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Td1 Finals Reviewer
Td1 Finals Reviewer
TROPICAL DESIGN
Solar Elevations
http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html
Cylindrical Sun Path Polar Sun Path
Creating Sun Path Diagram Source:
http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChart
Program.html
Specify Labels
http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html
Reading the Polar Sun Chart
The position of the Sun in the sky at any
time of the day on any day of the year can
be read directly from the diagram below.
Azimuth Lines - Azimuth angles run around
the edge of the diagram.
Altitude Lines - Altitude angles are
represented as concentric circular dotted
lines that run from the center of the
diagram out.
Date Lines - Date lines start on the eastern
side of the graph and run to the western
side and represent the path of the sun on
one particular day of the year.
Hour Lines/ Analemma - Hour lines are
shown as figure-eight-type lines that
intersect the date lines and represent the
position of the sun at a specific hour of the
day. The intersection points between date
and hour lines give the position of the sun.
Reading the Sun Position
The position of the Sun in the sky
at any time of the day on any day
of the year can be read directly
from the diagram below.
• First you need to locate the
required hour line on the
diagram.
• Then locate the required date
line, remembering that solid are
used for Jan-Jun and dotted lines
for Jul-Dec
http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html
Cylindrical/
Cartesian Diagrams
A cylindrical projection is
simply a 2D in position in
Altitude
Cartesian co-ordinates. The
azimuth is plotted along the
horizontal axis whilst the
altitude is plotted vertically.
Reading off positions is
simply a matter of reading
off the two axis, as shown
below.
Azimuth
Follow the steps below to
read the Sun position from a
cylindrical sun-path diagram:
Altitude
Step 4 - The azimuth is
given by reading off the
horizontal axis. In this
case, the value is about
62°.
Opposite Side
Adjacent Side = Opposite Side
TanꝊ
Compute for the Length of the Overhang (x) , if the
Height of the Window is 1.2 M
X = 1.2 / Tan 8⁰
= 8.53m
Seat Work :
By Pair /
Yellow Pad
* Show
Solutions
Compute for the Length of the Overhang (x) , if the
Height of the Window is 1.2 M
Seat Work :
By Pair /
Yellow Pad
* Show
Solutions
--------- End of Lecture ---------
Wind Analysis
Sources for the Presentation
• https://www.worldweatheronline.com/
• http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/
• http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html
TRODUCTION TO CLIMATIC DESIG
TROPICAL DESIGN
Wind Analysis
▪ Through differing
temperature (the ‘stack
effect’)
▪ By differing air pressure
(‘cross-ventilation effect’)
between two or more points,
▪ By redirecting the existing
airflows
1. Stack Effect
2. Cross
Ventilation
3. Redirecting
Airflow
3. Redirecting Airflow
3. Redirecting
Airflow
3. Redirecting
Airflow
Key ▪ Begin to design for ventilation outside
Recommendation the building, with good site and
s supporting landscaping
1. BUILDING
CONFIGURATION ,
SITE LAYOUT and SITE
PLANNING
Ex. A building can
be protected from
direct sunlight by
placing it on a
location within the
site that utilizes
existing features
such as trees, https://www.answerplane.com/site-development-plan-of-a-house/
terrain, etc.
Passive Cooling
Techniques
2. BUILDING
ORIENTATION
Ex. In tropical
countries such as
the Philippines, it is
best to place service
areas in the west
and east-facing side
of the building
because these sides
are exposed to direct
sunlight.
Passive Cooling
Techniques
3. FAÇADE DESIGN
Use of double-
layered façade, use
of low-emissivity
glass, use of
insulation
Passive Cooling
Techniques
4. CROSS-VENTILATION
The circulation of fresh
air through open
windows, doors or
other openings on
both sides of a room.
