for the motor.
89
References
X Kermit E. Brown, “The Technology of Artificial Lift Methods-

Volume 2b”. 1980
Y ESP Performance Study, Waha Oil Company 2004
Z Thomas O. Allen & Alan P. Roberts, “ Production Operation-

Volume 2 ”.
[ D. R. Skinner, “ Introduction to Petroleum Production-Volume 2”.

1981
\ Quality Submersible Pumps for The Petroleum Industry, REDA
] www.bakerhughes.com
_ www.canadianadvanced.com
` www.slb.com
Fall 2006 90 Hdiya & El-moghrabi.

B. Sc. Project Appendix A Gialo Paleocene Data
Table (A-1): Basic Reservoirs Properties in Gialo Field (As of 2004)
Average Average Saturation Current

Formation Sw API OIIP MM
Reservoir Name Producing
Porosity Permeability Pressure Pressure
% deg. STB
% md psig psig
Oligocene
Gialo Oligocene “B.C”
” “B.C”” 30 1626 34 520 45 32 3657
Sandstone
4U Oligocene
Gialo 4U Oligocene “A”
” West
27 269 21 775 61 26 61
Oligocene
Gialo Oligocene West West 30 184 34 858 46 28 93
Sandstone
Augila
Gialo Augila Sandstone
32 880 45 921 30 35 363
4E Paleocene 4E Paleocene 19 400 910 2544 55 39 49

Eocene
Gialo Eocene Limestone
23 37 140 841 45 37 5509
Conskinolina
Gialo Conskinolina Limestone
21 56 125 1321 40 35 212
4V Oligocene
Gialo 4V Oligocene “A”
” Sandstone
29 269 21 783 48 26 78
Jakhira
Gialo Jakhira Limestone
21 50 125 1156 41 35 290
Paleocene
Gialo Paleocene Limestone
25 14 927 2485 37 39 682
Lidam
Masrab Lidam Dolomit
17 30 2891 3643 34 41 97
Figure (A-1): Production History for Gialo Paleocene Reservoir
45 200
40
35
150
30
CUM. OIL, MMSTB

25
100
MBPD
20
15
50
10
0 0
4 8 2 6 0 4 8 2 6 0 4
n-6 n-6 n-7 n-7 n-8 n-8 n-8 n-9 n-9 n-0 n-0
Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja
OIL RATE WATER RATE

Average Run Life Days
1000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
B. Sc. Project
E8 5
707
E8 9
226
E9 3
392
E1 9
2 499
E1 9
7 298
E2 0
8 757
E2 0
9 375
E2 1
0 477
E2 1
1 524
E2 2
6 815
E2 2
7 477
E2 5
6 555
E2 5
7 626
E2 5
8 415
E2 6
3 833
E2 6
7 848
E2 6
Well Name E2 7
9
846
0 412
E2 7
1 384
E2 7
2
Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
316
E2 8
3 550
E2 8
4 902
E2 8
5 824
E2 8
6 627
E2 8
7 451
Figure (A-2): ESP Average Run Life Days for Gialo Paleocene Wells.
E2 8
8 598
E2 9
0 373
E2 9
1 464
E3 0
0 420
E3 1
7 190
Appendix A Gialo Paleocene Data
Table (A-2): Gialo Paleocene Reservoir Data Summary (As of

May 2005)
Basic Reservoir Data

Lithology Limestone
Net Pay Thickness ft 2,117
Top of Pay Formation ft K B 6,272
Bottom of Pay Formation ft K B 8,389
Datum Depth ft SS 5900
Original BHP at Datum psig 2,726

Present BHP at Datum psig 2,311
Total Wells Drilled 48

Average Well Spacing acre/well 313
Productive Area acres 15,008
Driving Mechanism Strong Water drive

