PHILIPPINE CIVIL AVIATION REGULATION

PCAR PART 1
GENERAL POLICIES, PROCEDURES, AND DEFINITIONS

Pilot license:

To act as a pilot of a civil aircraft of Republic of the Philippines registry, a pilot shall have in his
or her physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft a valid pilot license or special
purpose authorization issued under these regulations.

To act as a pilot of a civil aircraft of foreign registry within Republic of the Philippines, a pilot
shall be the holder of a valid pilot license, and have the pilot license in his or her physical
possession or readily accessible in the aircraft.
Flight instructor license: A person who holds a flight instructor license shall have that license, or
other documentation acceptable to the Authority, in that person's physical possession or readily
accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that license.

Medical certificate: A person required by any part of these regulations to have a current medical
certificate shall have it in their physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft or at the
work site when exercising the privileges of that certificate.

CHANGE OF NAME

A holder of a license or certificate issued under these regulations may apply to change the name
on a license or certificate. The holder shall include with any such request
The current license or certificate: and A copy of the marriage license, court order, or other
document verifying the name change.
The Authority will return to the airman the documents specified in paragraph (a) of this
subsection.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS

The holder of an airman license or certificate, or approved training organization certificate who
has made a change in permanent mailing address may not, after 30 days from that date, exercise
the privileges of the license or certificate unless the holder has notified the Authority in writing
of the new permanent mailing address, or current residential address if the permanent mailing
address includes a post office box number.
SANCTION TABLES
DEFINITIONS

ACCIDENT. An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place
between the times any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all
such persons have disembarked, in which:
(a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
- being in the aircraft, or
- direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become
detached from the aircraft, or
- direct exposure to jet blast, except when the injuries are from natural causes, self-inflicted or
inflicted by other persons, or when the injuries are to stowaways hiding outside the areas
normally available to the passengers and crew; or
(b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which:
- adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of
the aircraft, and
- would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component, except for
engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited to the engine, its cowlings or accessories;
or for damage limited to propellers, wing tips, antennas, tires, brakes, fairings, small dents or
puncture holes in the aircraft skin; or
(c) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.

AIRMAN – any individual who engages as the person in command or as pilot, mechanic, flight
radio operator of member of the crew, in the navigation of aircraft while underway, and any
individual who is directly in charge of inspection, maintenance, overhauling, or repair of aircraft,
aircraft engine, propellers, or appliances; and any individual who serves in the capacity of
aircraft dispatcher or air traffic control operator.

AIRCRAFT – Any contrivance now known or hereafter invented, used or designed for
navigation or for flight in the air.

AIRPLANE – An engine driven, fixed wing, heavier than air aircraft that is supported in flight
by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings.

FLIGHT TIME – the total time from the moment the aircraft first moves under its own power
for the purpose of taking off until the moment it comes to rest at the end of the flight.

CATEGORY – a classification of aircraft such as airplane, rotorcraft, glider, balloon.

CLASS – a difference in basic design of aircraft within a category, such as single engine land,
multi engine sea.

Cross country. A flight between a point of departure and a point of arrival

following a pre-planned route using standard navigation procedures.

Pilot-in-command. The pilot designated by the operator, or in the case of general aviation,
the owner, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight

Pilot-in-command under supervision. Co-pilot performing, under the supervision of the

pilot-in-command, the duties and functions of a pilot-in-command, in accordance with a
method of supervision acceptable to the Licensing Authority.

TYPE – All aircraft of the same basic design including all modifications thereto except those
modifications that result in a change in handling or flight characteristics
NIGHT- the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil
twilight.The hours between sunset and sunrise.

Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC). Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of

visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling*, equal to or better than specified minima.

Instrument Meteorological Conditions Meteorological conditions expressed in

(IMC).
terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual
meteorological conditions.

PCAR PART 2
PERSONNEL LICENSING

APPLICABILITY
Prescribes the requirements for issuing pilot and flight instructor licenses and ratings, fight
engineer licenses, flight dispatcher license, aircraft mechanic, air traffic controllers, ground
instructors, and the conditions under which licenses and ratings are necessary, and the privileges
and limitations of those licenses and ratings.

RATINGS PLACED ON PILOT AND FI LICENSES

Aircraft rating shall comprise:

Category rating

Class rating

Type rating

Lighter than air

Category ratings shall comprise:

Airplane

Rotorcraft

Free balloon/airship

Glider

"category" means a broad classification of aircraft, such as airplane, rotorcraft, glider, and
lighter-than-air

Class rating shall comprise

 Single engine, land
 Single engine, sea
 Multi-engine, land
 Multi engine, sea
 Helicopter
 Gyroplane
"class" means a classification within a category having similar operating characteristics, such as
single-engine, multi-engine, land, water, helicopter, and balloon.