STACK
EFFECT/CHIMNEY
EFFECT
www.indiamart.com/livingworld-building-studio
Passive Cooling
Techniques
5. SUNSHADING DEVICES
VERTICAL TYPES
Vertical Sun Shades
are generally used on
east and west-facing
sides of a building
EGGCRATE TYPES
Combination of
horizontal and vertical
shades
http://www.tboake.com/carbon-aia/strategies
Passive Cooling
Techniques
5. SUNSHADING DEVICES
VERTICAL TYPES
Vertical Sun Shades
are generally used on
east and west-facing
sides of a building
EGGCRATE TYPES
Combination of
horizontal and vertical
shades
http://www.tboake.com/carbon-aia/strategies
Passive Cooling
Techniques
6. WIND ANALYSIS
Wind direction:
Desirable and
undesirable winds in
each of the climatic
zones depend largely
on local conditions.
Any breeze in the
lower latitude (tropical
and arid climates) is
beneficial for most of
the year. https://www.coroflot.com/nurulaimiwa/Youth-Creative-
Awareness-and-Physical-Centre-Kuala-Lumpur
Influences on Built Form
Source: Archdaily
Influences on Built Form
2. USE OF ATRIUM
In the tropical zone, the atrium should be
located so as to provide ventilation within
the built form. In the arid zone, the atrium
should be located at the center of the
building for cooling and shading purposes.
The Glass Garden
Pasig City
The high atrium presents itself to the
visitors as a luminous and open space.
The glazed architecture invites the
surrounding panorama into the event’s
place and creates a feeling of
spaciousness.
Immaculate Heart of Mary Church,
Antipolo
The DNA Tree of Life
National Museum, Manila
by Ar. Dominic Galicia
Influences on Built Form
3. FORM
Optimum building form for each climatic
zone.
Energy Development Corporation in the Philippines has
signed a loan agreement worth $315 million with
several national and international banks to help fund
the country’s largest wind energy
project. The Burgos Wind Project is in its final
stages of commissioning and will be the first to take
advantage of the feed-in tariffs offered under the
Renewable Energy Act of 2008.
Wind Energy
Mechanical or electrical power is
created through the kinetic energy of
the wind.
--------- End of Lecture ---------
Activity: By Group
Using the Sun Path Diagram of your Project, prepare the following:
1. Table showing the Solar Angle at different times of the day and month of
the year.
2. Compute for the Overhang , if the height of window is 1.5m.
3. Submit together with the Sun Path Diagram.
Next Meeting:
Quiz
Reference: TD Handout by Ar. Dela Rosa
Mar 20
Sep 20
TROPICAL DESIGN
GLOSSARY
TD 4AR-4
ALTITUDE - Caparroso, N.
The angle the object makes with the horizon. The the vertical elevation of an object above a
position of the sun and its elevation from the surface of a planet or natural satellite.
Earth’s surface can be identified through the
altitude.
SOURCE: https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/horizontal-coordinate-
system.html
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
It is the angle between a ray incident on a surface and the line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence,
called the normal.
REFERENCE: https://airsculpt-facades.com/brise-soleil/
CLERESTORY
Clerestory is the upper part of the nave, choir, and transepts of a
large church, containing a series of windows. It is clear of the roofs
of the aisles and admits light to the central parts of the building.
Advantages Disadvantages
What is an Equinox?
the time when the sun crosses the
plane of the earth’s equator,
making night and day of
approximately equal length all over
the earth and occuring about
March 21 (vernal equinox, or spring
equinox) and September 22
(autumnal equinox)
March Equinox
-vernal equinox in Northern Hemisphere
-autumnal equinox in Southern
September Equinox
-autumnal equinox in Northern
-vernal equinox in Southern
Prepared by: Danine Chelzy F. Bonayon
Reference: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/equinox/
INSOLATION
Definition: the rate of delivery of solar radiation on an object
- not all solar energy goes into Earth 30% is actually reflected
back
Importance:
-to know which places on Earth has greater insolation to determine size and output
of solar power systems
-To know how much thermal comfort is needed in a particular site and ensure
energy efficiency
LIGHT SHELVES
● a passive architectural device used to reflect natural
daylight into a building.
● It bounces sunlight off a horizontal surface and
distributes it more evenly and deeply within a space,
● To avoid direct sunlight that can cause glare near an
opening, leaving dark areas further in.
