February 2020

Pakistan research
and innovation
landscape report
2
Contents

8
Pakistan's place
in the global
research landscape

16
Disciplinary focus of
Pakistan's research

20
Pakistan’s research
institutions

22
Patent landscape
overview

25
Pakistan publications
in the core of
Research Fronts

3
 Executive Summary
The Web of Science combination
of world-class data, tools and
expertise creates a mission critical
research ecosystem closely
aligned with Pakistan's research
productivity and quality growth.
Pakistan has witnessed a rapid
increase in its scientific research
productivity and impact that is
highlighted by three indicators:
• In 2019, Pakistan produced 300% more
publications indexed in the Web of
Science Core Collection than in 2010.
• In the last 10 years, more than half of
Pakistan's research was published in
journals with Impact Factor. Global
influence of Pakistan's research is
Pakistan has an increased number of Web
of Science ResearcherID profiles: over
9,300 of such profiles have been created.
The power of Web of Science
ResearcherID has been enhanced by
a merger with the Publons profiles, a
unique tool for making peer reviews and
journal editing contributions visible.
The Web of Science Group is committed
to fostering its long-standing partnership
with Pakistan's scientific community,
promoting quality research and supporting
the country's national research and
innovation goals to place Pakistan's
research on the global scientific map.

44th
increasing as scientists in the country are
publishing more in top quartile journals.

• The Category Normalized Citation

Impact of Pakistan's publications
(which measures publications’ impact
against their peers worldwide) Global ranking for the total
has risen from 0.67 to 1.03. number of publications
These trends demonstrate the
potential of Pakistan's research

43rd
and development (R&D).

Effective discovery of the most relevant

and in-demand scholarly content has always
been a hallmark of the Web of Science.
With the rapidly growing numbers of
Open Access sources, Web of Science Global ranking for the number
has become a major conduit for free and of Highly Cited Papers (1%)
legal access to full texts of publications.

In 2018, 31% of all Pakistan publications

in the Web of Science were published
in Open Access publications.

The Web of Science offers access to

the highest quality data and metrics.
In addition, it provides instruments
which greatly facilitate the research
workflow at the organization and
individual researcher level in order to
create consistent scientific visibility.

4
Introduction
The Web of Science Group organizes
the world’s research information and
data to enable academia, corporations,
publishers, and governments to accelerate
the pace of research. It is home to the
Web of Science – the world’s most
trusted and largest publisher-neutral
citation index and independent research
intelligence platform. Its many well-known
brands also include EndNote, Converis,
ScholarOne, Publons, Kopernio and the
Institute for Scientific Information (ISI).
The “university” of the Web of Science
Group, ISI maintains and advances the
knowledge corpus upon which the index
and related information and analytical
content, products, and services are built.
5
 What powers the
Web of Science Group?
The foundation of our Group is built
upon the Web of Science Core Collection,
the world’s only true citation index.

Data structure These are dynamic collections subject

Meticulous Data Construction
and Curation
• Complete unified affiliations data
• Accurate metrics
• Cover to cover indexing
• Complete author names data
• Meaningful subject categories
• Uniform document classification
Editorial integrity
The Web of Science Core Collection is
unique: our expert in-house editors have no
affiliations to publishing houses or research
institutions, free from any potential bias or
conflict of interest. Each editor is focused
on specific subject categories enabling
to continuous curation to ensure journals
are in the appropriate collection. ESCI
journals that gain impact move to SCIE,
SSCI or AHCI. SCIE, SSCI and AHCI
journals that decrease in impact move
to ESCI. Any journal that decreases
in quality will be removed from the
Web of Science Core Collection.
Guided by the legacy of Dr Eugene
Garfield and adapted to respond to
technological advances and changes in
the publishing landscape, our robust
evaluation and curation makes the
Web of Science Core Collection the most
authoritative global citation database.

4K+
them to gain a deep, nuanced knowledge
of the journals in that field that cannot
be replicated by purely algorithmic
approaches and/or outsourcing aspects
of editorial decision-making.

