xhl`e iy axd

,m"anxd zpyna ycegd icr zwica

el qgeind d"x zkqnl cenlzl yexitd zl`ye
dncwd
?m"anxd ixaca wcwcl yi dnk cr .`
zexkfpd zedinzl zeaeyz .a
m"anxd iazk lk jnq lr micrd zwica ziibeq zwica .b
dnexcl e` dpetvl ,dngd xg`l e` dngd iptl :dipye dpey`x dl`y .c
dhep did oi`l :ziriax dl`y .d
agx did dnk :ziying dl`y .e
deab did dnk :ziyily dl`y .f
mekiq

dncwd

qgeind dpyd y`x zkqnl cenlzl yexitd ly exagn zl`ya ewqr miax
yexit qegiiy wiqde ,2xlqwit xexc x"c axd jka wqr dpexg`l .1m"anxl
l` zeqgiizdl xlqwit axd yicwd exn`n xwir z` .3`ed oekp m"anxl cenlzd
dpynd yexita :m"anxl df yexit qegii milleyd ly miifkxnd milewiyd cg`
ozipy oin`d l`ilnb oaxy miyxtnd z` ce`n dtixg oeyla m"anxd swez
rven weica dfk yexit d`iltd daxnle ,cg` meia ycgde oyid gxid z` ze`xl
m"anxdy gipdl xiaq m`d !m"anxl qgeind dpyd y`x zkqnl cenlzd yexita
;ziaeig dzid xlqwit axd ly ezaeyz ?envr zrc z` jk lk dtixg oeyla swz
m"anxd ynzyn mda mitqep zenewn `vn `ed xacd zexiaq z` gikedl ick
.xara azky mixacn envr `ed ea xfg mday zenewna `weec dtiwz oeyla

f`ne ,d"kxz qixt ,lixa l`igi 'x i"r dqtcp dpey`x dxecdn .'cenlzl yexitd' :oldl 1
axd zxecdna ynzyp df xn`na .(d`ad dxrda d`xe) xe`l e`vi zexecdn xtqn
dpynd yexita .b"kyz milyexi ,cenlzl m"anxd iyecig ,y"wf aiil dcedi ikcxn
milyexi ,cren-mirxf ,m"anxd yexit mr dpyn ,gt`w sqei axd zxecdna ynzyp
lr ,xbpiel awri 'x qcpdnle xlqwit xexc axl ,'oirnd' jxerl zecedl ipevxa .b"kyz
.xn`nl mixeywd mi`yep oeail
'nr ,(d"qyz) elw-dlw ipiq ,'m"anxl dpynd yexita dtiwz oeyl' ,xlqwit xexc axd 2
iazk ly ziwlg dxiwql .4 'rd apw 'nr my d`x `yepa ewqry in zxiwql .gvw-`pw
.bpw-apw 'nr my d`x cenlzl yexitd ly zeqtcpd zexecdnde cid
.gvw 'nr my 3

3  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd

zwica ziibeql rbepa m"anxd iazk ly izhiy gezip jexrl izpeek df xn`na
ipyxt aly deedn cenlzd yexit ik rixkn ote`a d"fra gkei eteqae ,ycegd icr
m"anxd azky mixacn `weec ligzi oeicd .4ef dibeqa envr m"anxd ly mcwen
.efd dkeaqd dibeqay zeiziirad z` ahid yigndl mileki xy` ,dxez dpyna

?m"anxd ixaca wcwcl yi dnk cr .`

:micrl eptedy zel`y yng zpiivn (e ,a d"x) dpynd

z` oiqipkne ,oey`x eze` oiwcea oey`x `ay bef ?micrd z` oiwcea cvik
e` dngd iptl .1 :dpald z` zi`x cvik xen` el mixne`e ,oday lecbd
?dhep did oi`le .4 ?deab did dnk .3 ?dnexcl e` dpetvl .2 ?dngd xg`l
.melk xn` `l dngd iptl xn` m` ?agx did dnke .5

zel`yd xcq itÎlr extqen zel`yd) m"anxd azek c ,a ycegd yeciw zeklda
:(dpynay
dpald oirceie ,mda oiaygn oipipbhv`dy mikxca oiaygn oic zia
didz m`e .5 ;dnexca e` ynyd oetva didz m` .2 :df ycega d`xzyk
cirdl micrd e`eaiyke .oihep dipxw iy`x eidi okidle .4 ;dxvw e` dagx
dipxw eid okidl .4 ?mexca e` oetva .2 :dze` mzi`x cvik mze` oiwcea
m` ?dagx dzid dnke .5 ?mkipir zii`xa ddeab dzid dnk .3 ?zehep
e`vnp `l m`e ,mze` oilawn oeayga rcepy dnl oipeekn mdixac e`vnp
.mze` oilawn oi` oipeekn mdixac

zel`y rax` wx dpn m"anxd eli`e zel`y yng dzpn dpyndy oirl hlea
enk ?`ed xac `ld .okezn yely wx exkfed aygn oicd ziay miaeyigae ,micrl
lilk m"anxd hinyd recn .` :mitqep miiyw dnk m"anxd ixaca miniiwe ,ok
3 'qn dl`y recn .a ?dngd xg`l e` dngd iptl dpynay 1 'qn dl`y z`
ly xcqd z` m"anxd dpiy recn .b ?oicd zia iaeyign dhnyed (daebd)
oetva didz m` oiaygn c"iay m"anxd azk oicd zia ly aeyiga .c ?zel`yd
dze`a xaecn m`d ;mexca e` oetva azk micrl dl`yae ,dnexca e` ynyd
2 'qn dl`y zernyn z` zn`ez mexca e` oetva zernyn m`d .d ?zernyn
?dnexcl e` dpetvl dpynay
ixaca wcwcl epl xzen dnk cr dl`yd z` zelrn elld zeywd zedinzd
:azk dxez dpynl ezncwda m"anxd .m"anxd

iazk x`yl cenlzl yexitay mixacd z`eeyda hrn wx wqr xlqwit axd exn`na 4
.'dpeek zekixv zeevn' ziibeql rbepa zg` dnbec d`aed hpw 'nra ;m"anxd

[` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd  4

xeq`d oiipra mixeaigd el` lkn mixxaznd mixac xagl izi`xe..."
jxce dxexa oeyla mlek ,dxezd ipic x`y mr ,xedhde `nhd ,xzende
`le diyew `la lkd ita dxecq dlek dt lray dxez `dzy cr ,dxvw
...wexit

zpeek z` oiadl ick dxe`kl :dkean zxxey ef dklda mipiirnyk ,dpde

,dpyna cenlzd wcwcny ote` eze`a il`ehqwh wecwcl miyxcp ep` m"anxd
!dxvw jxce dxexa oeyl llk o`k oi`e

zexkfpd zedinzl zeaeyz .a

,ef dklda m"anxd ixaca wcwcl epl yi dnk cr dl`yd mr ccenzp mxha
.oze` wecape ,zexkfpd zedinzl zeaeyz xtqn xewqp
dl`y dlelk ezrcl .xz` lr 'dpyn mgl' lra xak dpr ef dl`y lr :` ddinz
xg`l e` dngd iptl dl`yd'y `id ilaad zpwqn ixdy ,4 'qn dl`ya 1 'qn
'qn dl`y mb `id dnibtd oeeik zl`y dxe`kle ,dpald znibt lr zaqen 'dngd
.'dhep did oi`l' 4
daebd zl`yy xiaqd xz` lr 5'dheyt ci' eyexita uiaepiax axd :a ddinz
ozipd iheleqa` oiipr eppi` gxid ly edaeb xnelk ,'mkipir zii`x'a mb dielz
crd ly enewin oky ,gxid z` crd d`x ea ote`d ly oiipr mb `ed `l` - aeyigl
yeciw) envr m"anxd azk oke .jtidl oke jenp ze`xidl gxil mxeb deab mewna
:(c-e ` ,gi ycegd
,d`xiy xyt` ,dlila d`xi gxidy oeaygd jl `ivei m`y ,xexae reci xac
,`ib `edy mewnd iptn e` ,eze` oiqkny miard iptn d`xi `ly xyt`e
od eli`k e`vnpy mewnd eze` iyp`l axrn gex cbpk deab xd didy e`
,lecb did elit` jenp mewna `edy inl d`xi `l gxidy ,`iba oiayei
oke ,xzeia ohw gxidy t"r` lelze deab xd y`xa cner `edy inl d`xie
t"r` lecbd mia dpitqa jldny inl e` mid zty lr okeyy inl d`xi
ody ,maila el` mixac ipy meyl oic zial ie`x jkitl ...xzeia ohw `edy
...mzi`x mewn dfi`a micrd z` oil`eye ,dnewne dii`xd onf