● Can be either internal or external
LIGHTWELLS - Mary Margarette Diaz
“An open space within the volume of a building that is designed to provide light and ventilation to interior spaces”
Advantages:
Prepared by:
Hannah Christineh C. Edillo
Reference:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/louver
LOW EMISSIVITY GLASS - Bridge Lee
LOW EMISSIVITY GLASS or LOW E-GLASS
Low e glass is just glass coated with low emissivity coating that reflect long
wavelength infrared light lessening the heat gain.
● Hard Coated- Tin coating on e-glass done when the glass is still molten
● Soft coated- Tin, silver, or zinc coating on e-glass done in a vacuum
chamber, then it is covered in insulation to protect it from oxidizing in
normal air
○ Soft is better in performance as it reflects light more than hard
coating
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Can save money in the long run as Costly, more than regular glass
it lessens the need for air
conditioning
● Achieved through:
○ Shading (louvers, shutters,
curtains, etc.)
○ Window placement
○ Building materials (CHB)
○ Thermal storage walls
○ Water walls Prepared by Liao, Bianca Allyssandra
Land breeze: These winds blow from land to sea, carrying no moisture but dry and warm.
Sea breeze: These winds blow from sea to land, carrying some moisture.
Mountain and valley breeze: Valley breeze is the hot air blowing from the valley which
flows up to the slopes of the mountain. While, mountain breeze is the cold air from the
mountain flow towards the valley.
https://byjus.com/physics/types-of-wind/
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/notes/keynotes-on-5-different-types-of-
wind/12625#:~:text=Periodic%20winds%20change%20their%20direction,pronounced%2C%20seasonal%20reversal%20of%20direction.
PHILIPPINE SOLAR ANGLE
Source:
https://www.academia.edu/34980472/Optimal_Tilt_of_Solar_Panels_in_the_Philippines
PHOTOVOLTAICS - TAN, AARON
References: https://slrconsulting.com/news-and-insights/insights/understanding-term-prevailing-
winds
SHUTTERS - Malto, Julian
Shutters vs. Louvers
Louvres were the traditional type of shutter
with slats spaced at a fixed angle, which could
not be moved.
STEEL LOUVRES
Shutters are a modern version of louvres
where the slats / blades can be adjusted to
any angle at different times of day.
Reference:
https://www.openshutters.com.au/Wh
at-is-the-difference-between-
OpenShutters-and-
louvers#:~:text=Louvres%20were%20t
JALOUSIE SHUTTERS
he%20traditional%20type,at%20differ
ent%20times%20of%20day.
SIDE LIGHTING - Dai, Cedric
Side-lighting from windows and doors provides daylight and solar energy along the perimeter of a building.
Characteristics:
● Most daylight is provided through
ambient lighting from the sky. The
amount of daylight available will vary
throughout the day. External obstructions
may reduce access to the available
daylight.
● Orientation with respect to the sun’s path
is a critical factor.
● Shading to avoid excessive glare may be
necessary when the sun is low in the sky.
Challenges:
● Orientation Dependent
● Punishes Thermal Performance
● Glare
● Easily Obstructed
● Sound Control Illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases;
● Transient Light Patterns 2 opposing apertures help to balance light distribution across space
Reference: https://aamanet.org/pages/daylighting-basics-daylighting-and-energy-savings
SKYLIGHT - Martinez
- Adds light, view and sometimes ventilation to a
space without affecting privacy or wall space
- They consist of tinted or clear glass/ plastic materials
framed with aluminum, galvanized or stainless steel.
- Poor insulation = heat gain and rain entering
Classes:
Ventilating - allow air to pass and relieve moisture
(kitchens, bathrooms)
Fixed - solely for light (may be tinted or translucent)
Tubular - very small skylights for hallways
Styles:
- Small to medium structures: Flat, round, polygon,
dome
- Large buildings: Hip ridge, ridge, lean -to skylights
Alli, R. C. (2018). Aternative Non-conventional Building Construction Materials [PDF].
Sampaloc, Manila: University of Santos Tomas, College of Architecture.
SOLAR ARRAY - (Yu, V.)
