NAME: DY, AIRISH GRACE E. YR.

& SECTION: BSPH1-A

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY

Reasons why we need to study plants:

 Plants as CO2 sinks

 Plants for biofuel
 Plants as food
 Plants and medicine
 Green technology

Botany – is a science plant life. It was derived from 3 Greek words botanikos
(botanical), botane (herb), and boskein (to feed).

History of Botany

 Jhon Ray (1627-1705)

 who deserve enough recognition as one of the co-runners of the science.
 Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)
 known primarily for his binomial classification system
 Thomas Fairchild (1667-1729)
 his work on plant hybrids
 Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
 also a certified plant lover aside from his phenomenal work on the
evolutionary theory.
Documentary Series

 Jan Van Helmont (1550-1644) & Jan Ingenhousz (1730-1799)

 their collective investigation of plant growth and photosynthesis.
 Julius Von Sachs (1832-1897)
 whose brilliant accomplishments and plants can be at par with Darwin’s
work
 Andrew Benson (1917-2015)
 Elucidating BCP cycle of photosynthesis.
Branches of Botany

 Plant Anatomy
 looks at the internal structure of plant at the cellular level and it often
involves the sectioning of tissues and microscopy.
 Plant Physiology
 compliments plant anatomy by investigating how the various structural
units in the plants work this focus on biochemical processes where
organic chemistry and biochemistry is greatly required.
 Ethnobotany
 is a cross between cultures in the practical uses of plants in a particular
region and if the botanist the strives to document the local customs
involving the practical uses of local flora for the many aspects of human
life.
 Mycology
 a discipline that was historically under botany but it has non-plant
subjects and sets fungi because it was only few decades ago when fungi
was known to be more closely related to animals than plants.
 Agronomy
 it’s the science and technology of producing and using plants for fuel,
fiber and land management.
 Phycology
 Deal with algae, this plant organisms are unique because they are the
major producers in aquatic ecosystem like rivers and oceans, that’s the
role in the energy transfer in the food web is vital to all life on Earth.
 the ecology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green
algae or cyanobacteria
 number of microscopic algae also occur as ambiance in light.
 Plant Systematic
 Is the science that includes and encompasses traditional taxonomy
because it doesn’t only name classify or identify unique plant species/
 primary goal is to reconstruct the evolutionary history of plant.
 Bank Biotechnology
 has its roots in genetic engineering and the various techniques
established in molecular genetics, genomics and other molecular base
system are used to transform plants to be able to use them to meet the
needs pf humanity or to provide opportunities that enhance economic
stability
 it deals with the manipulation of plants with valuable genetic traits for
the betterment of the society in the future.
 Plant Ecology
 studies the distribution and abundance of plants the effects of
environmental factors, plants and the interaction between plants and
other organism.
 Paleobotany
 Looks at plant fossils because we can tell us about pre-historic
ecosystems and how plants in those periods influence life on Earth
 evolution of plants from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems.
 Plants are organism living things that can be single-celled like the blue-green
algae mostly they are multi-cellular, and their most distinguishing feature is that we
can perform photosynthesis where light energy from the sun is converted to chemical
bonds in sugar molecules. This also implies that they have the green photosynthetic
pigment chlorophyll apart from the other complementary pigments they possess.

Representative of the Common Groups of Botany

 Unicellular Algae

 this is a microscopic unicellular photosynthetic alga that are basically

aquatic in origin.

 Bryophytes or the non-vascular plants

 they keep their structure small so that water and mineral transport is
not affected
  Cone-bearing plants

 the conifers, the cycads, the ferns belong to this group

 Flowering Plants

 it bears fruit which was derived from the ovary of a flower highly
specialized plants generally have roots, stems, leaves and flowers, food
and seeds in the case of flowering plants.