Average Rock Properties
Average Porosity % 25
Average Permeability md 14
Initial Water Saturation % 38
Reserves
Original Oil In Place MMstb 682
Oil Recovery Factor % 30
Recoverable Oil Reserve MMstb 202
Production Capacity BOPD 18,500
Cum. Oil Prod. As of 28-2-2005 MMstb 163
Remaining Recoverable Oil Res. MMstb 39
Fluid Properties
Saturation Pressure psig 927
Differential Solution GOR scf/stb 440
ο
Oil Gravity API 39.4
Figure (A-3): ESP Failure Percentage by Component for

Gialo Paleocene Reservoir.
Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
Pump 93 19 %
Motor 77 16 %
Prot. 131 28 %
G. Sep. 59 12 %
Cable 120 25 %
Figure (A-4): ESP Failure Percentage by Cause for Gialo

Paleocene Reservoir.
Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 26 81 %
Fr. Gas 0 0%
Other 6 19 %
Table (A-3): ESP Run Life Days & Idle Days in Hole.
Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
Area: 59 E
Run & Pull Field: Gialo Reservoir: Paleocene
Well Name
Run & Pull
Run–Pull
Idle Days
Run Life
in Hole
Average Average
(Days)
(Days)
Dates
No.
Run Life Idle Days

Run Pull (Days) in Hole
1 10/02/94 04/01/96 693 674 19

2 06/01/96 27/02/99 1148 1141 7
E85 3 01/03/99 06/05/02 1162 1142 707 20 11
4 09/05/02 01/10/03 510 503 7
5 18/10/03 01/01/04 75 75 0
1 01/01/96 29/02/96 59 56 3
2 01/03/96 27/11/96 271 256 15
3 29/11/96 13/05/97 165 160 5
4 24/05/97 01/04/98 312 224 88
5 03/04/98 25/09/98 175 172 3
E89 6 27/09/98 25/05/99 240 238 2
226 15
7 26/05/99 12/02/00 262 261 1
8 15/02/00 29/10/01 622 603 19
9 01/11/01 28/08/02 300 270 30
10 29/08/02 28/04/03 242 240 2
11 29/04/03 16/09/03 140 130 10
12 18/09/03 01/01/04 105 105 0
1 01/01/96 29/07/96 210 175 35
2 30/07/96 20/05/98 659 491 168
E93 3 22/05/98 11/08/98 81 24 392 57 104
4 12/08/98 06/03/01 937 701 236
5 16/05/02 01/01/04 595 569 26
1 23/04/96 13/01/99 995 870 125
2 16/01/99 19/01/01 734 673 61
E192 3 21/01/01 12/05/02 476 372 499 104 61
4 14/05/02 03/07/02 50 40 10
5 04/07/02 01/01/04 546 540 6
1 05/02/96 22/09/96 230 195 35
2 25/09/96 16/11/97 417 376 41
3 19/11/97 06/03/99 472 468 4
E197 4 28/03/99 05/02/00 314 266 48
298 59
5 08/02/00 12/02/01 370 269 101
6 15/02/01 20/01/02 339 318 21
7 23/01/02 05/03/03 406 209 197
8 05/03/03 01/01/04 302 279 23
1 19/01/90 03/03/96 2235 2153 82

