CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Rationale

The Philippine election is fast approaching once again. This coming May 9, 2022,

voters' around the country will focus on their bets to be hailed as the new president of the

country. Election in the country is virtually ubiquitous in the contemporary world. With

the Filipino citizens of the country, is today having the opportunity to elect their leaders in

national elections? In theory, the employment of elections to select leaders ought to

provide a nonviolent alternative to the use of force to adjudicate between rival claims to

rule, and it ought to be a mechanism that allows greater say over how they are governed.

Yet in practice, these expectations often fail to conform to reality. Many elections,

especially those in democracies not yet fully consolidated are fraught with significant

levels of violence during the campaign period on polling day or in the aftermath of voting

(Birch et al., 2020).

Election violence in the Philippines is understood as "a systematic and premeditated

act aimed at monopolizing electoral victories through various coercive mean…

infringement of liberties, or the freedom to choose and the absence of that freedom is

equivalent to violence and may be manifested in fear and threat inflicted" (IPER Report,

2007). Based on the report of the Philippine National Police (2018), covers various acts

that affect the environment, behavior, and conduct of any electoral process, such as

abductions, killings, physical attacks, intimidation, and other acts resulting in death,

injuries, and property damage. Furthermore, election-related violent incidence can be

classified according to phases of election as in (1) pre-election or registration, (2)

campaign, (3) election day, (4) counting and canvassing, and (5) proclamation (op. cit,

2018).
1
 Today, the election is always associated with fraud and violence. The act of

choosing a leader which is the right and duty of the citizens is often mishandled or

disrespected. Nowadays, it is observed that election is related to dishonest tactics like vote-

buying, results are manipulated and self-directed interests are perpetuated, and also gun-

related violence (Murcia & Bolo, 2017). Voters today have become cynical about politics

(Murcia & Guerrero, 2016). The most important factor for them in choosing the candidates

is based on how they benefit most, as preference was universally noted to be modified by

decision-making processes and choices ( Sharot, De Martino, & Dolan, 2009) and even

unconsciously ( Coppin et al, 2010). It is based on voters' likes and dislikes of candidates

based on the content of campaign advertising. Thus, being both conscious and unconscious

of voters' choice, its effect on the election outcomes gives the most concluding factor to the

growth of one's governance.

Based on the statistical report of the 2007 National Elections, the PNP reported that

the election was generally peaceful because of an observed drop in election-related

violence. The report was monitored by civil society with the opposite direction of

increasing and intensifying acts of election violence in Philippine elections. Election

violence and election dispute resolution take place within the context of a fragile

democracy (Patino & Velasco, 2006). The main issue concerning election violence is the

persistence of political dynasties and patronage politics. These dynasties and clans built a

power structure stretching from the national community to the community or village level

that is unmatched by political parties, insurgency groups, and political forces using armory

and guns as a force. Hence, is said that comprehensive political and electoral

reforms can effectively broaden participation in government democracy. Curbing the

election violence and credible electoral dispute resolution can be done and reform will be

in place and works well.

2
 Electoral violence is distinct from organized violence based on the institutional

framework surrounding elections in which violence intervenes in the process. The actors,

practices, and institutions provided a framework that shows the effect on how and why

electoral violence arises, and influence both its timing and targets. Thus, violence would

not have occurred or would manifest itself differently in the absence of an electoral contest

(Fielde & Hoglund, 2016).

The main challenge for the study of electoral violence is that it often takes place in

contexts where other forms of organized violence are already pervasive, and where

coercion, violent actors, and weapons abound. Armed conflict constitutes one such context.

When governments face an insurgency, they have the choice of allowing the political wings

of armed opposition actors to compete in elections, or barring them from the competition.

Insurgents or rebel groups, for their part, engage with electoral politics in different ways

and face the choice of whether to boycott or to abandon (sometimes temporarily) armed

resistance and stand in elections (Dunning, 2011). In some instances, armed opposition

actors continue to wage a military campaign, while simultaneously fielding political

candidates in the election (Coburn & Larson, 2014; Heger, 2015; Matanock & Staniland,

2018; Steele & Schubiger, 2018). When violence is leveraged to influence elections by

actors that concurrently seek to overthrow the government or establish territorial control, it

can have spillover effects on broader conflict dynamics. For instance, violence against

voters and candidates can depress voter turnout and demonstrate the government's failure to

run secure elections, thereby undermining the government's overall legitimacy and ability

to win the war (Birnir & Ghodes, 2018; Condra et al., 2018). Conversely, the intensity and

form of conflict can shape spatial patterns of electoral violence, not only during the armed

conflict but also years after (Harish & Toha, 2019).

3
 Finally, electoral violence often intersects with criminal violence. On the one hand,

electoral violence is sometimes pursued by criminal gangs on behalf of political actors that

seek to avoid detection (Barnes, 2017). On the other hand, criminal actors often rely on

protection agreements with political elites; the holding of elections can threaten these

agreements and lead to violent electoral competition among criminal actors (Trejo & Ley,

2018).

Elections held in countries where one or several of the above forms of organized

violence is present are likely to see different manifestations of electoral violence. However,

a common theme across these contexts is that the introduction of electoral processes

changes the incentive structures of the state and non-state actors involved in ongoing

organized violence (Harish & Little, 2017). While most organized violence is pursued

outside the electoral arena and with non-electoral goals, such as overthrowing the existing

political system or establishing territorial control, elections introduce an additional element

of competition that violent actors usually cannot afford to ignore; instead, they often seek

to influence the electoral process with violent tactics.

The Omnibus election code is the authority in all election-related matters. It does

not only define measures for mitigation of violence during the election period but also

determines violent acts concerning intimidation, coercion, and harassment. As stated in

COMELEC Resolution No. 10728 which deals with rules and regulations on the ban,

bearing, carrying, and transportation of firearms during the election period. This also

includes the prohibition against availment or engagement of the services of security

personnel or bodyguards. This enforces sections 32 and 33 of Republic Act No. 7166.

Under the general provisions, it is stated that "No person shall bear, carry or transport

firearms or deadly weapons outside his/ her residence or place of business, and in all public

places, including any building, street, park, and in private vehicles or public conveyances,

4
even if he/she is licensed or authorized to possess or to carry the same, unless authorized

by the Commission, through the Committee on the Ban on Firearms and Security Concerns

(CBFSC), under the provisions of this Resolution." (COMELEC Resolution, 10728).

In the report made by the Philippines News Agency (March 13, 2022) as of March

19 there were 1791 violations of election-related gun ban, civilian 1740, 27 security guards,

15 police officers, and 9 military personnel. The COMELEC enforced that bearing,

carrying, or transporting of firearms or deadly weapons outside of the residence is

prohibited in all public places from January 9 until June 8.

With the current scenario, this study will be conducted to know the knowledge level

of the criminology students about the COMELEC gun ban and it will serve as future data

for military service personnel in which it will serve a lot.

This research study aims to determine the knowledge level of the Criminology

students on the implementation of COMELEC Resolution No. 10728. It will utilize the

respondents' profile variables to understand the gun ban the respondents.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to assess the knowledge level of criminology students on the

implementation of gun ban. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Sex;

1.2. Age bracket; and

1.3. Ethnicity?

2. What is the level of knowledge of the criminology students on the implementation

of COMELEC Resolution No. 10728 in terms of:

5
 2.1. COMELEC Related Resolutions;

2.2. Issuance of Certificates; and

2.3. COMELEC Checkpoints?

3. Is there a significant difference between the level of knowledge of the Criminology

students when grouped according to sex, age bracket and ethnicity?