The basic principles of our selection publishing partners

process remain constant: objectivity,
selectivity and collection dynamics. We

12M
use a single set of 28 criteria to evaluate
journals; these are divided into 24 ‘quality
criteria’ designed to select for editorial rigor
and best practice at the journal level, and
4 ‘impact criteria’ designed to select the
most influential journals in their respective
fields using citation activity as the primary peer-reviewed full text
indicator of impact. Journals that meet the Open Access versions
quality criteria enter Emerging Sources
Citation Index (ESCI) in the Web of
Science Core Collection. Journals that
meet the additional impact criteria enter
Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE),
Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI)
or Arts & Humanities Citation Index
(AHCI) depending on their subject area.

6
Without the depth, breadth and quality of
content, research impact is at risk. World class
research needs world class information.

Comprehensive content • Independent, regional indexes

covering China, Korea, Russia,
• 254 subject categories and Latin America
• 34k+ total journals across
the full platform • World-class subject specialized
• 21k total journals in select indexes in biology, medicine,
Core Collection engineering and zoology
• 1.6B cited references
• 155M records – patents, data sets, • Research data from the ground-
articles, and proceedings breaking Data Citation Index
• 11.2M records with funding data
• 80M patents for over 40 million • Patent indexes covering inventions
inventions from over 50 patent issuing authorities
• Backfiles to 1900 with cover-
to-cover indexing ...to the backbone of our editorially
curated Web of Science Core Collection,
Web of Science platform is much more the world’s only true citation index.
than just science. Providing a truly
multidisciplinary research experience
across science, social sciences, and
arts and humanities, connecting...

Russian Science KCI

Citation Index Korean Journal
Database

Chinese Science SciELO

Citation Database Citation Index
e
al Host d Collect nne
ct
gion ion ts Co
Re s onten
rre nt C
Web of Science Cu
dex
Core Collection itation In
BIOSIS C ev iews
Emerging Sources Citation Index & BIOSIS Pr
Pa t e n t & D a

Derwent Science Citation Index Expanded

Innovations Social Sciences Citation Index
Index Arts & Humanities Citation Index Zoologic
al Record
Conference Proceedings
Citation Index
ta

Book Citation Index

Co

le Bio
ed

ct st log
Ho s
l

io n ical
a lt y ti o n Abs
s i
Sp e c ollec trac
Data C &T ts
ec
Citation hn F
olo ood
Index gy Sci
Ab enc
CA &

str e
BI: Glo

ac
ts
CA bal
B A Hea
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tra h
cts
ME

lt
DLI
Inspec

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7
 Pakistan's place
in the global
research landscape
Pakistan’s research Despite this, on average, Pakistan's
productivity is on the rise normalized research impact (CNCI) was
below the world average. 2019 was the first
year in which the normalized impact was
Pakistan's overall research productivity, slightly higher than the world average.
as measured by the publications

300%
indexed in the Web of Science Core
Collection has risen impressively.

Pakistan's publications indexed in

the Web of Science Core Collection
increased by 300% from 2010 to 2019.
This massive increase also resulted
in a substantial growth in Category growth in all types of
Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI). research publications

Pakistan's publications indexed in Web of science

are on the rise

Figure 1. Pakistan's publications and CNCI in Web of Science

30,000 1.20

25,000 1.00

20,000 0.80

15,000 0.60

10,000 0.40

5,000 0.20

0 0.00
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Web of Science Documents Category Normalized Citation Impact

8
Pakistan's impact in comparison to other countries
Monitor your changing position
in the global research landscape
The data from the Web of Science Core
Collection is analysed with Incites
Benchmarking & Analytics, which allows
one to monitor scholarly publication trends
against any selected group of countries.
This graph is showing the contextualized
impact of research for all disciplines
by normalizing data for subject area,
publication date and types of documents
of selected countries versus Pakistan
for the time period 2010-2019.
CNCI minimizes the effect of a country's size
on its scientific productivity and provides an
image of citation performance of the entire
productivity regardless of the volume.
With the field world average being
yearly normalized to 1, we gain
a more accurate understanding
of how countries are performing
against each other and the world.
The above chart shows the evolution of
Pakistan's research impact that peaked
in 2019 with a Category Normalized
Citation Impact (CNCI) of 1.03.
Increasing the citation footprint
will have a positive influence on the
Category Normalized Citation Impact.
The main drivers of this growth are
the percentage of Highly Cited
Publications (top 1% in their field) and
more importantly the percentage of
documents in quartile 1 (Q1) journals.

