VIMALA CENTRAL SCHOOL KARAMCODU P.O., CHATHANNOOR, KOLLAM 691579 (AFFILIATED TO CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, NEW DELHI) AFFILIATION NO. 930331 In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for Second Year of the All India Senior School Certificate Examination PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT “RECTIFIER” Name : KALYAN Class : xt Register No. 1 480566) Admission No. Year of Study: 2047-18 Teacher In Charge: CERTIFIED SOSHHOOKROTDVHOVHFHVHVHYHY HV FVTHTH HHH HF Be EXAMINERS: 1. «i 2. 26008 Scanned with CamScannerCERTIFICATE This is to certify that this project entitled “RECTIFIER” is a bonafide work done by KALYAN! _ of Class XII under the guidance of Mrs. Sheeja K.V. and Mrs. Suma M.S., teachers in charge. ee ad > > > ~o ~ ~o oe o ° 9 ° 2° ° i) ° 8 . 3 8 - 3 2 , 2 2 <=} 3 Scanned with CamScannerACKNOWLDGEMENT I thank the Lord Almighty for His grace. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks to our beloved Rev. Fr. AugustineVazhavila, the Director of our school and appreciate the help given by our Principal Mr. Philip John. I sincerely thank our teachers Mrs. Sheeja K.V. and Mrs. Suma. M.S. who gave me guidance and valuable support throughout the project work. I also thank my parents, librarian and my friends who have extended their whole-hearted support towards this project. Last but not the least I am thanking His guidance “THE ALMIGHTY GOD” KALYANI Scanned with CamScannerCONTENTS Title INTRODUCTION RECTIFIER CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY Scanned with CamScanner. » » » a v 9 Jo > > 2 3 2 » 2 2 o 2 a Q Q a 9 9 INTRODUCTION Although in our daily life we use A.C. current devices, but rectifier is an “Electronic device which converts A.C. power into D.C. power. The study of the junction diode characteristics reveals that the junction diode offers a low resistance path, where forward biased, and a high resistance path, when reverse biased. This feature of the junction diode enables it to be used as a rectifier. The alternating signals provide opposite kind of biased voltage at the junction after each half-cycle. If the junction is forward biased in the first half-cycle, it gets reverse biased in the second half. It results in the follow of forward current in one direction only and thus the signal gets rectified. In other words, we can say, when an alternating e.m.f. signal is applied across a junction diode, it will conduct only during those alternate half cycle, which is biased it in forward direction. Scanned with CamScannerRECTIFIER TYPE OF RECTIFIER Mainly we have two types of rectifiers: 1. Half wave rectifier 2. Full wave rectifier. JUNCTION DIODE AS HALF WAVE RECTIFIER When a single diode is used as a rectifier, the rectification of only one half of the A.C. wave form takes place. Such a rectification is called half wave rectification. The circuit diagram for a half-wave rectifier is shown in fig. 1 = ie Smoothing Capacitor Scanned with CamScannerd vo 9 Principle It is based upon the principle that junction diode offers low resistance path when forward biased, and high resistance when reverse biased. Arrangement The A.C. supply is applied across the primary coil (P) of a step down transformer. The secondary coil(s) of the transformer is connected to the junction diode and a load resistance. The output D.C. voltage is obtained across the load resistance (Ri) Theory Suppose that during the first half of the input cycle, the junction diode gets forward biased the conventional current will flow in the direction of the arrow-heads. The upper end of RL will be at positive potential with reference to the lower end. During the negative half cycle of the input A.C. voltage, the diode is reverse biased. No current flows in the circuit, and therefore, no voltage is developed across (R:). Since only the positive half cycle of the input Scanned with CamScannerdirect current (D.C.). in Ve \ fe Ive Input and output waveform Disadvantage of Half Wave Rectifi 1. Half wave rectification involves a lot of wastage of energy and hence it is not preferred. 2. A small current flows during reverse bias due to minority charge carriers, as the output across Ri is negligible. 