Null Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the level of knowledge of the

Criminology students and their profile variables as sex, age bracket and ethnicity.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

In most studies, the electoral violence approach was strategic. It is in a form of

electoral manipulation, whereby actors seek to reduce the uncertainty of the ballot through

the deployment of coercion, and intimidation directed toward voters, candidates, or others

involved in the electoral process (Mares & Young, 2016). Electoral violence manifests

spanning regime-perpetrated coercion of security forces or arm thugs operating at the hands

of politicians to threaten voters or intimidate electoral observers and even gun-related

intimidation or coercion (Staniland, 2014). The strategic interpretation does not contradict

the observation that much electoral violence involves political grassroots, is spurred by

individual parochial goals and displays escalatory dynamics that are beyond the control of

the individual politician. Hence, the processes that allow violence to take hold may operate

at different levels, it is assumed that electoral violence is a strategy chosen by actors at the

leadership level (national or local), and that electoral violence is unlikely to prevail where

it is shunned by these elites.

The notion of electoral violence as strategic is useful for thinking about how

political party strength matters because it highlights the importance of both the incentives

6
political actors have for deploying violence to influence elections and the constraints they

face in doing so. In short, they propose two mechanisms that link strong party

organizations to a lower risk of electoral violence. The first pertains to the external

relations that parties can form with electoral constituencies, and proposes that strong

organizations reduce incentives for coercion by using more cost-efficient means to

mobilize voters. The second mechanism pertains to the party's internal relations and

suggests that strong organizations place both formal and informal constraints on the use of

violence by individual actors.

This study was based on the theory of random utility (Ben-Akiva & Lerman, 1985).

The utility is defined as the satisfaction derived from consuming a product. If the election-

related violence were the end product, our choice of candidates to support will result in a

level of utility or satisfaction. The theory of random utility asserts utility is based on the

consumption of the attribute of the product and not the product itself. For an instance, the

utility of the voters comes from the attributes of the political candidate with limited

electoral-related violence and great accomplishment and profession and a clear direction

towards their platforms for the country.

The figure below describes the knowledge level on COMELEC Resolution No.

10728 as well as its extent of implement

Independent variables Dependent variables

Profile of the respondents: Level of knowledge in the

implementation of COMELEC
1. Sex Resolution 10728 (Gun Ban)
2. Age
1. COMELEC Related Resolution
3. Ethnicity 2. Issuance of Certification, and
3. COMELEC Checkpoints

FIGURE 1: Paradigm of the Study

7
 The figure 1 presents the paradigm of the study and provides the conceptual

framework fo the study. The first box shows the independent variables which comprises

the profile of the respondents based on sex, age, and ethnicity.

The second box shows the dependent variables which describe the level of

knowledge of the respondents on the implementation of the COMELEC Resolution 10728

in terms of COMELEC Related resolutions, Issuances of Certificates and COMELEC

Checkpoints. The double sided arrow shows the correlation of the profile variables and

the level of knowledge of the respondents on COMELEC Resolution 10728 in terms of

COMELEC related resolutions, issuance of certificate and COMELEC checkpoints.

Significance of the Study

The study would benefit the following individuals:

Criminology students. The students was able to understand clearly and knowledgeable

about the importance of COMELEC Resolution No. 10728 regarding the manner of

a gun ban during the election. It also provides information about this resolution and

how it is being executed in the community.

College of Criminal Justice. The result of the findings of the study will serve as an

avenue to check and review the criminology nomenclature to incorporate such

COMELEC resolution 10728 on gun-related violence in their subject matter. It also

serves as an inclusion in the curriculum of the course.

Future researchers. This study will serve as their future reference for similar studies. The

result of the study would serve as useful material to all criminology students

regarding the conduct of patrol, proper arrest, and surveillance in crime prevention.

As a basis for conducting similar studies using the variables.

8
Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study deals with knowledge level of fourth year students of the COMELEC

Resolution No 10728, otherwise known as the rules and regulations on the ban on the

bearing, carrying, or transporting of firearms or other deadly weapons; and employment,

availment, or engagement of the services of the security personnel or bodyguards during

the election period of the May 9, 2022, national and local elections. The study is delimited

on the profile variables of the respondents based on their age, sex, and ethnicity. The study

focused on gathering perception of the criminology students on the COMELEC resolution

no. 10728 in terms of COMELEC Related resolutions, issuance of certificates and

COMELEC Checkpoints.

Definition of Terms

Accessories. It refers to the part fired, scattered, dropped, or detonated from any weapon,

like bombs, or rockets, and especially shot, shrapnel, bullets, or shells fired by

guns, including the components thereof.

Certificate of Firearm registration. This refers to the certificate issued by the PNP,

particularly, its Firearms and explosives as proof that the firearm is lawfully

registered and fully recorded.

COMELEC Resolution No. 10728. This refers to the rule or regulation on rules and

regulations on the ban on the bearing, carrying, or transporting of firearms or

other deadly weapons; and employment, availment, or engagement of the

services of the security personnel or bodyguards during the election period of

the May 9, 2022, national and local elections.

COMELEC Checkpoints. Any search conducted by COMELEC designated personnel in

a designated place for checkpoint.

9
COMELEC Related Resolution. As defined in the RA 10591 this refers to the various

related COMELEC Related resolution focus on carrying firearms, certificates

and also on the penalties on COMELEC related gun ban.

Firearms. As defined in R.A. No. 10591 refers to any handheld or portable weapon,

whether a small arm or light weapon, that expels or is designed to expel a

bullet, shot, slug, missile, or any projectile which is discharged employing the

expensive force of gases from burning gunpowder or another form of

combustion wherein the barrel, frame or receiver is considered a firearm.

Implementation. In the context of the study, it refers to the act of implementing the

resolution as perceived by the fourth year criminology students of PLT College

Incorporated on the implementation of COMELEC Resolution 10728.

Level of Knowledge. It refers to the understanding of the different content of the

COMELEC Resolution 10728. Its importance and significance to the target

respondents.

10
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

COMELEC Resolution 10728

Stipulates that during the election period, no individual shall bear, carry or transport

firearms or any other deadly weapons in public places, including any building, street, park,

private vehicle or public conveyance, even if licensed to possess or carry the same, unless

authorized in writing by the Commission.

As defined under Rule I, Section 1 (k) of COMELEC Resolution No. 10446 dated

21 November 2018, the Committee on the Ban on Firearms and Security Personnel

(CBFSP) refers to the Committee in the Commission on Elections, which shall be

responsible for the implementation of the ban on the bearing, carrying or transporting of

firearms and the employment, availment or engagement of security personnel. It will

exercise operational control and supervision over the Regional Joint Security Control

Centers (RJSCCs) and the Provincial Joint Security Control Center- (PJSCCs), as well as

any established City or Municipal Joint Security Control Centers (C/MJSCCs). The

Commission, through the CBFSP, the sole and exclusive power to issue Certificates of

Authority (CA) and shall be assisted by a Secretariat composed of representatives from the

Commission, the AFP and the PNP. The Secretariat shall be headed by a Senior Officer of

the Commission.

The gun ban period will take place from January 13, 2022 up to June 8, 2022.