● Electrical device consisting of a large array of connected
solar cells that produce or is powered by electricity
● Consists of 2 or more solar panels that are linked together
that forms an array
● Grouping of solar panels
● Arrangement of solar panels
● Often used to describe large-scale solar farms
Module arrangements
The Sun Index forecast refers to the daily maximum radiation received by a city .
Sources
https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/Philippines/Manila/UVindex.htm
sunlight passes through the atmosphere, some of it is
https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/articles/solar-radiation-basics
absorbed, scattered, and reflected
SOLAR TUBES - Intal, T
CONS
Reference: https://www.fixr.com/comparisons/skylights-vs-solar-
tubes#cQ
SUMMER SOLSTICE BARADI, DIanne F.
References:https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/wh
at-is-summer-winter-solstice-answer-might-surprise-you/
SUN PATH - Arambulo, Timothy
What?
How?
Sun paths at any latitude and any time of the year can be determined from
basic geometry. The Earth's axis of rotation tilts about 23.5 degrees,
relative to the plane of Earth's solar system orbit around the Sun. As the
Earth orbits the Sun, this creates the 47-degree peak-to-peak solar altitude
angle difference, and the hemisphere-specific difference between summer
and winter.
Why?
The relative position of the sun is a major factor in the heat gain of
buildings and in the performance of solar energy systems. Accurate
location-specific knowledge of sun path and climatic conditions is
essential for economic decisions about solar collector area, orientation,
landscaping, summer shading, and the cost-effective use of solar trackers
and tropical design.
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIcNbEDUg_Y
TOPLIGHTING - Cruz, Mara Millette C.
Methods
● Top lighting is a system of daylighting
provided through the above portion of a
structure or “admitting daylight from
above”
● Top-light system is a very beneficial
design strategy in reducing annual
lighting energy consumption and the
overall total annual energy
consumption.
● Top Lightening adds great depth to
lightening access to the building as
lightning access is not limited to the
walls.
● Top-lighting can provide daylight and
solar energy throughout the interior of a
low rise building, on the top floor of a References
● https://aamanet.org/pages/daylighting-basics-daylighting-and-energy-
savings#:~:text=Top%2Dlighting%20can%20provide%20daylighting,consideration%20for%20large%20floo
building, in an atrium and skylights. r%20plans.&text=Daylighting%20is%20most%20beneficial%20in,the%20perimeter%20of%20the%20buildi
ng
● https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316988667_The_Energy_Impacts_of_Using_Top-
Light_Daylighting_Systems_for_Academic_Buildings_in_Tropical_Climate
TRADE WIND
A wind blowing steadily towards the
equator from the northeast or the
southeast.
SOURCES:
https://az-solarcontrol.com/2015/08/13/what-is-visible-light-transmission-vlt/
http://www.johnsonwindowfilms.com/dealer/articleView.php?ARTICLE_ID=153
WESTERLY WIND OSAYTA
SOURCE:
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/wind/
WINDBREAK - SADORRA, ISAIAH
- ROWS OF TREES - reduce the force of winds
OR SHRUBS - It also reduce soil erosion
- LANDSCAPE - Increase crop yields
- SOURCE OF WOOD - Moderate soil and air temperature
- Provide natural travel routes
AND FOOD
- SOURCE: - Reduce evaporation
https://www.nvca.on.ca/Shared%20Docum
ents/The%20Benefits%20of%20Windbreak
- Increase Soil moisture
s%20Extension%20Notes.pdf
WIND CATCHER/TOWER - Sy, Abegail
Wind catcher/ Wind Tower is an
architectural element that creates
natural ventilation and passive
cooling in a building.
Types of Wind Catcher:
● Unidirectional
● Bidirectional
● Multidirectional
● Cylindrical
Sources:
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Windcatcher#:~:text=When%20using%20a%20windcatcher%20to,
airflow%20provides%20a%20cooling%20effect.
https://www.yourdictionary.com/windcatcher
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windcatcher
https://sites.google.com/site/ae390hvacvariety2011/wind-scoops
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.solaripedia.com%2F13%2F205%2F2085%2Fwind_tow
er_convection_illustration.html&psig=AOvVaw17HL50lNaPOs0qPVE1QTAj&ust=1599707617950000&source=imag
es&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJijpfej2-sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAR
Wind Power/ Wind Energy
● The process of harvesting wind and
turning it to electrical energy.
