TRODUCTION TO CLIMATIC DESIG

TROPICAL DESIGN

Solar Elevations

Presentation prepared and Edited

by : MVPerez, UAP
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
- POLAR SUN CHART
- CYLINDRICAL SUN CHART

http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html
Cylindrical Sun Path Polar Sun Path
Creating Sun Path Diagram Source:
http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChart
Program.html

Choose Type of Chart

Creating Sun Path Diagram

Enter Latitude / Longitude

of the Project Study

Enter Zip Code / Time Zone

Creating Sun Path Diagram

Choose Data to be Plotted

Choose Chart Format

Parameters
* Usually Defaults are Ok
Creating Sun Path Diagram

Specify Labels

Choose File Format

And
Select “Create Chart “
POLAR SUN CHART

http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html
Reading the Polar Sun Chart
The position of the Sun in the sky at any
time of the day on any day of the year can
be read directly from the diagram below.
Azimuth Lines - Azimuth angles run around
the edge of the diagram.
Altitude Lines - Altitude angles are
represented as concentric circular dotted
lines that run from the center of the
diagram out.
Date Lines - Date lines start on the eastern
side of the graph and run to the western
side and represent the path of the sun on
one particular day of the year.
Hour Lines/ Analemma - Hour lines are
shown as figure-eight-type lines that
intersect the date lines and represent the
position of the sun at a specific hour of the
day. The intersection points between date
and hour lines give the position of the sun.
Reading the Sun Position
The position of the Sun in the sky
at any time of the day on any day
of the year can be read directly
from the diagram below.
• First you need to locate the
required hour line on the
diagram.
• Then locate the required date
line, remembering that solid are
used for Jan-Jun and dotted lines
for Jul-Dec

Get the Altitude and Azimuth

On April 1st 9 Am
CYLINDRICAL SUN CHART

http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html
Cylindrical/
Cartesian Diagrams
A cylindrical projection is
simply a 2D in position in

Altitude
Cartesian co-ordinates. The
azimuth is plotted along the
horizontal axis whilst the
altitude is plotted vertically.
Reading off positions is
simply a matter of reading
off the two axis, as shown
below.

Azimuth
Follow the steps below to
read the Sun position from a
cylindrical sun-path diagram:

Step 1 - Locate the required

hour line in the diagram

Step 2 - Locate the required

date line, remembering the
solid are for Jan to Jun Jun
and dotted lines for Jul-Dec. In
these diagrams, the highest
altitude line at noon is always
in midsummer (either 1st July
or 1st Jan, depending on
hemisphere). Each other line
represents the 1st of each
month, solid Jan-Jun, dotted
Jul-Dec.
 April at 9AM
Step 3 Find the
intersection point of the
hour and date lines.
Remember to intersect
solid with solid and
dotted with dotted lines

Altitude
Step 4 - The azimuth is
given by reading off the
horizontal axis. In this
case, the value is about
62°.

Step 5 - The altitude is

given by reading off the
vertical axis. In this case
the intersection point
sits almost exactly on
the 30° line.
Azimuth
SOLAR RADIATION
* R-value only
represents
resistance to
heat transfer.
*U-values represent
the transfer of
energy through
conduction and
radiation
 Shading
coefficient (SC) is a
measure of thermal
performance of a
glass unit (panel or
window) in a
building.

The lower the

rating, the less solar
heat is transmitted
through the glass,
and the greater
its shading ability.
In the tropics, the greatest
quantities of solar radiation are
received by surfaces close to
horizontal, followed by vertical
surfaces facing west and east
 Sun Path
Diagram
( Legazpi City )
 Solar
Elevations
 Adjacent Side
Ꝋ

Opposite Side
Adjacent Side = Opposite Side
TanꝊ
Compute for the Length of the Overhang (x) , if the
Height of the Window is 1.2 M
X = 1.2 / Tan 8⁰
= 8.53m
Seat Work :

By Pair /
Yellow Pad

* Show
Solutions
Compute for the Length of the Overhang (x) , if the
Height of the Window is 1.2 M

Seat Work :

By Pair /
Yellow Pad

* Show
Solutions
 --------- End of Lecture ---------

Next Meeting : Presentation of Climatic Data per Project Study / Group

Output : Powerpoint ( To be Compiled at the end of semester as Finals)

Show the ff:

1. Introduction of Site
2. Show via graph : Temperature ( Year 2017) – Annual / Mean and Average,
Relative Humidity, Precipitation, Rainfall
3. Show the Thermal Comfort using the CBE Tool
4. Prepare a Climate-Activity Narrative
5. Present the Sun Path Diagram
Next Topic:

Wind Analysis
Sources for the Presentation
• https://www.worldweatheronline.com/
• http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/
• http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html
 TRODUCTION TO CLIMATIC DESIG
TROPICAL DESIGN