Figure 2. Category normalized citation impact

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Malaysia South Africa Singapore Saudi Arabia Egypt Pakistan

Figure 3. % Highly Cited Papers from total productivity

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Malaysia South Africa Singapore Saudi Arabia Egypt Pakistan

9
 Although Highly Cited Papers (HCP)
represent less than 0.02% of Pakistan's total
productivity, they bring more than 25% of
total citations received by the country
between 2010-2019.
Highly Cited Papers are indicators of scientific
excellence and top performance, and can be
used to benchmark research performance
against field baselines worldwide.
The highest percentage of HCP was
in 2017, but we've seen a decline as a
result of increasing productivity among
other reasons.
The fact that HCP receive so many citations
might be a sign of too much focus on
fundamental research, although this would
need further investigation.
In many countries, we usually see a balance
where fundamental research would be the
starting point leading to applied research.
The below graph shows that Pakistan has
the lowest percentage of documents in Q1
Journals when compared to the set of other
countries chosen. This might be a
confirmation of the dynamics described
Figure 4. % Documents in Q1 Journals
70
60
50
40
30
20
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Malaysia South Africa Singapore
10
previously, where concentration of citations
in top publications (Highly Cited Papers) in
the latest years leads to a citation gap from
the rest of the research published by
Pakistani authors.
This might affect the overall citations of
Pakistan's research because more than half
of the productivity is published in Q3, Q4
journals and publications without Journal
Impact Factor, which generally have a lower
expected citation rate.
In recent years, we are seeing a shift to a
more balanced research focus, which might
lead to a gradual increase in the overall
citation footprint.
The percentage of publications in Q1 is
increasing in recent years and this coincides
with the increase of the country’s CNCI.
One of the indicators that might increase the
country's CNCI is the percentage of
documents cited. It is worth mentioning that
Pakistan has considerable room for
improvement when it comes to this indicator,
and if Pakistan manages to slightly improve on
this indicator, it will reflect positively on the
overall country’s research impact.
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Saudi Arabia Egypt Pakistan
A second area for improvement is the percentage of documents in top 10% in their field. A
good example is Singapore, where we see a high percentage of Highly Cited Papers, but
also a high percentage of documents in top 10% in their fields.

Figure 5. % Documents Cited

70

65

60

55

50
Malaysia South Africa Singapore Saudi Arabia Egypt Pakistan

Figure 6. % Documents in Top 10%

20

15

10

0
Malaysia South Africa Singapore Saudi Arabia Egypt Pakistan

11
 International research collaborations
are pivotal for the increase of
Pakistan's research impact

Figure 7. Pakistan's international collaborations

China
USA
Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
Malaysia
Germany
Turkey
Korea
India
Australia

Pakistan has partnered with China the most,
as indicated by with the highest number of
collaborative publications (14,356).
USA (11,333) ranked second followed by
Saudi Arabia (10,441) and United
Kingdom (8,255). The following countries
also published a substantial amount of
publications with Pakistan: Malaysia (5,947),
Germany (4,926), Turkey (3,563), Korea
(5,462), India (3,972), Australia (3,352).
Category Normalized Citation Impact of
Pakistan's international collaborations in
the last ten years is higher than the world
average, as seen in the graph below.
This is a sign of the quality of research
undertaken via international collaborations
with Pakistan and a further analysis
can help identify areas that can be
supported for an increased ROI.

Figure 8. Category Normalized Citation Impact of Pakistan's collaborations

Italy
Canada
Australia
France
India
Turkey
Germany
South Korea
United Kingdom
Usa
Malaysia
Saudi Arabia
China
World average

