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C-Analysis M. W. D. S-3rd Class
C-Analysis M. W. D. S-3rd Class
C-Analysis M. W. D. S-3rd Class
1.Method of Sections
It is quick, approximate, exploratory) (أسرطالع, & simple.
Steps:
1. Cut the network by a series of line
Not necessarily straight or regularly spaced.
It chosen with regard to varying sequence of pipe sizes &
district characteristics.
The lines may cut the pipes at right angles to the general
direction of flow.
Lines may be horizontally.
For more than one supply conduit, lines may be curved.
2. Estimate the demand for each areas beyond each section, depends on;
a) Population density.
b) Characteristics of zone: residential, industrial, commercial,
etc.
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The demands are:
a) Domestic: decreases from section to section.
b) Fire, Table (1)
It remains the same until high value district has been passed.
2
Q = 0.27853 C D2.63 S0.54
Where:
Q = capacity, mgd
C = roughness constant) (ثاتد الخشىوح,
D = pipe diameter, ft
S = slope, or hydraulic gradient.
5. Calculate deficiency)(ػجز
Deficiency = required capacity – existing capacity.
6. Modified system
For the available hydraulic gradient, select the sizes & routs of pipes
to cover deficiency. Some existing small pipes may be removed to
make way for larger mains.
Adding or removing pipes done according to the designer. If the
deficiency is small no pipes are added but the velocity & head loss
must be within the limits. If the deficiency is large the pipes must be
added or changed with larger sizes.
7. Determine size of equivalent pipe for the modified system & calculate
velocity.
Reduce high velocity by lowering the HL.
Example (1):
Analyze the network of the following Fig. by section method. The hydraulic
gradient available within the network is 2‰. The value of C = 100 in the
Hazen-Williams formula, and the max. daily use (domestic demand) =
150gpcd. The fire demand is taken from Table (1). Population as follows,
Section a-a b-b c-c d-d e-e
Population 16000 16000 14000 8000 1500
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Note: All pipes without number are 6-in diameter.
Solution:
1. Section a-a
Population = 16,000
a) Total demand = domestic use + fire demand
= 16,000 × 150gpcd + 5.6mgd
= 2.4 + 5.6
= 8mgd.
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c) Deficiency:
8 – 6 = 2mgd (large deficiency)
2. Section b-b
Population = 16,000
a) Total demand = 8mgd
b) Existing pipes:
2 – 20in → 20in & HL = 0.002 → Diagram → Q20in = 3.7mgd
Q2- 20in = 3.7 × 2 = 7.4mgd.
c) Deficiency:
8 – 7.4 = 0.6mgd (low deficiency)
3. Section c-c
Population = 14,000
a) Total demand = 14,000 × 150 + 5.6
= 2.1 + 5.6
= 7.7mgd.
b) Existing pipes:
1 – 20in → 20in & HL = 0.002 → Diagram → Q20in = 3.7mgd
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c) Deficiency:
7.7 – 6.5 = 1.2mgd (large deficiency).
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4. section d-d
Population = 8,000
a) Total demands = 8,000 × 150 + 5.6
= 1.2 + 5.6
= 6.8mgd.
b) Existing pipes:
2 – 12in → 12in & HL = 0.002 → Diagram → Q12in = 1mgd
Q2-12in = 2mgd
c) Deficiency:
6.8 – 3.3 = 3.5mgd (large deficiency).
Pipes removed:
2 – 6in → 6in & HL = 0.002 → Diagram → Q6in = 0.16mgd
Q2-6in = 0.3mgd
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5. Section e-e
Population = 1,500
a) Total demands = 1,500 × 150 + 1.8
= 0.2 + 1.8
= 2mgd.
b) Existing pipes:
2 – 8in → 8in & HL = 0.002 → Diagram → Q8in = 0.35mgd
Q2-8in = 0.7mgd
c) Deficiency:
2 – 1.7 = 0.3mgd (low deficiency).