Type rating shall comprise

 Each type of aircraft certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least
two pilots;
 Any aircraft considered necessary by the Authority.
"type" means a specific make and basic model of aircraft, such as F-27, or DC-7.
No person may act as a required flight crewmember in an aircraft unless he holds a type rating
for that aircraft.

Instrument ratings (on private and commercial licenses only)

Instrument – airplane
Instrument – rotorcraft (helicopter)

Instructor ratings:
(i) Flight instructors
(ii) Instructors for additional class/type/instrument ratings
(iii) Ground Instructor

REQUIREMENTS AND PRIVILEGES

Student Pilot
 Age. The applicant for a student pilot Authorization shall be not less than 16 years of age.
 Knowledge. The applicant for a student pilot Authorization shall receive and log ground
training from an authorized instructor
 Pre-solo flight instruction. Prior to conducting a solo flight, a student pilot shall have:
o (1) received and logged flight training for the maneuvers and procedures as listed
in IS 2.3.3.1.
o (2) demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety, as judged by an authorized
instructor, on the maneuvers and procedures
 Solo flight requirements: A student pilot shall not fly solo:
o unless holding at least a Class 2 Medical Certificate; and
o with the authority of an authorized flight instructor.

The holder of a student pilot certificate is limited to solo flights or flights with an instructor.

Private Pilot
 Age. The applicant for a PPL(A) shall be not less than 17 years of age.
 Knowledge
 Experience.
o shall have completed not less than 40 hours of flight time as pilot of airplanes,
a total of 5 hours may have been completed in a flight simulator or flight
procedures trainer
 o completed in airplanes not less than 10 hours of solo flight time under the
supervision of an authorized flight instructor, including 5hours of solo cross-
country flight time with at least one cross-country flight totaling not less than
270 km (150 nm) in the course of which full-stop landings at two difference
aerodromes shall be made
o The holder of pilot licenses in other categories may be credited with 10 hours
of the total flight time as pilot-in-command towards a PPL
 Flight Instruction
o log not less than 20 hours of dual instruction from an authorized instructor
These 20 hours may include 5 hours completed in a flight simulator or flight
procedures trainer. The 20 hours of dual instruction shall include at least 5hours
of solo cross-country flight time with at least one cross country flight totaling
not less than 270 km (150 NM) in the course of which full stop landings at two
different aerodromes shall be made.
 Medical fitness. The applicant for a PPL (A) shall hold a current Class 2 Medical
Certificate.
 Validity. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the validity
period of the license is 2 years.
A private pilot has unlimited solo privileges, and may carry passengers or cargo as long as the
flying is for the pilots' pleasure or personal business and is not done for hire. A private pilot may
fly in conjunction with his/her job as long as that flying is incidental to his/her employment.

A private pilot may not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with
passengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees. The
only time passengers may pay for the entire flight is if a donation is made by the passengers to
the charitable organization which is sponsoring the flight.

Commercial Pilot
 Age. The applicant for a CPL (A) shall be not less than 18 years of age.
 Knowledge.
 Experience.
o The applicant for a CPL(A) shall have completed not less than 200 hours of
flight time, or 150 hours if completed during an Authority-approved training
course provided for in an Approved Training Organization under Part 3, as a pilot
of airplanes, of which 10 hours may have been completed in a flight simulator
or flight procedures trainer
o 100 hours as pilot-in-command or, in the case of a course of approved training, 70
hours as pilot-in-command
o 20 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot-in-command including a cross
country flight totaling not less than 540 km (300 NM) in the course of which
full-stop landings at two different aerodromes shall be made
o 10 hours of instrument instruction time of which not more than 5 hours may
be instrument ground time
 o if the privileges of the license are to be exercised at night, 5 hours of night flight
time including 5 take-offs and 5 landings as pilot-in-command

The holder of a pilot license in another category may be credited towards the 200
hours of flight time as follows
 10 hours as PIC in a category other than helicopters
 30 hours as pilot-in-command holding a PPL(H) on helicopter
 100 hours as pilot-in-command holding a CPL(H) on helicopter
o The applicant for a CPL(A) shall hold a PPL(A) issued under this Part
 Flight Instruction.
o shall receive and log not less than 25 hours of dual instruction from an
authorized instructor. These 25 hours may include 5 hours completed in a
flight simulator or flight procedures trainer.
 Medical fitness. The applicant for a CPL (A) shall hold a current Class 1 Medical
Certificate.
 Privileges. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the
privileges of the holder of a CPL(A) shall be:
o to exercise all the privileges of the holder of a PPL
o to act as pilot-in-command in any airplane engaged in operations other than
commercial air transportation
o to act as pilot-in-command in commercial air transportation in any airplane
certificated for single-pilot operation.
o to act as co-pilot in commercial air transportation in airplanes required to be
operated with a copilot.
 Validity. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the validity
period of the license is one (1) year.