2 11/03/96 05/06/96 86 67 19
3 06/06/96 15/11/97 527 527 0
E208 757 79
4 16/11/97 26/03/00 861 832 29
5 29/03/00 15/01/03 1022 684 338
6 24/03/03 01/01/04 283 280 3
1 09/03/95 07/05/97 790 764 26
2 09/05/97 30/11/98 570 555 15
3 02/12/98 30/01/00 424 404 20
4 02/02/00 11/03/01 403 397 6
E209 375 23
5 06/04/01 09/01/02 278 273 5
6 12/01/02 28/06/02 167 69 98
7 30/06/02 12/09/03 439 432 7
8 14/09/03 01/01/04 109 105 4
1 19/01/96 04/06/97 502 480 22
2 08/06/97 28/12/98 568 545 23
E210 3 30/12/98 24/08/01 968 828 477 140 97
4 26/08/01 11/03/03 562 263 299
5 08/04/03 01/01/04 268 268 0
1 10/01/96 16/08/97 584 450 134
E211 2 19/08/97 08/03/01 1297 1054 524 243 253
3 27/01/02 23/04/03 451 69 382
1 19/01/93 24/05/98 1951 1443 508
2 27/05/98 12/07/00 777 777 0
E226 815 181
3 19/07/00 03/04/03 988 771 217
4 06/04/03 01/01/04 270 270 0
1 02/06/94 18/03/96 655 556 99
2 20/03/96 30/09/98 924 922 2
3 03/10/98 23/02/01 874 620 254
E227 477 65
4 26/02/01 22/11/01 269 245 24
5 24/11/01 01/05/03 523 512 11
6 23/12/03 01/01/04 9 9 0
1 30/05/94 08/07/96 770 726 44
2 10/07/96 23/08/98 774 771 3
3 25/08/98 17/02/01 907 763 144
E256 555 34
4 20/02/01 07/11/01 260 256 4
5 10/11/01 09/05/03 545 545 0
6 11/05/03 16/02/04 281 270 11
1 16/11/93 29/06/96 956 333 623
2 04/07/96 07/02/02 2044 1780 264
E257 626 222
3 23/11/02 21/06/03 210 210 0
4 04/07/03 01/01/04 181 181 0
E258 1 28/02/95 03/05/96 430 430 415 0 44
2 04/05/96 10/12/96 220 193 27
3 12/12/96 15/05/98 519 506 13
4 17/05/98 06/11/00 904 832 72
5 08/11/00 16/02/02 465 465 0
6 18/02/02 14/03/03 389 190 199
7 15/03/03 01/01/04 292 292 0

1 04/05/92 12/08/96 1561 1460 101
2 15/08/96 12/07/98 696 682 14
E263 833 99
3 14/07/98 02/02/02 1299 1028 271
4 16/07/03 01/01/04 169 160 9
1 03/05/99 02/06/99 30 27 3
E267 848 2
2 07/06/99 01/01/04 1669 1669 0
1 09/05/96 07/09/99 1216 1151 65
E269 846 42
2 09/09/99 21/03/01 559 540 19
1 02/01/95 09/06/96 524 504 20
2 11/06/96 25/05/97 348 330 18
3 27/05/97 17/05/99 720 706 14
E270 4 19/05/99 28/02/01 651 579 412 72 56
5 03/03/01 15/08/01 165 147 18
6 15/08/01 12/03/03 574 327 247
7 13/03/03 01/01/04 294 290 4
1 05/12/94 11/05/98 1253 1171 82
2 13/05/98 11/11/00 913 773 140
3 13/11/00 20/05/01 188 75 113
E271 384 167
4 21/05/01 24/01/03 613 232 381
5 27/01/03 29/10/03 275 0 275
6 31/10/03 01/01/04 62 54 8
1 15/05/93 21/07/96 1163 723 440
2 26/07/96 19/10/96 85 35 50
3 20/10/96 13/11/96 24 22 2
4 13/11/96 21/04/98 524 483 41
E272 316 122
5 24/04/98 30/04/00 737 641 96
6 03/05/01 25/09/01 145 54 91
7 26/09/01 28/03/03 548 297 251
8 29/03/03 01/01/04 278 270 8
1 01/12/94 23/10/96 692 651 41
2 24/10/96 08/03/99 865 860 5
E283 3 23/03/99 09/04/01 748 531 550 217 110
4 13/04/01 15/03/03 701 415 286
5 16/03/03 01/01/04 291 291 0
1 18/06/91 04/05/97 2147 2147 0
2 06/05/97 29/07/98 449 444 5
E284 902 70
3 01/08/98 12/05/01 1015 739 276
4 30/03/03 01/01/04 277 277 0
1 20/02/93 10/08/97 1632 1400 232
2 12/08/97 08/03/00 939 783 156
E285 824 143
3 11/03/00 26/06/02 837 658 179
4 12/07/02 13/10/03 458 453 5
1 28/07/97 17/02/03 2030 1180 850
E286 627 437
2 25/09/03 01/01/04 98 74 24
E287 1 01/12/93 22/04/96 873 708 451 165 147
2 27/04/96 24/03/98 696 689 7
3 27/03/98 01/04/00 736 581 155
4 04/04/00 21/08/01 504 249 255