Some of the prohibited acts and unless authorized by the CBFSP, the following are banned

during the election period to carry firearms and deadly weapons outside residence or place

of business, and in all publ1c places; to engage the services of security personnel; and

to transport firearms and explosives, including its spare parts and components. Hence,

11
anyone found violating the foregoing COMELEC resolution the following penalties will be

incurred imprisonment from 1 to 6 years; permanent disqualification from public office and

loss of right to vote; deportation for foreigners, but only after prison term is served; and

cancellation of and/or perpetual disqualification to secure license or; permit.

Policy Guidelines on Loose Firearms

As a member State and signatory to the UN PoA (Programme of Action to Prevent,

Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons or SALW in all

Its Aspects) and the UN Firearms Protocol, the Philippines utilize the UN PoA as a

framework to address its own issues on SALW proliferation. Three complex stages are

involved in these disarmament framework prescribed by UN PoA. These are (1) supply

control through regulation of arms transfers and enforcements of restrictions on SALW

ownership and use, (2) stocks recovery held by the population and destruction of those

arms, as well as surplus government weapons, and (3) demand reduction by ensuring

public safety, enforcing the law, providing economic opportunities and promoting equal

participation. Existing Philippine policies under supply control of firearms centers on solid

licensing regulations, stiffer penalties on illegal possession, and trade controls. In response

to these UN PoA on supply control, Republic Act No. 8294, otherwise known as the

Firearms Law of 1991, and Republic No. 9516, was crafted to amend Presidential Decree

No. 1866 and provide stiffer penalties for the criminalized acts of manufacturing,

purchasing, possession and use of illegal firearms. During elections, the Commission on

Elections (COMELEC) implements a Gun Ban Policy per COMELEC Resolution No.

2735 that includes the suspension of issuance of firearms during the election period. No

person shall be allowed to carry or transport firearms or other deadly weapons in public

places even if the gun holder is licensed to possess or carry the firearm as called for by

COMELEC Resolution Number 8714.

12
 On the other hand, in terms of monitoring supply, the Firearms and Explosive

Division (FED) of PNP is the sole repository of all imported and locally-manufactured

firearms and ammunition. Moreover, PNP has specific guidelines on the import and export

of firearms and ammunition components such as the PNP Circular No. 10, s. 2008, which

provides guidelines for the processing of applications, importation, exportation, monitoring

by the FED-PNP and administrative sanctions for violators to manufacturers. Meanwhile

for licensing and registration of firearms and ammunition for the end-user, the PNP abides

by the Standard Operating Procedure No. 13, Licensing of Firearms, and series of 1991 and

revised October 2008. This guideline basically says that each individual may hold under

license a maximum of only one low-powered rifle caliber .22 or shotgun not heavier than

12 gauge and one pistol or revolver, not higher than caliber .38.

In the assessment of supply regulation policies, penalties and sanctions in the

Philippines for the possessions of loose and illegal firearms appears too low for deterrence

when compared to international practices. Weak implementation of the existing system of

supply regulations, particularly in terms of actively detecting unlawful supply transactions

and penalizing the concerned actors, contributes largely to the heightening problem of

loose firearm proliferation. Likewise, there are yet no accountability mechanisms operating

upon PNP that can prompt the institution to achieve a more credible licensing regulation

and more active program for loose firearms reduction. Meanwhile in the policy area of

stock recovery, the major instruments are firearm amnesties and disarmament operations.

Policy mapping shows that every presidential administration issues executive orders to

implement gun amnesty programs and recover some of the many loose firearms circulating

in the country. For disarmament operations, Executive Order No. 817 recently created a

National Firearms Control Program (NCFP) that aims to create a comprehensive and robust

mechanism for the accounting of loose firearms. This resolves the problem of loose

13
firearms proliferation (target of 3% monthly) and reduces chances of these being used in

election-related crimes. It also created a National Law Enforcement Coordinating

Committee (NALECC) composed of AFP, NBI, BOC, the Philippine Ports Authority, etc.

to review existing laws and regulations and propose necessary amendments to institute a

National Firearms Control Program. Sub-programs of PNP’s NCFP are: (1) LOI Bilang

Boga to account for all legitimate firearms with government agencies and expired licenses,

(2) LOI Kontra Boga to confiscate firearms from criminal and threat groups and prevent

their illegal acquisition of loose firearms, (3) OPLAN BAKAL and OPLAN KAPKAP to

conduct surprise on-the-spot checking of loose firearms in the possession of persons who

are in public places and (4) LOI BAWI to recover firearms not returned by active, retired

or dismissed PNP personnel. The institutional assessment of stock recovery of loose

firearms shows that policies of firearms accounting and amnesties have proven to be weak

and limited in effect.

The recent firearm accounting system of the government under the National Control

Firearms Program (NFCP) has lapses inherent in its program design which makes it

incapable of accounting firearms possessed by private armies. Since the existing database

of the NCFP only covers law enforcement agencies, the NCFP accounting system can only

account holders of unrenowned loose firearms within those agencies and not the holders of

unregistered loose firearms which are mostly possessed by insurgents and some sections of

private armies. The weak collaboration between AFP and PNP even compounds the limited

outcomes of the NCFP accounting system. Moreover, political warlords sometimes avail of

the firearm amnesties to legitimize their unlawful acquisition of loose firearms. The

amnesty can provide a free-for-all-registration opportunity for those illegal holders of

firearms without necessarily undergoing the corresponding gun ownership training that

PNP and AFP formally provide. Of all the policy area addressing loose firearms, reducing

14
demand may be the most difficult step in loose firearms reduction as it requires the

enforcement of the rule of law, increased political participation, recognition of universal

human rights, and the provision of economic opportunities to create a situation of

sustainable peace that can drastically reduce the demands for gun.

The Philippine’s efforts to reduce the demand for the use of arms comes in the form

of peace- building programs. The Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process

(OPAPP) was tasked precisely to lead these efforts through its core values—active non-

violence, public trust, adherence to truth and justice, and respect for diversity. OPAPP was

also provided the responsibility to ensure that the three principles of the peace process are

followed, as provided for in Executive Order No. 3, series of 2001. The government’s

efforts to advocate for peace and security in popular election hotspots in the Philippines are

limited to the election period. It ignores the fact that gun violence is already embedded in

that society’s culture and that the violence extends beyond the elections. Although

programs led by the PNP and AFP such as Task Force HOPE-2100 Bravo, a call for

Honest, Orderly and Peaceful Elections, contributed much in the decline of ERVIs during

the past 2010 national and local elections, it fails to address the fact that the use of violence

has become normal and/or necessary for the citizens. Therefore, there is a need for a

stronger campaign that is implemented not only during election time and is specifically

geared towards changing the attitude and values of the citizens. It should also be in line

with poverty reduction programs by the government in recognition of the fact that people

succumb to illegal gun manufacturing, illegal gun-owning and joining of private armies to

survive. On a final note, at a systemic assessment of these three phases of addressing loose

firearms, there appears to be a lack of integration of among policies on supply restriction,

stock recovery, and demand reduction to create a comprehensive, life-cycle regulation on

loose firearms. Even the PNP recognizes the need to integrate all policies together and tie

15
them up with sustainable and effective programs aimed to address the proliferation of loose

firearms in the Philippines. Despite the gun amnesty and disarmament programs launched

by the government, data from the PNP clearly shows that there is no correlation between

the implementation of the National Firearms Control Program and an improvement of the

accounting system of firearms nationwide. It has no direct relationship on the crimes

committed using firearms while local gun manufacturing and gun smuggling remains

operational.