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

12
Pakistan's publications in the top
global research journals
Pakistan's publications
in top quartile journals
are on the rise
Web of Science platform indexes
all types of scientific publications:
journals, proceedings, data sets etc.
Approximately 22,000 journals can be
found on the platform with half of them
having a Journal Impact Factor (JIF).
66% of Pakistan's scientific
publications are published in
Journals with Impact Factor (JIF).
Journal Impact Factor is a proxy indicator
for the importance (impact) of a journal in a
field by measuring the citation frequencies.
We can rank the journals in a field by
comparing journals by Impact Factor.
A simplified ranking system can be obtained
by using journal's quartile ranking. If a journal
falls in quartile (Q1), it means that the journal
performs better than 75% of journals in that
category, based on its Impact Factor score.
Figure 9. Pakistan's publication output across publications with JIF and without JIF
89,769 Documents in JIF Journals
45,254 Documents in non-JIF publications
In the last 10 years, more than half of
the Pakistan's research was published
in journals with Impact Factor. More
importantly, global influence of
Pakistan's research seems to be
increasing as Pakistan's scientists are
now publishing in top quartile journals.
Between 2008- 2018, the number of
Pakistan's publications in quartile 1
(Q1) and quartile 2 (Q2) journals has
increased, while the percentage of
publications in quartile 3 (Q3) and
quartile 4 (Q4) journals is decreasing.
66%
of Pakistan's scientific
papers are published
in Journals with Impact
Factor (JIF).
Non-JIF documents are conference
proceedings, books, books chapters
and articles published in Emerging
Sources Citation Index (ESCI).
Pakistan has a balanced coverage of
documents in JIF and non-JIF journals. Part
of the Web of Science Core Collection,
Emerging Sources Citation Index contains
quality publications, selected by our expert
in-house editors for editorial rigor and best
practice at a journal level. The ESCI journals
do not have JIF, probably because of the
local citation footprint, which often tends
to be low. But with international exposure
brought by WOS, we aim to enhance the
journal visibility and ultimately support
collaborations that will speed-up the
impact of local research on the society.
13
 Figure 10. Percentage of Pakistan's research publications
published in JIF journals, in each of the four quartiles

23.8 26.3 25.8 21.8

28.0 28.4 27.1 27.1 28.1

22.0 25.3
27.1 23.0 24.4 20.1
27.4 23.4
31.3

22.9 24.5 22.0

25.3 23.8 24.8 24.1
22.9
19.1

28.8 27.7 30.9

21.6 23.9 23.4 24.4 25.1 24.4

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Pakistan's productivity has increased Majority of journals are Q1 and Q2 journals

annually - quality of the publications
was not affected by this big push on
quantity. Even better, the proportion
of documents in Q1 journals increased,
which is a great indication of the quality
and potential of local research.
The following page lists the top 20
journals ranked by citations received by
documents with Pakistani authors.
but looking at the number of documents
published, we see that Q4 has a high
coverage.
This could, however, lead to a diluted
impact, signalling that the focus of current
research might be to publish in order to meet
the requirements. A deeper analysis of the
publication dynamics by journals will help to
build relevant policies that increase local
scientific visibility without affecting quality.

14
 Category
Web of % Journal
Times Normalized
Name Science Documents Impact Quartile
Cited Citation
Documents Cited Factor
Impact

Lancet 209 57,599 88.04 59.102 Q1 30.24

Nature 28 19,063 89.29 43.07 Q1 43.71

Physics Letters B 312 18,186 95.51 4.162 Q2 4.53

Pakistan Journal of Botany 2389 13,561 83.13 0.672 Q4 0.40

Physical Review Letters 210 10,937 93.33 9.227 Q1 4.12

Journal of High
380 10,553 90.26 5.833 Q1 2.07
Energy Physics

International Journal of
208 9,511 97.60 4.346 Q1 7.95
Heat and Mass Transfer

Renewable & Sustainable

251 9,109 98.80 10.556 Q1 1.02
Energy Reviews

Plos One 767 8,921 86.18 2.776 Q2 1.12

European Physical
301 8,715 95.35 4.843 Q1 2.31
Journal C

Nature Genetics 38 8,218 97.37 25.455 Q1 14.49

Journal of Molecular
364 8,197 92.31 4.561 Q1 3.01
Liquids

Journal of the Pakistan

2961 6,769 57.08 0.642 Q4 0.22
Medical Association

Journal of Magnetism
255 6,204 90.59 2.683 Q2 1.62
and Magnetic Materials

Chemosphere 169 5,631 85.21 5.108 Q1 2.55

15
 Disciplinary focus of
Pakistan's research
Figure 11. Research Output by ESI field - Pakistan Relative Share vs the World

