 
• India's electricity sector is dominated by fossil The electricity generation target of conventional sources for the year 2020-21 has
SYALLABUS
Power scenario in Indian grid–National and
EE8702 Regional load dispatching centers–requirements of
good power system-necessity of voltage and
Power System Operation and frequency regulation- real power vs frequency and
Control reactive power vs voltage control loops-system load
variation, load curves and basic concepts of load
Unit –I
dispatching-load forecasting-Basics of speed
PRELIMINARIES ON POWER SYSTEM
governing mechanisms and modeling-speed load
OPERATION AND
characteristics-regulation of two generators in
CONTROL parallel.
India has recorded rapid growth in electricity generation since 1985, increasing
1.Power scenario in Indian grid.
History:
• The first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta was
conducted on 24 july 1879
• The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed
near estate at sidrapong for the Darjeeling municipality in
1897.
• The first hydroelectric power station in J&k was established
at mohra in baramulla by maharaja partap singh in 1905.
• Company(B.E.S.T) set up a generating station in 1905 to
provide electricity for the tramway.
• The first Electric train ran between Bombay’s victoria
terminus and Kurla along the harbor line
from 179 TW-hr in 1985 to 1,057 TW-hr in 2012.
Power Scenario
• India is the world's third largest producer and third largest consumer of electricity. fuels, in particular coal, which during the 2018-19
been fixed as 1330 Billion Unit (BU). i.e. growth of around 6.33% over actual
conventional generation of 1250.784 BU for the previous year (2019-20).  The majority of the increase came from coal-fired plants and non-conventional
• The national electric grid in India has an installed capacity of 370.106 GW as of 31 March fiscal year produced about three-quarters of the  The conventional generation during 2019-20 was 1250.784 BU as compared to renewable energy sources (RES), with the contribution from natural gas, oil, and
2020.
country's electricity 1249.337 BU generated during 2018-19, representing a growth of about 0.12%. hydro plants decreasing in 2012-2017.
• Renewable power plants, which also include large hydroelectric plants, constitute 35.86% of

India's total installed capacity. • The government is making efforts to increase The gross utility electricity generation (excluding imports from Bhutan) was 1,384
• During the 2018-19 fiscal year, the gross electricity generated by utilities in India was 1,372
investment in renewable energy. 
billion kWh in 2019-20, representing 1.0 % annual growth compared to 2018-2019.
TWh and the total electricity generation (utilities and non utilities) in the country was 1,547 The contribution from renewable energy sources was nearly 20% of the total.
•
TWh.
The gross electricity consumption in 2018-19 was 1,181 kWh per capita.. • In 2015-16,
• The government's National Electricity Plan of  In the year 2019-20, all the incremental electricity generation is contributed by
2018 states that the country does not need more renewable energy sources as the power generation from fossil fuels decreased.
electric energy consumption in agriculture was recorded as being the highest (17.89%)
worldwide. non-renewable power plants in the utility sector
•
The per capita electricity consumption is low compared to most other countries despite
India having a low electricity tariff.
until 2027, with the commissioning of 50,025
MW
• India has a surplus power generation capacity but lacks adequate distribution infrastructure.
• To address this, the Government of India launched a program called "Power for All" in 2016.
• Coal-based power plants under construction and
• The program was accomplished by December 2018 in providing the necessary infrastructure
addition of 275,000 MW total renewable power
to ensure uninterrupted electricity supply to all households, industries, and commercial
establishments. capacity after the retirement of nearly 48,000
• Funding was made through collaboration between the Government of India and its
constituent states MW old coal-fired plants

2.NATIONAL AND REGIONAL LOAD
DISPATCH CENTRE
• Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO) is a wholly owned
Government of India enterprise under the Ministry of Power.
• • Regulating the system frequency .
It was earlier a wholly owned subsidiary of Power Grid Corporation of
India Limited (PGCIL). It was formed in March 2009 to handle the power
management functions of PGCIL.