Review of Related Studies

The Philippines is set to have a new set of elected national leaders this May, 2022.

Far from the usual practice, this year election will be held during pandemic. In the study of

Calimbahin (2021) reported that election management will conduct a free and fair election

under health crisis. It also mentioned that it will test credibility and capacity to deliver

democratic mandate. The aim of the study is to illustrate the kinds of challenges the

COMELEC will face in an election under emergency conditions even as it has unresolved

capacity and autonomy issues. Using a comparative approach and process tracing, the study

will combine capacity considerations along with protocols and procedures proper to the

pandemic. This paper explores ways to expand the capacity of the Commission by looking

into special voting arrangements (SVA) under pandemic conditions. The COMELEC needs

to move past that this is a one-off emergency health crisis. Instead, elections need to be

reimagined and use the pandemic as an opportunity both to rethink and reform elections in

the Philippines.

In the study of Batara et al. (2021), the Philippine elections had been characterized

by presence of weak party system, low information environment of voters and history of

related election violence and dynastic rule. These features were observed that candidate

win ability is discussed by its personality rather than its platform. On the whole, the results
16
of the study indicate the positive association between the respondents’ party identification

on voting preferences, as well as the positive association between pre-election surveys and

the respondents’ voting preferences. Both issue orientation and candidate orientation do not

appear as significant independent variables the outcome of the study has departed from the

prevailing Philippine electoral trend where candidate personality-centered factors have

been pivotal for explaining Filipino voting preferences.

Election related violence is one of the deep concerns in the Philippines. Based on

the report of Deinla and Ballar, et al. (2022), the findings highlight ERV in the Philippines

from 2013-2019 confirms a high levels of electoral violence that take place or linked with

other forms of organized violence. It also emphasizes the importance of institutional and

policy reforms such as anti-political dynasty reform, stricter gun regulation and dismantling

of paramilitary groups and private armies.

According to Linantud (1998) who examines on the decline of non-ideological factional

violence in the Philippines elections in 1986. Results revealed that the factors responsible for

such violence were caused by political clans, weak state, social disorder, and confrontational

political subculture. Election violence, however, is still a serious problem. Church participation

is of particular importance for democratic consolidation because it institutionalizes non-violent

participation. But without economic modernization, politics will remain desperate, and elections

will require extensive church and military deployments to minimize bloodshed.

Synthesis

In this study it discussed about the policy of the Commission on Elections

(Commission) to prohibit during the election period the bearing, carrying and transporting

of firearms or deadly weapons by any person, and not to allow the employment of security

personnel or bodyguards. During the election period, no person shall bear, carry or

17
transport firearms or other deadly weapons in public places, including any building, street,

park, private vehicle or public conveyance, even if licensed to possess or carry the same,

unless authorized in writing by the Commission.

Election related violence is one of the deep concerns in the Philippines. Based on

the report of Deinla and Ballar, et al. (2022), the findings highlight ERV in the Philippines

reported that gun ban or any other levels of electoral violence that take place or linked with

other forms of organized violence. Hence, in this study it determines the level of

knowledge of the criminology students on COMELEC Resolution 10728.

18
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study use quantitative-descriptive research design. It used the descriptive-

comparative approach. Specifically, a descriptive approach to present the profile of the

respondents in terms of their age, sex, ethnicity and knowledge level on the COMELEC

gun ban. This study made used a research-made survey questionnaire that was administered

among the fourth-year criminology students enrolled this second semester 2021-2022.

Comparative since it tests the difference of the profile of the respondents based on

their sex, age bracket and ethnicity and the knowledge level on the implementation of

COMELEC Resolution 10728 in terms of COMELEC Related resolutions, issuance of

certificates and COMELEC Checkpoints.

Research Environment

The study was conducted at the College of Criminal Justice Education of PLTC Inc.

which is located at Zulueta street, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. PLTC Inc was established

in 1991 with a vision of being an icon in humane education and its mission are to

professionally competent, socially responsible, and God-centered individuals. PLTCI

provides educational services in health, business, and technology with a team willing to

deliver excellent customer service. It is grounded as a non-stock, non-profit and non-

sectarian educational institution. The college was deputized by the CHED as a provider of

the expanded tertiary education equivalency and accreditation program in 2003. Last 2008,

the college was granted authority to accept foreign students by the Bureau of Immigration.

19
 Figure 2. Vicinity Map of College of Criminal Justice Education, PLTCI.

Sample and Sampling Procedure

The respondents of the study were the fourth year criminology students who were

officially enrolled for this school year 2021-2022. The study purposively selected the

fourth-year criminology students. They were randomly selected using a simple random

sampling technique. The fourth-year criminology students were composed of 179 total

populations. Based on slovin's formula, the sample size of the study is 128 at a 0.05

margin of error. Using the fishbowl all the names of the fourth-year students was placed

and the researcher picked them one by one until the desired number was achieved. The

distribution of the sample of the study was presented in the table below.

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents by sex

Sex N Percent

Male 78 61

Female 50 39

Total 128 100%

Formula used: Legend:

N
n= N=total number of population
1+ Ne2

20
 n=total number of respondent
Data Gathering Instrument

The researchers used a researcher-made questionnaire lifted from the COMELEC

Resolution No. 10728. In this manner, the researcher carefully analyzes and reviews the

content of the said resolution based on its parts and content. The questionnaires captured

the necessary content about the said resolution and underwent content validity from a

representative of the COMELEC. The reliability test was concerned with whether a scale

indicates that it is free from random error. The reliability of a measure indicates the extent

to which it was without bias in ensuring consistent measurement across time and various

items in the instrument was tested through the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient test a obtained

a cronbach alpha= 0.723.

The first part of the questionnaire dealt with the profile of the respondents based on

their age, sex, geographical location, and ethnicity. Part II of the questionnaire was taken

on the knowledge level of the respondents regarding the content of the COMELEC

Resolution comprising of 20 questions which obtained a cronbach alpha=0.812. According

to DeVellis (2003) said that a minimum level of 0.70 for the scale of variables was

considered as being high reliability. In short, the findings of the reliability tests support the

appropriateness of the instruments used throughout this study. Therefore, the outcome of

the instruments was suitable for a higher level of analyses.

All the indicators on the study based on the COMELEC resolutions related to gun-

ban been captured on the following COMELEC Resolution No. 10496/ Resolution No.

10015. Rules and Regulations on the ban of bearing, carrying, or transporting of a firearm

or deadly weapons. Republic Act 7166. Omnibus Election Code under Section 32 and 33

on who may bear firearms. COMELEC Resolution No. 10741 on COMELEC Manning a

check point.

21
Data Gathering Procedure

The study utilized the survey questionnaire through google sheet. The researcher

encoded the questions using the google sheet form. After which a link was created and

distributed to the target respondents of the study. This approach was utilized since the

present condition of gathering data was at risk due to Covid-19 pandemic and the alert

level in the municipality prohibits the researchers to gather data face-to-face.

After the questionnaire have been done, a letter of permit to conduct the said study

to the College Dean of the Criminal Justice Education, asking permission for the fourth-

year students to serve as the respondents of the study. Each of the classes of the fourth

year was provided with google sheet link. The analysis of the data was taken using the MS

Excel or SPSS for students as a tool to analyze and answer the problems stipulated in this

paper.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The study made used of the frequency count, and percentage in describing the profile

of the respondents based on the indicated variables such as age, sex, and ethnicity. While

in terms of understanding the knowledge level of the respondents towards the COMELEC

Resolution 10728 based on mean and standard deviation was used.