AGS
SPA BBI
SSS CHE

PSS CLM

PLA CPS

PHY ECB
0%

PHT ENG

1%
NEB ENE

MOL GSC

MIC 2% IMU
MAT MTS

Pakistan had a relatively high Pakistan had a relatively high share

share of research output in: of research output in:
Pakistan had a relatively high share
of research output in Agricultural
Sciences is an area with high potential Share Field
for increasing the impact of Pakistan's
research, due to the high share of 1.19% Agricultural Sciences (AGS)
research output when compared with 1.18% Plant & Animal Science (PLA)
international trends in productivity.
0.97% Pharmacology & Toxicology (PHT)
It is worth mentioning that Agricultural 0.94% Computer Science (CPS)
Sciences research ranked 7th
0.79% Physics (PHY)
in terms of Pakistan's documents
published in last 10 years. 0.75% Mathematics (MAT)

For this analysis we used Essential

Science Indicators (ESI) Research Its relative share was low in the fields of:
Areas which only includes those
articles and reviews from Science
Citation Index Expanded and Social Share Field
Science Citation Index. Excluded
from results are publications from Arts 0.09% Neuroscience & Behavior (NEB)
& Humanities, Conference 0.11% Psychiatry/Psychology (PSS)
Proceedings Citation Index, and Book
Citation Index.

16
Subject area comparison

Productivity vs Normalized Citation Impact

Web of Science platform indexes all types of scientific publications: journals,
proceedings, data sets etc. Approximately 22,000 journals can be found on
the platform with half of them having a Journal Impact Factor (JIF).

Pakistan published the highest number of Compared to the large output in

publications in Clinical Medicine (14,752)
and Chemistry (10,660). Publications
in these two categories accounted
for 19% of Pakistan's total output of
publications between 2010 and 2019.
Pakistan also actively published in Plant
& Animal Science (9,976), Engineering
(9,804) and Physics (8,552).
Clinical Medicine, Pakistan published
significantly less in research areas such
as Geosciences, Economics & Business
and Neuroscience & Behavior.
In addition to this, Pakistan's output in
Space Science and Psychiatry/Psychology
was relatively low, though it is also low
worldwide in the case of space science.

Figure 12. Pakistan's output by research areas

Clinical Medicine

Chemistry

Plant & Animal Science

Engineering

Physics

Pharmacology & Toxicology

Agricultural Sciences

Materials Science

Environment/Ecology

Computer Science

Biology & Biochemistry

Mathematics

Social Sciences, general

Molecular Biology & Genetics

Geosciences

Microbiology

Immunology

Economics & Business

Neuroscience & Behavior

Psychiatry/Psychology

Space Science

0 5,000 10,000 15,000

17
 Pakistan has the best CNCI in Mathematics and Physics, showing a high
performance in fundamental research. Also, we notice that Engineering
and Economics & Business has an impact (CNCI) which is higher than the
world average - this might be seen as a shift towards applied research.

Medical Sciences performed well, but due to the high productivity in Clinical
Medicine, the impact is slightly diluted, but is still higher than the global average.

Figure 13. Pakistan's Normalized Impact by research areas

Mathematics
Physics
Engineering
Molecular Biology & Genetics
Environment/Ecology
Neuroscience & Behavior
Computer Science
Immunology
Clinical Medicine
Social Sciences, general
Economics & Business
Biology & Biochemistry
Psychiatry/Psychology
Geosciences
Chemistry
Microbiology
Agricultural Sciences
Materials Science
Plant & Animal Science
World average
Pharmacology & Toxicology
Space Science

0 0.5 1.0 1.5

18
In the following graphs we look at
Pakistan's three most productive areas
from the institution's perspective and their
impact. We can hence identify centres
of excellence that could be pivotal in
increasing the country's research impact
and identify areas for improvement.
Below we see some institutions with
high productivity, but with normalized
impact lower than the world average.
This might be an indicator of the
institution being in a growth period
and research quality might improve in
time. For example, the same is seen in
Plant & Animal Science, where all top
productive institutions' impact (CNCI) is
lower than the world average. In Clinical
Medicine, Aga Khan University owns a big
proportion of the country's productivity
and more importantly the impact is
double the world's average impact.