5 22/08/01 14/10/02 418 129 289
6 17/10/02 13/10/03 361 348 13
1 12/02/95 02/04/96 415 396 19
2 07/04/96 11/10/97 552 538 14
E288 598 76
3 13/10/97 24/05/01 1319 1076 243
4 18/11/02 01/01/04 409 380 29
1 25/01/92 21/02/96 1488 1188 300
2 27/02/96 16/10/97 597 556 41
3 20/10/97 09/01/99 446 427 19
4 11/01/99 16/05/01 856 650 206
E290 5 18/05/01 26/03/03 677 294 373 383 109
6 27/03/03 18/07/03 113 85 28
7 19/07/03 25/07/03 6 6 0
8 29/07/03 17/08/03 19 18 1
9 18/08/03 01/01/04 136 129 7
1 14/12/94 22/07/97 951 431 520
2 06/08/97 11/03/98 217 70 147
E291 464 276
3 12/03/98 14/08/00 886 784 102
4 16/08/00 08/02/03 906 570 336
1 14/01/97 19/03/98 429 380 49
E300 2 23/10/00 12/02/03 842 587 420 255 101
3 15/03/03 01/01/04 292 292 0
1 01/06/02 17/06/02 16 15 1
E317 2 18/06/02 17/10/03 486 479 190 7 3
3 18/10/03 01/01/04 75 75 0
76,915
14,663
Sum
157
Avg. 490 93
Table (A-4): Number of ESP Failures by Component and

Cause for Gialo Paleocene Reservoir.
Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
Number of Failures by Comp. Number of Failures by Cause

Well Name
Corrosion
Protector
Free Gas
Gas Sep.
Motor
Pump
Other
Cable
Scale
Sand
E85 5 4 5 1 5 3
E89 3 2 8 1 9
E93 1 3 2 2 4 1
E192 3 1 3 2 5 1
E197 3 5 8 2 6 1
E208 5 4 6 3 6 2
E209 4 3 7 1 7 1 1
E210 4 3 4 2 4 1
E211 3 2 3 2 3
E226 2 3 3 1 2
E227 4 4 5 3 5 2 1
E256 4 2 5 3 4 1
E257 2 1 3 2
E258 4 5 7 4 6
E263 3 3 2 3 1 1
E267 1 1 1 1
E269 2 2 2 2
E270 4 2 6 4 5
E271 3 5 1 5 3
E272 5 4 7 1 6 2
E283 4 2 4 4 4
E284 4 3 4 3 4
E285 4 3 4 4 4 1
E286 2 2 1
E287 3 3 8 3 7 1 1
E288 2 3 3 1 2 1
E290 7 6 8 4 6 5 1
E291 2 2 4 1 4
E300 1 1
E317 1 1 1 2
Sum 93 77 131 59 120 0 0 26 0 6
B. Sc. Project Appendix B Failure Percentage for Each Well
Well E85
Failure Percentage by Component and Cause

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 5 25 %
Motor 4 20 %
Prot. 5 25 %
G. Sep. 1 5%
Cable 5 25 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 3 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E89

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 3 13 %
Motor 2 9%
Prot. 8 35 %
G. Sep. 1 4%
Cable 9 39 %
Note: There is no failure by cause for this well