:df aeyiia iyewd

ziay xiaqne m"anxd ay ,zel`yd lk z` yxity xg` ,z`f dpynl eyexita
:6gxid ly zitvzd ipezp z` aygn oic

wlg ,mipnf xtq ,dheyt ci yexit mr m"anxl dxez dpyn ,'uiaepiax xfril` megp axd 5
.an 'nr ,q"yz milyexi-minec` dlrn ,b
.hx-gx 'nr ,dpynl m"anxd yexit 6

5  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd

;mexca e` oetva gxid agex `ed gex dfi`l .2 :oirceie oiaygn eidy itl
;epnn d`xiiy x`end xerye .5 ;wte`d zegexa eizevw zgpd eidi ji`e .4
d`xny dnl dni`zn ozecr dzid m` .oird ze`x itl edab `di dnke .3
.epx`iay enk ,zn` icr eid m` ozecr itk oiyer el` ixd oeaygd

zekld seqa mb !oicd zia iaeyig jeza daebd aeyig z` m"anxd dpn o`k
ly aeyigd jezn daebd z` rcei oicd ziay m"anxd azek (eh ,hi) ycegd yeciw
:'dii`xd zyw'
zywn rceei df xace ,deab did dnk mdl oixne`y micrd zxiwgne
on aexw `ed eli`k gxid d`xi dxvw dii`xd zyw didzy onfay ,dii`xd
dii`xd zyw jxe` itle ,ux`d lrn deab d`xi dkex` didzy onfae ,ux`d
.mipird zii`xa ux`d lrn edaeb itl

,c"d a"ta daebd zl`y dhnydn wcwcl ozip m`d ,dl`yd zl`yp o`kn
z` d`ex m"anxdy d`xp ycegd yeciw zekld seqa oke dpynd yexita ixdy
- miinrt ea xfg m"anxdy xnel xazqn `le !oic zial aeyig xa oezpk daebd
ycegd yeciw zekld zligza jk xg`e ,daebd aeyig z` lilkd dpynd aeyiga
!(eh ,hi) lilkde xfg ycegd yeciw zekld seqae ,hinyd (c ,a)
xfg m"anxd (eh ,hi) ycegd yeciw zekld seqay eazk 8xlcii`e 7bxapfie axd
mzprh itl .(c ,a) ycegd yeciw zekld zligzae dpynd yexita azky dnn ea
wlgdy cera ,onf zekinqa exagzd g"deciw zekld ly oey`xd wlgde n"dit
xge`n mipy dpenyk xagzp (hi-`i miwxt) ycegd yeciw zekld ly inepexhq`d
lilkd eixac jynda m"anxd 9dpynd yexita cery epigad `l md ,mxa .xzei
.aygn did oicd ziay mixacd zrax` oia daebd z`
lwd ly xcqa zkll `id o`k m"anxd znbny orh 10'uiaepiax axd :b ddinz
`id oky ,xzeia dlwd dl`yd zi`xp gxid ly eiaer zl`y ,mxa ;dligz lwd
11'ycegd icr zxiwg' exn`na aiax oxr eznerl .agxna ze`vnzd lk zyxec dpi`

dcrep xcqd iepiy znbn ezrcl ;xg` ote`a xcqd iepiy zl`y mr ccenzdl dqip
raep) yny henif` ;gxi henif` :zibel dxeva mi`ad mipezpd lr rcin xeavl
.dxe`z feg` ;wte`d lrn ddabd zieef ;(zncewd daeyzd + miipxwd oeeikn
`l m`d ?zel`yd xcqa jk lk wcwcl yi mpn`d :`ed el` miaeyiia iyewd

E. Wiesenberg, ‘Elements of the Lunar Theory in the Mishnah Rosh Hashana 2:6 and 7
.163 'nr ,the Talmudic Complements Thereto’, HUCA 32 (1962), pp. 153-196
.390 'nr ,e"pyz milyexi ,m"anxd itÎlr ycegd yeciw zekld ,xlcii` wgvi sqei 8
.6 'rd lirl d`x 9
.n 'nr dheyt ci 10
.136-135 'nr ,(c"qyz) a dpia ircei ,'ycegd icr zxiwg' ,aiax oxr 11

[` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd  6

zel`yd lk z` eixaca lelkiy calae el oncfdy itk azk m"anxdy xnel ozip
,2 xcqd itl oicd zia iaeyig z` m"anxd xciq dpynd yexita ixdy ,zekxvpd
micrl zel`yae ;4 ,5 ,2 `ed xcqd (c ,a) dxez dpyna oicd zia iaeyigae ;3 ,5 ,4
ly oxciq lr mewn lka m"anxd citwd mpn`d !5 ,3 ,4 ,2 `ed xcqd (my)
?zel`yd
e` ynyd ly dpetvl oia ipey miiwy xiaqd 12'l`xyia dreyi' lra :c ddinz
oicd zia aygn aeyiga .13mexca e` oetva micrd zl`y oial ,aeyiga dnexcl
eilr oezp ,'gxid agex' epiid ,(dwlind) ynyd lelqnl qgia gxid mewin z`
wxta ycegd yeciw zekld ly inepexhq`d wlga xeaicd z` m"anxd aigxn
wte`l qgia gxid d`xp cvik `id micrd mil`yp dze` dl`yd ,z`f znerl .f"h
xaecn `ly dler `linn .14hi wxta m"anxd ly eixacn dler jk .iaxrnd
.zernynd dze`a
'dnexcl e` dpetvl' dl`yly dler mcewd sirqa mixacd on :d ddinz
gxid mewin lr oicd zia aeyig ly zg` :zeiernyn izy dxe`kl zeniiw dpynay
`l` ynyl qgia `ly mexcl e` oetvl micrl dl`y ly dipyde ,dwlinl qgia
.mlerd zegexl qgia
jaeqn jk lk `yep lry okzii m`d :dlw `l dkean ok m` o`k zniiw mle`
?('eke oetv-dpetv) zeize` dnk ly dhnyda m"anxd fnx

m"anxd iazk lk jnq lr micrd zwica ziibeq zwica .b

dibeqd z` wecale aeyl jxevd z` xxern lirly miaeyiia zegepd xqeg

xn`nd .mixg` miyexitl d`eeyd jez ,m"anxd ly eiazk lka zagxp dwica
m"anxd itlk xzeia oekp 15'xg` mewna mixiyre cg` mewna miipr dxez ixac'
.envr ixac itÎlr m"anxd z` cenll xyt`d zcina sicr cinze ,eiazke
ly mbe (` ,ck - a ,bk) dpynl ilaad ly zeqgiizd zllek micrd zwica ziibeq
z` wecal yie ,(671-670 'nr dincw`d 'cdn ,`"r gp ,d"d a"t) inlyexid

qetca qtcp .`"r cp sc ,t"z oiinc hxetwxt ,l`xyia dreyi ,i`pf`xn sqei oa ozpedi 'x 12
.2g"pyz wxa ipa ,'` jxk 'd lret jeza meliv
mya ,ck sirq 52 'nr ,3f"pyz wxa ipa ,ycewd lwy ,iwqaipw miig axd i"r e`aed eixac 13
t"ke l"pk dnexca e` ynyd oetva rnyn' iwqaipw axd azk oey`x yexita .mixne` yi
yxtn i"d h"it onwl la`' :jiynd ixdy ,ipyd yexitl dhpy d`xp j` ,'n"dita epax
xnel dyw mle` .'l`xyia dreyi' lra ixac z` `iad cine ,'enexcl e` deynd/ew oetvl
'dhep did oi`l' ziriaxd dl`yd lr miaqen m"anxd ixacy x`azi (d sirq) oldle ,ok
.'dnexcl e` dpetvl' dipyd dl`yd lr `le
.an 'nr "dheyt ci"a 'uiaepiax axd mb azek jk 14
.675 'nr dincw`d 'cdn ,c"r gp ,d"d b"t inlyexi 15

