PA 111

Case Study on the

Pasig City Local
Government Unit
Presented by Chua, Clemente, Cruz, Del Campo, Del Prado
Presentation Outline
Topics to be discussed

• About the LGU/Agency

• Involvement in Public Policies
• Clients That Pasig LGU Serves
• Organizational Theories
• Challenges and Recommendations
• Synthesis and Conclusions
History
“Pasig” - river flowing from
one body of water to another
Created by the Augustinians
in 1572.
Was incorporated in the
Province of Rizal and
became its Provincial Capital
under Act No. 137 in June
1901.

In 1975, Metro Manila Commission was created under Presidential Decree No. 824.
The Congress enacted Republic Act 7829 converting the Municipality of Pasig into a highly urbanized
city.
On 8 December 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos signed it into law. The people of Pasig ratified this
through a plebiscite on 21 January 1995.
Rationale for the Creation of Pasig City LGU
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7829

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7160

SECTION 1. TITLE. - THIS ACT SHALL BE KNOWN AND CITED AS THE "LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF
1991".

SECTION 2. DECLARATION OF POLICY. -

IT IS HEREBY DECLARED THE POLICY OF THE STATE THAT THE TERRITORIAL AND POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF
THE STATE SHALL ENJOY GENUINE AND MEANINGFUL LOCAL AUTONOMY TO ENABLE THEM TO ATTAIN THEIR
FULLEST DEVELOPMENT AS SELF-RELIANT COMMUNITIES AND MAKE THEM MORE EFFECTIVE PARTNERS IN
THE ATTAINMENT OF NATIONAL GOALS. TOWARD THIS END, THE STATE SHALL PROVIDE FOR A MORE
RESPONSIVE AND ACCOUNTABLE LOCAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE INSTITUTED THROUGH A SYSTEM OF
DECENTRALIZATION WHEREBY LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS SHALL BE GIVEN MORE POWERS, AUTHORITY,
RESPONSIBILITIES, AND RESOURCES. THE PROCESS OF DECENTRALIZATION SHALL PROCEED FROM THE
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT TO THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS.
Basic Organizational Structure

Section 3 . Operative Principles of Decentralization.

(b) There shall be established in every local

government unit an accountable, efficient, and
dynamic organizational structure and operating
mechanism that will meet the priority needs and
service requirements of its communities.
 City Mayor Vice-Mayor
City Council Hon. Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto Hon. Christian "Iyo" Bernardo

District 1 District 2 Ex Officio

Hon. Ferdinand A. Avis Hon. Gregorio P. Rupisan Jr. Hon. Mario C.
Hon. Orlando R. Benito Hon. Rodrigo B. Asilo
Members
Tourism , Cultural , Spiritual Affairs and Parks
and Playground
Appropriation, Ways and Means , Review of Rules Concepcion Jr. Land use , Games and Amusement Housing and Urban Poor , Peace and
Hon. Rigor Enriquez (Liga
and Laws Order, Human Rights and Judicial Matters

Infrastructure and Social Services
President)
Committee on Barangay Affairs

Hon. Rhichie Gerard T.

Brown
Labor and Employment and Manpower
Development , Non-Government Organizations

Hon. Reynaldo R. San Hon. Regino S. Balderrama Hon. Corazon M. Hon. Wilfredo F. Sityar Hon. Rosalio D.
Buenaventura Market , Transportation , Communication and Raymundo Martinez
Cooperatives , Public Relations and Information Energy
Trade, Commerce and Industry , Good
Governance and Discipline ( Blue Ribbon)
Georgia Lynne Pansacala
Education , Gender and Development Health, Sanitation, Nutrition and
livelihood Clemente (SK President)
Committee on Youth and Sports Development

Organizational Structure of Pasig City

Vision
Pasig Green City: A Healthy Liveable and
Sustainable Ecopolis.

Mission
To achieve a sustainable connection between and
among hardware, software, and orgware in order
to promote, among others, the general welfare of
all Pasigueños.
 Resources
Section 3 . Operative Principles
of Decentralization.