Plants Grow

As living organisms’ plants share a common characteristic with animals. First,

they grow growth can mean and increase in size in the time-lapse shown below of a
growing plant or an increase in number in the case of microscopic unicellular
organisms such as algal culture shown below where size is hard to differentiate but
the increasing density of the green color indicates an increase in the number of this
organisms.
Plants are Organized

Plants are also composed of organized units and work in an organized

environment there is structural organization at least at the organism level from cells
tissues and course from organs to systems and the entire organism. This represents
the increasing level of complexity starting with unicellular forms.

Plants Metabolize

Plants have the ability to absorb energy to build chemical bonds and at the
sane time break these bonds to release energy stored in them. The sum total of all
these chemical processes occurring inside the plant body at the cellular level is called
metabolism.

Energy represented by the ATP and metabolism is centered on both using in

producing ATP to keep the organism working. Anabolism are biochemical processes
that absorb energy that build complex molecules while catabolism breaks chemical
bonds to release this energy.

Plants Respond to Stimuli

Stimulus is an environmental signal which can be threatening or favorable to

the plant. Chemical or physical signals originating within or outside the plant can
trigger it to react in some way. These environmental signals are being perceived by
receptors that means have plants molecules in sense danger. In this trigger a
response, this also allows plants to adapt to their environment and these responses
are not only for defense but also towards other form pf advantage.
Plants Reproduce

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

in Bananas in Mango

Two modes pf reproduction in plants really sexual and the sexual type of
reproduction. Asexual reproduction sometimes referred to as cloning because the
offspring is exactly the same genotype or characteristics of the parent meaning the
banana plants that are shown above are clones. However, sexual reproduction, in the
case of mango plant that is shown above requires the fusion of gametes from male and
female parents and the offspring being produced is a hybrid after the eggs in the
ovaries are fertilized, they become fruits and the seeds represent the offspring that will
grow into new organism.
SECRETS OF FLOWER POWER

 John Ball
 notes in his essay that the fossil evidence of flower appears
very rapidly.
According to Bell and the fossil record, flowers appeared in the late
Cretaceous about 145 million years ago and then there were so many
different types of flowers. The first flower from the fossil record appeared
125 million years ago.

 Our Calf Rictus

 which means old flower, this plant is extinct now but it
appeared in the fossil record.
First land plants arose about 420 million years ago in Silurian and
it took another 293 million years ago to get the first flower and then 40
million years later flowers are everywhere. There are 330,000-400,000
species of Flowering Plants.

Polyploidy: chromosomes can double or triple during reproduction.

 Acropolis
 is found by Peter a Hochuli and Susanne Feist Burkhardt.
They found pollen from an extent flowering plant, in Northern,
Switzerland. They estimated it to be between 252-247 million
years ago or even earlier.
Pollen is a type that is usually insect pollinated most likely from beetles.

 Molecular Clock
 basically, looks at DNA within organism that would change on
a regular basis that is an organism that has a background rate
of mutation that wouldn’t be associated reproduction or
natural selection.
Monophyletic group: one descendant and all of the offspring.

Many flowering plants are both pollinated and dispersed by animals.

 Speciation: formation of new species.

 King: Kingdom
 Philip: Phylum
 Came: Class (Lamiales)
 Over: Order -ales
 From: Family
 Good: Genus
 Spain: Species (Genus + specific epithet)
 Pinus (Genus) Ponderosa (Specific Ephithet)

Genus and Specific Ephithet make up the scientific name as it’s

called Latin Binomial.

Binomial System of biological nomenclature by a Swedish Botanist

Carl Linnaeus, but it’s also used for animals, protists and fungus.
Bacteria and viruses are harder to classify the species level because it’s
difficult to know where one species stops and another species begins.

Field botanist interested in identifying plants focus on the family

level. Families are named after the type genus within that family, which
is the genus that typifies the traits of the family. Example is the genus
pinus is the type genus for which the family is named.

There are about 600 families of plants and some of that number
depends on the different ways molecular evidence might be used to
define some of the families.

The grouping of living things like this is called Taxonomy.