7  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd

m"anxd azk ea ibelepexkd xcql mb qgiizdl yi .el` zeibeql mipeyd miyexitd
m"anxd zr g"kwzz-`"kwzz `"c mipyd oia azkp dpynd yexit :mixacd z`
hi-`i miwxtd :mialy xtqna d`xpk eazkp ycegd yeciw zekld .1630-23 oa did
xg` dxez dpynl m"anxd gtiq elld miwxt z`y d`xp ;17xzeia mixge`nd md
mia cec 'x eig` rah f"lwzz zpyay rnyn azky zxbi`n ixdy ,xeaigd znlyd
mincwen i-` miwxtd .19zenkga wqr exrv z` bitdl icke ,18dpy jynl dlg f`e
,geld zepeayga mipcd ,i-e miwxtd :miwlg ipya eazkp md mby xazqne ,20xzei
miwxtde ,21dxez dpyn zaizka m"anxd ligzdy iptl cer ,e"kwzz zpya eazkp
crenl jenq eazkp dpyd xeaire ycegd yeciw ly izkldd wlga mipcd d-`
envr zecr itk azkp cenlzl yexitd .22g"kwzz aiaq ,dxez dpyn xeaig zligz
.23m"anxd ly ezexga inia

dnexcl e` dpetvl ,dngd xg`l e` dngd iptl :dipye dpey`x dl`y .c

:24jk zel`yd z` m"anxd yxit dpynd yexita

e` ,ynyd itlk did eay xi`nd cvd xnelk ,dngd xg`l e` dngd iptl
miakekde gxidy itl ,dnexcl e` dpetvl .ynyd itlk did eay jeygd
agex `diy xyt`e ,oetvl minrte mexcl minrt ynyd lelqnn mihep
.di`xd zra ipetv gxid

zwqer dpyndy ilaad zpwqn z` m`ez d`xp dpey`xd dl`yd yexit

itlk did eay jeygd cvd' :jtidd aezkl jixv did m"anxd dxe`kl j` .dnibta

k 'nr ,` jxk ,d"pyz milyexi-minec` dlrn ,m"anxd zexbi` ,zliy wgvi axd d`x 16
.ekÎe
zpyl zxge`nd ,g"lwzz `"c zpya cner `edy oiivn m"anxd fh dkld `i wxta 17
S. Gandz, :fcp`b ly exn`na 'ir .elek xeaigl ezncwd z` m"anxd azk da f"lwzz
‘Date of the Composition of Maimonides Code’, Proceedings of the American
Academy for Jewish Research, 16 (1948), pp. 1-7.
.lx-gkxe gvw 'nr ` jxk my zliy axd 18
.`x 'nr my 19
.my fcp`b 20
lr xvw xeaig ,'xeaird xn`n' z` m"anxd azk ezexirva xak .dpw 'nr dheyt ci d`x 21
df xeaiga ,(2g"pyz wxa ipa ,a jxk 'd lret jeza meliv qetca qtcp) ixard geld
.g"iwzz'c dpyd zxkfen
,zliy axd 'ir .f"lwzz-g"kwzz mipyd oia zetevx mipy xyr exeaiga gxh m"anxd 22
.awz 'nr a jxke ,gvw 'nr ` jxk ,m"anxd zexbi`
.gvw 'nre dpw-bpw 'nr l"pd 'dtiwz oeyl' xlqwit axd ly exn`na zexewnd z` d`x 23
zl`y `id eicgi dl`d zel`yd izya weqirl daiqd .gx 'nr ,dpynl m"anxd yexit 24
.(oldl d`x) odipia dxyiwy (a ,bk) ilaad

[` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd  8

cvd `id dngd iptl dznibt ixdy ,'ynyd itlk did eay xi`nd e` ynyd
m"anxdy rivdle jka wcwcl mewn yiy il d`xp `l ,mxa !dngl oeeknd jeygd
dpten x`end wlgdy eyexit dngd iptly epiidc ,ilaadn jetd dpynd z` yxit
epgxek lr !zernynd dze` `id zernynd ixd ,jka gieexn did dn ixdy ,dngl
xen`k .oexg` oey`xd z`e oey`x oexg`d z` ,dipin wilqc i`n m"anxd xiaqd
.dxez dpyna llk ef dl`y dpn `l m"anxd ,lirl
:lecb yecig dxe`kl ievn dipyd dl`yd yexita
z` xz`l rcei eppi` `ed ;heytd dtevl eil`n oaen eppi` agexd byen .`
.(minya zelfnd lblb) dwlind ly enewin
ipya .inlyexiae ilaaa zyxetn dxe`kl dnexcle dpetvl dl`yd .a
eixac dpetvl xn` m` mdn zg` itly ,zexzeq zeziixa izy ze`aen micenlzd
eixac dnexcl xn` m` dipyd `ziixad itle ,melk xn` `l dnexcl oiniiw
zeziixadn zg` lk micinrn inlyexide ilaad .melk xn` `l dpetvl oiniiw
:dpyd ly xg` wlga
`ipzde .melk xn` `l dnexcl oiniiw eixac dpetvl `cg `pz :ilaaa
zenia o`k ,`iyw `l ?melk xn` `l dpetvl oiniiw eixac dnexcl ,`kti`
.minybd zenia o`k ,dngd
eixac dnexcl ipz iipz zi` ,oiniiw eixac dpetvl ipz iipz zi` :inlyexia
xn`c o`n ,fenz cre zah on oiniiw eixac dpetvl xn`c o`n .oiniiw
.zah cre fenz on oiniiw eixac dnexcl

m`ez inlyexid ly 'zah-fenz'e 'fenz-zah' m` dl`ya epc xak miyxtnd

`l m`ez eppi` m"anxd ly eyexit .25ilaad ly 'minybd zeni'e 'dngd zeni' z`
zipetv gxid ievn zg`d ezivgna yceg lka oky ,ilaad z` `le inlyexid z`
yceg xear ik xnel ozip illk ote`a .26dwlinl zinexc zxg`d ezivgnae dwlinl
,dwlinl zipetv gxid ritei - mipy 9.3Îk jyna epiid - xefgndn zivgn ,oezp
ilaade inlyexidn dpeya z`f ,dwlinl zinexc gxid ritei xefgnd zivgnae
yexitk o`k m"anxd yexit bved jk lya .zg` dpy ly zeixefgn zrnzyn mdn
.27dpynl i`nvre ixewn

elld mixac ep`vne' :`r 'nr xbvn c"x 'cdn ,ipz d"c ` ,ck d"xl g"x yexit d`x 25
itcn a"r d ohwd xe`na d"fxa cegiia 'ire ...'dfd oeylk l`xyi ux` cenlza miyxetn
.'epiid' d"c s"ixd
dwlinl zinexc e` zipetv dii`xd zra mieqn ycega gxid ze`vnid ly zeixefgnd 26
dpkny dn) dpy 18.6 zkynpd mixywd zbiqp ly zinepexhq`d zeixefgnd `id
riwx iagxn ,xhl`e iy d`x .(apfde y`xd jldn fh wxt ycegd yeciw zeklda m"anxd
.ek-dk 'nr ,f"qyz yny zia ,dpyd y`x zkqnl inepexhq` jixcn -
.393Îe 389 'nr ,ycegd yeciw ,xlcii` 27