The table below presents the qualitative interpretation.

Scale Mean range Interpretation

4 3.50-4.00 Excellent knowledge about topic

3 2.50-3.49 Limited knowledge about the topic

2 1.50-2.49 Very limited knowledge about the topic

1 1.00-1.49 No indefinite knowledge of the topic

22
 While ANOVA or analysis of variance was used to test the significant difference

between the respondent’s profile and the knowledge level in the implementation of the said

resolution. To get the significant difference between the variables indicated was measured

based on 0.05 level of significance.

23
 CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Profile of the Respondents

Table 1 Profile distribution of respondents according to sex

Sex Frequency Percent
Male 86 67.20
Female 42 32.80
Total 128 100.0
It can be gleaned from table 1 the profile distribution according to sex showed that

more male students with a frequency of 86 (67.20 %) as compared with females of 42

(32.80%). It implies that more males were taking criminology course since it was believed

that male were much physical fit and endure longer pressure.

Table 2 Profile distribution of respondents according to age

Age Frequency Percent
18-20 8 6.25
21-23 101 78.91
24-above 19 14.84
Total 128 100.0
Table 2 presents the age distribution of the respondents. Results revealed that 21-

23 years old obtained 101 (78.91%), while 24- above showed a result of 19 (14.84%) and

lastly 18-20 obtained the least number of 8 (6.25). It further implies that age group of the

criminology students belongs to 22 years old.

Table 3 Profile distribution of respondents according to ethnicity

Ethnicity Frequency Percent
Ilocano 66 51.60
Ifugao 30 23.40
Igorot 7 5.50
Kalanguya 19 14.80
Kankanaey 6 4.70
Total 128 100

24
 In table 3 presents the students ethnicity it showed that Ilocano with a frequency of

66 (51.60%) percent obtained the highest followed by Ifugao having frequency of 30

(23.40%). The Igorot and Kankanaey obtained the least with a frequency of 7 (5.50%) and

6 (4.70%) respectively by the students.

B. Knowledge Level on COMELEC Resolution 10728

Table 4 Knowledge level on COMELEC Resolution 10728

COMELEC RELATED RESOLUTIONS Mean Std Qualitative
Deviation Description
1. Commission on Elections No. 10728, citing pertinent laws, 3.31
0.696 Limited Knowledge
made clear that no one is allowed to bear firearms in public
places.
2. Bladed souvenir instruments are allowed and not deadly 3.11 0.776 Limited Knowledge
weapons, and as long as they are purchased from shops and
stores accredited by the DOT.
3. COMELEC Resolution No. 10728 strengthen that no one is 3.22 0.793 Limited Knowledge
allowed to bear firearms meaning even a license to own
possess firearms (LTOPF), letter order (LO), or mission
order (MO) from law enforcement agencies will not exempt
someone from the rule.
4. The prohibition against bearing, carrying or transporting of 3.26 0.766 Limited Knowledge
firearms and other deadly weapons and employment
availment or engagement of the services of security
personnel is January 9, 2022 and end on June 8, 2022
( Resolution 10695).
5. COMELEC Resolution 10728, in relation to The Omnibus 3.22 0.763 Limited Knowledge
Election Code of the Philippines; Republic Acts 6646
(Electoral Reforms of 1987) and 7166 (Synchronized
National and Local Elections).
OVERALL MEAN 3.224 0.765 Limited Knowledge
*Legend: 1.00-1.49=No indefinite knowledge; 1.50-2.49=Very limited Knowledge; 2.50-3.49=Limited
knowledge; 3.50-4.00=Excellent knowledge

Table 4 describes the COMELEC Resolution 10728 and its related COMELEC
Resolution and RA 6646 showed an overall mean of 3.224 or qualitative description
showed a limited knowledge. This means that students have limited knowledge about the
topic discussed. This was evident based on the pertinent laws allowing someone to bear
firearms in public places obtaining a mean of 3.31. On the other hand, the prohibition
against carrying or transporting firearms and deadly weapon or engagement of security
personnel obtained a mean of 3.26. Moreover, bladed souvenir instruments are allowed
and not deadly weapons are purchased on shops by accredited DOT obtained the least
mean of 3.11.
Hence, the knowledge excerpted by the students towards the different COMELEC
related resolutions showed a limited knowledge. This was evident based on the perceptions

25
of the students. It implies that there is no wide dissemination of the said resolutions among
this is just captured based on the different platforms for dissemination such media and
internet as means of disseminating information.
This further strengthens on the study of Oreta and Eugenio (2012) that highlighted
revised administrative code of the Philippines and PD 1866 pertaining to the guidelines in
controlling possessions of firearms and provides measures to illegal gun in circulation.
Table 5 Knowledge level on issuances of certificates
ISSUANCES OF CERTIFICATES Mean* SD Qualitative
Description
1. Only those with certificate of authority from COMELEC committee 3.24 0.761 Limited Knowledge
can bear firearms outside of their residence during election period.
2. The five-month election period in the country must follow security 3.24 0.673 Limited Knowledge
protocols in areas across the country in a bid to prevent election-
related violence.
3. The election period, in particular, signals the start of the gun ban and 3.43 0.497 Limited Knowledge
the establishment of checkpoints.
4. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want to 3.38 0.534 Limited Knowledge
bear or transport firearms during the election period are the law
enforcement agencies, such as PNP, AFP and other government
departments performing law enforcement, security functions and
election duties. (Section 32 and 33 of RA 7166).
5. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want to 3.30 0.552 Limited Knowledge
bear or transport firearms during the election period are security
personnel of the foreign diplomatic corps, missions, and
establishments under international law.
6. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want to 3.25 0.532 Limited Knowledge
bear or transport firearms during the election period are high risk
individuals.
.7. .The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want to 3.38 0.615 Limited Knowledge
bear or transport fis during the election period are security detail
for public officials and private individuals.
8. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want to 3.24 0.649 Limited Knowledge
bear or transport firearms during the election period are those
involved in the transport or delivery of firearms, ammunition and
explosives and/or their components.
10. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want to 3.54 0.500 Excellent Knowledge
bear or transport firearms during the election period are sports
shooters.
OVERALL MEAN 3.33 0.612 Limited Knowledge
*Legend: 1.00-1.49=No indefinite knowledge; 1.50-2.49=Very limited Knowledge; 2.50-3.49=Limited
knowledge; 3.50-4.00=Excellent knowledge

Table 5 presents the knowledge level on the issuances of certificate during the

election ban. It obtained an overall mean of 3.33 meaning the knowledge level of the

students towards the various content of the resolution showed with a very limited

knowledge. This was evident based on the perceived knowledge of the students pertaining

to the content of the COMELEC resolution. It can be gleaned that issuance of certificate of

26
authority to bear or transport firearms for sports shooters obtained the highest mean of

3.54, this means that students are aware of the exceptions and applications of athletes in

this type of sports. Another significant indicator as perceived by the students on the

conduct of election period, signaling the start of the gun ban and establishment of

checkpoints with a mean of 3.43 meaning the students has very limited knowledge

capturing based on the different means of acquiring knowledge through various platforms.