Figure 14: Productivity and CNCI in World average

Pakistan's top three productive areas
Clinical Medicine Clinical Medicine
Web of Science Documents Category Normalized Citation Impact

Aga Khan University

Dow University of Health Sciences

Quaid I Azam University

NUST Pakistan

University of Punjab

0 4,000 0.0 2.5

Chemistry Chemistry
Web of Science Documents Category Normalized Citation Impact

Quaid I Azam University

COMSATS Institute of Informati... (CIIT)

University of Karachi

University of Punjab

University of Peshawar

0 2,500 0.0 1.2

Plant & Animal Science Plant & Animal Science

Web of Science Documents Category Normalized Citation Impact

University of Agriculture Faisalabad

University of Veterinary & Animal Science

University of Punjab

University of Karachi

Arid Agriculture University

0 2,500 0.0 1.2

19
 Pakistan’s research
institutions
Pakistan's top 20 universities and research
organizations by number of publications

Figure 15.
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT) 12405 Quaid I Azam University 11512

University of Agriculture University of Punjab 7975 National University of Sciences

Faisalabad 8031 & Technology - Pakistan 7836

Aga Khan Bahauddin Zakariya University of Government College

University 6248 University 4231 Sargodha 3139 University Lahore 3060

Dow University of Pakistan National

Health Sciences Institute of Centre for
Government College 2933 Engineering Physics -
University Faisalabad 4226 & Applied Pakistan 2413
Science 2628

University of
Karachi 5483 University of University of Arid
Engineering & Veterinary Agriculture
Technology Lahore & Animal University
University of 2365 Science - 2181
Peshawar 4098 Pakistan
2194
University of
Lahore 2302
Lahore University of
Management Sciences 1840

Among Pakistani institutions, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Quaid I

Azam University and University of Agriculture Faisalabad led in terms of the number of publi-
cations published. Of these, Quaid I Azam University and COMSATS are institutions with over
9,000 publications published in the report period.

20
Pakistan's top 20 universities and research organizations
by Normalized Impact (CNCI)

Figure 1Đ.
National Centre for Physics Aga Khan University 1.87 Quaid I Azam University 1.42
- Pakistan 1.89

COMSATS Institute of National University of National University of Pakistan Institute of

Information Technology Sciences & Technology - Sciences & Technology - Engineering & Applied
(CIIT) 1.14 Pakistan 0.92 Pakistan 0.92 Science 0.89

University of Punjab 0.88 Arid Agriculture University of Engineering

University 0.82 & Technology Lahore 0.81

University of
Peshawar 1.06

Bahauddin Zakariya Government University of

University of University 0.79 College Veterinary
Agriculture Faisalabad University & Animal
0.86 Lahore Science -
0.62 Pakistan
0.60

Lahore University
of Management
Sciences 1.02 University of University of
University of University of
Lahore 0.84 Sargodha 0.69 Karachi 0.57 Karachi 0.57

Six universities and research This clearly serves as a confirmation of

organizations had an impact (CNCI) the local research quality potential and a
higher than the world average: deeper analysis will discover pockets of
excellence in universities and research
• National Centre for Physics - Pakistan organizations with CNCI lower than the
• Aga Khan University world average. This can be an example of
• Quaid I Azam University how best practice could lead to a relevant
• COMSATS Institute of Information institutional R&D strategy which is more
Technology (CIIT) consistent with the national requirements.
• University of Peshawar
• Lahore University of Management
Sciences (LUMS)