3. The resulting D.C. voltage is not steady enough for some purpose. The following device is used when a very steady D.C. voltage is required. Scanned with CamScannerJUNCTION DIODE AS A FULL WAVE RECTIFIER A rectifier which rectifies both waves of the A.C. input is called a full wave rectifier. Full wave rectifier is a circuit which rectifies both half cycle of the A.C. when p of 1% diode is positive, the 1+ diode is forward biased and will conduct. Now the 2 diode will not conduct as it is reverse biased. In all the half cycles either of the two diodes will be conducting. The efficiency of a full wave rectifier is about 81.2%, twice the efficiency of a half wave rectifier. acvoage source Center tapped Transtecmer Principle It is based upon the principle that a junction diode offers low resistance during forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased. Scanned with CamScannerDifference from Half Wave Rectifier The main difference is that in full wave rectifier we use two diodes. For this we apply A.C. current to the rectifier then the first half wave gets forward biased due to first diode. And when the second half wave comes, then at last time the second diode comes into action and gets forward biased. Thus output obtained during both the half cycles of the A.C. input. Arrangement The A.C. supply is applied across the primary coil (P) of a step down transformer. The two diodes of the secondary coil(s) of the transformer are connected to the P-sections of the junction diodes (D1) and (D2). A load resistance (RL) is connected across the n- sections of the two diodes and at centre of the secondary coil. The D.C. output will be obtained across the load resistance (RL). Theory Suppose that during first half of input cycle upper end of (s) coil is at positive potential and the lower end at negative potential. The Scanned with CamScannerTTDFTHRENOF DNF HANA KH H evEeuvvouuw ouwoweuc te oy FO ee veved o> 9) oy ” “u,b c @ 2 a 2 > > t tp *) y t junction diode (D1) gets forward biased, while the diode (D2) gets reverse biased. When the second half of the input cycle comes, the situation will be exactly reverse, Now the junction diode (D2) will conduct. Since the current during both the half cycle flows from right to left through the load resistance (RL) the output during both the half cycle will be of same nature. Thus, in full wave rectifier, the output is continuous but pulsating in nature. However, it can be made smooth by using a filter circuit. Scanned with CamScanneroreores Se a Voltage (v) Voltage (V) ee r & Voltage (V) O25T O7sT T.00T 1257 a 8 Se a 2 ev &, Scanned with CamScannerSwe ee euvuvouvuCrvsveuweeeuvsrseewesruesey* Chart showing all rectifier N Half-wave rectifier Full wave rectifier centre tapped Full wave Bridge rectifier Yeo in 2 In this, one diode or In this, two diodes or In this, four one semiconductor one double diode or junction diodes diode is used two junction diodes from the bridge are used circuit 3 Ordinary Centre tap Transformer not transformer is used transformer is used required into D.C. signal 4 | Itconverts half cycle of applied A.C. signal It converts the whole cycle of applied A.C. signal into D.C. signal It converts the whole cycle of applied A.C. signal into D.C. signal 5 Input and output curves Input and output curves Input and output curves @ | The value ofripple The value of rin it is The value of rin it factor is 48.2% ae 2 (@ajn= 23 Its efficiency is aia 81.2% (b) When 1) = R, thenn = 40.6 Scanned with CamScannerevuvuerr~~— CONCLUSION By doing this project we came to know that a full and half wave rectifier can be made without centre tapping transformer. And also we came to find the efficiency of a full wave rectifier. For bridge type, no centre tap is required on the transformer. Here much smaller transformer is used. Bridge rectifier is used for high voltage appliances. For the same secondary voltage, the output voltage is twice that of centre tapped full wave rectifier. At the same time some disadvantages are there. Here two extra diodes are required and voltage regulation is not satisfactory. The bridge rectifier with filter section is constructed and A.C. and D.C. voltages can be measured. Scanned with CamScannerBIBLIOGRAPHY Text Books referred: e Pradeep Fundamental Physics * 12th Physics Textbook Websites referred: ¢ http://en.wikipedia.org © www.mycbseguide.com © www.101projects.com ° —_— Z uu Scanned with CamScanner