Well E93

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 1 8%
Motor 3 25 %
Prot. 2 17 %
G. Sep. 2 17 %
Cable 4 33 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 1 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E192

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 3 21 %
Motor 1 7%
Prot. 3 21 %
G. Sep. 2 14 %
Cable 5 37 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 1 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E197

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 3 13 %
Motor 5 21 %
Prot. 8 33 %
G. Sep. 2 8%
Cable 6 25 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 1 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E208

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 5 21 %
Motor 4 17 %
Prot. 6 24 %
G. Sep. 3 13 %
Cable 6 25 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 2 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E209

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 4 18 %
Motor 3 14 %
Prot. 7 31 %
G. Sep. 1 5%
Cable 7 32 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 1 50 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 1 50 %
Well E210

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 4 23 %
Motor 3 18 %
Prot. 4 23 %
G. Sep. 2 12 %
Cable 4 24 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 1 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E211

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 3 24 %
Motor 2 15 %
Prot. 3 23 %
G. Sep. 2 15 %
Cable 3 23 %

Well E226

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 2 18 %
Motor 3 28 %
Prot. 3 27 %
G. Sep. 1 9%
Cable 2 18 %

Well E227

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 4 19 %
Motor 4 19 %
Prot. 5 24 %
G. Sep. 3 14 %
Cable 5 24 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 2 67 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 1 33 %
Well E256

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 4 22 %
Motor 2 11 %
Prot. 5 28 %
G. Sep. 3 17 %
Cable 4 22 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 1 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E257

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 2 25 %
Motor 1 13 %
Prot. 3 37 %
G. Sep. 2 25 %
Cable 0 0%

Well E258

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 4 15 %
Motor 5 19 %
Prot. 7 28 %
G. Sep. 4 15 %
Cable 6 23 %

Well E263

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 3 25 %
Motor 3 25 %
Prot. 2 17 %
G. Sep. 3 25 %
Cable 1 8%
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 0 0%
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 1 100 %
Well E267

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 1 34 %
Motor 1 33 %
Prot. 1 33 %
G. Sep. 0 0%
Cable 0 0%
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 0 0%
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 1 100 %
Well E269

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 2 25 %
Motor 2 25 %
Prot. 2 25 %
G. Sep. 0 0%
Cable 2 25 %

Well E270

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 4 19 %
Motor 2 10 %
Prot. 6 28 %
G. Sep. 4 19 %
Cable 5 24 %

Well E271

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 3 21 %
Motor 0 0%
Prot. 5 36 %
G. Sep. 1 7%
Cable 5 36 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 3 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E272

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 5 22 %
Motor 4 17 %
Prot. 7 31 %
G. Sep. 1 4%
Cable 6 26 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 2 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E283

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 2 23 %
Motor 2 11 %
Prot. 4 22 %
G. Sep. 4 22 %
Cable 4 22 %

Well E284

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 4 22 %
Motor 3 17 %
Prot. 4 22 %
G. Sep. 3 17 %
Cable 4 22 %

Well E285

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 4 21 %
Motor 3 16 %
Prot. 4 21 %
G. Sep. 4 21 %
Cable 4 21 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 1 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E286

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 2 40 %
Motor 0 0%
Prot. 2 40 %
G. Sep. 0 0%
Cable 1 20 %

Well E287

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 3 13 %
Motor 3 13 %
Prot. 8 32 %
G. Sep. 3 13 %
Cable 7 29 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 1 50 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 1 50 %
Well E288

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 2 18 %
Motor 3 28 %
Prot. 3 27 %
G. Sep. 1 9%
Cable 2 18 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 1 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E290

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 7 23 %
Motor 6 19 %
Prot. 8 26 %
G. Sep. 4 13 %
Cable 6 19 %
by Cause
Sand 0 0%
Scale 0 0%
Corr. 3 100 %
F. Gas 0 0%
Other 0 0%
Well E291