9  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd

dpynd yexit jynda .m"anxa mitqep zenewna df yexit xg` aewrp
m`ez 'mexca e` oetva gxid agex `ed gex dfi`l' dl`yd ,oicd zia zepeayga
oicd zia qgiizi cvik m"anxd mibcn jynda my cer .gxid agex byen z`
:28micrd zaeyzl
ozecr itk oiyer el` ixd oeaygd d`xny dnl dni`zn ozecr dzid m`
dhep ede`xy exn`y oebk ,e`l m`e ,epx`iay enk zn` icr eid m`
icr mdy wtq ila eprci ,inexc gxid agex dide ,oetv cvl ynyd lelqnn
.xwy

ynyd oetva didz m`' geqipd oicd zia zepeayga c ,a ycegd yeciw zeklda
dze`a .ea xfg m"anxdy gipdl daiq oi` mle` ,xvw xzei hrn 'dnexca e`
m"anxd m`d dl`yd dxxerzd o`k ;'mexca e` oetva' :micrl zel`ya dkld
m`d micrd mil`yp ci-ai zekld hi wxtny dzid dprhd .xg` yexitl oieekzn
yibcn wxtd eze` y`xa mxa ,iaxrnd wte`a mexcl e` oetvl dhep gxid z` e`x
llkay minkg exn`y itl' :'dhep did oi`l' 4 'qn dl`ya wqer `edy m"anxd
ipira xyk ,dhep gxid did okidl odl oixne` micrd z` oda oiwcea eidy mixac
okidl' eyexit z` m"anxd dpiyy d`xp dxe`kl ,ok` .'df xac oeayg jxc ricedl
ziihp lr xaecny ycg yexitl xare ,miipxwd ziihp lr yxit eze` ,'dhep did
'd ze`d xeqig lr qinrdl dyw mewn lkn .(d sirqa oecp jka) envr gxid
oeekzn `l m"anxdy xnel d`xp okl !zernynd iepiy lk z` ('oetvl' - 'dpetvl')
dnexca e` ynyd oetva didz m` oicd zia aeyig `l` ,xg` yexitl o`k
hxit xaky oeik ,o`k xviw m"anxd .mexca e` oetva micrl dl`yd `edÎ`ed
.oicd zia iaeyig z` dkldd ly `yixa
zl`y zhnyda) dkldd ly `tiqae `yixa zel`yd z` dlaha mibivn xy`k
daexwe dxvw opeyle ,`yixa xy`n xzei zexvw `tiqa zel`ydy mi`ex ,(daebd
:dpynd oeyl l` xzei

micrl zel`yd oicd zia zepeayg

mexca e` oetva .2 dnexca e` ynyd oetva didz .2

dagx dzid dnke .5 dxvw e` dagx didz m`e .5
zehep dipxw eid okidl .4 oihep dipxw iy`x eidi okidle .4

.`tiql `yixd oia iepiy oi`y o`kn

:fh wxta m"anxd azky dn jnq lr wefig lawn df xaqd

.hx-gx 'nr dpynl m"anxd yexit 28

[` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd  10

zaaeqy dlebrd lrn dhep `id cinz gxid da zaaeqy dlebrd :` dkld
da yi zecewp izye ,mexcl dhep divge oetvl dhep divg ,cinz ynyd da
zg`a gxid didiyk jkitl .efa ef zelebrd izy zerbet oday ef cbpk ef
gxid `vi m`e ,deya ynyd cbpk yny ly dlebra aaeq `vnp odizyn
...dnexcl e` ynyd oetvl jldn `vnp zecewpd izyn zg`n
agex z`xwpd `id dnexcl e` ynyd oetvl gxid dhepy dihpd :g dkld
`xwp mexcl dhep did m`e ,ipetv agex `xwp oetvl dhep did m`e ,gxid
enk agex el didi `l zecewpd izyn zg`a gxid did m`e ,inexc agex
.epx`iay
oia oetva oia zelrn yng lr xzi gxid agex didi `l mlerl :h dkld
,hrn hrn epnn wgxzie y`xd on ligzi ,ekxc `ed jk `l` ,mexca
cr hrn hrn axwzie xefgie ,zelrn yngl ribiy cr sqepe jled wgxnde
cr sqep wgxnde hrn hrn wgxzie xefgie ,apfl ribiyk agex el didi `ly
.agex el didi `ly cr axwzie xefgie ,zelrn yngl ribiy
okl .agexd xaqd caln xg` xaqd rivde m"anxd ay `l sqep mewn meya
oetva didz m` `yixa oicd zia aeyig oia lican m"anxdy xnel daiq oi`
.mexca e` oetva `tiqa micrl dl`yl - dnexca e` ynyd
xaqd mr ayiizn eppi`y ,df yexit m"anxd a`y oiipn le`yl xzep zrk
.dl`yd oexztl epze` axwn cenlzl eyexita oeir o`k ?micenlzd
epiid ,dpetvl epiid - dngd iptl epiid' :`ed (a ,bk d"x) ilaad ziibeq oeyl
.'dngd xg`l e` dngd iptl dznibt :iia` xn` !dnexcl epiid - dngd xg`l
:dpyna zelitkd zl`y dcixhn oywnd z`y `ed ef dibeqa laewnd xaqdd
,'dnexcl e` dpetvl' 2 'qn dl`yl ddf 'dngd xg`l e` dngd iptl' 1 'qn dl`y
jke ,dnibta zwqer 1 'qn dl`yy `ed iia` ly evexiz !xezii o`k yi `linne
zeziixad izy ze`aeny itk ,envr gxid ly epeeika weqrl zx`yp 2 'qn dl`y
.dibeqd jynda
:29zxg` dibeqd lk dpaed cenlzl yexita ,mxa
xak ,'it .dnexcl epiid dngd xg`l epiid dpetvl epiid dngd iptl epiid

m` ,zeraexn miixbeqae zelebr miixbeqa .et-dt 'nr y"wf l"inx zxecdnn o`k yexitd 29
mieeln eid cid azkl .y"wf axd ea ynzydy 'a ci azk gqep - dxrd mey dtqep `l
,miniyxz siqed (`n-n 'nr dheyt ci) 'uiaepiax axd .y"wf zxecdna ehnyedy mixeiv
dxecdna ewzred `l yexita mixkfend mixeivd ik ,miniyxz iztqed mb' :(n 'nr) azke
.mixeiv erited ok` zencew qetc zexecdna .'i"zka mpi` mb `nye ,da izynzydy
mb mixexa ic m"anxd ixac ,mewn lkn .o`k enewn oi`y envr ipta oeic jixvn xacd
wte`l qgia gxide ynyd z` xiivy 'uiaepiax axd lr dnizde .mixeiv ztqed `ll
`ed oecipd qegiid xeyiny ybcen cenlzl yexitay cera ,(zinnid drepzd itl) iaxrnd
.dwlind

11  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd

uawp `l oiicry ,ynyd xg`l `ed clend mcew gxidy dlrnl epyxit
df lre .diptl jlde dnr uawp xaky ,ynyd iptl `ed clend xg`e ,dnr
,jldn zegex rax`a ike xnelk ,dpetvl epiid dngd iptl epiid ,epiywd
xg`l e` ,dxevd z`f oebk dngd iptl e` ,zegex ipya `l` jldn epi`
e` dpetvl) dixg`l e` diptl `l` iyily jxc oi`e ,dxevd z`f oebk dngd
,dixg`l e` diptl epipyy edfe .elld zexevn d`xzy enk (30dnexcl
?dnexcl cvike dpetvl cvik - dnexcl e` dpetvl
e` ynyd iptl e` gxi ly eteb mlerl xnelk .ipzw dznibtl iia` wixte
xnelk ,ipzw dznibt` dnexcl e` dpetvl epipyy dfe ,ynyd xg`l
dnexcl e` ,dxevd z`f oebk dngd iptl ,dzid okidl eznibt eze` zi`xyk
ef zenec mpi`y zei`x rax` oir zi`xnl jl x`azp dpd .dxevd z`f oebk
`ede ,dnexcle dpetvle dngd xg`le dngd iptl ziyrp dnibtdye ,efl
mze` oil`eyy dfe .clend xg` `edy enk ynyd iptl cg` mewna eteb
,dixg`l `l` eznibt oi`y ,jk didiy `xninl e`l elld zexevd rax` lr
m`e md xwy icir m` rcil ozeidl xyt` i`y mixac lr mze` oil`eye
.e`l