Airline Transport Pilot

 Age. The applicant for an ATPL (A) shall be not less than 21 years of age.
 Knowledge
 Experience.
o shall have completed not less than 1,500 hours of flight time as a pilot of airplanes
of which a maximum of 100 hours may have been completed in a flight simulator.
 Flight Instruction. The applicant for an ATPL(A) shall have received the dual flight
instruction required for the issue of the CPL(A) and the IR.
 Medical fitness. The applicant for an ATPL(A) shall hold a current Class 1 Medical
Certificate
 Privileges. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the
privileges of the holder of an ATPL(A) shall be:
o to exercise all the privileges of the holder of a PPL(A) and CPL(A) and of an IR
o to act as pilot-in-command and co-pilot in airplanes in air transportation.
o Validity. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the
validity period of the license is 6 months.\
Airline Transport Pilot may act as pilot-in-command (PIC) of airline and scheduled commuter
operations.

Instrument Rating – Airplane

 General. The holder of a pilot license shall not act either as pilot-in-command or as
copilot of an aircraft under instrument flight rules (IFR) unless such holder has received
proper Authorization from the Authority. Proper Authorization shall comprise an
instrument rating appropriate to the aircraft category.
 Knowledge
 Experience
o shall hold at least a PPL
o 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot-in-command of aircraft in categories
acceptable to the Authority, of which not less than 10 hours shall be in airplane
o 40 hours of instrument time in airplanes or helicopters of which not more than 20
hours, or 30 hours where a flight simulator is used, may be instrument ground
time. The ground time shall be under the supervision of an authorized instructor
 Flight Instruction
o The applicant for an IR (A) shall have not less than 10 hours of the instrument flight
time required in (c)(2)(ii) while receiving and logging dual instruction in airplanes
from an authorized flight instructor
 Medical fitness. Applicants who hold a PPL shall have established their hearing acuity
on the basis of compliance with the hearing requirements for the issue of a Class
1Medical Certificate.
 Privileges. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the
privileges of the holder of an IR (A) shall be to pilot airplanes under IFR.
 Validity. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the validity
period of an IR (A) is 1 year.

Recent IFR experience – No pilot may act as a required crew member under IFR, nor in weather
conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR, unless the pilot has, within the preceding
6 months

Logged at least 6 hours of instrument time, either actual or simulated, 3 of which is on aircraft
involved
Included at least 6 instrument approaches or passed an instrument competency check in the
category of aircraft involved.

MEDICAL CERTIFICATES

The following certificates are issued when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes

the requirements in this Part for the certificate sought:
(1) Medical certificate Class 1 for CPL, ATPL, Flight engineer and Flight navigator
license
(2) Medical certificate of Class 2 for PPL, Glider, Free balloon pilot and Cabin Crew
License
(3) Medical certificate Class 3 for Air traffic controller license

Validity:
 The validity period of the medical certificate is:
o 6 months for the Class 1 for ATPL.
o 12 months for CPL, MPL, flight engineer license, flight navigator license and FOO
license.
o 24 months for the Class 2 for the PPL, SPL, glider pilot license and free balloon
pilot license; and Class 3 for air traffic controller license.
o When the holders have passed their 40th birthday:
(A) the 12-month interval specified for CPL, MPL, flight engineer license and flight
navigator license will be reduced to 6 months; and
(B) the 24-month interval specified for the PPL, SPL, glider pilot license, free
balloon pilot license and air traffic controller license will be reduced to 12 months
 The period of validity of a medical certificate may be extended, at the discretion of the
Licensing Authority, up to 45 days.
 For initial issuance of the medical certificate, the period of validity shall begin on the date
the medical examination is performed. For any renewal or re-issuance of a medical
certificate, based on a medical examination that takes place during the period of validity
of the current medical certificate, but no more than 28 days before its expiry date, the
new period of validity shall begin on that date. For any renewal or re-issuance, based on a
medical examination taking place after the expiry date or earlier than 28 days before the
expiry date, the new period of validity shall begin on the date of the examination

Student pilot and private pilot operations, other than glider and balloon pilots, require a Third-
Class Medical Certificate.