Wind Analysis

Presentation prepared and Edited

by : MVPerez, UAP
Topics for Discussion:
- Basics on Wind/Wind Movement
- Wind Flow on Different Terrain
- Wind Flows around Buildings
- Impact of Building Width
- Wind Effect on Various Configuration & Orientation
- Wind Flows inside Buildings
BASICS IN WIND FLOW
Air velocity is slower near the surface of
the earth than higher in the atmosphere. 1ST Principle:
Air tends to continue moving the same
direction when it meets an obstruction 2nd Principle:
Air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of
low pressure 3RD Principle:
MICROCLIMATE
PHENOMENA
MICROCLIMATE PHENOMENA
MICROCLIMATE PHENOMENA
MICROCLIMATE PHENOMENA
MICROCLIMATE PHENOMENA
WIND FLOW
ON
BUILDINGS
WIND FLOW
ON
BUILDINGS
WIND FLOW
ON
BUILDINGS
WIND FLOW
ON
BUILDINGS
Wind
Analysis:
Wind
Pressure in
Building
Wind Analysis: Wind Pressure in Building
 Venturi-’ or ‘ridge-effect’
ventilation

“Air Pressure near the ridge is

always negative, irrespective
of wind direction. If exhaust
points are provided in the
ridge, the suction caused by
the Venturi effect would
ensure considerable of air
extraction from relevant
spaces”. The Venturi effect was named after Giovanni Battista
Venturi (1746–1822), an Italian physicist.
3 Ways to Induce & Promote
Air Movement:

▪ Through differing
temperature (the ‘stack
effect’)
▪ By differing air pressure
(‘cross-ventilation effect’)
between two or more points,
▪ By redirecting the existing
airflows
1. Stack Effect
2. Cross
Ventilation
3. Redirecting
Airflow
3. Redirecting Airflow
3. Redirecting
Airflow
3. Redirecting
Airflow
 Key ▪ Begin to design for ventilation outside
Recommendation the building, with good site and
s supporting landscaping

▪ Utilize cross-ventilation as the most

effective method of moving air through
the building;

▪ Cross-ventilation is most efficient in

narrow, open-plan buildings orientated at
around 45 towards the incoming
winds and breezes;

▪ Avoid creating obstructions to airflows

Wind Rose
Chart

A wind rose is a graphic tool to give a succinct view of how wind

speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular
location.
 Wind Rose Chart

• The wind rose chart shows the distribution of wind speed,

wind direction and relative frequency for a given date and
time range. The chart comprises 16 angular wedges, each
representing an arc of 22.5° around the entire circle. The
overall radius of each wedge represents the percentage of
time that the wind came from that direction during the
calculation period.

• Each wedge contains 8 different colored segments. The

color of each segment represents the speed of the wind
when it was coming from that direction, as shown in the
legend immediately to the right of the chart. The radius of
each colored segment (and therefore its size) shows the
relative percentage of time that the wind from that direction
was within that speed range.
Passive Cooling
 A cooling system using a
building’s design and construction
to maintain a comfortable
temperature within the building.
What is
Passive Passive design is essentially low-
Cooling? energy design achieved by the
building’s particular morphological
organization rather than electro-
mechanical means.
 Passive Cooling
Techniques

1. BUILDING
CONFIGURATION ,
SITE LAYOUT and SITE
PLANNING
Ex. A building can
be protected from
direct sunlight by
placing it on a
location within the
site that utilizes
existing features
such as trees, https://www.answerplane.com/site-development-plan-of-a-house/
terrain, etc.
 Passive Cooling
Techniques

2. BUILDING
ORIENTATION
Ex. In tropical
countries such as
the Philippines, it is
best to place service
areas in the west
and east-facing side
of the building
because these sides
are exposed to direct
sunlight.
 Passive Cooling
Techniques

3. FAÇADE DESIGN
Use of double-
layered façade, use
of low-emissivity
glass, use of
insulation
 Passive Cooling
Techniques

4. CROSS-VENTILATION
The circulation of fresh
air through open
windows, doors or
other openings on
both sides of a room.
STACK
EFFECT/CHIMNEY
EFFECT

www.indiamart.com/livingworld-building-studio
 Passive Cooling
Techniques

5. SUNSHADING DEVICES
VERTICAL TYPES
Vertical Sun Shades
are generally used on
east and west-facing
sides of a building
EGGCRATE TYPES
Combination of
horizontal and vertical
shades

http://www.tboake.com/carbon-aia/strategies
 Passive Cooling
Techniques

5. SUNSHADING DEVICES
VERTICAL TYPES
Vertical Sun Shades
are generally used on
east and west-facing
sides of a building
EGGCRATE TYPES
Combination of
horizontal and vertical
shades

http://www.tboake.com/carbon-aia/strategies
 Passive Cooling
Techniques

6. WIND ANALYSIS
Wind direction:
Desirable and
undesirable winds in
each of the climatic
zones depend largely
on local conditions.
Any breeze in the
lower latitude (tropical
and arid climates) is
beneficial for most of
the year. https://www.coroflot.com/nurulaimiwa/Youth-Creative-
Awareness-and-Physical-Centre-Kuala-Lumpur
Influences on Built Form

1. ZONING FOR TRANSITIONAL

SPACES
The traditional spaces used for lobbies,
stairs, utility spaces, circulation,
balconies and any other areas where
movement take place. For the tropical
and arid zones, the transitional spaces
are located on the north and south sides
of the building where the sun’s
penetration is not as great. An atrium
can also be used as transitional space.
 These areas do not require total climatic
control and natural ventilation is should be
maximized.