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1 – 10in → 10in & HL = 0.002 → Diagram → Q10in = 0.6mgd
Pipes removed:
1 – 6in → 6in & HL = 0.002 → Diagram → Q6in = 0.16mgd
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Circle Method)(طريقة الدائرة
It is sectioning method. It is used for design or investigates) (ذحققthe
minor pipes.
Example (2):
Assuming water is to be delivered to a fire through not more than 500ft
of hose. Find by circle method, the water available at the circumference
of a 500 ft circle placed in the center of the shown network. Also find the
number of hydrants, if the capacity of each one is 250gpm. The pressure
in the 12in feeders) (مغذياخbeing 40 psi & the residual hydrant pressure
not less than 20 psi. Take C = 100 in the Hazen-Williams formula.
-N-
Feeder: 12-in
Lateral: 6-in
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Solution:
The pipes cut by the circle, the average length of these pipes from their
feeder) (مغذيpipes to the hydrants within the circle, & the hydraulic
gradients of these pipes:
1. Hydraulic Gradients:
North-South;
4-6in, length = 1000 – ½(500) = 750ft.
East-West;
4-6in, length = 1250 – ½(500) = 1000ft.
2. Pipe capacity
C = 100
North-South;
4-6in & S = 61.6‰ → Diagram → Q6in = 1mgd = 700gpm
Q4-6in = 4 × 700 = 2800gpm
East-West;
4-6in & S = 46.2‰ → Diagram→ Q6in = 0.9mgd = 600gpm
Q4-6in = 4 × 600 = 2400gpm
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2.Method of Equivalent Pipes
It is used for changing complex pipes system to single equivalent line.
This method cannot be applied directly to pipe systems containing
crossovers) (ذقاطغor take-offs) (سحة.
What is Equivalent Pipe?
Principles:
1. Head losses through pipes in series are additive.
2. Head losses through pipes in parallel are identical, why?
Example (3):
Find an equivalent pipe for the network of Fig. below. Express Q in mgd, S
in ‰, H in ft. Use C = 100, & Q = 1.5 mgd.
Solution:
What are the required parameters for each pipe?
1. Line ABD
2 pipes in series (AB & BD)
Added head losses.
Assume Q = 1mgd.
a) Pipe AB
L = 3000ft
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Q = 1mgd & Dia. = 12in → Diagram → S = 0.0021
HL = S × L = 0.0021 × 3000 = 6.3ft.
b) Pipe BD
L = 4000ft
Q = 1mgd & Dia. = 16in → Diagram → S = 0.00052
HL = S × L = 0.00052 × 4000 = 2.1ft.
HL, ft Length, ft
2.1 1000
8.4 x
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2. Line ACD
2 pipes in series (AC & CD)
Added head losses.
Assume Q = 0.5mgd.
a) Pipe AC
L = 4000ft
Q = 0.5mgd & Dia. = 10in → Diagram → S = 0.00142 = 1.42‰
HL = S × L = 0.00142 × 4000 = 5.7ft.
b) Pipe CD
L = 3000ft
Q = 0.5mgd & Dia. = 8in → Diagram → S = 0.0042 = 4.2‰
HL = S × L = 0.0042 × 3000 = 12.6ft.
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Equivalent pipe for ABD: 8in, S = 0.0042,
L = 4360ft, Q = 0.5mgd, Total HL = 18.3ft.
a) Line ABD
L = 4000ft, 12in, HL = 8.4ft
Use 12in & S = HL / L = 8.4 / 4000 = 0.0021 → Diag.→ Q = 1mgd.
b) Line ACD
L = 4360ft, 8in, & HL = 8.4ft
Use 8in & S= HL/L = 8.4 / 4360 = 0.00192→Diag.→ Q = 0.33mgd.
c) Total discharge
Q = QABD + QACD
= 1 + 0.33
= 1.33mgd
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14in & Q = 1.33 → Diag. → S = 1.68‰.
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3.Relaxation Method (Hardy Cross Method))(طريقة هاردي كروس
The water distribution systems have sources) & (مصادرloads) (أحمال. Such
systems either to design the original system or to expand the network.