The holder of a Second-Class Medical Certificate may exercise commercial privileges during the
first 12 calendar months, but the certificate is valid only for private pilot privileges during the
following (12 or 24) calendar months, depending on the applicant's age.

The holder of a First-Class Medical Certificate may exercise Airline Transport Pilot privileges
during the first 6 calendar months, commercial privileges during the following 6 calendar
months, and private pilot privileges during the following (12 or 24) calendar months, depending
on the applicant's age.

RECORDING OF FLIGHT TIME

For each flight:

 Name of PIC
 Date of flight
 Place and time of departure and arrival
 Type of aircraft and registration
For each synthetic flight trainer session: (SIMULATOR)
 Type and qualification number of flight trainer
 Synthetic flight trainer instruction
 Date
 Total time of session
Pilot function:
 Solo
 PIC
 Co-pilot
 Dual
 Flight instructor
Logging of flight time
 Logging of solo flight time:
o A student pilot may log as solo flight time only that flight time when the pilot is the
sole occupant of the aircraft.
 Logging of PIC flight time:
o The applicant or the holder of a pilot license may log as PIC time all that flight time
during which that person is:
 The sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which the pilot is rated;
and
 Acting as PIC of an aircraft on which more than one pilot is required under
the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is
conducted.
o An authorized instructor may log as PIC time all of the flight time while acting as an
authorized instructor.
o A student pilot may log as PIC time all solo flight time and flight time as student
pilot-in-command provided that such time is countersigned by the instructor.
 Logging of co-pilot time:
o A person may log co-pilot time only when occupying a pilot seat as co-pilot in an
aircraft on which more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the
aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted.
 Logging of instrument flight time:
o A person may log instrument flight time only for that flight when the person operates
the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument
flight conditions.
 Logging instruction time:
o A person may log instruction time when that person receives training from an
authorized instructor in an aircraft or synthetic flight trainer.
o The instruction time shall be logged in a record (e.g. logbook) and shall be endorsed
by the authorized instructor.
RECENT FLIGHT EXPERIENCE: ALL PILOTS
A.O. 60 SEC 60.57

With the exception of Second Officers, No person may act as required pilot of an aircraft
carrying passengers unless, within the preceding 90 days, that person has made three take-offs
and landings as the sole manipulator of the flight controls in an approved simulator or aircraft of
the same type.
Night operation – night settings.
High Performance Airplanes
No person holding a Private or Commercial Pilot Certificate may act as pilot-in-command of an
airplane that has more than 200 horsepower, unless he/she has received instruction from an
authorized flight instructor who has certified in his/her logbook that he/she is competent to pilot
a high-performance airplane.

PCAR PART 8
OPERATIONS

Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command

The pilot-in-command (PIC) of an aircraft is directly responsible, and is the final authority, for
the safety and operation of that aircraft. Should an emergency require immediate action, the PIC
may deviate from 14 CFR Part 91 to the extent necessary in the interest of safety. Upon request,
a written report of any deviation from the rules must be sent to the Administrator.

If a pilot receives a clearance that would cause a deviation from a rule, he/she should query the
controller and request that the clearance be amended.

Preflight Action

Before beginning a flight, the pilot-in-command is required to become familiar with all available
information concerning that flight.
This information must include the following:

Runway lengths, and Takeoff and landing information for airports of intended use, including
aircraft performance data.
If the flight will not be in the vicinity of an airport, the pilot must also consider the following:
1. Weather reports and forecasts,
2. Fuel requirements and
3. Alternatives available if the flight cannot be completed as planned.

SEATBELTS
All required flight crewmembers must remain in their seats with seatbelts secured during the
entire flight unless absent in connection with duties or physiological needs. When shoulder
harnesses are installed they must be used during takeoffs and landings.
Prior to takeoff, the pilot-in-command must ensure that each person on board has been briefed on
the use of seatbelts. In addition, he/she must ensure that the passengers are notified to fasten their
seatbelts during taxi, takeoffs, and landings. A child who has not reached his/her second birthday
may be held by an adult who is occupying a seat or berth.