(d) The vesting of duty, responsibility, and

accountability in local government units shall be
accompanied with provision for reasonably adequate
resources to discharge their powers and effectively
carry out their functions: hence, they shall have the
power to create and broaden their own sources of
revenue and the right to a just share in national
taxes and an equitable share in the proceeds of the
utilization and development of the national wealth
within their respective areas.
PASIG CITY
INVESTMENT
INCENTIVE CODE OF
2013
Involvement in Public Policies
Section 16. General Welfare. - Every local government unit shall exercise the powers
expressly granted, those necessarily implied therefrom, as well as powers necessary,
appropriate, or incidental for its efficient and effective governance, and those which are
essential to the promotion of the general welfare. Within their respective territorial
jurisdictions, local government units shall ensure and support, among other things, the
preservation and enrichment of culture, promote health and safety, enhance the right
of the people to a balanced ecology, encourage and support the development of
appropriate and self-reliant scientific and technological capabilities, improve public
morals, enhance economic prosperity and social justice, promote full employment
among their residents, maintain peace and order, and preserve the comfort and
convenience of their inhabitants.
 ANTI-DISCRIMINATION
FOR COVID-19 PATIENTS

PROMOTE HEALTHY TRANSPARENCY

FOOD AND BEVERAGES MECHANISM ORDINANCE
 MOBILE
KITCHEN

DISINFECTION DRONES
FREE TRANSPORTATION
Clients That Pasig LGU Serves
Citizens
Total Population: 803,159 people

Section 16. General Welfare. - Every local government unit shall exercise the
powers expressly granted, those necessarily implied therefrom, as well as powers
necessary, appropriate, or incidental for its efficient and effective governance, and
those which are essential to the promotion of the general welfare.
Businesses

Section 35. Linkages with People's and Non-

governmental Organizations. - Local government
units may enter into joint ventures and such other
cooperative arrangements with people's and non-
governmental organizations to engage in the delivery
of certain basic services, capability-building and
livelihood projects, and to develop local enterprises
designed to improve productivity and income,
diversity agriculture, spur rural industrialization,
promote ecological balance, and enhance the
economic and social well-being of the people.
Civil Societies: 102 organizations

Section 36. Assistance to People's and Non-governmental Organizations. - A

local government unit may, through its local chief executive and with the
concurrence of the sanggunian concerned, provide assistance, financial or
otherwise, to such people's and non-governmental organizations for economic,
socially-oriented, environmental, or cultural projects to be implemented within
its territorial jurisdiction.
 Organizational Theories
1. Classical Management Theories
2. Neoclassical Management Theories

Modern Public Administration Theories

1. New Public Administration
2. New Public Management
Classical Management Theories
Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management Approach
a. Releasing of bikes for healthcare workers and the rejection of the ban on
tricycles (March 2020)
b. Latest update on the PasigPass Scanner (September 2021)
c. 5-day training of members and officials of Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) entitled
"Pondo ng Kabataan, Para sa Kabataan: Training on the Use of Handbook on the
Financial Transactions of the Sangguniang Kabataan Funds" (November 2021)
Classical Management Theories
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Approach