Source: Archdaily
Influences on Built Form

2. USE OF ATRIUM
In the tropical zone, the atrium should be
located so as to provide ventilation within
the built form. In the arid zone, the atrium
should be located at the center of the
building for cooling and shading purposes.
 The Glass Garden
Pasig City
The high atrium presents itself to the
visitors as a luminous and open space.
The glazed architecture invites the
surrounding panorama into the event’s
place and creates a feeling of
spaciousness.
Immaculate Heart of Mary Church,
Antipolo
 The DNA Tree of Life
National Museum, Manila
by Ar. Dominic Galicia
Influences on Built Form

3. FORM
Optimum building form for each climatic
zone.
Energy Development Corporation in the Philippines has
signed a loan agreement worth $315 million with
several national and international banks to help fund
the country’s largest wind energy
project. The Burgos Wind Project is in its final
stages of commissioning and will be the first to take
advantage of the feed-in tariffs offered under the
Renewable Energy Act of 2008.

Wind Energy
Mechanical or electrical power is
created through the kinetic energy of
the wind.
 --------- End of Lecture ---------

Activity: By Group

Using the Sun Path Diagram of your Project, prepare the following:

1. Table showing the Solar Angle at different times of the day and month of
the year.
2. Compute for the Overhang , if the height of window is 1.5m.
3. Submit together with the Sun Path Diagram.

Next Meeting:
Quiz
Reference: TD Handout by Ar. Dela Rosa
Mar 20
Sep 20
TROPICAL DESIGN

GLOSSARY

TD 4AR-4
ALTITUDE - Caparroso, N.

The angle the object makes with the horizon. The the vertical elevation of an object above a
position of the sun and its elevation from the surface of a planet or natural satellite.
Earth’s surface can be identified through the
altitude.

The Horizontal Coordinate System

SOURCE: https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/horizontal-coordinate-
system.html
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

It is the angle between a ray incident on a surface and the line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence,
called the normal.

Prepared by CAI BINGYING

Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics)
AZIMUTH

● AZIMUTH is from the Arabic word

“the direction”
● Angular measurement in spherical
coordinate system (Celestial or
Solar)
● True North(0º or 360º) as reference
vector
● Horizontal clockwise angle to the
point of interest.
● Degrees(º) for Unit
● Used in Navigation, astronomy,
engineering, mapping, mining,
ballistics.
BRISE-SOLEIL
“French for sun breaker”
➔ A type of solar shading that uses a series of horizontal
or vertical forms to control the amount of sunlight and
solar heat that enters a building.
➔ Provide more natural daylight inside a building.
➔ Covers windows, openings, or sometimes the entire
facades of a building

PREPARED BY: Paula Eunice P. Francisco

REFERENCE: https://airsculpt-facades.com/brise-soleil/
CLERESTORY
Clerestory is the upper part of the nave, choir, and transepts of a
large church, containing a series of windows. It is clear of the roofs
of the aisles and admits light to the central parts of the building.

Historically, it is mostly found on an upper level of a Roman

basilica or of the nave of a Romanesque or Gothic church.

Advantages Disadvantages

● More Natural Lighting ● The extra light

Without the Glare extends into the night
● Improved Attic ● They are extremely
Ventilation difficult to shade
● Improved Privacy ● They require very high
ceilings compared to
most homes

Prepared by: Galvez, Abigail B.

https://www.rbaboise.com/windows/going-green-the-practical-benefits-of-clerestory-windows/
DAYLIGHTING

- The combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during

the daytime.
- The volume of natural light that enters a building to
provide satisfactory illumination of internal
accommodation between sunrise and sunset
- Also known as “ambient light”
- Daylight happens as Earth rotates, and either side on
which the Sun shines is considered daylight.
- Sunlight, on the other hand, refers to direct sunshine
EQUINOX by Danine Bonayon

What is an Equinox?
the time when the sun crosses the
plane of the earth’s equator,
making night and day of
approximately equal length all over
the earth and occuring about
March 21 (vernal equinox, or spring
equinox) and September 22
(autumnal equinox)

March Equinox
-vernal equinox in Northern Hemisphere
-autumnal equinox in Southern

September Equinox
-autumnal equinox in Northern
-vernal equinox in Southern
Prepared by: Danine Chelzy F. Bonayon
Reference: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/equinox/
INSOLATION
Definition: the rate of delivery of solar radiation on an object

-Unit: Kilowatt-hours per square meter (kWh/m2) per day -

average amount of energy hitting an area each day
Watts per square meter (W/m2) - the average amount of
power hitting an area over an entire year

- not all solar energy goes into Earth 30% is actually reflected
back

-Factors in determining insolation: sun angle, air mass, day

length, cloud coverage, pollution levels, Earth’s distance to the
sun, and transparency of atmosphere

-the absorbed solar radiation converts into thermal energy but it

can also be converted into other forms of energy like in the
photovoltaic cells in solar panels

Importance:
-to know which places on Earth has greater insolation to determine size and output
of solar power systems
-To know how much thermal comfort is needed in a particular site and ensure
energy efficiency
LIGHT SHELVES
● a passive architectural device used to reflect natural
daylight into a building.
● It bounces sunlight off a horizontal surface and
distributes it more evenly and deeply within a space,
● To avoid direct sunlight that can cause glare near an
opening, leaving dark areas further in.
● Can be either internal or external
LIGHTWELLS - Mary Margarette Diaz
“An open space within the volume of a building that is designed to provide light and ventilation to interior spaces”