ALCOHOL and DRUGS

No person may act as a crewmember on an aircraft under the following conditions:
1. Within 8 hours after the consumption of any alcoholic beverage;
2. While under the influence of alcohol (.04 percent by weight or more alcohol in the blood);
3. While using any drug that affects his/her faculties in any way contrary to safety.
Except in an emergency, no pilot of an aircraft may allow a person who appears to be intoxicated
or under the influence of drugs (except a medical patient under proper care) to be carried in that
aircraft.
A conviction for the violation of any law relating to drugs or alcohol is grounds for: Denial of an
application for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued under Part 61 for a period of up to 1
year after the date of final conviction; or Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization

RIGHT of WAY RULES

When weather conditions permit, vigilance must be maintained so as to see and avoid other
aircraft.

An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other air traffic.

When aircraft of the same category are converging at approximately the same altitude (except
head-on, or nearly so), the aircraft on the other's right has the right-of-way.

When aircraft of the same category are converging at approximately the same altitude (except
head-on, or nearly so), the aircraft on the other's right has the right-of-way.

RIGHT of WAY
If the aircraft are of different categories, the following applies:

A balloon has the right-of-way over any other category of aircraft;

A glider has the right-of-way over an airship, airplane, or rotorcraft; and

An airship has the right-of-way over an airplane or rotorcraft.

An aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has the right-of-way over all other engine driven
aircraft.
When aircraft are approaching each other head-on, or nearly so, each pilot of each aircraft
(regardless of category), shall alter course to the right.

An aircraft being overtaken has the right-of-way. The overtaking aircraft shall alter course to the
right to pass well clear.

When two or more aircraft are approaching an airport for landing, the aircraft at the lower
altitude has the right-of-way, but it shall not take advantage of this rule to cut in front of, or
overtake another aircraft.

ACROBATIC FLIGHT
Acrobatic flight - means an intentional maneuver involving an abrupt change in an aircraft's
altitude, an abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight.
Acrobatic flight is prohibited:
1. Without permission from the Assistant secretary.
2. Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement;
3. Over any open-air assembly of people;
4. Within the lateral boundaries of te surface areas of airspace designated for an airport.
5. Below an altitude of 1,500 feet above the surface, or;
6. When flight visibility is less than 5 kilometers (3.11 miles).

PARACHUTES and PARACHUTING

A.O. 91 Section 91.307

Except in an emergency, no pilot-in-command may allow, and no person may make, a parachute
jump fro an aircraft within the Philippine territory without the permission of the ASSEC and as
indicated by relevant information, advice and/or clearance from the appropriate ATC units.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Controlled airspace - An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service
is provided in accordance with the airspace classification.

Control area – A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth.

Control zone – A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a
specified upper limit.

Aerodrome traffic Zone – An airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome

for the protection of aerodrome traffic.

Ground visibility – the visibility at an aerodrome as reported by an accredited observer.

Flight visibility – the visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight
MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDES
No minimum altitude applies during takeoff or landing.

During other phases of flight, however, the following minimum altitudes apply:
Anywhere - The pilot must maintain an altitude which, in the event of engine failure, will allow
an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.
Over congested areas - An altitude of at least 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a
horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft must be maintained over any congested area of a
city, town, or settlement or over any open-air assembly of people.

Over other than congested areas - An altitude of 500 feet above the surface must be maintained
except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In that case, the aircraft may not be operated
closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle or structure.

BASIC VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS

A.O 91 Section 91.155

Rules governing flight under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) have been adopted to assist the pilot in
meeting his/her responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft.

Ceiling less than 1,500 feet – no VFR flights within the lateral boundaries of controlled airspace
designated to the surface for an airport.

No person may take-off or land an aircraft, or enter the traffic pattern of an airport under VFR
within the lateral boundaries of a control zone when the following are below the specified limits.
Ground visibility = 5 stat miles (8.05 kilometers)
Flight visibility = 5 stat miles (8.05 km
SPECIAL VFR WEATHER MINIMUMS
A.O. 91 Section 91.157

Ground visibility - NOT LESS than 1.5 km (1 mile) special VFR flights may be authorized to
enter a control zone for the purpose of landing or take-off, and depart directly from a control
zone whether or not the aircraft is equipped with a functioning radio receiver.
operate locally within a control zone with functioning radio and if none, prior adequate
arrangements have been made for the termination of the flight.

Special VFR requires the aircraft to be operated clear of clouds with flight visibility of at least 1
statute mile.

For Special VFR operation between sunset and sunrise, the pilot must hold an instrument rating
and the airplane must be equipped for instrument flight.
Requests for Special VFR arrival or departure clearance should be directed to the airport traffic
control tower if one is in operation.