.mexc oetv mipeeikd ly mzexiaq i` `l` ,o`k dcixhn dl`ya zelitkd `l

dpada .gxfnl axrnn dwlind jxe`l ziycegd ezrepza o`k x`ezn gxid
,ynyd z` xar gxid xy`k ,clend ixg`y avnd `ed dngd iptl ,zipey`xd
`id dngd iptl daeyzd wxy oaenk .clend iptl oiicry avnd `ed dngd xg`le
axrnn rpd gxid zrepzl ixyt` izla oeeik `ed dnexcl e` dpetvl ;31zixyt`
?dpetvl epiid dngd iptl epiid' :jk ,ddinza diyewd z` oiadl yi okl .gxfnl
dngd iptl ?mipeeikd z` zeeydl dz` leki ike '?dnexcl epiid dngd xg`l epiid
!mexc oeeika e` oetv oeeika mrt s` rp `l gxid la` ,miinihibl md dngd xg`le
'dpetvl' 'dngd xg`l' 'dngd iptl' ,htynd ixai` zrax` lky uxzn iia`
zakxend zg` dl`y lr xaecn mvrae ,dnibtd lr miaqen mlek ,'dnexcl'
lr ynyd z` micwn cinz dii`xd zra gxid seb mpn`e .miwlg drax`n
dngd xg`l `ide ,d`lde ynydn zpeekn eznibt la` ,dngd iptl `ede dwlind
.cala
zipey`xd dpada gipn yxtnd :miaeyg mixac ipy miler cenlzl yexitdn
ynyd ly zinvrd mzrepz epiid ,dwlind lelqn jxe`l md oeeikd iiehiay
yexit dlrd `l (d"fx ,i"yx ,g"x) dibeqd ly mixg`d miyxtndn cg` s` .gxide

.owgenl yie dpynd oeyln xteqd zxby` od el` zeaizy il d`xp 30

dngd iptl xn` m`'y dpynd jyndl cebipa `id o`k `pin`Îdedd ixdy ,dyw dxe`kl 31
mb ayiin dnibtd uexizy meyn dzelrdl jxev did `l ef `iyew mle` !?'melk xn` `l
.dze`

[` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd  12

drepzl `le ,axrnl gxfnn zinnid drepzl wx eqgiizd miyxtnd lk ;df oirn
dpetvl zipey`xd dpadd itly dler jkn .dwlind jxe`l ziycegd zinvrd
dfk yexit .mewn lka m"anxd yxity itk ,dwlind xeyinl qgia md dnexcle
zexe`nd zrepz z` zehxta xikne dpekzd znkg cnly in axwa wx genvl leki
gxfnn zinnid drepzd z` wx xikn dpekzd znkg z` cnl `ly mc` ;zinvrd
mixaqda daxn cenlzl yexitd lra .zeibeqd z` yxti df ote`ae ,axrnl
.32yexitl mixeiv sxvne ,dpyd y`x zkqn lr xg` yxtn lkn xzei miinepexhq`
qgia `ed dnexcle dpetvly dpynl m"anxd ly icegiid yexitdy `vnp
.dibeqd ly `pin`Îdeda cenlzl yexitd z` m`ez - dwlinl
yexitd oiae cenlzl yexitd oia mieqn dn`zd xqeg lr xirdl yi z`f mr
drax` za zg` dl`y od 2Îe 1 'qn zel`y cenlzl yexitd zpwqn itl .dpynl
xg`l' - dpekp rax`d jezn zg` daeyz wxy rnyne ,dpald znibt lr miaikx
:zecxtp zel`y izy od zel`yd izy dpynl m"anxd yexita la` .'dngd
.inexc e` ipetv `ed m` ,dwlindn agexd lr - dipyde ,dnibtd lr - dpey`xd
uexiz z` xiaqd ea ote`d z` hrn dpiy d`xpk mieqn alya m"anxdy xazqn
,dpyna zel`y izy zn`a opyi uexizd itl :jk xiaqd d`xpke ,cenlzd
iptl xn` m`e ,cala dnibtd lr `id 'dngd xg`l e` dngd iptl' dpey`xd
e` dpetvl' ;melk xn` `l - ynydn icbpd oeeikl dhep dnibtdy epiid ,dngd
agex m` ixdy ,gxid agexl mbe dnibtl mb dxeywd ztqep dl`y `id 'dnexcl
agexd m`e ,dpetv hrn dhep dnibtd jkn d`vezk - dwlinl ipetv `ed gxid
uexizd xg`ly 'dnexcl'e 'dpetvl' zeaeyzd jk .dnexc dhep dnibtd - inexc
33dwlind on eziihp lr wx `l` ,'dnexc' e` 'dpetv' gxid zrepz lr zefnxn opi`

.dpynl yexitd z` m`ez `xnbl dfk xaqd .eipxw ziihp lre

oia wlgnd ilaaa dibeqd jynd mr df yexit ayiizi cvik wecal xzep zrk
dngd zeni oia ,'oiniiw eixac dnexcl'e 'oiniiw eixac dpetvl' ,zeziixad izy
.ziriaxd dl`yl zrk blcp z`f wecap mxha .minybd zenil

dhep did oi`l :ziriax dl`y .d

zeevw zihp dpzyny itl ,35eizevw xnelk ,dhep did oi`le' :34dpynd yexita
.'zelfnd lblba enewne dpald agexe mewnd agex itk mlerd zegexa gxid
zevw' mya dl `xwy ,miipxwd ziihpl dl`yd zpeeky xiaqd o`k m"anxd

.dxrdae 24 'rd cil gpw 'nr l"pd 'dtiwz oeyl' exn`na xlqwit axd jk lr xird xake 32
wxt ycegd yeciw zekld d`x ,dwlinl zinexc e` zipetv zelrn 5 ilniqwnd dlceb 33
.fh
.gx 'nr my 34
(l`etl` oa wgvi x"a sqei 'x) mbxznd mbxz `plie qetca qtcpd m"anxd yexita 35

13  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd

:zernyn dze`ae oeyl dze`a ,oicd zia iaeyiga ,dpynd yexit jyndae .'gxid
zia iaeyiga (c ,a) ycegd yeciw zekldae .'wte`d zegexa eizevw zgpd eidi ji`e'
okidl' :micrl zel`ya ,dkldd jynda mye .'oihep dipxw iy`x eidi okidle' :oicd
.'zehep dipxw eid
wxtd y`xa .xaqdd z` dpiy m"anxdy hlea ote`a mi`ex hi wxta mle`
oixne` micrd z` oda oiwcea eidy mixac llkay minkg exn`y itl' :azek `ed
`ed jyndae .'df xac oeayg jxc ricedl ipira xyk ,dhep gxid did okidl odl
rcil dvxz m`' :zeihp yely df wxta hwepe ,deeynd ewn dhep gxidy xiaqn
'mlerd mexc cbpk e` mlerd oetv cbpk deyd ewd lrn dhep gxid `ed zelrn dnk
d`xze' ;(ai ,hi) 'dhep gxid d`xi mlerd zegexn gex efi`l rcil dvxz m`' ;(i ,hi)
.(bi ,hi) 'dhep eznibt
seb ly eziihp `l` ,miipxwd ziihp dppi` df wxta gxid ziihp heyt ote`a
cva ezrted zrya gxid ly enewin lr dritynd `id ef diihp .deeyndn gxid
.36(ci ,hi) axrn mexc e` (bi ,hi) axrn oetvl ,(ai ,hi) ynn iaxrn :iaxrnd
zeevw lr c dkld a wxtae dpynd yexita gpedy ,4 'qn dl`y ly yexitd
z` gky `l m"anxd mle` .envr gxid lr hi wxta aqed - miipxwd lr e` gxid
.'dnibt' icenlzd mya miipxwd z` xikfne ay `ed (ci-ai) el` zeklda :miipxwd
`ede ,ixnbl eze` dgc `l j` - oyid yexitd z` wgc diihpd ly ycgd yexitd
.'dnibt'd my lr zrk riten
37
: dnelrzd lr xe` uitn cenlzl yexita oeir ?m"anxd ea xfg m`d
eixac dpetvl dlr ipze .dhep did mlerd on cv dfi`l 'it ,dhep did oi`le
dlrnl izyxit xak .oiniiw eixac dhep did oetvl ik exn` m` 'it ,oiniiw
ynydy minybd zeniae ,ycg y`xa gxid ynyd ea didiy lfna ik
zkldn ynydy dngd zeniae ,mexca inp gxid mlerd mexca zkldn
.oetva d`xp inp gxid oetva

mbxzy okid oldl mb .'eke 'zegexd gkep l` mziid dpzyi dpald ipxw itl dipxw epiipr'
dlind .('zepal zexev zenc' dpyna mb d`xe) 'mipxw' mbxznd mbxz 'zeevw' gt`w axd
:mixg` zenewna drnyn) zirnyn-ax `ide ,'dt`xh`' `id m"anxd yexita ziaxrd
mbxzndy il d`xp jkitl .(o`k dxdadd lr xlqwit xexc axl dcez ;cere uwer ,dvw
.o`k dni`znd zernyna dlind z` mbxize ,gt`w axdn xzei o`k wiic
xbpiel awri 'x riad df xn`n zaizk jldna .40 'rda oldl d`x df yexitl zexewn 36
qgia gxid seb ly enewina xaecn oi` ,ci-ai zeklday orhe rvend yexitdn zebiizqd
x`end wlgd dpet o`l `l` ,(axrnd rvn` zcewpn ilhenif` yxtd) iaxrnd wte`l
dnvrlyk mle` ,xn`nd zepwqn z` zepyl ef drvda oi` mpn` .iaxrnd wte`d itlk
.cizra d"ra `eaiy ,cxtp oeice ycgn oeir zyxec `id
df yexitl zexewn
.ft 'nr y"wf l"inx zxecdn 37

[` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd  14

/dpetvl' dibeqd jynda zeziixad izy :xzeia daeyg zernyn df yexitl
dl`yd lr `l` - dpyna dipyd dl`yd lr `l zeaqen 'oiniiw eixac dnexcl
,'da witn `la `exwl yi zeziixad ly 'dnexcl'e 'dpetvl' zeaizd z` !ziriaxd
opi` zeziixady dler epnn ;xzeia dax zernyn df yexitl .mexcle oetvl ozpeeke
yexitl zxxgzyn ef dl`y jkitle ,dnexcl e` dpetvl 2 'qn dl`y lr zeaqen
!cenlza llk `aed `ly i`nvr
zeziixad ,ezrcl :cenlzl cebipa 2 'qn dl`y z` xiaqd `l ,ok m` ,m"anxd
`l 'dnexcl e` dpetvl' 2 'qn dl`y .'dhep did oi`l' 4 'qn dl`y lr zeaqen
e` ,ynyl zqgeink invr ote`a m"anxd dze` yxit okle ,cenlza llk dpecip
.dwlind - ynyd lelqnl weic xzia
yexitd z` m"anxd laiw ezexirva .hi wxt ly dnelrzd mb zxxazn jk
dpynd yexita ,okn xg`l .deeynl qgia gxid seb lr aqen 'dhep did oi`l'y
mewn lka yibcdl b`c la` ,miipxwd yexitl xar ,ycegd yeciw zekld yixae
inepexhq`d wlgd z` xagl m"anxd `a xy`k .miipxwd ziihp `id diihpdy
`ed :miyexitd ipy z` exeaiga qipkd g"lwzz zpya ycegd yeciw zekld ly
aqde ipyd yexitd lr mb xny mle` ,gxid seb ziihp ly oey`xd yexitl xfg
.dnibtd lr eze`
zeziixad m"anxd itly bxapfie ly dtixgd ezxryd oihelgl dzn`zd jka
ly zeninrd lya da wtwtl did ozipy dxryd ,384 'qn dl`y lr zeaqen ilaaa
orhe ,zinepexhq`d zernyna ce`n winrd bxapfie ,mxa .hi wxta m"anxd oeyl
dlz dpynd yexita :hrn dpzyd z`f lka dnibtd byenl m"anxd ly eyexity
xac ,dtevd ly itxbe`ibd agexd zrtyda mb gxid zeevw ziihp z` m"anxd
lry rnyn dpynd yexitn .ci-ai zekld hi wxta x`eand itl mewn el oi`y
,iaxrnd wte`l qgia dnexc e` dpetv gxid ipxw ziihp z` cen`l dtevd
mixwna wxe ,mexcl `id gxid ipxw ziihp cinz hrnk zinepexhq` dpigane
ze`xl ozip ,ce`n ipetv gxid agex xy`ke ,aia`l mikenqd miycega ,mixicp
yi iaxrnd wte`l qgia `id dcicnd m` .39oetv itlk dpini zehep miipxwd z`
qgia dwlind ly eziihp lr rityn df oky ,itxbe`ibd agexl dax zernyn
.iaxrnd wte`l
miipxwd ziihp z` cen`l dtevd lr hi wxt ycegd yeciw zeklda z`f znerl
miipxwd izy oian ipeinc ew geznl eilr epiidc ,eaba `vnpd igxfnd wte`l qgia
ziihp ernyn gxfna df ew rbet ea mewnde ,igxfnd wte`d l` gxid ly

.188 'nr ,7 'rd lirl ,bxapfie 38

zepenzae hn-gn 'nr oke ,my gt dpenzae en-dn 'nr riwx iagxn ,xhl`e iy d`x 39
irceia aiax ixacl izqgiizd .133-132 'nr ,ycegd icr zxiwg ,aiax oxr ;my dv-av
.'?rxeb e` gxef - xryd lr' :8 'nr ,(f"qyz) c dpia

15  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd

mexca icbpd cva rbti ewd - (uiwa) axrn oetva ievn gxid m` :lynl .40dnibtd
ewd - (sxega) axrn mexca ievn gxid m`e ,(bi ,hi ,dnexc dnibtd ziihp) gxfn
aia`a) axrnd rvn`a gxid m`e ,(ci ,hi ,dpetv dnibtd ziihp) gxfn oetva rbti
`ll gxfn rvn` itlk zpeekn didz dnibtd) gxfnd rvn`a rbti ewd - (eizqae
enewna wx `id dnibtd ziihp ly zelzdy dler .(ai ,hi ,dnexc e` dpetv diihp
.itxbe`ibd agexa `le ,dwlind lr gxid ly
m"anxdy `ed xwirde ,mixaca jk lk wcwcl jxev oi`y xeaq ip` ,mxa
itlk cecnp m` oia ,iaxrnd wte`d itlk cecnp m` oia ,dnibtd ziihpl qgiizn
ziihpy dler igxfnd wte`d itlk dcicnd z` mirvan xy`k .igxfnd wte`d
ilaaa uexizd mr mb dn`zd o`k yi dxe`kle ,dpyd zeper xefgna dielz dnibtd
diihp yxtp m` jtedn ote`a weica la` ,'minyb zenia o`k dngd zenia o`k'
zicbpd dcewpa igxfnd wte`d l` zpeekn dnibtd ziihp ixdy) gxid seb lr
ziihp yexit zqnrd zexyt`l cbpzn bxapfie .(iaxrnd wte`a gxid mewinl
;41'ziletlit' dze` dpkne ,'dhep did oi`l' 4 'qn dl`y lr m"anxd ixaca dnibtd
'qn dl`y yexit oia zehalzd mi`ex ep` m"anxd zexewna zeppeazd itl ,mxa
yixe dpynd yexit) dnibtd/miipxwd lr e` (cenlzl yexita) gxid seb ziihp lr 4
m"anxd xvi ycegd yeciw zekldn hi wxtay d`xp .(ycegd yeciw zekld
ilaad uexizl dn`zda zrk micner mdipyy cegiia ,miyexitd ipy oia dfzpiq
seb ziihp lr `ed ifkxnd yexitd mpn`e .'minybd zenia o`k dngd zenia o`k'
uexizl mi`zn `ed mbe ,ixyt` `ed dnibtd lr diihpd yexit mb mle` ,gxid
.cenlza
m"anxd fnex dnibtd iehiaa :xeyi` lawn dpyn mgld uexiz ik d`xp cer
miyexit ipy yi diihpl m` :oihelgl hinyd dze` ,dpyna 1 'qn dl`yl
ilaad zpwqn mr ddcfn dnibtd zl`y ,eznibt lre envr gxid lr ,miinihibl
.dnibtd lr dl`y mb yiy (inlyexide)

agx did dnk :ziying dl`y .e

.gxid ynxg ly eiaerl dzpeeke ,zenewnd lka dxexa ef dl`y

itl ,agx did dnke' :42dwicad zernyn z` m"anxd xiaqn dpynd yexita
,mye .'ynyd on ewegixe ezaxwl m`zda ycgznyk elceb dpzyn envr gxidy