SECTION 76. Organizational Structure and Staffing Pattern. - Every local

government unit shall design and implement its own organizational structure
and staffing pattern taking into consideration its service requirements and
financial capability, subject to the minimum standards and guidelines
prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.
Classical Management Theories
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Approach
Formal set of rules, laws and administrative regulations
rules and regulations are documented in writing (Local Government code of 1991,
Book III Title 3 - The City; Civil Service Code)
These rules are impartial and are to be followed by all LGU constituents elected or
appointed
The entire Local Government Code has strict details regarding procedure,
especially if it pertains to inter-organization affairs.
ex. Section 54 Approval of Ordinances. - (a) Every ordinance enacted by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Sangguniang
Panlungsod, or Sangguniang bayan shall be presented to the provincial governor or city or municipal mayor, as the case
may be. If the local chief executive concerned approves the same, he shall affix his signature on each and every page
thereof; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his objections to the Sanggunian, which may proceed to
reconsider the same. The Sanggunian concerned may override the veto of the local chief executive by two-thirds (2/3) vote
of all its members, thereby making the ordinance or resolution effective for all legal intents and purposes.
Classical Management Theories
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Approach
Hierarchy in management and authority
Adherence to a hierarchical organizational structure
Clear chain of command
Electede Mayor is at the top
SECTION 49. Presiding Officer. - (a) The vice-governor shall be the presiding
officer of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan; the city vice-mayor, of the
Sangguniang Panlungsod; the municipal vice-mayor, of the Sangguniang
bayan; and the Punong Barangay, of the Sangguniang Barangay. The
presiding officer shall vote only to break a tie.
Book III Title 5 also states the power and authority that each department
has with reference to the roles they fulfill
Classical Management Theories
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Approach
Division of Labor
SECTION 3. Operative Principles of Decentralization
(a) There shall be an effective allocation among the different local government units of their
respective powers, functions, responsibilities, and resources
SECTION 48. Local Legislative Power. - Local legislative power shall be exercised by the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan for the province; the Sangguniang Panlungsod for the city; the
Sangguniang bayan for the municipality; and the Sangguniang Barangay for the Barangay.
SECTION. 454. Officials of the City Government. - (a) There shall be in each city a mayor, a vice-
mayor, Sangguniang Panlungsod members, a secretary to the Sangguniang Panlungsod, a city
treasurer, a city assessor, a city accountant, a city budget officer, a city planning and
development coordinator, a city engineer, a city health officer, a city civil registrar, a city
administrator, a city legal officer, a city veterinarian, a city social welfare and development
officer, and a city general services officer
Book III Title 5 specifically has dedicated provisions stating the expected jobs and roles of
each officer
Classical Management Theories
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Approach
Formal Appointment of Duties
SECTION. 454. Officials of the City Government.
(d) Unless otherwise provided herein, heads of departments and offices shall be
appointed by the city mayor with the concurrence of the majority of all the
Sangguniang Panlungsod members, subject to civil service law, rules and regulations.
The Sangguniang Panlungsod shall act on the appointment within fifteen (15) days
from the date of its submission, otherwise the same shall be deemed confirmed.
Human Resources department
Book III Title 5 also states the necessaries requirements to be hired for each role
Usually requires a relevant college degree, and three to five years of experience in
the field
Classical Management Theories
Max Weber's Bureaucratic Approach
Career system is present
Administrative Code of 1987 Book V Title I SEC. 7. Career Service. — The Career
Service shall be characterized by (1) entrance based on merit and fitness to be
determined as far as practicable by competitive examination, or based on highly
technical qualifications; (2) opportunity for advancement to higher career
positions; and (3) security of tenure.
SEC. 33. Performance Evaluation System. — There shall be established a
performance evaluation system, which shall be administered in accordance with
rules, regulations and standards, promulgated by the Commission for all officers
and employees in the career service. Such performance evaluation system shall
be administered in such manner as to continually foster the improvement of
individual employee efficiency and organizational effectiveness.
Classical Management Theories
Henri Fayol's 14 Principles of Management
Unity of Command
SECTION. 455. Chief Executive; Powers, Duties and Compensation.
The city mayor shall exercise general supervision and control over all programs, projects,
services, and activities of the city government, and in this connection,
(x) Ensure that all executive officials and employees of the city faithfully discharge their
duties and functions as provided by law and this Code, and cause to be instituted
administrative or judicial proceedings against any official or employee of the city who
may have committed an offense in the performance of his official duties;
Authority and Responsibility
Book III Title 5 states the power each position holds
Scalar Chain
Mayor -- Vice-mayor -- City Councils are the leaders of the LGU
Each department has their own respective heads
Classical Management Theories
Henri Fayol's 14 Principles of Management
Centralization
Section 455 Chief Executive; Powers, Duties and Compensation (mayor)
Section 456. Powers, Duties and Compensation (vice-mayor)
Section 458. Powers, Duties, Functions and Compensation (Sangguniang Panlungsod)
Subordination of Individual Interest
SECTION 90. Practice of Profession. - (a) All governors, city and municipal mayors are
prohibited from practicing their profession or engaging in any occupation other than the
exercise of their functions as local chief executives.
SECTION 92. Oath of Office
Classical Management Theories
POSDCoRB
Planning
Build upon the vision of the elected Mayor and promulgated by their plans and proposed
projects
In Pasig City LGU’s case, to create a green city and further the welfare of all Pasiguenos