VFR CRUISING ALTITUDES

When operating an aircraft under VFR in level cruising flight more than 3,000 feet above the
surface and below 18,000 feet MSL, a pilot is required to maintain an appropriate altitude in
accordance with certain rules. This requirement is sometimes called the "Hemispherical Cruising
Rule," and is based on magnetic course, not magnetic heading.

CATEGORIES of AIRCRAFT

category – a term used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a grouping of aircraft
based upon intended use or operating limitations. Examples include normal, utility, acrobatic,
restricted, experimental, transport, limited and provisional categories.

Both restricted and experimental category aircraft are prohibited from carrying persons or
property for compensation or hire. In addition, both categories are normally prohibited from
flying over densely populated areas or in congested airways.

FORMATION FLIGHT and DROPPING OBJECTS

Flying so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard is prohibited. If the intent is to
fly formation, prior arrangement with the pilot-in-command of each aircraft is required. In any
case, no person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers for hire in formation flight.

The PIC of an aircraft may not allow any object to be dropped while in flight unless reasonable
precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property on the surface.

VFR FLIGHT PLANS

Filing a VFR flight plan is mandatory (except under certain circumstances), it is considered good
operating practice.

The information provided should include the following:

In Block 7 enter the initial cruising altitude (even if more than one cruising altitude is intended).

In Block 9, for maximum protection, file only to the point of first intended landing, and re-file
for each leg to final destination. Enter the name or coded identifier of the destination airport.
When a "stopover" flight is anticipated, it is recommended that a separate flight plan be filed for
each "leg" when the stop is expected to be more than 1 hour duration.

In Block 12, enter the total amount of usable fuel on board, expressed in hours.
The pilot must close a VFR flight plan at the completion of a flight. This can be done by
contacting the nearest flight service station (FSS) or other FAA facility upon landing.

SPEED LIMITS

The following maximum speed limits for aircraft have been established in the interest of safety:
Below 10,000 feet MSL, the speed limit is 250 knots indicated air speed (KIAS) (288 mph).
The maximum speed authorized in a VFR corridor is 200 KIAS (230 mph).

AIRWORTHINESS

Airworthiness Certificate remains valid as long as the aircraft is maintained and operated as
required by regulations. This Airworthiness Certificate, along with the Aircraft Registration
Certificate and the operating limitations, must be aboard the aircraft during flight.

The aircraft's operating limitations may be found in the airplane flight manual, approved manual
material, markings, and placards, or any combination thereof.

AIRCRAFT LIGHTS

No person may, during the period from sunset to sunrise, operate an aircraft unless it has lighted
position lights. The right wing-tip position light is green, the left is red and the tail white. Each
aircraft must also have an approved anti-collision light system.

MAINTENANCE and INSPECTION

The owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily responsible for maintaining that aircraft in an
airworthy condition, including compliance with airworthiness directives. He/she is also
responsible for all records of maintenance, repairs, and alterations. (The pilot-in-command is
responsible for determining that the aircraft is in an airworthy condition prior to flight.) The
airworthiness of an aircraft can be determined by a preflight inspection and a review of the
maintenance records

The holder of a pilot certificate is allowed (within certain limits) to perform preventive
maintenance on any aircraft owned and operated by that pilot.

Preventive maintenance is limited to tasks such as

 replacing defective safety wire,
 servicing landing gear wheel bearings,
 replacing safety belts, and other tasks listed in 14 CFR Part 43, Appendix A.

After preventive maintenance has been performed on an aircraft, the signature, certificate type
and certificate number of the person approving the aircraft for return to service, and a description
of the work, must be entered in the aircraft maintenance records.
An aircraft may not be operated unless, within the preceding 12 calendar months, it has had an
annual inspection and has been approved for return to service. This will be indicated by the
appropriate notation in the aircraft maintenance records. To determine the expiration date of the
last annual inspection, refer to the aircraft maintenance records. For example, if the aircraft's last
annual inspection was performed on July 12, 1993, the next annual inspection will be due no
later than midnight, July 31, 1994.

If an aircraft is used to carry passengers for hire or used for flight instruction for hire, it must
have, in addition to the annual inspection, an inspection each 100 hours of flight time.

(An annual inspection may be substituted for the 100-hour inspection, but a 100-hour inspection
may not be substituted for an annual inspection.)

The 100-hour limitation may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours if necessary to reach a
place at which the inspection can be done. The excess time, however, is included in computing
the next 100 hours of time in service.

For example: a 100-hour inspection was due at 3,302.5 hours on the tachometer. The 100-hour
inspection was actually done at 3,309.5 hours. The next 100-hour inspection is due at 3,402.5
hours, (100 hours after the previous inspection was due, not after the time the inspection was
actually completed).