A form of a vertical shaft that typically runs from the roof

level down to lower levels. These are traditionally without a
roof and have windows lining the walls facing the
lightwell.May be without a roof or may be open internally
with glazing at the top

Challenges and considerations:

● Proper orientation is needed to admit direct and
diffused daylight while also reducing glare
● Selection and placement of windows and skylights
based on the climate and design of the building
● Layout of open and closed spaces- elements that
can block daylight should be further away from wall
openings to maximize the reflection of daylight

Advantages:

● Reduces electric lighting requirements of a building

and lessens the heat produce by electrical lighting
● Provides an open space that can be used as an
outdoor area or garden
LOUVERS
A shading device and
façade treatment to
optimize daylight and
improve building energy
- are an arrangement of parallel, efficiency in a tropical
horizontal blades, slats, laths, slips climate.
of glass, wood, or other material
designed to regulate airflow or
light penetration.

- allow the building to ‘breathe’..

Prepared by:
Hannah Christineh C. Edillo

Reference:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/louver
LOW EMISSIVITY GLASS - Bridge Lee
LOW EMISSIVITY GLASS or LOW E-GLASS
Low e glass is just glass coated with low emissivity coating that reflect long
wavelength infrared light lessening the heat gain.

TWO TYPES OF LOW E GLASS:

● Hard Coated- Tin coating on e-glass done when the glass is still molten
● Soft coated- Tin, silver, or zinc coating on e-glass done in a vacuum
chamber, then it is covered in insulation to protect it from oxidizing in
normal air
○ Soft is better in performance as it reflects light more than hard
coating

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Can save money in the long run as Costly, more than regular glass
it lessens the need for air
conditioning

It reflects long wave infrared While it reflects light, to a

light, which lessens heat gain certain extent, especially for
facades, it does not release heat,
therefore stores heat when exposed
directly to sun
Sources: https://www.guardianglass.com/ap/en/tools-and-resources/resources/faqs/commercial/what-is-low-e
https://gharpedia.com/blog/low-e-glass/
https://www.askthebuilder.com/low-e-glass-types-and-benefits/
OVERHANG

● Overhang is a protruding structure that may provide protection from

the sun.
● Filipino homes have high-pitched roofs with deep overhangs and
sunshades to protect the structures from sun and rain.

Presented by: Kayleen Chua

References:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RmDa5HmI4M
Location: Longer: south - west; Shorter: east ; Short: north https://www.realliving.com.ph/home-improvement/decorating/5-
design-ideas-for-a-modern-filipino-home
PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDINGS

PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDINGS

● Window, walls, and floors are made to
collect, store, and distribute solar
heat in the winter and reject solar heat
in the summer

● Achieved through:
○ Shading (louvers, shutters,
curtains, etc.)
○ Window placement
○ Building materials (CHB)
○ Thermal storage walls
○ Water walls Prepared by Liao, Bianca Allyssandra

○ Sunspaces Reference: https://www.slideshare.net/SowmyaRangu/passive-solar-buildings

PERIODIC WIND
Periodic winds change their direction periodically with the change in season,
e.g., Monsoons, Land and Sea Breezes, Mountain and Valley Breezes.
Monsoon winds: The temperature difference created by the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea,
Bay of Bengal and Himalayan wall forms the basis of monsoon in the Indian
subcontinent.

Land breeze: These winds blow from land to sea, carrying no moisture but dry and warm.

Sea breeze: These winds blow from sea to land, carrying some moisture.

Mountain and valley breeze: Valley breeze is the hot air blowing from the valley which
flows up to the slopes of the mountain. While, mountain breeze is the cold air from the
mountain flow towards the valley.
https://byjus.com/physics/types-of-wind/
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/keynotes-on-5-different-types-of-
wind/12625#:~:text=Periodic%20winds%20change%20their%20direction,pronounced%2C%20seasonal%20reversal%20of%20direction.
PHILIPPINE SOLAR ANGLE

● It is the angle of the sun where its rays are

perpendicular to the surface depending on the
location.
● Philippine latitude: 4° N to 22° N
● Philippine longitude: 17° E to 126°E
● The average solar angle can be determined by using
the angle of the sun during the summer solstice (June
21) and winter solstice (December 21).
● This angle is important in determining the tilt angle of
solar panels to have maximum exposure to the sun.
● Tilt angle in Manila: around 9-10° facing the south

Prepared by: Maula, David Nicolas R.

Source:
https://www.academia.edu/34980472/Optimal_Tilt_of_Solar_Panels_in_the_Philippines
PHOTOVOLTAICS - TAN, AARON

Photovoltaic is the conversion of solar

radiation to electricity.

Example applications: Solar panels,

Photovoltaic windows, Solar roof

This is possible due to the photoelectric SOLAR PANELS PHOTOVOLTAIC

WINDOWS
effect that causes photovoltaic cells to
absorb photons of lights and releases
electrons. These electrons are then
captured that results into direct
current(DC) which is then converted to SOLAR ROOF
alternating current(AC) using an inverter
Prepared by: Tan, Aaron Liam U.
https://www.acciona.com/renewable-energy/solar-energy/photovoltaic/
https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells
PREVAILING WINDS - Mui, Napoleon
The prevailing wind in an area is a type of wind that blows over the area
most of the time.