Organizing
Creation of a formal organizational structure through the establishment of various
departments each with their own functions and responsibilities, as directed by the Mayor
The Sanggguiniang Panglungsod is composed of councilors of various districts with different
and relevant specializations.
Staffing
Mayor can choose the head of the departments, and the presence of a dedicated human
resources department ensures all offices have pertinent and capable members on their
team.
Classical Management Theories
POSDCoRB
Directing
Decisions on ordinances and budgeting are delegated to the Sangguniang Panglungsod (city
council) with the approval of the mayor
These projects are then relegated to the respective unit concerned for execution, under
guidance of the respective councilor for that sector in the city council and the mayor
Coordinating
Administrative Unit of the LGU
SECTION 480. The Administrator Assist in the coordination of the work of all the officials of
the local government unit, under the supervision, direction, and control of the governor or
mayor, and for this purpose, he may convene the chiefs of offices and other officials of the
local government unit
Classical Management Theories
POSDCoRB
Reporting
Book III Title 5 states that all officers can make recommendations for new projects and/or
changes to current ones granted it concerns their role. These will be brought up with the
mayor and Sangguniang Panlungsod for consideration.
SECTION 97. Annual Report.
Budgeting
Book II Title 5 of the Local Government Code has strict guidelines for how an LGU is to
approach budgeting
SECTION 316. Local Finance Committee. - There is hereby created in every province, city, or
municipality a local finance committee to be composed of the local planning and
development officer, the local budget officer, and the local treasurer
SECTION 317. Submission of Budget Proposals by Heads of Departments or Offices.
Classical Management Theories
Analysis
The Local Government Code's laws are representative of classical management theories
focus on functions and structure
stipulates the exact power, roles and responsibilities for each level of the hierarchy
very impartial
emphasizes those in positions of power, as they oversee that these laws are enforced
SECTION 78. Civil Service Law, Rules and Regulations, and Other Related Issuances. - All matters
pertinent to human resources and development in local government units shall be governed by
the civil service law and such rules and regulations and other issuances promulgated pursuant
thereto, unless otherwise specified in this Code.
laws do not give insights on the day-to-day
we look to personal anecdotes and qualitative data
Neoclassical Management Theories
George Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Experiments
Findings of Hawthorne Experiments:
• Social factors are responsible for deciding the level of output.
• Workers are not motivated merely by money.
• Leadership is important for directing group behavior.
• The friendliness and genuineness of the supervisor helps to maintain productivity.
• The workers prefer to maintain amicable relations with their co-workers rather than
earning more money..
• Communication is an important part of organization. Workers can explain their views and
feelings relating to a particular action. Participation of workers is possible in the decision
making process. Their problems can be identified easily and solved. These things are
possible only through proper communication.
• Complaints and criticism by workers are symptoms of deeper satisfaction.
Neoclassical Management Theories
Rochelle Cruz - Pasig City Government Employee:
• Workers are not motivated merely by money.
- GSIS, Philhealth, 13th month pay, and pension do not
endow alone their level of
productivity.
• Leadership is important for directing group behavior.
• The friendliness and genuineness of the supervisor helps to
maintain productivity.
- Their supervisor always checks their work attendance to
impose discipline. Now, even without their supervisor
checking them from time to time, they are still doing their
work responsibly.
- Their supervisor does not exhibit a strict attitude, so they
can produce a good output without feeling too much
pressure.
Neoclassical Management Theories
Rochelle Cruz - Pasig City Government Employee:
• The workers prefer to maintain amicable relations with their co-
workers rather than earning more money.
- “Mas napapadali ang trabaho ‘pag sama-sama at tulong-tulong.”
• Communication is an important part of organization. Workers can
explain their views and feelings relating to a particular action.
Participation of workers is possible in the decision making process.
Their problems can be identified easily and solved. These things
are possible only through proper communication.
• Complaints and criticism by workers are symptoms of deeper
satisfaction.
- For instance, when they expressed their lack of manpower, their
supervisor immediately took action about that and provided them
temporary people who can work with them to still produce good
output. Miss Cruz and her co-employees also felt more important
because of that.
Modern Public Administration Theories
New Public Administration
Promotes social equity
Promotes change
Anti-hierarchical/ Decentralized
Relevant
Discourages value-neutrality
Modern Public Administration Theories
New Public Administration
Some of Pasig City's Projects:
1. A fast and effective response against the Covid-19 pandemic which includes but is not limited to:
Quick and convenient contact tracing
Cash assistance under its localized Social Amelioration Program (SAP). Additionally, they provided a
supplemental SAP in which families not covered under the original SAP are provided subsidies
(social equity and inclusion)
Conducted free mass testing (for covid-19)
Vaccination drive
Safe and sanitary quarantine facilities, even included private properties such as hotels
Disinfection of public places
Compliance with IATF protocols and constant consultations with medical professionals
Ordered the Tricycle Operators and Drivers Association (TODA) to increase the fares of public
transportation to compromise with the negative effects of social distancing to their income (social
equity)
Modern Public Administration Theories
New Public Administration
Some of Pasig City's Projects:
Offered free transportation for health workers and frontliners
Implementation of Ordinance No. 07, or the Anti-Panic Buying and
Hoarding Ordinance of Pasig in order to preserve the supply of basic
necessities
Gave frontline workers hazard pay, overtime pay, and other benefits
FREE TRANSPORTATION
2. First LGU in the NCR to pass an Freedom of Information (FOI) ordinance.
Included also is the eFOI. which is a digital space which the public can
easily access public records.