,miny oefg ,ipewv ozi` axd d`x m"anxd zpeek z` agxen ote`a mix`and miniyxzl 40
qgia ccnpd 'dnibtd oeeik' byend oia ahid oigad ipewv axd .kw-ciw 'nr ,4`"qyz
qgia ccnpd (hiw 'nr my) 'ynxgd oeeik' byend oial (fhw 'nr my) igxfnd wte`l
.iaxrnd wte`l
.193 'nr my bxapfie 41
.gx 'nr 42

[` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd  16

zekldae .'epnn d`xiiy x`end xerye' :dxvwa azek `ed ,oicd zia iaeyig zbvda
dl`yae .43'dxvw e` dagx didz m`e' :oicd zia iaeyiga (c ,a) ycegd yeciw
.'dagx dzid dnke' :dawpl xkfn iepiya wx ,dpynd gqepa hrnk ,(my) micrl
itxbetehd mewnd zrtydl m"anxd qgiizn (c-` zekld) gi wxt y`xa
ritydl leki dngd zenia jae`dy xirn `ed b dklda .gxid ze`xd lr dperde ¨
:ohwd gxid d`xi `ly jk lr
zenia d`xiy dnn xzei gxid d`xi gv mei didi m` minybd zenia oke
d`xie daxd jf xie`d didi gv mei didi m` minybd zeniay itl ,dngd
dngd zenia la` ,xie`a axrziy wa` my oi`y iptn xzi xdeha riwxd
.ohwd gxid d`xi `le ,wa`d iptn oyern `ed eli`k xie`d didi

my .cenlzl yexita azkpy dn z` min`ez mixacd .wc ernyn o`k 'ohw'

:44zipeayg dnbec driten
oebk ,clend oiae epia zexizi zeryy c"ia oircei eid m` 'it ,agx did dnke
`vnpy ,miyly lila ede`xe dlila zery rax`a h"k lila clend did m`
h"k mei clend did m` la` .ede`x agxy recia ,mixyr clend oiae epia
`ly recia ,zery yy clepyn el `vnpy ,miyly lil ede`xe ,zevg mcew
.agx ede`x

zevg mcew clep ziibeqa icenlzd oepbqa ynzydl m"anxd ly epevx xkip o`k
.'zery yy' ,'zevg mcew' ,'recia' miicenlzd miiehiaa yeniya lynl ,(a ,k d"x)

deab did dnk :ziyily dl`y .f

iehiad lr aeye aey xfeg `ed daebd zl`y z` m"anxd xikfny zenewnd lka
yexita :ef dl`y ly zeiaihwiiaeqd zcin z` xiaqdl ezpeek oaenk .'oird ze`x'
my .'oird ze`x itl wte`d lrn edaeb did dnk xnelk ,deab did dnk' :45dpynd
my dpynd yexit jyndae .'oird ze`x itl edaeb `di dnke' :miaeyigd zniyxa
micrd ipy ewlgp m` `l` deab did dnk mxn`a ozecr lhaz `le' :azek `ed
e` ,deab did zen` xyr enk mlek exn` m` la` ,lecb lcada edab xerya
epgp`y itl ,el` mixaca ozecr ygkez `l deab did dn` d`nk mlek exn`y
ilaaa `ziixadn cnlp xacd .'mdipir ze`x itl edab did dfd xeryk mixne`
.(jenqa oldl d`x) miiepiy xtqna zekldl dwizrd m"anxdy ,(` ,ck d"x)

.ft-et 'nr my 43
.gx 'nr 44
xe`d xerye' :ix 'nr gt`w axd zxecdn ,'dpal zexev zenc' dpyna mb dnec oeylae 45
.'ea didiy

17  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd

zii`xa ddeab dzid dnk' micrd mil`yp c ,a ycegd yeciw zekld itl
:my d dklda .'mkipir
zenew yly enk ipyd xn`e zenew izy enk ipira deab eizi`x cg` xn`
yng enk xne` ipyde zenew yly enk cg`d xn` ,oitxhvn deab did
didi e` ezenk ciriy ipy mr mdn cg` sxhvne ,oitxhvn oi` zenew
.zg` dnew odipia

:`idy ,ilaaa `ziixad oeyl z` hrn dpiy m"anxd

xne` cg` ,zniiw ozecr dyly xne` cg`e zercxn izy deab xne` cg`
.zxg` zecrl oitxhvn la` dliha ozecr dyng xne` cg`e dyly

sicrd dpynd yexita mb .(mc` znew) zenewa zercxn silgd m"anxd

eizi`x' m"anxd aliy o`k mb .46zercxn mewna zen` zxkend dcina ynzydl
.'ipira deab
:miipird zii`x iehia z` m"anxd yibcn (eh ,hi) ycegd yeciw zekld seqa mb
,dii`xd zywn rcei df xace ,deab did dnk mdl oixne`y micrd zxiwgne
,ux`d on aexw `ed eli`k gxid d`xi dxvw dii`xd zyw didzy onfay
itl dii`xd zyw jxe` itle ,ux`d lrn deab d`xi dkex` didzy onfae
.mipird zii`xa ux`d lrn edab

oda ,c-` zekld gi wxta iehia icil `a zitvzd ly iaihwiiaeqd aihend

:zitvzd mewn z` xxal oic zia ly jxevd z` m"anxd yibcn
d`xiy xyt` ,dlila d`xi gxidy oeaygd jl `ivei m`y xexae reci xac
`ib `edy mewnd iptn e` eze` oiqkny miard iptn d`xi `ly xyt`e
od el`k e`vnpy mewnd eze` iyp`l axrn gex cbpk deab xd didy e`
lecb did elit` jenp mewna `edy inl d`xi `l gxidy ,`iba oiayei
oke ,xzeia ohw gxidy t"r` lelze deab xd y`xa cner `edy inl d`xie
t"r` lecbd mia dpitqa jldny inl e` mid zty lr okeyy inl d`xi
...xzeia ohw `edy
dii`xd onf ody ,mala el` mixac ipy meyl oic zial ie`x jkitl
zyw dzid m`y ,mzi`x mewn dfi`a micrd z` oil`eye ,dnewne
did m` ,ede`xy micr e`ae ...mevnva d`xiy oeaygd ozie dxvw dii`xd
m`e daxd oze` oiwceae odl oiyyeg jenp mewna eidy e` dngd zenia

izlade drhnd zercxnd oeyln epiax dpiy' :cn 'nr ,dheyt ci ,'uiaepiax axd d`x 46
40 ,39 'rda mye ,163-162 'nr ,7 'rd lirl ,bxapfie ;'xkend zenew gpena ynzyde ,xken
.46Îe

[` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd  18

my eidi `l m` d`xi i`ce xzeia deab mewna e` minybd zenia did
.oilicand miar

iaxrn wte` eli`e ,wc gxi ly ezii`x z` yilgi uiwa jae`d ,lirl xen`k
.lecb `ed elit` gxid ze`xid z` oihelgl rpni - meqg
47:df `yepl zeqgiizd yi my mby dlbn cenlzl yexita oeir

riwxd z` d`ex wegxn (mewna) dcya cnerdy reci xac ,deab did dnk
z` d`ex wegxn cnerd inp jke ,xcbd y`xa e` xdd y`xa rbep eli`k
dzid mewn dfi`a ,mze` oil`ey jke .xcba e` xda aexw `ed eli`k gxid
m` ,jenp e` did deab mdl mixne` epid gxfna exn` m` ,eze` mzi`xyk
m`e .gxfna mde epxn`y enk axrna gxiy ,xwy icr md did deab exn`
cnerde ,axrna `ede gxfna mdy iptn ,zn` icr od `ed jenp exn`
exn` m` inp jke .[xcbd y`xa e`] xda rbep eli`k gxid z` d`ex wegxn
epnn oiaexw ody iptn ,zn` icir od did deab exn` m` ,epiid axrna
jenp d`xp epi`y iptn ,xwy icir od did jenp exn` m`e ,eze` oi`ex deabe
.epnn wegx `edy inl `l`