All around the earth, there is an observed steady patterns of wind or a

certain direction of airflow called prevailing winds.

Prevailing winds can be any other type of winds blowing from a

predominant direction

HOW PREVAILING WINDS MIGHT AFFECT A PROJECT

WIND ROSE DIAGRAM

VARYING SEASONS STRONG WINDS DIRECTION OUTDOOR ODORS

References: https://slrconsulting.com/news-and-insights/insights/understanding-term-prevailing-
winds
SHUTTERS - Malto, Julian
Shutters vs. Louvers
Louvres were the traditional type of shutter
with slats spaced at a fixed angle, which could
not be moved.
STEEL LOUVRES
Shutters are a modern version of louvres
where the slats / blades can be adjusted to
any angle at different times of day.

Prepared by Malto, Julian Cedric S.

Reference:
https://www.openshutters.com.au/Wh
at-is-the-difference-between-
OpenShutters-and-
louvers#:~:text=Louvres%20were%20t

JALOUSIE SHUTTERS
he%20traditional%20type,at%20differ
ent%20times%20of%20day.
SIDE LIGHTING - Dai, Cedric
Side-lighting from windows and doors provides daylight and solar energy along the perimeter of a building.

Characteristics:
● Most daylight is provided through
ambient lighting from the sky. The
amount of daylight available will vary
throughout the day. External obstructions
may reduce access to the available
daylight.
● Orientation with respect to the sun’s path
is a critical factor.
● Shading to avoid excessive glare may be
necessary when the sun is low in the sky.

Challenges:
● Orientation Dependent
● Punishes Thermal Performance
● Glare
● Easily Obstructed
● Sound Control Illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases;
● Transient Light Patterns 2 opposing apertures help to balance light distribution across space

Reference: https://aamanet.org/pages/daylighting-basics-daylighting-and-energy-savings
SKYLIGHT - Martinez
- Adds light, view and sometimes ventilation to a
space without affecting privacy or wall space
- They consist of tinted or clear glass/ plastic materials
framed with aluminum, galvanized or stainless steel.
- Poor insulation = heat gain and rain entering

Classes:
Ventilating - allow air to pass and relieve moisture
(kitchens, bathrooms)
Fixed - solely for light (may be tinted or translucent)
Tubular - very small skylights for hallways

Styles:
- Small to medium structures: Flat, round, polygon,
dome
- Large buildings: Hip ridge, ridge, lean -to skylights
Alli, R. C. (2018). Aternative Non-conventional Building Construction Materials [PDF].
Sampaloc, Manila: University of Santos Tomas, College of Architecture.
SOLAR ARRAY - (Yu, V.)
● Electrical device consisting of a large array of connected
solar cells that produce or is powered by electricity
● Consists of 2 or more solar panels that are linked together
that forms an array
● Grouping of solar panels
● Arrangement of solar panels
● Often used to describe large-scale solar farms

Module arrangements

Prepared by: Yu, Verniz

Reference: https://news.energysage.com/installing-a-solar-array-everything-you-need-to-know/
https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2014/08/5-advantages-and-5-disadvantages-of-solar-energy
SOLAR HEAT GAIN + COEFFICIENT
SOLAR PANELS
Solar panels, also known as "PV
panels", are used to convert light from
the sun, which is composed of particles
of energy called "photons", into
electricity.
SUNLIGHT COLLECTING FACTORS

● The angle of your solar panel

● The direction where the solar
panel is facing
● The sun’s availability
● Shadows that could obstruct the Philippines:
harvest of your solar panels
Located in the Northern
Direction of Solar Panel
Northern hemisphere: South direction. Hemisphere
Southernmost hemisphere: North direction
Prepared By: Michelle Tanieca
Ideal: South Direction
https://solaric.com.ph/blog/maximize-solar-
harvest/&t=How+to+Maximize+Your+Solar+Harvest
https://www.solarmarket.com.au/residential-solar/considerations-before-
installing-solar/
SOLAR POWER, CONDENSED (CSP)

Condensed Solar Power (CSP)

Also known as the CONCENTRATED
SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEM, generates solar
power through the use of mirrors or
lenses that directs a large area of
sunlight into a receiver.Electricity is then
generated when the concentrated light
is converted to heat (solar thermal
energy), which drives a heat engine
(usually a steam turbine) connected to
an electrical power generator or powers
a thermochemical reaction

TAN, ELAINE Source:https://openei.org/wiki/Definition:Concentrating_solar_power

SOLAR RADIATION - Balisi, F
● “Solar Resource”
● A general term for the
Considerations in measuring solar radiation:
electromagnetic radiation
emitted by the sun. It can be
1. Earth revolving around the sun in an elliptical orbit
captured and turned into useful
2. Earth’s Rotation
forms of energy, such as heat and
3. Earth’s Tilt
electricity with the use of
technology

The Sun Index forecast refers to the daily maximum radiation received by a city .

Sources
https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/Philippines/Manila/UVindex.htm
sunlight passes through the atmosphere, some of it is
https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics
absorbed, scattered, and reflected
SOLAR TUBES - Intal, T

● Different from traditional

skylights
● Sun tunnels, light tubes, and
tubular skylights
● Energy efficient than skylights
○ Removes direct sunlight
● Non-obtrusive View

CONS

● Can only be used on top floors

● Prone to water condensation

Reference: https://www.fixr.com/comparisons/skylights-vs-solar-
tubes#cQ
SUMMER SOLSTICE BARADI, DIanne F.

Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted about 23.4 degrees

Summer solstice has the most hours of sunlight and is

the brightest day of the year. Known as the Northern
Solstice.

In the Philippines, year 2020, we experienced summer

solstice in June 21

● Summer Solstice Sunrise - 05:26 AM

● Summer Solstice Sunset - 06:11 PM
● Summer Solstice Day Duration - 12 Hours 44 Mins 40
Secs

References:https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/wh
at-is-summer-winter-solstice-answer-might-surprise-you/
SUN PATH - Arambulo, Timothy
What?

The Sun path is the apparent seasonal-and-hourly positional changes of the

sun (and length of daylight) as the Earth rotates, and orbits around the sun.

How?

Sun paths at any latitude and any time of the year can be determined from
basic geometry. The Earth's axis of rotation tilts about 23.5 degrees,
relative to the plane of Earth's solar system orbit around the Sun. As the
Earth orbits the Sun, this creates the 47-degree peak-to-peak solar altitude
angle difference, and the hemisphere-specific difference between summer
and winter.

Why?

The relative position of the sun is a major factor in the heat gain of
buildings and in the performance of solar energy systems. Accurate
location-specific knowledge of sun path and climatic conditions is
essential for economic decisions about solar collector area, orientation,
landscaping, summer shading, and the cost-effective use of solar trackers
and tropical design.

Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIcNbEDUg_Y
TOPLIGHTING - Cruz, Mara Millette C.
Methods
● Top lighting is a system of daylighting
provided through the above portion of a
structure or “admitting daylight from
above”
● Top-light system is a very beneficial
design strategy in reducing annual
lighting energy consumption and the
overall total annual energy
consumption.
● Top Lightening adds great depth to
lightening access to the building as
lightning access is not limited to the
walls.
● Top-lighting can provide daylight and
solar energy throughout the interior of a
low rise building, on the top floor of a References
● https://aamanet.org/pages/daylighting-basics-daylighting-and-energy-
savings#:~:text=Top%2Dlighting%20can%20provide%20daylighting,consideration%20for%20large%20floo
building, in an atrium and skylights. r%20plans.&text=Daylighting%20is%20most%20beneficial%20in,the%20perimeter%20of%20the%20buildi
ng
● https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316988667_The_Energy_Impacts_of_Using_Top-
Light_Daylighting_Systems_for_Academic_Buildings_in_Tropical_Climate
TRADE WIND
A wind blowing steadily towards the
equator from the northeast or the
southeast.

Two belts of trade winds encircle the

earth, blowing from the tropical high-
pressure belts to the low-pressure zone
at the equator.

blows between 30° latitude and the

equator in both hemispheres and curve
west

PH setting, Amihan refers to the season

dominated by the trade winds.

The trade winds prevail during the rest

Prepared by: Ernest J. Nieva
of the year whenever NE monsoons are
weak. Reference: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144148765.pdf
VISIBLE LIGHT TRANSMITTED (VLT) -MEJIA, KYLE

The amount of visible light that passes through

an optical or sun lens. It can also be called visible
light transmittance or VLT%. For instance, a lens
with a VLT of 12% allows 12% of light to shine
through and blocks 88% of it.

VLT is calculated on the percentage of light that

penetrates through tinted glass. determining how
much heat protection, UV protection and security
protection you will get.

SOURCES:
https://az-solarcontrol.com/2015/08/13/what-is-visible-light-transmission-vlt/
http://www.johnsonwindowfilms.com/dealer/articleView.php?ARTICLE_ID=153
WESTERLY WIND OSAYTA

SOURCE:
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/wind/
WINDBREAK - SADORRA, ISAIAH
- ROWS OF TREES - reduce the force of winds
OR SHRUBS - It also reduce soil erosion
- LANDSCAPE - Increase crop yields
- SOURCE OF WOOD - Moderate soil and air temperature
- Provide natural travel routes
AND FOOD
- SOURCE: - Reduce evaporation
https://www.nvca.on.ca/Shared%20Docum
ents/The%20Benefits%20of%20Windbreak
- Increase Soil moisture
s%20Extension%20Notes.pdf
WIND CATCHER/TOWER - Sy, Abegail
Wind catcher/ Wind Tower is an
architectural element that creates
natural ventilation and passive
cooling in a building.
Types of Wind Catcher:
● Unidirectional
● Bidirectional
● Multidirectional
● Cylindrical

Developing wind catchers are relatively

cheaper and more cost-effective especially
with maintenance and the like, than your
conventional HVAC systems. However, wind
catchers rely on local weather and
microclimate conditions, and not all
techniques will work everywhere; local
factors must be taken into account in
designing them

Sources:
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Windcatcher#:~:text=When%20using%20a%20windcatcher%20to,
airflow%20provides%20a%20cooling%20effect.
https://www.yourdictionary.com/windcatcher
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windcatcher
https://sites.google.com/site/ae390hvacvariety2011/wind-scoops
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.solaripedia.com%2F13%2F205%2F2085%2Fwind_tow
er_convection_illustration.html&psig=AOvVaw17HL50lNaPOs0qPVE1QTAj&ust=1599707617950000&source=imag
es&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJijpfej2-sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAR
Wind Power/ Wind Energy
● The process of harvesting wind and
turning it to electrical energy.
● Uses windmills where turbines are
utilized to turn mechanical energy to
electrical energy through the generator