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 2 15 %
Motor 2 15 %
Prot. 4 31 %
G. Sep. 1 8%
Cable 4 31 %

Well E300

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 0 0%
Motor 0 0%
Prot. 1 50 %
G. Sep. 0 0%
Cable 1 50 %

Well E317

Period; Dec. 31, 1995 – Jan. 1, 2004
by Component
Pump 0 0%
Motor 1 20 %
Prot. 1 20 %
G. Sep. 1 20 %
Cable 2 40 %

B. Sc. Project Appendix C ESP Design Data & Pump Performance Curves
Well E89
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 7 '' OD, 6.366 '' ID
First Pump Installed Date : May. 17, 1977 Perforation Interval : 6155 ' – 6177 '
Type: G-180 69 Stage 150 HP Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
Existing Pump: Three Pumps GN-4000 SBHP : 2390 psi
79 Stage, 18 Stage, 12 Stage 180 HP Bubble Point Pressure : 927 psi
Cum. Oil Production : 20,298 Mbbl Wellhead Pressure : 100 psi
Cum. Water Production : 18,523 Mbbl Water Cut : 72.1 %
API : 39
PI : 4 bfpd/psi
BHT : 185 f
Well E93
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : Mar. 15, 1977 Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
Existing Pump: DN-450 172 Stage 30 HP Bubble Point Pressure : 800 psi
Cum. Water Production : 14,961 Mbbl Water Cut : 30 %
API : 37
PI : 0.44 bfpd/psi
BHT : 189 f
Well E192
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : Nov. 2, 1992 Perforation Interval : 6222 ' – 6268 '
Type: DN-1750 116 Stage 50 HP Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
Existing Pump: Two Pumps GN-4000 46 SBHP : 2147 psi
Stage, 52 Stage 150 HP Bubble Point Pressure : 900 psi
Cum. Water Production : 6,495 Mbbl W ater Cut : 60 %
API : 40
PI : 6 bfpd/psi
BHT : 189 f
Well E197
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : Jul. 30, 1978 Perforation Interval : 6184 ' – 6247 '
Cum. Water Production : 14,606 Mbbl W ater Cut : 87.2 %
API : 39
PI : 4 bfpd/psi
BHT : 188 f
Well E210
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD 8.921'' ID
First Pump Installed Date : Jan. 15, 1980 Tubing Size : 2 7/8 ''
Type: D-51 16 Stage 40 HP SBHP : 2243 psi
Existing Pump:GN-4000 100 Stage 180 HP Bubble Point Pressure : 927 psi
API : 35
PI : 14 bfpd/psi
BHT : 191 f
Well E211
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : Oct. 17, 1978 Perforation Interval : 6185' – 6203 '
Existing Pump: Two Pumps DN-1000 76 SBHP : 2597psi
API : 39
PI : 0.89 bfpd/psi
BHT : 188 f
Well E226
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : Nov. 2, 1978 Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
Existing Pump: GN-2500 83 Stage 120 HP Bubble Point Pressure : 927 psi
API : 35
PI : 3.4 bfpd/psi
BHT : 186 f
Well E227
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : Apr. 18, 1980 Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
API : 34.4
PI : 9 bfpd/psi
BHT : 200 f
Well E256
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : Oct. 18, 1990 Perforation Interval : 6170' – 6194 '
Cum. Water Production : 9,271 Mbbl W ater Cut : 74.5 %
API : 39.4
PI : 17 bfpd/psi
BHT : 197 f
Well E258
ESP Design Data
Type: DN-1300 92 Stage 30 HP SBHP : 2900 psi
API : 39
PI : 3.5 bfpd/psi
BHT : 187 f
Well E263
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : Jun. 11, 1981 Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
API : 39.4
PI : 0.48 bfpd/psi
BHT : 187 f
Well E267
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : May. 11, 1981
Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
Type: D-40 P 91 Stage 40 HP
SBHP : 2310 psi