Expansion means additional housing or commercial developments or
increased loads within existing area. Also prediction of required pressures in
the system is important.
Basic requirements:
1. Satisfy continuity, flow into & out each junction must be equal.
2. The head loss between any two junctions must be same.
3. The flow & head loss must be related by velocity-head loss equation.
The solution can be done by a trial & error hand computation. Now the
solution made by computers.
Q2
Q3
Q1
Q4
Q1 = Q2+Q3+Q4
∑ hLcc = ∑ K Qccn
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∑ hLc = ∑ hLcc & ∑ K Qcn = ∑ K Qccn
Where:
hLc = clockwise headloss
hLcc = counterclockwise headloss
Qc = clockwise discharge
Qcc = counterclockwise discharge
hƒ = ƒ (L / D) (V2 / 2g)
= KQ2
Example(4):
For the given source & loads shown in Fig.A, how will the flow be
distributed in the simple network, and what will be the pressures at the load
points if the pressure at the source is 60 psi? Assume horizontal pipes &
ƒ=0.012 for all pipes. Diameter & length of each pipe is indicated in the Fig.
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Fig. A
Solution:
Calculate head loss, K value for each pipe in the network using the
following equation,
0.012 1000
K 8 5 2
0.00944
32.22
Fig. B shows the network with the head loss, K value for each pipe.
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Fig. C shows the network with assumed flows:
Loop ABD
Pipe hƒ = K Q2 2KQ
AB 0.00944 × 100 = + 0.944 2 × 0.00944 × 10 = 0.189
AD 1.059 × 25 = - 26.475 2 × 1.059 × 5 = 10.590
BD 0 0
∑ - 25.531 10.779
∆Q = -25.531 /10.779
= - 2.40cfs.
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Loop BCDE
Pipe hƒ = K Q2 2KQ
BC + 30.21 6.042
BD 0 0
CE 0 0
DE - 7.55 3.02
∑ + 22.66 9.062
∆Q = 22.66 /9.062
= 2.50cfs.
The corrections obtained in the table are applied to the two loops, and the
pipe discharges are shown in Fig. D.
Use the new discharges (of 1st cycle) and do 2nd cycle.
Loop ABD
Pipe hƒ = K Q2 2KQ
AB
AD
BD
∑
∆Q =
21
Loop BCDE
Pipe hƒ = K Q2 2KQ
BC
BD
CE
DE
∑
∆Q =
The new corrections obtained in the table are applied again to the two loops,
and the pipe discharges are shown in a new Fig.
Use the new discharges (of 2nd cycle) and do 3rd cycle.
Loop ABD
Pipe hƒ = K Q2 2KQ
AB
AD
BD
∑
∆Q =
Loop BCDE
Pipe hƒ = K Q2 2KQ
BC
BD
CE
DE
∑
∆Q =
The new corrections obtained in the table are applied again to the two loops,
and the pipe discharges are shown in a new Fig.
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The final distribution of flow is obtained as shown in Fig. F.
PC PA K AB QAB
2
K BC QBC
2
= 60psi × (144psf/psi) – 62.4[0.00944 × (11.4)2 + 0.3021 × 92]
= 8640psf – 1603psf
= 7037psf
= 48.9psi
PE 8640 K AD QAD
2
K DE QDE
2
= 8640 – 62.4[1.059 × (3.5)2 + 0.3021 × 62]
= 7105psf
= 49.3psi.
Now we used this method for analysis a network, how we can use this
method for design.
Computer programming
Computer is used for detailed computations that can not practical to perform
by hand. Many programs are available e.g. WATER CAD, Pipe++, HC6,
EPANET & Pipe-Pro.
References:
- Fair, G. M., et al, 1968 “Elements of Water Supply & Wastewater Disposal”.
- Roberson, J.A., et al, “Hydraulic Engineering”, 2nd Ed, John Wiley & Sons.
Inc., New York.
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