Moreover, the PNP, AFP and other government departments performing law enforcement,

security functions and election duties under (Section 32 and 33 of RA 7166) including

security detail for public officials and private individuals who are securing certificate for

authority to carry out firearms during election period also obtained mean of 3.38

respectively. This also denotes a very limited knowledge towards the COMELEC

Resolution specifically on the issuances of certificates to target personnel of the

government on the carrying of firearms during election period. While a personnel or an

individual who are at high risk has obtained the lowest mean of 3.25 with a qualitative

description of medium meaning showing also a very limited knowledge on the issuance of

certificate of carrying firearms during election period.

It implies that the students’ perceptions towards issuances of certificates to the

target personnel and other citizens of the community showed a very limited knowledge and

understanding towards COMELEC resolution on the application, issuances of certificates

to carry firearms during the election period of any citizens of the community. Policies on

the control of firearms in the country focus mostly on curbing supply that include

implementation of licensing regulations, penalties on illegal possession, and trade controls

(Aceron et al., 2011).

27
Table 6 Knowledge level on COMELEC checkpoints
COMELEC Checkpoints Mean* SD Qualitative
Description
1. COMELEC Resolution No. 10741 states that there
should be at least one checkpoint in every town or
city manned by police or military personnel in
complete service uniform with visible name plates 3.31 0.514 Limited Knowledge
or identification tags.
2. Election offense is until Jun 8. 3.42 0.496 Limited Knowledge

3. Any person found to be violating COMELEC

guidelines on the gun ban is liable for an election
offense, and punished with imprisonment of one 3.31 0.558
year to six years.
Limited Knowledge

4. A person guilty of violating COMELEC guidelines

on the gun ban will lose right to vote and be
disqualified from holding public office. 3.34 0.567 Limited Knowledge

Overall Mean 3.34 0.567 Limited Knowledge

*Legend: 1.00-1.49=No indefinite knowledge; 1.50-2.49=Very limited Knowledge; 2.50-3.49=Limited
knowledge; 3.50-4.00=Excellent knowledge

Table 6 presents the knowledge level of the students towards COMELEC

checkpoints. It showed an overall mean of 3.34 having a medium knowledge towards the

conduct of checkpoint. This means that students’ perception towards COMELEC

checkpoints has again normally seen in different municipal boundary but with minimal

knowledge towards its significance and importance during election ban. It can be gleaned

from the table that conduct of election offense obtained the highest mean of 3.42 with

limited knowledge. On the other hand, violating COMELEC guidelines on the gun ban and

rights to vote showed a mean of 3.34 and lastly regarding COMELEC Resolution 10741

and violations towards COMELEC guidelines on imprisonment obtained a mean of 3.31

respectively. This finding towards the perception of the students showed towards

COMELEC checkpoint to have a minimal knowledge. It implies that students are only

aware of the COMELEC checkpoints as based on their visibility along the road and

28
municipal boundaries in the highways. This is clearly reflected on the perception of the

students with it having limited knowledge on the COMELEC checkpoints as stipulated in

the resolution 10728.

According to Cacayorin et al., (2019) in their study report findings that conduct of

checkpoint during the campaign period attested by the respondent’ on the Effectiveness of

the Philippine National Police Checkpoints at Batasan Hills in Quezon City in terms of

manpower; system and procedures and logistics, most responses were regarded as “strongly

agree”. As attested by the respondents’ on the problems encountered by the PNP in the

conduct of checkpoint as assessed by the respondents, most responses were regarded as

“disagree”. As attested by the respondent’s on the measures that may be proposed. Which

addressed the problems encountered; most responses were regarded as “strongly agree”.

The findings of the study show the effectiveness of the checkpoint conducted by the

Philippine National Police at Batasan Hills during campaign period. It was used as a guide

for dealing and resolving the problems encountered by the respondents and for improving

their operations during the campaign period.

C. Difference of profile respondents and knowledge level on COMELEC

Resolution

Table 7 Difference of demographic profile by sex between COMELEC related resolution

Sex Frequency Mean Std. F p>value Remark
square Deviation
Male 86 0.508 0.471 1.539 0.217 Not
Female 42 Significant
Total 128
It can be gleaned from table 7 that there was no significant difference with the

knowledge level towards COMELEC related resolutions by the respondents. This finding

was based from the computed overall significant values of 0.217 and computed ANOVA F

of 1.539. This implies that sex no matter what male or female had no significant difference

towards the respondent’s knowledge level on COMELEC Related Resolutions.

29
Table 8 Difference of demographic profile by sex between issuance of certificate
Sex Frequency Mean Std. F p>value Remark
square Deviation
Male 86 Not
0.261 0.471 1.630 0.204
Female 42 Significant
Total 128
Table 8 revealed that demographic profile by sex has no significant difference

towards issuance of certificate based on the computed significant values of 0.204 and

difference of 1.630 by the respondents. It implies that whether you’re a male or female

will not affect nor compared with knowledge level on the issuance of certificate. It is

further implies that no matter what sex identity you got, everyone was entitled to avail

issuance of certificate to carry firearms. This was in parallel with the findings of Deinla

(2022) that national policy on firearms possession where not stated on the classification of

ownership. This further in parallel with the study of Oreta and Eugenio, 2012, which

emphasized on the crafted Presidential decree 1866 on effective gun control towards

insurgent, as well as private armed groups controlled by political landlords and further

supported on RA8294 and RA 9516 as amended in PD 1866 on the illegal possession of

firearms with expired licenses or with licenses but without proper certification as licensed.

Table 9 Difference of demographic profile by sex between COMELEC checkpoint

Sex Frequency Mean Std. F p>value Remark
square Deviation
Male 86 Not
0.039 0.471 0.310 0.579
Female 42 Significant
Total 128
Table 9 showed the computed significant values of 0.579 and computed F is 0.310.

This implies that demographic profile by sex has no significant difference towards the

conduct of COMELEC Checkpoint. It implies that a male or a female passing by a

checkpoint has not related with perceptions of the respondents.

30
 According to the study of Cacayorin et al., (2019), their findings revealed that

effectiveness of checkpoints conducted by the PNP-Batasan hills showed a very effective

ways and means of combatting election related violence as perceived by 100 % male in the

study. It can be used as a guide for dealing and resolving the problems encountered by the

respondents and for improving their operations during the campaign period.

Table 10 Difference of demographic profile by age between COMELEC related

resolution
Age Frequency Mean Std. F p>value Remark
square Deviation
18-20 8
21-23 101 0.417 1.420 1.286 0.252 Not Significant
24-above 19
Total 128
Age on the table above was found to have no significant difference with the

knowledge level on COMELEC Related Resolutions. This finding was based on the

computed significant values of 0.252 and computed F value of 1.286. This implies that the

older it takes to understand the COMELEC Related Resolution has no bearing. According

to Cacayorin et al., (2019), the findings revealed that different demographic profile of

which majority of the respondents were from the age bracket of 34 to 41 years old which

were younger hence, it was attested that established checkpoints in terms of manpower and

procedures and logistics regarded as effective in improving operations during campaign

period.

Table 11 Difference of demographic profile by age between issuance of certificate

Age Frequency Mean Std. F p>value Remark
square Deviation
18-20 8
21-23 101 0.144 1.420 0.888 0.538 Not Significant
24-above 19
Total 128
It can be gleaned from the above table that age has no significant difference towards

the issuance of certificate based on the computed significant values of 0.538 and against

computed F value of 0.888 It implies that younger or older in age does not have difference

31
towards the issuance of certificate towards understanding COMELEC Resolution 10728.

This was consistent with the findings of (Aceron et al, 2011) which find that policies

relative to issuance of certificate were entrenched in the culture in the Philippines.