The transponder cannot be operated unless within the preceding 24 calendar months, it has been
inspected and found satisfactory.

Airworthiness Directives (ADs) and Advisory Circulars (ACs)

Airworthiness Directives (ADs) identify unsafe aircraft conditions and prescribe regulatory
actions (such as inspections or modifications) or limitations under which the affected aircraft
may continue to be operated and are mandatory. Compliance with an applicable Airworthiness
Directive must be entered in the appropriate aircraft maintenance records. The owner or operator
is responsible for ensuring ADs are complied with. Pilots may operate an aircraft not in
compliance with an AD, if the AD allows for this.
Advisory Circulars are issued by the FAA to inform the aviation community in a systematic way
of non-regulatory material of interest. In many cases, they are the result of a need to fully explain
a particular subject (wake turbulence, for example). They are issued in a numbered-subject
system corresponding to the subject areas of the Federal Aviation

Manila flight Information Region (FIR)

- Compliance with the Rules of the Air applies to all aircraft in flight or in the maneuvering
area
- Responsibility for compliance with the Rules of the Air is on Pilot in Command
- Pilot in Command (PIC) – has full responsibility, authority during flight
Pre – Flight Action
- Check weight
- Fuel required for the trip
- Have alternate courses of action if not able to proceed/land at destination
- Check latest NOTAMS (notice to airmen)

You need written permission from CAAP to:

- Drop objects from the aircraft
- Tow any banner or advertisement, etc.
- Acrobatic flights
- Parachute descend
- Fly over prohibited areas

Submit Flight Plan before Flight:

- 30 minutes before flight for controlled flights
- One hour before flight for uncontrolled flights

Flight Plan must be closed as soon as possible after landing, preferably within 30 minutes
Either by: 1. Radio
2. Telephone
3. Personally - With the FOBS (flight operations briefing office)
All flight plan within Manila control zone must keep radio watch on 119.7 MHZ, transmit
emergency calls on 121.5

All time must be in UTC (universal coordinated time or Zulu or GMT)

AIRLAW REGULATIONS
(summary)

1. Landing aircraft has priority

2. When 2 or more aircraft is on short final, aircraft with lowest altitude has priority
3. To extend longitudinal separation in the traffic pattern, execute a 360° turn
4. Aircraft in emergency has priority over all other aircraft
5. Aircraft that is least maneuverable has the right of way
6. No VFR flights above 20,000 ft.
Rules for VFR flight:
- 5 miles visibility
- ceiling above MSL is 6,500
- 1000 ft above and 500 ft below
7. No VFR flights between sunset and sunrise
8. No VFR flights in control zones when:
a. Visibility is less than 3 N.M.
b. When cloud ceiling is less than 1000 ft.
9. In the case of # 8, if you still want to fly in or out the control zone to land or to takeoff,
ask for Special VFR (SVFR) provided visibility is less than 1 mile
10. No VFR flight in Supersonic and Transonic Zones
11. Minimum age for flying lesson to get SPL is 16 yrs. Old
12. Minimum age to get PPL is 17 yrs. Old
13. For a PPL to be renewed, you must fly 10 hours in type of A/C specified in your license
(actually a certificate) during the validity of your PPL license
14. In the event you cannot comply with the required flying hours:
Surrender your pilot license for safekeeping with the CAAP, your license in effect is
“frozen”. You can get your frozen license anytime you can comply with requirement by
asking for a temporary license
15. For foreigners – secure a military clearance with aviation security command
(AVESCOM) before pilot license can be processed
16. PPL is valid for 2 yrs. If below 40 yrs old – 40 and over, valid only for 1 year.
17. Authority as a flight crew only valid when you have a valid license.
18. License is valid when signed by Aviation Administrator
19. Before 21 years old, get parental consent for securing pilot license.
22. For pre-solo – must pass written exam with ATO and with less than 8 hrs dual flight
– subjects for review for presolo
a. Airlaw
b. Air general knowledge
c. Flight performance and planning
d Human Performance
e. Meteorology
f. Navigation
g. Operational procedures
h. Principle of flight
i. Radiotelephony
23. Pilot license is non-transferable
24. License and medical certificate must be in your person when exercising your license
privileges
25. Within 30 days report to CAAP any change of address
26. After an accident, report for medical exam (physical) within 48 hrs.
27. No SPL allowed to carry passengers
28. Only a licensed flight instructor is allowed to fly with an SPL pilot
29. No PPL is allowed to carry PAX on A/C if he is not type rated (type means a particular
aircraft entered in your license – example: C-172, B-747, beech baron 55, etc.)
30. Application for SPL or PPL:
a. Must be R.P. Citizen or a citizen or a citizen of a country giving same
privileges to RP citizens
b. Be able to read, write and understand English
31. A SPL who has not flown for 90 days must first fly with an instructor for release
32. Privileges of PPL:
a. Act as PIC of any aircraft flown not for remuneration and w/o PAX
 b. Fly as PIC w/ PAX on type rated A/C. But not for remuneration but PAX may share
expenses thereof
c. Act as co-pilot in A/C requiring 2 Flt Crew, provided the flight is not for remuneration
33. PPL – when acting as PIC – can credit full flight time / 50 % - as co-pilot
34. Additional rating for single engine:
a. 3 minimum DUAL
b. 10 hrs flight time
Additional rating for multi-engine:
a. 30 hrs OBS
b. 10 hrs minimum transition time
35. A. Must be displayed in the A/C:
1. airworthiness certificate
2. a/c registration
3. radio license
B. Must be carried in the A/C:
1. weight and balance
2. a/c equipment list
3. performance and limitations requirement
4. Pilots Operating Handbook
C. To be made available:
1. a/c logbook
2. engine logbook
36. Required:
Annual inspection of A/C