Existing Pump: DN-450 133 Stage 40 HP
Bubble Point Pressure : 40 psi
Cum. Oil Production : Mbbl
Wellhead Pressure : 20 psi
Cum. Water Production : Mbbl
Water Cut : 20 %
API : 32
PI : 7.87 bfpd/psi
Well E269
ESP Design Data
First Pump Installed Date : Nov. 14, 1981 Tubing Size : 2 7/8 ''
API : 39
PI : 1.4 bfpd/psi
BHT : 184 f
Well E270
ESP Design Data
Perforation Interval : 6262 ' – 6274'
API : 35
PI : 5.866 bfpd/psi
BHT : 183 f
Well E271
ESP Design Data
API : 35
PI : 2.356 bfpd/psi
BHT : 189 f
Well E272
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 7 ''OD, 6.366 '' ID
First Pump Installed Date : May. 15, 1993 Perforation Interval : 6252 ' – 6264 '
API : 37
PI : 3.5 bfpd/psi
BHT : 190 f
Well E283
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD, 8.921'' ID
First Pump Installed Date : Jul. 24, 1987 Perforation Interval : 6244 ' – 6280 '
Type: D-950 95 Stage 30 HP Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
Existing Pump: Two Pumps DN-1750 SBHP : 2400 psi
116 Stage, 58 Stage 70 HP Bubble Point Pressure : 950 psi
API : 40
PI : 0.99 bfpd/psi
BHT : 188 f
Well E284
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD, 8.921'' ID
First Pump Installed Date : Aug. 26, 1989 Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
API : 35
PI : 4.799 bfpd/psi
BHT : 189 f
Well E285
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD, 8.921'' ID
First Pump Installed Date : Mar. 5, 1986 Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
Cum. Oil Production : 845 Mbbl Wellhead Pressure : 100 psi
API : 39
PI : 3.6 bfpd/psi
BHT : 187 f
Well E286
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD, 8.921'' ID
First Pump Installed Date : Mar. 10, 1987 Perforation Interval : 6247 ' – 6257 '
Type: D-950 76 Stage 30 HP Tubing Size : 3 1/2 ''
Existing Pump: Two Pumps GN-2500 SBHP : 2272 psi
API : 37
PI : 2.7 bfpd/psi
BHT : 185 f
Well E287
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD, 8.921'' ID
API : 35
PI : 2.232 bfpd/psi
BHT : 195 f
Well E288
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD, 8.921'' ID
API : 35
PI : 5.86 bfpd/psi
BHT : 191 f
Well E290
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD, 8.921'' ID
First Pump Installed Date : Aug. 9, 1989 Perforation Interval : 6257 ' – 6272 '
Existing Pump: Two Pumps GN-4000 SBHP : 2312 psi
API : 39
PI : 6 bfpd/psi
BHT : 189 f
Well E291
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD, 8.921'' ID
First Pump Installed Date : Aug. 11, 1994 Perforation Interval : 6246 ' – 6252 '
Existing Pump: Two Pumps DN-1750 SBHP : 2000 psi
Cum. Oil Production : 439.6 Mbbl Wellhead Pressure : 100 psi
API : 39
PI : 2.1 bfpd/psi
BHT : 189 f
Well E300
ESP Design Data
Casing Size : 9 5/8'' OD, 8.921'' ID
Existing Pump:DN-1750 116 Stage 40 HP Bubble Point Pressure : 927 psi
Cum. Water Production : 864 Mbbl Water Cut : 44 %
API : 40
PI : 2.91 bfpd/psi
BHT : 186 f
Well E317
ESP Design Data
Existing Pump:DN-1750 166 Stage 100 HP Bubble Point Pressure : 800 psi
Cum. Water Production : 70.9 Mbbl Water Cut : 2 %
API : 39
PI : 3.1 bfpd/psi
BHT : 188 f
Figure C.1
Figure C.2
Table C.1

Study and Evaluate of Electrical Submersible Pump in Gialo Paleocene Reservoir at Gialo Field - Hadidan Et. Al

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Study and Evaluate of Electrical Submersible Pump in Gialo Paleocene Reservoir at Gialo Field - Hadidan Et. Al

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

B.Sc.