• It is responsible to ensure the integrated operation of the Grid in a
reliable, efficient, and secure manner. It consists of 5 Regional Load
Despatch Centres (RLDCs) and the National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC)
• The Load Despatch Department is the nerve centre for the operation ,
planning , monitoring and control of the power system . Electricity cannot
be stored and has to be produced when it is needed.
• It is therefore essential that power system is planned and operated
optimally & economically. This is the main objective of Load Despatch
Centre.
The objective of Load Despatch Department are:
• Matching the power demand with system integrity ,
reliability and security of generation and transmission
facilities
• Optimum utilisation of resources.
• Quick restoration of normalcy after system
disturbances.
Thus the objectives of Load Despatch Department is to
co-ordinate generation , transmission and distribution of
electricity from moment to moment to achieve maximum
security and efficiency. The functions of Load Despatch
Department are Dynamic in nature
Functions of National Load Dispatch Centre
• Supervision over the Regional Load Dispatch Centres; • The five RLDCs oversee the interstate transmission for the 3.Requirements of good power 6.Real power vs frequency(P-F) and reactive
Functions of Regional Load Dispatch Centre
• Scheduling and dispatch of electricity over inter-regional links in accordance with grid standards specified by
the Authority and grid code specified by Central Commission in coordination with Regional Load Dispatch • Be responsible for optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity
following states: 4.Necessity of voltage regulation 5 Necessity of Frequency regulation. power vs voltage(Q-V) control loops-system
Centres;
within the region, in accordance with the contracts entered into with • Northern Regional Load Dispatch Center (NRLDC) : Delhi, system
• Coordination with Regional Load Dispatch Centres for achieving maximum economy and efficiency in the
the licensees or the generating companies operating in the region; Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh,
operation of National Grid;
• Monitoring of operations and grid security of the National Grid; • Monitor grid operations; Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand • The electrical power generated should be economical.
• Supervision and control over the inter-regional links as may be required for ensuring stability of the power
• Keep accounts of quantity of electricity transmitted through the • Western Regional Load Dispatch Center (WRLDC) : • The demand should be met.
system under its control;
• Coordination with Regional Power Committees for regional outage schedule in the national perspective to
regional grid; Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Goa, • The quality of power of power should be good.
ensure optimal utilization of power resources; • Exercise supervision and control over the inter-State transmission Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli • Should have adequate spinning reserve to meet the
system; and • Eastern Regional Load Dispatch Center (ERLDC) : Bihar,
• Coordination with Regional Load Despatch Centres for the energy accounting of interregional exchange of
power; variations in real and reactive power demand.
• Be responsible for carrying out real time operations for grid control Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Sikkim
• Coordination for restoration of synchronous operation of national grid with Regional Load Despatch Centres;
and despatch of electricity within the region through secure and • The power system should be operated such that the
• Coordination for trans-national exchange of power;
economic operation of the regional grid in accordance with the Grid • Southern Regional Load Dispatch Center (SRLDC) : Tamil demand is met and the quality of the power is within the
• Providing operational feed back for national grid planning to the Authority and the Central Transmission
Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, tolerance.
Utility; Standards and the Grid Code.
Pondicherry
• Levy and collection of such fee and charges from the generating companies or licensees involved in the • To levy and collect such fees & charges from the generating • The quality of the power signifies the constant frequency,
power system, as may be specified by the Central Commission
companies or licensees engaged in inter-state transmission of • North-Eastern Regional Load Dispatch Center (NERLDC) : constant voltage and the reliability level. The power quality
• Dissemination of information relating to operations of transmission system in accordance with directions or
electricity as may be specified by the Central Commission
regulations issued by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission and the Central Government from time to Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, is affected by switching surges, lighting, Load shedding,
Nagaland, Tripura
time. Interferences, Increase or decrease in load etc.
7.System load variation 8. Load curves and basic concepts of
load dispatching
Problems
9.Load Forecasting
10.Basics of speed governing mechanisms (or) Modelling of
single area Load frequency control
12.Speed load characteristics-regulation of two
generators in parallel.