 Carl Linnaeus (1700)

 he was a Swedish doctor and at this time in the mid-1700s all
doctors were gardeners and botanist.
 he organized living things into a system that is still the basis of
the system we se today.
Arrangements of plant were based on reproductive structures
using evolutionary relations within such groupings is called Systematic.

Molecular evidence has changed the way we once thought about

the evolutionary progression of flowering plants.

The entire genome of a small weedy shrub native to New

Caledonia, an island in the South Pacific had been sequenced.

Amborella trichopoda was the oldest extant flowering plant. This

shrub is the only member of the Amborellaceae and probably had other
relatives that were alive sometime in the past. This shrub is the sister
group to all of the flowering plants indicating that indeed it is a common
ancestor to all flowering plants. Dioecious another clue about the early
flowering plants.

 Floral
 when something forms a ring.
 Male parts are called stamens, it has anther with a pollen and a
stalk called the filament.

Female parts: top part is stigma where the pollen will land, style
long and thin and connects to the ovary at the base, ovary is where the
ovilus housed and collectively the female part is called carpel (pistil).

Perfect flowers have male and female parts. Some flower can be all
male which is called staminate flowers and others can be all female
which is called pistillate.

Petal and Sepals are the perianth and this part is optional some
flowers may have and some may don’t have. Such as Black pepper, piper
nigrum don’t have the perianth. Sometimes the petals and sepals can’t
be distinguished so they’re called Teeples.

Linnaeus famously described stamens and carpels in terms of

brides and grooms.

Flowering plants are called the antha fighter or the angiosperms

means closed vessel.

Gymnosperm meant naked seed and angiosperm comes from the

Greek angieon vessel and refers to the seed.

Antho Fida is traditionally divided into two classes, John Ray

called it dicots and monocots. Eudicots instead of dicots.

Dicot refers to dye cotyledon, the cotyledon is the seed leaf or the
first leaf emerges in the developing plant. In dicots, there is two cotyledon
that emerged at the same time and monocots have only one seed leaf.

Monocots have flower parts in groups of threes, that means

monocots can have three, six or nine stamens and three or six carpals. It
will also have three petals and three sepals, like Trillum ovatum or 6-
petal and six sepals like most lilies.

Dicots have flower parts in fours or fives. Sepals, petals, stamens

and carpals are all in multiples of four or five.
In monocots the leaf veins are parallel, dicots the leaf veins are
netted like a feather or like a palm. Dicots have tissue arrangements that
is reminiscent of that which we saw in woody plants. Monocots make up
25%.
Most trees are eudicots or belong to one of the groups that was
removed from the dicots altogether these removed groups are called the
basal angiosperms.
 The Eudicot vascular tissue arrangement has rings around the
outside of the stem with phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside.
The monocots don’t have secondary growth at all so the monocots don’t
have true wood. The monocots have vascular tissue arranged in a
monkey faces, they are consisting of two large columns of xylem which
look like eyes and phloem cells which look like a forehead, this vascular
bundle also has a small space called the lacunae. Eudicots make up
70%.
Basal angiosperms imply that they are at the base of the
phylogenetic tree of the flowering plants. They make up less than 5% of
all the flowering plants. Basal angiosperm often shows combinations of
the following traits: numerous flattened stamins, numerous tepals,
separate carpels, spirally-arranged leaves.

Inflorescence described how the flowers are arranged on the stem.

Single flower in a stem is called Solitary inflorescence and flowers that
alternate up the stem is called Raceme. If those flowers are tightly
compressed on the tip of the stem it’s called Spike, an inflorescence that
has numerous flowers forming a sort of umbrella shape is called Umbel.

Anthocyanins cause flowers to be any hue of red or pink, it also

most common pigments of flowering plants.

World’s largest single flower is the Rafflesia arnoldii in Indonesia

and it is a eudicot. Its common name is corpse flower because it smells
like rotting flesh and this is also the common name of the plant with the
largest inflorescence. Inflorescence is a collection of individual flowers on
the stem. Another largest inflorescence corpse flower is called
Amorphophallus titanium or Titan Arum and it is a monocot.