Wind Energy Diagram. Retrieved from

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/344947652691092960/
Mindoro Wind Farm.
Retrieved from
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/
Mindoro_Wind_Farm

Prepared by: Tan, Mharteen

Source:
Parts of a wind turbine. Retrieved from https://www.awea.org/wind-
https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/inside-wind-turbine 101/basics-of-wind-energy
WINTER SOLSTICE BUNDA

reference:https://www.britannica.com/science/winter-solstice
TROPICAL DESIGN
TRODUCTION TO CLIMATIC DESIG

Microclimatic
Considerations
 --------- CLIMATE DESIGN ---------

How do we best respond

to the climatic condition
given in terms of site?

What means can we

modify the effects of
climate to improve the
situation?

Climate is the weather condition prevailing in

an area in general or over a long period.
 --------- Microclimatology---------
Microclimatology is the study of climatic conditions within a limited
area. It is sometimes referred to as the “science of small—scale
weather” It may be inferred that the purpose of the scientific study is
to discover facts and principles which may be applied to improve the
human condition.
How do you imagine
Earth by Year 3000?
-----------------------------
Discuss and Answer by pair
--------- The Planetary Framework ---------

The larger
dimensions of
world climate
are determined
and continually
influenced by a
number of
imponderable
factors.
--------- The Planetary Framework ---------

The Sun greatly influence Climate

 Artic Circle
( 66.5 degrees N)

Tropic of Cancer
(23.5 degrees N )

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn
( 23.5 degrees S )

Antartic Circle
(66.5 degrees S )
--------- The Planetary Framework ---------

The Air greatly influence Climate

The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region
of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of
the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.

The Karman Line represents the boundary

between Earth’s atmosphere and
outerspace
 Gaseous Mixture in Atmosphere ( Oxygen ,
Air Carbon Dioxide etc )

Horizontal motion of air, due to the pressure

Wind difference between two places.

Breeze Wind blowing at a certain speed.

--------- The Planetary Framework ---------

The Water greatly influence Climate

--------- Physical Characteristics ---------

Precipitation
and
Rainfall
Relative
Temperature
Humidity

Wind
Velocity

Hours
UV Index
Of Sunshine
--------- Temperature ---------
--------- Precipitation ---------
--------- Humidity ---------
--------- Sun Hours ---------
--------- Wind Speed ---------
--------- UV Index ---------
How Microclimate
Affects Human?
--------- Social Characteristics ---------

Agricultural Yield
Food
Clothing
Culture
 --------- Micro Climate ---------

No climate is uniform.

Small variations,
called microclimates,
exist in every climate
region.
 --------- Micro Climate ---------

The“lake effect” is a
result of cold winds
blowing across warmer
lake water.
--------- End of Lecture ---------

Next Topic:

Types of Climate
And General Characteristics
 TRODUCTION TO CLIMATIC DESIG
TROPICAL DESIGN

Types of Climate
& General Characteristics

Presentation prepared and Edited

by : MVPerez, UAP
 --------- CLIMATE --------

Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular

area.

Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-

month or even year-to-year.

A region’s weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30

years, are considered its climate.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate/
--------- THE WORLD REGION---------
The five major components of Climate System :

Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Cryosphere,

Geosphere , and the Biosphere.

Climate is determined
by a region’s climate
system.
 --------- THE WORLD REGION---------
The Köppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used system for classifying the A. Tropical
world's climates. Wet (rain forest)
Monsoon
Its categories are based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. Wet and dry (savanna)
The Köppen system recognizes five major climatic types. B. Dry
Arid
Semiarid
C. Mild
Mediterranean
Humid subtropical
Marine
D. Continental
Warm summer
Cool summer
Subarctic (boreal)
E. Polar
Tundra
Ice cap

Developed by : Wladimir Köppen and Rudolf Geiger ( 1961 ) F. High Elevations *

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate/
 --------- THE WORLD REGION---------
A. Tropical
Wet (rain forest)
Monsoon
Wet and dry (savanna)
 --------- THE WORLD REGION---------
B. Dry
Arid
Semiarid

Description:
 Precipitation is low.
 Most arid climates receive 10 to 30
centimeters (4 to 12 inches) of rain each
year
 Semiarid climates receive enough to
support extensive grasslands.
 High Temperatures in both arid and
semiarid
 The hottest spots in the world are in arid
climates.

Atacama Desert in Chile

 --------- THE WORLD REGION---------
C. Mild US Washington DC
Mediterranean
Humid subtropical
Marine
Description:
 Also called temperate regions.
 Distinct cold seasons.
 Mediterranean climates have warm summers
and short, mild, rainy winters. ( Israel,
Jerusalem)
 Humid subtropical climates where winters can
be very cold. Hurricanes are common.
 Marine West Coast has very cool winter

New Zealand
 --------- THE WORLD REGION---------
D. Continental Siberia, Russia
Warm summer
Cool summer
Subarctic (boreal)
Description:
 Colder winters, longer-lasting snow, and
shorter growing seasons.
 Transition zones between mild and polar
climates.
 Warm summer : wet summer seasons / called
humid continental. ( Georgia, Romania )
 Cool summer climates have winters with low
temperatures and snow. ( Russia)
 Subarctic climates are also called boreal climates
or taiga. ( Scandinavia, Siberia )

Napoleonic Wars
 --------- THE WORLD REGION---------
E. Polar
Tundra
Ice cap

Description:
 Lies within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles
near the North and South Poles
 In tundra climates, summers are short, but
plants and animals are plentiful. (
Wildflowers, Whales )
 Ice Cap : Temperatures rarely rise above
freezing, even in summer.