21
 Patent landscape
overview
We used databases from World
Intellectual Property Organization
(WIPO) and a few IP offices, in
addition to Derwent Innovation (DI)
to analyse patenting activities in
Pakistan and worldwide. Hopefully,
we can in the future collaborate with
Pakistan's patent office and include
its database for future analyses.
Using patent and non-patent data sources,
including the Derwent World Patents
Index (DWPI) and Web of Science, enables
us to have a comprehensive approach
to the topic. In order to have accurate
analysis counting inventions rather than
individual patent documents, we have
used Derwent Innovation that structures
the patents into patent families.
22
Derwent Innovation is the world’s leading
proprietary patent research solution –
connecting exclusive, curated patent data
with authoritative research applications
to support the commercial success of
the world’s most innovative institutions.
It is the driving force behind confident,
commercial decisions being made daily
– technology trends and competitive
intelligence, Freedom to Operate (FTO)
opinions, patent filings, monetization and
litigation defence activities. Derwent
Innovation delivers trusted, commercial
insights across the innovation lifecycle.
Pakistan is currently ranked 105th
in the Global Innovation Index
ranking, with a total score of 25.37
points on the 100-point scale.
Evaluating a total of 79 indicators, the
Global Innovation Index covered 121
economies on “Effective Innovation
Policies for Development” for the year
2019. It analysed the effectiveness of
government efforts and their impact on the
economy’s degree of development. The
following activities would help in improving
the innovation landscape in Pakistan.
• Target oriented approaches
in R&D and innovation
• A focus on economic growth through
innovation by creating a knowledge
economy as part of the national strategy
• A focus on a shift to indigenous
patenting, especially for technologies
coming from government investment
in research & development
• Support mechanism for the
establishment of research, development
institutes and universities
Figure 17. Worldwide patent filings in Medicine
China
USA
Japan
Korea
EP
Germany
France
WO
United Kingdom
India
• Convert research results to
commercial products
The Derwent Research analysis
suggests that the current innovation
landscape in Pakistan is focused
significantly on the following
technologies - Exercise Equipment /
Games, Pharmaceuticals/Medical, and
Computer Technology. However, very
few innovations are protected in the
field of Chemical Engineering such
as Filtration and Gas Separation.
As we've seen in the scientific field
analysis, Clinical Medicine is one of the
top three most active research areas in
Pakistan. The analysis below suggests
potential markets for commercialization.
The figure shows that South Korea, Russia,
United States, Japan, and Taiwan are the
top 5 locations for geographic protection.
Thus, these are the regions for targeting
market and potential growth opportunities.
23
 The below figure highlights the top 5 players in the recent years in the field of Medicine.
The innovation space is dominated heavily by Japanese innovators, including Olympus,
Canon, and Fujifilm.

Figure 18. Number of patents filed by top 5 organziations

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
Olympus Corp Koninklijke Philips NV Canon KK Siemens Healthcare GmbH Fujifilm Corp

Figure 19. Pakistani patent applications

1,200

900

600

300

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Resident Non-Resident Abroad

The chart shows that overall innovation
activities from residents of Pakistan
is generally improving every year.
However, it is quite critical to have
a higher number of foreign filings
to claim a broad protection of the
technologies developed in Pakistan.
The statistics are based on data collected
from IP offices or extracted from WIPO's
operational databases. A resident filing refers
to an application filed in the country by its
own resident; whereas a non-resident filing
refers to the one filed by a foreign applicant.
An abroad filing refers to an application filed
by this country's resident at a foreign office.

24
Pakistan's publications
in the core of
Research Fronts
Research Fronts are formed by clusters
of high-impact publications (those in the
world's top 1 % by citation counts taking
their field and year of publication into
account) that are frequently cited
together.
Since the 1970s, it has been recognised
that publications that are cited together
(co-cited) often discuss related subject
matter.
In Research Front analysis, these co-cited
publications constitute the "core" of the
front. Where these clusters of related
publications received many citations, it can
be assumed that they have had a large
academic impact on the subject to which
they relate.
Below, is a sampling of core publications
whose authors include Pakistan-based
researchers, in Research Fronts representing
multiple subject fields.

Article name Research field Publication date

Modeling systemic risk and dependence structure

between oil and stock markets using a variational mode Economics & Business 2017
decomposition-based copula method

The multiple pathways through which internal and

external corporate social responsibility influence
Economics & Business 2017
organizational identification and multifoci outcomes:
The moderating role of cultural and social orientations

Drought stress in grain legumes during

Agricultural Sciences 2017
reproduction and grain filling

Exogenously applied plant growth regulators

Agricultural Sciences 2016
affect heat-stressed rice pollens

Microencapsulation of oils: A comprehensive

Agricultural Sciences 2016
review of benefits, techniques, and applications

The CMS trigger system Chemistry 2017

25
 Article name Research field Publication date

Stagnation point flow with cattaneo-christov

Chemistry 2016
heat flux and homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions

Performance of electron reconstruction and selection with

Chemistry 2015
the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=8 tev

Aspirin in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery Clinical Medicine 2014

Three dimensional mesoscopic simulation of magnetic

Engineering 2015
field effect on natural convection of nanofluid

Urinary sodium and potassium excretion,

Clinical Medicine 2014
mortality, and cardiovascular events

Precise determination of the mass of the Higgs Boson and

tests of compatibility of its couplings with the standard model Physics 2015
predictions using proton collisions at 7 and 8 tev