3. Distribution of gadgets for the use of students’ remote learning,

allowance, and wifi all sponsored by the LGU

4. Mobile palengke and mobile kitchen

Modern Public Administration Theories
New Public Management
Treating clients/respondents/citizens as customers
Adapts a market model
Competition is present

On the economic aspect, investors choose pasig city since they practice good allocation
of budget, are business friendly, transparent, and eases on paying taxes.

"The customer is always right"

Modern Public Administration Theories
New Public Management

They listen. And by doing so, they improve the

state of pasig city since it meets the mandated
goal of an lgu which, as stated under Sections 16
and 17 of the Local Government Code of 1991, is to:

"Promote public public health and safety,

enhance people’s right to a balanced ecology,
economic prosperity and social justice, promote
full employment, among the residents, maintain
peace and order and preserve the comfort and
convenience of the inhabitants."
Modern Public Administration Theories
New Public Management

Good Governance!

With what I have discussed earlier, we can conclude that the principles in good
governance are present in the Pasig LGU, specifically public participation,
transparency, responsiveness, and accountability. Wherefore, premises considered, by
its definition, Pasig LGU practices good governance.
 Challenges and
Recommendations
Key Challenges Identified
1. Climate Disaster Preparedness
2. Corruption
3. Pasig River Rehabilitation
Covid-19 Pandemic Challenges
1. Unemployment
2. Transportation
3. Testing and Contact Tracing
4. Healthcare Management
Climate Disaster Preparedness
The city is located in a floodplain area and is vulnerable to the effects of climate change
(UNFCCC).
Recommendation/s:
Continually conduct the City’s Climate Action Program, Climathon. And encourage the
youth, with fresh ideas on how to mitigate the effects of climate change, to participate.

Corruption
The Philippines has a long-standing problem with corruption, facing such issues as
the controversial Priority Development Assistance Fund scam and the more recent
anomalies at the Philippine Health Insurance Corp. Pasig is no different with its
own share of corruption.
Recommendation/s:
Audit of city assets and revamping of procurement process conducted by Mayor
Sotto was effective. Continue this process and make improvements.
Pasig River Rehabilitation
Pasig River Rehabilitation
Pasig River Expressway (PAREX)
Proposed as an innovative and green architectural expressway that aims to reduce
the traffic congestion in Pasig multiple organizations--- mostly environmental and
urban planning alike --- have collectively made a petition against this San Miguel
Corporation project due to its destructive effects on the ecosystems of the Pasig
River, as well as its negative implication on the cultural preservation and public
transformation of the place.
Recommendation/s:
Genuine and concrete rehabilitation efforts must be done with a clean intention to
actually do so. Hence, the LGU must coordinate with a committee that strongly
evaluates possible greenwashing activities by notorious private corporations.
Additionally, consult well-established experts that specialize in the field of
environmental and sustainable design in road infrastructures.
1. Unemployment
Labor force participation of Pasig City marks at 60.5% on average, bagging the 3rd spot
among all cities in the National Capital Region. However, due to the imposed lockdown
brought about by the pandemic in 2020, the Labor Force Survey reported that the
unemployment rate of NCR increased from 5.4% in 2019 to 17.7 percent in mid-
2020, somewhat reflecting the situation of employment in Pasig during these times.

2. Transportation
The insufficient supply of mass transportation and the overburdened system of public
vehicles in the Philippines have been exposed yet again, as it was highlighted by the
effects of the pandemic. In Metro Manila, which includes Pasig City, 55,000 - 70,000
jeepney drivers were affected due to the suspension of public transportation, some
approximately losing a total of PHP 78, 000 worth of their earnings.
3. Testing and Contact Tracing
Pasig City was praised for their efforts to quickly adapt and digitalize their Contact Tracing
and Testing processes. Additionally, their established data sharing agreement among
selected nearby LGUs (e.g. Valenzuela) were commended. However, because of the lack of
one central database of real-time health records, as well as the lack of coordination from other
neighbouring LGUs, there is arguably still a significant delay in achieving their goal to
allow a seamless and effective method of contact tracing.

4. Healthcare Management
Under Mayor Vico Sotto’s rule, Pasig City has reportedly allocated their budget more on
health even before the pandemic has started. Thus, when the pandemic happened, LGU
had a relatively good foundation to jump start the necessary steps in addressing the COVID-19
cases in the municipality. However, even if there is a budget to increase the health workers’
salaries or if there are efforts to shift certain institutions to a COVID facility, the city
government’s need for manpower is still evident. Conclusively, the extreme lack of staff
ultimately affects the strategies they implement when their healthcare management
operations take place.
 Synthesis and
Conclusions
The multidimensional applications of different
theories contribute to the efficiency and
performance of the Pasig LGU.

Responsive governance is key to effective

performance and the satisfaction of the
population.

Preparedness is a quality often overlooked but is

the defining feature when challenges arise.
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