Project for Completing the Requirements in

Ramzy Al-mabrouk Hadidan

We would like to thank our families specially our parents for

We would like to extend my gratitude to the faculty staff and

Special thank to planning department in Al-Waha Campany

2.4.1 Subsurface Components………………………………… 18

2.4.1.2 Protector (Seal Section)……………………… 19

2.4.1.4 Submergible Pump…………………………... 22

2.4.1.5 Electric Power Cable………………………… 25

2.4.2.3 Switchboard (Motor Controller)……………... 28

2.4.2.4 Junction Box (Vent Box)…………………….. 30

2.4.2.5 Wellhead Assembly………………………….. 31

2.5 Miscellaneous Equipment Installed with ESP…………….….. 32

2.5.1 Standard Installation……………………………………. 32

2.5.1.1 Check Valve…………………………………. 32

2.5.2 Optional Equipment with ESP………………………….. 35

2.6 Equipment Needed for ESP Installation…………………….… 39

2.7 General Instruction in Pulling and Running ESP….…………. 40

3.2.1 Motor Failures…………………………………………... 43

3.2.3.1 Causes of Protector Or Seal Failures………… 46

3.3.1 Sand Production………………………………..……… 49

3.3.1.1 Causes of Sand Production………………….. 49

3.3.2.2 Recommendations for the Corrosion Problem. 53

3.3.3 Scale Problem…………………………………………... 54

3.3.3.2 Recommendations for the Scale Problem…… 55

3.3.4 Free Gas………………………………………………… 55

5.3 Electrical Submersible Pump Design…………………...……... 75

5.3.1 Data Required for Pump Design………………………. 75

5.3.2 Design Procedure………………………………………. 76

5.4 Discussion of Results…………………………………………… 84

Figure (2.2) An electrical motor……………………………………... 19

Figure (2.4 B) Vortex gas separator……………………………………. 22

Figure (2.5 B) Shows an impeller and diffuser for one stage………….. 24

Figure (2.5 C) Shows the position of stages…………………………… 24

Figure (2.6) Shows different types of power cables…………………. 26

Figure (2.8 A) Motor controller system………………………………... 28

Figure (2.8 B) An example for ammeter chart…………………………. 29

Figure (2.10) Wellhead assembly……………………………………... 32

Figure (2.14) Monitoring systems…………………………………….. 36

Figure (2.16) Summary for basic equipment………………………….. 38

Figure (3.3) Shows the position of Poseidon gas handling…………. 58

5 figures shows; how the PAD program run…………………………….. 73

Artificial lift techniques are employed when reservoirs do not have

1. ESP run life for each installed unit.

Also, this study presents PAD program, which is small software

Phase Ι : Is basically a statistical analysis of the history of ESP run life,

To produce wells already dead, or to increase the production rate

Each of artificial lift systems has economic and limitations that

The selection of the most suitable type of lift required is influenced

The following list represents the different type of standard artificial

Figure (1.1) Number of artificial lifts installations throughout the world

Presently, it is considered as an effective and economical means of

A typical submersible pumping unit Figure (2.1) consists of an

The submersible pump is also used in producing high viscosity fluids,

The surface equipment for a typical submersible installation consists

The pump performs at highest efficiency when pumping liquid only. It

2.2 Classification of Pumps

All such classifications are limited in scope and, in many instances,

Each of these groups can be further classified into several subgroups

The centrifugal pump basically consists of a moving part, known as an

pumps energy is periodically added by application of

The submersible pumps, used presently for production of

2.3 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of