Arctic
 --------- THE WORLD REGION---------
E. High Elevations Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Description:
 Climbing a lofty mountain
or reaching a plateau can
be like moving toward the
poles.
--------- UNDERSTANDING TROPICAL CLIMATE--------
 --------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE --------
 Where heat is the dominant problem Designers and
 Where for the greater part of the year planners working
buildings serve to keep the occupants
cool, rather than warm
in tropical
locations
 Where the annual mean temperature is
not less than 20C. have to respond
to heat, which is a
dominant
problem
 --------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE --------

Climates in the tropics:

1. Warm humid
2. Hot dry desert
3. Hot dry maritime desert
4. Composite/monsoon
5. Tropical upland
 --------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 1 WARM HUMID

Warm Humid: Countries - Areas between 7º north & south of the equator

 With high relative humidity

 high average temperatures
 cloudy skies
 sky glare can be distressing
 intense rainfall
 abundant vegetation
 fungi are a persistent
problem
 --------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 1 WARM HUMID

Carribeans

Bali, Indonesia Venezuela

 --------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 2 HOT DRY DESERT

Hot Dry: Conditions - Areas between 15º & 30º north &
south of the equator
 Hot during day time, cold
during night time
 Low humidity
 Clear skies
 Intense solar radiation
 Minimal rainfall
 Wind carrying dust and sand
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 2 HOT DRY DESERT
 HOT DRY
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 3 MARITIME
DESERT
Hot Dry Maritime Desert: Conditions
- areas between 15º and 30º north and south
 Areas with strong maritime of the equator
influence
 Hot during day time, cold
during night time
 High humidity
 Intense solar radiation
 HOT DRY
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 3 MARITIME
DESERT
 MONSOON
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 4 OR
TRANSITION
Monsoon or Transition: Conditions

 dry and rainy - areas between 23.5º north and south of the
 low humidity equator
 strong solar radiation
 strong winds
 MONSOON
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 4 OR
Bangladesh TRANSITION

Myanmar

India
 TROPICAL
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 4 UPLAND

Tropical Upland: Conditions - mountain regions, 900 meters

above sea level
 Larger temperature swings
 Temperature is 24-30º during
the day while 4-10º during
night time
 Strong solar radiation
 Variable winds
 TROPICAL
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 4 UPLAND
--------- CLIMATE IN THE PHILIPPINES -------
 --------- Climate of the Phiippines--------
 Tropical and maritime. - Prevailing Winds ( Habagat and Amihan )
 Characterized by relatively
high temperature, high
humidity and abundant
rainfall.
 It is similar in many respects to
the climate of the countries of
Central America.
 Temperature, humidity, and
rainfall are the most important
elements of the country's
weather and climate.

( Source: PAGASA -2018 )

--------- Climate Map of the Philippines--------
 The mean annual
temperature is 26.6 ⁰ C
( Excluding Baguio)
 The coolest months fall in
January with a mean
temperature of 25.5⁰C
 The warmest month occurs in
May with a mean
temperature of 28.3 ⁰ C.
 --------- End of Lecture ---------
Activity 01

1. Five Students per group

2. Based on the Climate Map and Prevailing Winds of the Philippines, prepare
a schematic floor plan /sketch / perspective of a two-storey house for the following
area: ( 1 Floor Plan + 3 House Design )
- Baguio
- Batanes
- Palawan
3. Explain the Concept and the proposed construction / building materials of each
design. How Climate affects the design ?
4. Paper Size : A4 Bond Paper / Each house
5. Submission: End of Class
 --------- Bring Next Meeting---------
( Climatic Data and Analysis ) 1 Existing Building / Group

1. Five Students per group

2. Choose from any of the ff: building types :
- Residential
- Commercial
- Hospital
- Educational
- Others
3. Bring Site Plan and Floor Plans ( With Dimensions )
4. Colored Pencils : Red, Orange, Yellow
Next Topic:

Climatic Data and Analysis

 TRODUCTION TO CLIMATIC DESIG
TROPICAL DESIGN

Climatic Data
Analysis
Presentation prepared and Edited
by : MVPerez, UAP
--------- HUMAN COMFORT --------
--------- VARIABLES OF HUMAN COMFORT --------

Air Temperature
Radiant Temperature
Relative Humidity
Air Velocity
Activity Rate
Clothing Level
--------- ANALYZING THERMAL COMFORT --------
 American Society
of Heating
Refrigerating and
Air Conditioning
Engineers
(ASHRAE )

http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/
--------- CASE STUDY : QUEZON CITY --------
HOW CLIMATIC DATA AFFECTS ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ?
Climate Responsive Design
--------- End of Lecture ---------

Next Topic:

Sun Analysis