ATPL – 1st class medical – 6 mos

CPL – 1st class medical - 1 yr
PPL - 2nd class medical - 2 yrs
SPL – 3rd class – 3 yrs
From bottle to throttle – 8 hrs
Period of Validity for:
SPL – 3 yrs
PPL – 2 yrs
CPL – 1 yr
Max. flight time a pilot can log for 1 yr – 1000 hrs
Max. flight time a pilot can log for 1 mo. – 100 hrs
Max. flight time a pilot can log for 1 wk – 30 hrs
Max. flight time a pilot can fly for a day – 8 hrs
ATC FLIGHT PLAN

Flight plan should be submitted to appropriate ATC facility:

 Atleast sixty (60) minutes before departure or;
 If submitted during flight, at a time which will ensure its receipt by the appropriate ATC
facility at least ten (10) minutes before the aircraft is estimated to reach
 The intended point of entry into a control area or advisory area,
 The point of crossing an airway or advisory route.
PIC is responsible for ensuring that a plan has been filed, and that he is fully aware of the details
including the routing selected. This should always be compared to the Computerized Flight Plan.

The IFR or VFR flight plan shall include in it the following information.
a) Aircraft identification
-call sign to be used
b) Flight rules and type of flight
a. Flight rules
I. -I if IFR
II. -V if VFR
III. -Y if IFR first or Z if VFR first
b. Type of flight
I. S if scheduled air service
II. N if non-scheduled air transport operation
III. CG if general aviation
IV. M if military
V. X if other than any of the defined categories above.
c) Number and type(s) of aircraft and wake turbulence category;
I. H (heavy) to indicate an aircraft type with a max certified take-off mass of
136,000kg
II. M (medium) to indicate an aircraft type with a max certified take-off mass
of less than 136,000 kg but more than 7000kg.
III. L (light) to indicate an aircraft type with a maximum certified take-off
mass of 7000 kg or less.
d) Equipment
a. N – if no COM/NAV/approach aid equipment for tge route to be flown is carried,
or the equipment is unserviceable
b. S – if standard COM/NAV/approach aid equipment for the route to be flown is
carried and serviceable
e) Departure airport and alternate
ICAO four-letter location indicator of the departure aerodrome
f) Estimated off block time
All clock times and estimated elapsed times shall be inserted in 4 figures UTC
(hours and minutes).
g) Cruising speed
a. K – kilometers per hour
 b. N – Knots
c. M – Mach
- Followed by 3 or 4 figures (eg. K0100 [100 kph], N0080 [80 knots], M075
[mach 75])
h) Cruising level
a. Flight level – F followed by 3 figures (F080) 8000ft
b. Standard Metric Level in tens of meters – S followed by 4 figures
c. Altitude in hundreds of feet – A followed by 3 figures
d. Altitude in tens of meters – M followed by 3 figures
i) Route to be followed
Waypoints or aerodrome
j) Destination airport and alternate
ICAO airport identifier
k) Fuel endurance
Total amount of time the aircraft can operate with the given amount of fuel before
starting the engine.
l) Total number of persons on board
Includes pilots and passenger(s)
m) Emergency and survival equipment
a. Frequency of ELT
b. LV – for life vest
n) Other information