Table 12 Difference of demographic profile by age between COMELEC checkpoint

Age Frequency Mean Std. F p>value Remark
square Deviation
18-20 8
21-23 101 0.108 1.420 0.844 0.577 Not Significant
24-above 19
Total 128
Table 12 presented the computed significant values of 0.577 and computed F value

of 0.844 by the respondents. It showed that there is no significant difference between the

conduct of COMELEC checkpoint. It implies that no matter what your age is younger or

older has no effect or difference with conduct of COMELEC Checkpoint as stipulated in

COMELEC Resolution 10728. According to Cacayorin et al., (2019), the findings revealed

that different demographic profile of which majority of the respondents were from the age

bracket of 34 to 41 years old which were younger hence, it was attested that established

checkpoints in terms of manpower and procedures and logistics regarded as effective in

improving operations during campaign period.

Table 13 Difference of demographic profile by ethnicity between COMELEC related

resolution
Ethnicity Frequency Mean Std. F p>value Remark
square Deviation
Ilocano 66
Ifugao 30
Igorot 7 0.695 1.264 2.178 0.075 Not Significant
Kalanguya 19
Kankanaey 6
Total 128
It can be gleaned from table 13 reveals the computed significant values of 0.075

and computed F value of 2.178. It manifested that ethnicity has not different with

COMELEC Related Resolution. It implies that whatever ethnicity you have no significant

difference with COMELEC Related Resolutions.

32
Table 14 Difference of demographic profile by ethnicity between issuance of
certificate
Ethnicity Frequency Mean Std. F p>value Remark
square Deviation
Ilocano 66
Ifugao 30
Igorot 7 0.213 1.264 1.342 0.258 Not Significant
Kalanguya 19
Kankanaey 6
Total 128
Table 14 revealed that ethnicity has no significant difference with issuance of

certificate. This is found on the computed significant values of 0.258 and computed F

value of 0.258. It further implies that ethnicity has no association with issuance of

certificate as stated in COMELEC Resolution 10728.

Table 15 Difference of demographic profile by ethnicity between COMELEC

checkpoint
Ethnicity Frequency Mean Std. F p>value Remark
Square Deviation
Ilocano 66
Ifugao 30
Igorot 7 0.134 1.264 1.064 0.377 Not Significant
Kalanguya 19
Kankanaey 6
Total 128
Table 15 presents the computed significant values of 0.377 and computed F value

was 1.064 which was found out that there was no significant difference towards conduct of

COMELEC Checkpoint. It implies that ethnicity had no difference with the conduct of

checkpoint in the study.

33
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study on the knowledge level of the criminology students on the

implementation of gun ban among PLTCI showed the following findings of the study. The

study used the descriptive comparative study. Out of the 128 respondents of PLTCI in the

Criminal Justice Department comprise the fourth year students as target sample of the

study. The study utilized the researcher-made questionnaire captured from the COMELEC

Resolution 10728 on the contents about COMELEC related resolutions, issuances of

certificates and COMELEC checkpoints of the said resolution.

The researchers used the following statistical methods in the treatment of data:

Descriptive statistics – frequency count, percentage and modal average were used to

describe the profile of the respondents while weighted mean and standard deviation was

used to determine the level of knowledge. Inferential statistics – ANOVA or analysis of

variance between the respondents’ profile as sex, age bracket and ethnicity while the level

of knowledge on COMELEC Resolution 10728 related to COMELEC related resolutions,

issuances of certificates and COMELEC checkpoints. The test of significance was set at

0.05.

Findings

The following were the significant findings of the study:

1. Mostly male students with a percentage of 67.20 while female of 32.80 percent.

The age distribution showed that more students belong at age 23 and 24 and the

overall percentage of 43.00 and 23.40 respectively. Lastly the student’s ethnicity

belongs to Ilocano with a percentage of 51.60 and Ifugao of 23.40.

34
 2. COMELEC Resolution 10728 reiterates the election guidelines particularly the gun

bans. It showed that student’s perception towards the said resolution showed a

limited knowledge pertaining to the implementation of the resolution. Based on the

COMELEC resolution and other related resolutions had obtained an overall mean

of 3.244 that means students have limited knowledge on the topic discussed

particularly with other related resolutions regarding COMELEC gun ban. One of

which provisions of the resolution allowing an individual to bear firearms in public

places with a mean of 3.31 obtaining a highest mean. Moreover, the issuances of

certificates or application of certificate during the election gun ban had a mean of

3.33 having a limited knowledge. Significantly on the issuance of certificate of

authority to bear or transport firearms for sports shooters which has mean of 3.54

obtaining the highest mean which indicates that sports shooters also need to apply

and aware of their rights during election ban.

3. On the establishment of checkpoints, it obtained a mean of 3.34 having a limited

knowledge towards the conduct and implementation of checkpoints. One of which

COMELEC checkpoints have normally seen in different municipal boundary but

with limited knowledge towards its significance and importance during election ban

with highest mean of 3.42 with limited knowledge.

4. Lastly, the relationships of the profile variables of sex, age bracket and ethnicity as

against the knowledge level of the criminology students on COMELEC related

resolutions, issuances of certificates and COMELEC checkpoints showed no

significant difference as perceived by the respondents.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing findings of the study and analysis of the results of the study

the following conclusions were drawn.

35
 1. The profile of the students in the study showed a distribution of the students

capturing the fourth and fifth year of the criminology students. Mostly, the

participants of the study were the male and belong to middle age with Ilocano as the

achieved ethnicity of the students.

2. The knowledge level of the student towards the extent of implementation of

COMELEC resolution in terms of related resolutions, issuance of certificates,

establishment of checkpoints and other related offenses had been perceived by the

students with minimal or moderate knowledge towards COMELEC Resolution

10728.

3. The difference of the profiles of the respondents towards their achieved level of

knowledge towards the COMELEC resolution has no significance. The profile and

target knowledge has no variance and implies that profile variables have not an

indicator in determining the knowledge level towards the COMELEC resolution.

Recommendation

In the light of the foregoing conclusions of the study, the following are drawn

recommendation and suggestions towards the better improvement and implementation of

the study.

1. For Future Researchers. The study should consider other variables such as

geographical location, year level and political party as indicators that may show

relationship towards the implementation and extent of COMELEC resolution.

2. For Criminal Justice and Education. Conduct extensive advocacy through

inclusion on the course syllabus and other subject matter of the said resolution

among students. This may help the students understand about the establishment

and implementation of the COMELEC Resolution. Furthermore, the inclusion of

36
 the discussion of the said resolution in the major subjects related to the gun ban

must be intensified for better dissemination of the resolution to the students.

3. For criminology students. to continue upgrade themselves with the latest

COMELEC Resolutions to be updated with the related conduct of check point,

issuance of certificates and other related resolutions relative to the study.

37
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39
March 16, 2022

Dear Respondents,

We, the researcher is currently conducting a research study entitled “Knowledge level and
implementation of Election Related Violence Gun-ban: Perceptions of Criminology Students of
PLTCI “. In partial fulfilment of the requirement in Bachelor of Science in Criminology. We
solicit your utmost cooperation and help in answering the questionnaire. Kindly observe health
protocol. Rest assured that any information/data gathered will be dealt with strict confidentiality.