rhwdy dgiken m"anxd zexewn x`yl dn`zdd :o`k mixxazn mixac ipy
ly edaeb iepiy :ahid o`k xxazn oird zi`xn byene ,m"anxd ici zgzn `vi
z` rpni oihelgl meqg iaxrn wte` .dtevd cner ea mewnl iqgi `ed wte`d
.ux`l aexw gxidy dybxd dtevl ozii deab iaxrn wte` ,gxid zii`x
:epzpyn lr inlyexia yeniy dyr m"anxdy d`xp
zi` ,mircxn ipy `ln xne` dfe cg` rcxn `ln xne` df ,deab did dnk
xn`c o`n .oiniiw odixac oi` ipz iipz zi`e ,oiniiw odixac ipz iipz
oi` xn`c o`n ,rxln cge lirln cg oiniiw oeedc oepida - oiniiw odixac
.ieey oiniiw oeedc oepida - oiniiw odixac

qgia dtevd ly iaihwiiaeqd edaeb ly zeaiygd xexiaa dler ef dibeqn

.wte`l

mekiq

z` m`ez micrd zewical rbepa m"anxl qgeind cenlzd yexity zrcl epgkep
zxkip dpynay zel`yd yng jezn rax`a .mixg`d eixeaiga m"anxd ixac
yexit zgpd ,'dnexcl e` dpetvl' 2 'qn dl`ya :m"anxd ly dxexa rav` zriah
m"anxd yexita yxetn jke ,dwlnd ly qegiid xeyin lr xaecny cenlzd

.et 'nr my 47

19  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd

zwtqn daiq oi` c dkld a wxta mb .fh wxt ycegd yeciw zekldae ,dpynl
.ezexirva azky mixacl iawr did m"anxd ;df yexitn ea xfg m"anxdy gipdl
.miipird zii`x ly aihend xfeg zenewnd lka 'deab did dnk' 3 'qn dl`ya
yeciw zeklda mb enk ,cenlzl yexita zxxazn zeiaihwiiaeqd zaiq xe`ia
oi`l' 4 'qn dl`y .ezexirva azky mixacl iawr m"anxd ;gi wxt y`x ycegd
yeciw zekld y`xae dpynd yexita dnibtd\miipxwd ziihp lr dyxet 'dhep did
.zxkfp dnibtd ziihp mb la` - envr gxid lr ycegd yeciw zekld seqae ,ycegd
driten ,dnexcl\dpetvl zeziixad lre ,gxid seb lr 'dhep did oi`l' yexit zaqd
yeciw ly oexg`d wxtd jeza miyexitd ipy z` jxk m"anxde ,cenlzd yexita
zelzd - m"anxd ly eyexit z` zn`ez 'agx did dnk' 5 'qn dl`y mb .ycegd
wgxzne gxid jled df onf jyna ;clendn slegd onfd xeriya ynxgd lceb ly
.ynydn
:dlgzda ebvedy zedinzl zeaeyzd l` aeyl mewnd o`k
ziihp zl`ya dlelk `idy jka d`xpk dzaiq 1 'qn dl`y zhnyd .`
.dpyn mgld azky itke ,dnibtd
mewna mbe ,(dii`xd zyw) aeyiga mb dielz daebd zl`y zexewnd lelkna .a
wte`l qgia gxid daeb z` aygl ozip .iaihwiiaeq ite` zitvzl dpwnd dtevd
lr erityi mitqep miitxbeteh minxeby rcen zeidl oicd zia lr mle` ,ixeyin
zeklde ,dpynd yexit) daebd aeyig llkp zexewndn wlga el` zeaiqn .ezii`x
.hnyed o`k mle` (hi wxt ycegd yeciw
dnbn lr riavdl ozip mle` ,zel`yd xcq iepiyn icn xzei cenll xyt` i` .b
jinqd (micrl zel`ya zekldae ,aeyiga dpynd yexita) miinrt :znieqn
,efl ef 'dhep did oi`l' 4 'qn dl`ye 'dnexcle dpetvl' 2 'qn dl`y z` m"anxd
:xexa oey`xd zel`yd bef oia xywd .efl ef 5 'qn dl`ye (daebd) 3 'qn dl`y z`e
.oeeik `id crd zaeyz
agexd aeyig zl`y oia ievn gxid iaer aeyig c dkld yixa a wxta mpn`
xcq itl mixacd z` myx m"anxd o`ky okzi .dnibtd ziihp zl`yl dwlindn
,(fh wxt) gxid agex ayegn dligza inepexhq`d wlga ixdy ,aeyigd zelert
ziihp aeyig .fi wxta ayegnd 'oey`xd jxe`d' ly divwpet `ed gxid iaere
s` ;(iaxrnd wte`d lr aqen `ed m` cegiia) mixhnxt xtqnn rtyen miipxwd
.48hi wxta wx m"anxd bivd (igxfnd wte`d itlk) dnibtd ziihp aeyig z`
dl`yl aeyigd oia milcad lr o`k fnex m"anxdy xnel zwtqn daiq oi` .c
.cala xeviwd zeidl dleki o`k zeninrd zaiq .micrd el`ypy

dziid xak ycegd yeciw zekld zligz z` m"anxd azky zray gipdl epilr jk myl 48
xcq z` azk ef zipaz itÎlre ,ycgd gxid zii`x iaeyig xcq ly znieqn zipaz iptl
.cala dxryd idef mle` ;aeyigd

[` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd  20

`id `ide ,dnexca e` ynyd oetva zernynl ddf mexcae oetva zernyn .d
.'dnexcl e` dpetvl' dpynay 2 'qn dl`y
d`eeydl mewn yi zrky oaene ,cala zg` dibeqa cwnzdl epxga df xn`na
z` gikedl zexyt`d .mitqepd m"anxd iazk mr cenlzl yexitd ly zizhiy
yeciw ipiipr ,oecpd `yepd ik dcaerd on xwira zraep m"anxl yexitd qegii
zil`ix ,zizkld :zepigad lkn ea winrd m"anxdy `yep did ,ycegd
.49zinepexhq`e
xg`l e` dngd iptl' d"c a ,bk ,`piipz dxecdn) c"ix zetqez lra egaiy xake
:('dngd
didi `ly ine ,minyd znkga miielz md dl`d mixacd ik ,xne` llke
micrend xtq il ifg icicle .zeceqd dl` rci `l minyd znkga iwa
micrd z` miwcea eidy zel`yd el`a `ian ,l"wevf oenin xa dyn dyry
jix`n didy ixg`e ,dnke dnk mda jix`de ,ze`ltpe ze`xep zenkg
xg`l e` dngd iptl minkg exn`y edfe xne` did zenkg xacl daxne
dpetvl minkg exn`y edfe xne` seqale xacl daxn did cere ,dngd
in j` ,eixac lr cenrl lkeiy mlera mkg oi`e .mlek lr oke ,dnexcle
iwa epi` minyd zenkga iwa epi`y in jklid .minyd znkga iwa didiy
...zeceqd dl`a

z` siwde dinepexhq` oeira cnly ink dlbzn cenlzl yexitd lra ,meiql
;izenkÎiaeyigd megza oeiqip el xqg oiicr la` ,zihxe`zÎzipeir dpigan `yepd
ziaxre gxfna zixgy' ziibeq xaqda el eidy miiywd z` oiadl xyt` jk
xe`l .l"pk dpynd yexita dxnega mze` oc envr m"anxdy miiyw ,'axrna
xnel ozipe ,ezexgaa envr m"anxd azk cenlzl yexitd z`y xexa lirl xen`d
z` azk xy`k m"anxd cnr dilr diaeyige 'minyd znkg' zpada dbxcndy
ddeab dzid mikeapd dxen z`e ycegd yeciw zekld ly inepexhq`d wlgd
.mincewd eixeaig z` ezexirva azkyk dilr cnry efn daxda

:m"anxd ly icegii yexit likn d"x zkqnl yexita mewn cer ik zrcl ie`xd on 49
iptl ycegd z` d`x oicd zia m` ik m"anxd wiqn d"x 'ld ly iyilyd wxtd zligza
,miyely lil cxi mxha cer ezii`x jnq lr ycegd z` ycwl leki `ed miakekd z`v
m`ez cenlzl yexitd ;(h ,a ycegd yeciw zekld) xweaa zxgnl cr oizndl jixv eppi`e
.(av 'nr my) z`f dkld `iltdl

21  [` ,p] r"yz ixyz ,oirnd