Every newborn: progress, priorities,

Clinical Medicine 2014
and potential beyond survival

Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant

Environment/Ecology 2014
management in soil and water: A review

Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from

1975 to 2014: A pooled analysis of 1698 population-based Clinical Medicine 2016
measurement studies with 19.2 million participants

Genetic studies of body mass index yield Molecular Biology

2015
new insights for obesity biology & Genetics

Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma Clinical Medicine 2014

Molecular Biology
Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans 2016
& Genetics

26
High value outcomes within our
research ecosystem by Pakistan
for 2019. Pakistan’s scientific
communities
Prepare and access: formulate research strategy

Web of Science 352,219 queries

Web of Science 60,054 clicks to full-text

Open Access 8,717 clicks to OA full-text

Web of Science 15,092 Analyze Results

Records used 8,921,466 records used

API 25,765 queries

Fund: evaluate funding opportunities

Web of Science 17,617 Citation Reports created

Web of Science 15,092 Analyze Results

Journal Citation Reports 40,259 queries of Journal Impact Factor

InCites B&A see funders that have supported previous work

Vivo Showcase your work and find collaborators

CRIS system To assist with grant management

Publish: prepare and submit manuscript

Web of Science 1,560 Analyze Results to find top journals

38,359 views of Journal Impact Factor via overlay
Journal Citation Report
ScholarOne seamless workflow tool for manuscript submission & peer review

Assess and promote: measure research impact

Journal Citation Reports 19,921 sessions of Journal Impact Factor

API 25,765 queries to enrich your internal systems

Web of Science 3,160 uses of Organization-Enhanced

Web of Science 37,371 Citation events created

Web of Science 15,092 Analyze Results

InCites benchmark against peers and evaluate internal performance
Vivo showcase your work and find collaborators
CRIS system to help you manage the entire research

27
 Explore your contribution to Open Access publishing
The Web of Science supports research   Which Pakistani authors publish
community goals of providing easier Open Access most frequently?
access to global scholarly literature
across all research disciplines. Full text   In which journals do Pakistan's
usage from the Web of Science platform authors publish Open Access?
significantly increased by including better
identification of Open Access publications  See the connections between
already indexed. Open Access has seen funding, citations, and OA
a high increase in the last 10 years and
Pakistan is part of this trend even with a
slightly higher percent of Open Access
publication published in latest years.

Figure 20. Dynamic of world productivity

3,500,000

3,000,000

2,500,000

2,000,000

1,500,000

1,000,000

500,000

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

WOS non-OA records Open Access records

Figure 21. Dynamic of Pakistan productivity OA vs non-OA

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Pakistan WOS non-OA records Pakistan WOS OA records

28
The research workflow supported
by the Web of Science Group

Prepare +
Access

En
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on InC Not
bl ite e
Pu InCites s

Jou
Converis Pu
blo

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Re

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End

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Web of Science
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Pub

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Pu
blo blo
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urna rts
Jo

Pu Publons er
bli ov t
sh ScholarOne i sc nduc
EndNote D o
+C

Web of Science  
 EndNote
The world’s largest and highest quality A smarter way to streamline
publisher-neutral citation index. references and write collaboratively.

Essential Science Indicators  

 Kopernio
Reveals emerging science trends as well Fast, one-click access to millions
as influential individuals, institutions, of high-quality research papers.
papers, journals, and countries
across 22 categories of research.  
 Converis
One flow to let institutions collect,
Web of Science Author Connect manage, and report on all research
Reach leading researchers in the sciences, activity, working seamlessly with an
social sciences, and arts and humanities. institutions existing systems.

 
 InCites  
 Publons
Analyze institutional productivity Supporting researchers through
and benchmark your output against documenting their peer-review and
peers worldwide. journal-editing contributions,
providing guidance and best practice
 
 ScholarOne for the peer-review process, as well as
Simplified submission workflows and increasing the overall visibility
peer review for scholarly publishers of their research and its impact.
and societies.

 
 Journal Citation Reports
The world’s most influential
and trusted resource for evaluating
peer-reviewed publications.

29
 Metrics
WS455357011 / 01

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