Respectfully,

Antonio, Elorde W.
Raymark N. Collado
Jay-M J. Corea
Joseph A. Cabacungan, Jr.
Litemon F. Caddawan

40
 QUESTIONNAIRE ON COMELEC RESOLUTION 10728

Name:(optional)____________________________________________________________

Direction. Kindly provide necessary information needed in the completion of this research.
Encircle the knowledge level or awareness on the contents of 10728 and 10741
respectively.

Part I. Profile of the Respondents

Year Level: _________________ Age: ________ Sex:___ Male ___

Female

Ethnicity: ______ ILoco _____ Isinay _____ Ifugao ____ Igorot ____ others
please specify:_____________________

PART II. KNOWLEDGE LEVEL ON COMELEC RESOLUTION 10728

based on the likert scale provided below:

4- High
3- Medium
2- Low
1- Very Low
Indicators 4 3 2 1
A. COMELEC RELATED RESOLUTIONS
1. Commission on Elections No. 10728, citing pertinent laws, made
clear that no one is allowed to bear firearms in public places.

2. Bladed souvenir instruments are allowed and not deadly weapons,

and as long as they are purchased from shops and stores accredited
by the DOT.

3. COMELEC Resolution No. 10728 strengthen that no one is

allowed to bear firearms meaning even a license to own possess
firearms (LTOPF), letter order (LO), or mission order (MO) from
law enforcement agencies will not exempt someone from the rule.

4. The prohibition against bearing, carrying or transporting of

firearms and other deadly weapons and employment availment or
engagement of the services of security personnel is January 9,
2022 and end on June 8, 2022 ( Resolution 10695).

5. COMELEC Resolution 10728, in relation to The Omnibus

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 Indicators 4 3 2 1
Election Code of the Philippines; Republic Acts 6646 (Electoral
Reforms of 1987) and 7166 (Synchronized National and Local
Elections).
B. ISSUANCES OF CERTIFICATES
6. Only those with certificate of authority from COMELEC
committee can bear firearms outside of their residence during
election period.

7. The five-month election period in the country must follow security

protocols in areas across the country in a bid to prevent election-
related violence.

8. The election period, in particular, signals the start of the gun ban
and the establishment of checkpoints.

9. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want

to bear or transport firearms during the election period are the law
enforcement agencies, such as PNP, AFP and other government
departments performing law enforcement, security functions and
election duties. (Section 32 and 33 of RA 7166).

10. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want

to bear or transport firearms during the election period are security
personnel of the foreign diplomatic corps, missions, and
establishments under international law.

11. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want

to bear or transport firearms during the election period are high
risk individuals.

12. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want

to bear or transport firearms during the election period are security
detail for public officials and private individuals.

13. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want

to bear or transport firearms during the election period are those
involved in the transport or delivery of firearms, ammunition and
explosives and/or their components.

14. The CBFSC issue certificate of authority to applicants who want

to bear or transport firearms during the election period are sports
shooters.

C. COMELEC CHECKPOINTS
15. COMELEC Resolution No. 10741 states that there should be at
least one checkpoint in every town or city manned by police or
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 Indicators 4 3 2 1
military personnel in complete service uniform with visible name
plates or identification tags.

16. Election offense is until Jun 8.

17. Any person found to be violating COMELEC guidelines on the

gun ban is liable for an election offense, and punished with
imprisonment of one year to six years.

18. A person guilty of violating COMELEC guidelines on the gun ban

will lose right to vote and be disqualified from holding public
office.

Thank you so much for your cooperation!!!

2X2 PHOTO
CABACUNGAN JOSEPH JR. A.
Phone: 09676383337
Email: josephcabacungan08@gmail.com
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Address: Purok 1 Caliat Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Birthday: January 19, 1999

OBJECTIVES

To be part of a company and to enhance my knowledge and skills.

TECHNICAL SKILLS

Analytical skills
Critical thinking
Trouble shooting

PERSONAL SKILLS
Leadership
Adaptability
Ability to work extended hours
Ability to work independently or as part of a team

EDUCATIONAL PROFILE
Tertiary- PLTCI College
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Secondary: Solano High School

Quirino Solano, Nueva Vizcaya
2017-2018

Quezon National High School

Baresbes Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya
2013-2017

Primary: Quezon Central School Caliat Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya

2012-2013

WORK EXPERIENCE

Delivery Boy at Lumannap Hardware.

COREA,JAY-M J.
Phone: 09973542424
Email: jmcorea1583@gmail.com
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Address: Purok 5 San Juan Solano, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Birthday: June 5, 2000

OBJECTIVES

To be part of a company and to enhance my knowledge and skills.

TECHNICAL SKILLS

Analytical skills
Written and verbal communication skills
Computer Skills

PERSONAL SKILLS

Excellent communication and interpersonal skills

Highly organized and efficient
Ability to work extended hours
Ability to work independently or as part of a team

EDUCATIONAL PROFILE
Tertiary- PLTCI College
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Secondary: Bintawan National High School

Bintawan Sur Villaverde, Nueva Vizcaya
2017-2018

Bintawan National High School

Bintawan Sur Villaverde, Nueva Vizcaya
2013-2017

Primary: Calaoagan Elementary School

San Juan Solano, Nueva Vizcaya
2012-2013

WORK EXPERIENCE

Inventory clerk at Ninja van Integrated.

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COLLADO, RAYMARK N.
Phone: 09081606905
Email: raymarkcollado7777777@gmail.com
Address: Masoc, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Birthday: July 7, 1999

OBJECTIVES

To be part of a company and to enhance my knowledge and skills.

TECHNICAL SKILLS

Data Analysis
Project Management

PERSONAL SKILLS

Problem solving
Ability to work extended hours
Ability to work independently or as part of a team

EDUCATIONAL PROFILE
Tertiary- PLTCI College
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Secondary: Nueva Vizcaya General Comprehensive High School

Bayombong , Nueva Vizcaya
2017-2018

Nueva Vizcaya General Comprehensive High School

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
2013-2017

Primary: Masoc Elementary School

Masoc, Nueva Vizcaya
2012-2013

WORK EXPERIENCE

Inventory clerk at Ninja van Integrated.

CADDAWAN, LITEMON F.

46
Phone: 09754944121
Email: caddawanlitemon@gmail.com
Address: Purok 1Ampakling Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Birthday: February 28, 2000

OBJECTIVES

To be part of a company and to enhance my knowledge and skills.

TECHNICAL SKILLS

Written and verbal communication skills

PERSONAL SKILLS

Ability to sing and play instruments

Ability to play some sports
Ability to work extended hours
Ability to work independently or as part of a team

EDUCATIONAL PROFILE
Tertiary- PLTCI College
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Secondary: Diadi National High School

Poblacion Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya
2017-2018

Diadi National High School

Poblacion Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya
2013-2017

Primary: Ampakleng Elementary School

Ampakling Diadi, Nueva Vizcaya
2012-2013

WORK EXPERIENCE

Work hard as a farmer and construction worker

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ELORDE W. ANTONIO
Phone: 09309971643
Email: pugeantonio@gmail.com
Address: Pampang, Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Birthday: July 8, 2000

OBJECTIVES

To be part of a company and to enhance my knowledge and skills.

TECHNICAL SKILLS

Computer Skills

PERSONAL SKILLS

Ability to play instruments

Ability to work extended hours
Ability to work independently or as part of a team

EDUCATIONAL PROFILE

Tertiary: PLTCI College

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Secondary: Kayapa High School

Besong Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya
2017-2018

Primary: Kayapa Central Elementary School

Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya
2012-2013

WORK EXPERIENCE

work hard as a farmer

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