● Uses windmills where turbines are
utilized to turn mechanical energy to
electrical energy through the generator
reference:https://www.britannica.com/science/winter-solstice
TROPICAL DESIGN
TRODUCTION TO CLIMATIC DESIG
Microclimatic
Considerations
--------- CLIMATE DESIGN ---------
The larger
dimensions of
world climate
are determined
and continually
influenced by a
number of
imponderable
factors.
--------- The Planetary Framework ---------
Tropic of Cancer
(23.5 degrees N )
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
( 23.5 degrees S )
Antartic Circle
(66.5 degrees S )
--------- The Planetary Framework ---------
Precipitation
and
Rainfall
Relative
Temperature
Humidity
Wind
Velocity
Hours
UV Index
Of Sunshine
--------- Temperature ---------
--------- Precipitation ---------
--------- Humidity ---------
--------- Sun Hours ---------
--------- Wind Speed ---------
--------- UV Index ---------
How Microclimate
Affects Human?
--------- Social Characteristics ---------
Agricultural Yield
Food
Clothing
Culture
--------- Micro Climate ---------
No climate is uniform.
Small variations,
called microclimates,
exist in every climate
region.
--------- Micro Climate ---------
The“lake effect” is a
result of cold winds
blowing across warmer
lake water.
--------- End of Lecture ---------
Next Topic:
Types of Climate
And General Characteristics
TRODUCTION TO CLIMATIC DESIG
TROPICAL DESIGN
Types of Climate
& General Characteristics
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate/
--------- THE WORLD REGION---------
The five major components of Climate System :
Climate is determined
by a region’s climate
system.
--------- THE WORLD REGION---------
The Köppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used system for classifying the A. Tropical
world's climates. Wet (rain forest)
Monsoon
Its categories are based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. Wet and dry (savanna)
The Köppen system recognizes five major climatic types. B. Dry
Arid
Semiarid
C. Mild
Mediterranean
Humid subtropical
Marine
D. Continental
Warm summer
Cool summer
Subarctic (boreal)
E. Polar
Tundra
Ice cap
Description:
Precipitation is low.
Most arid climates receive 10 to 30
centimeters (4 to 12 inches) of rain each
year
Semiarid climates receive enough to
support extensive grasslands.
High Temperatures in both arid and
semiarid
The hottest spots in the world are in arid
climates.
New Zealand
--------- THE WORLD REGION---------
D. Continental Siberia, Russia
Warm summer
Cool summer
Subarctic (boreal)
Description:
Colder winters, longer-lasting snow, and
shorter growing seasons.
Transition zones between mild and polar
climates.
Warm summer : wet summer seasons / called
humid continental. ( Georgia, Romania )
Cool summer climates have winters with low
temperatures and snow. ( Russia)
Subarctic climates are also called boreal climates
or taiga. ( Scandinavia, Siberia )
Napoleonic Wars
--------- THE WORLD REGION---------
E. Polar
Tundra
Ice cap
Description:
Lies within the Arctic and Antarctic Circles
near the North and South Poles
In tundra climates, summers are short, but
plants and animals are plentiful. (
Wildflowers, Whales )
Ice Cap : Temperatures rarely rise above
freezing, even in summer.
Arctic
--------- THE WORLD REGION---------
E. High Elevations Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Description:
Climbing a lofty mountain
or reaching a plateau can
be like moving toward the
poles.
--------- UNDERSTANDING TROPICAL CLIMATE--------
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE --------
Where heat is the dominant problem Designers and
Where for the greater part of the year planners working
buildings serve to keep the occupants
cool, rather than warm
in tropical
locations
Where the annual mean temperature is
not less than 20C. have to respond
to heat, which is a
dominant
problem
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE --------
1. Warm humid
2. Hot dry desert
3. Hot dry maritime desert
4. Composite/monsoon
5. Tropical upland
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 1 WARM HUMID
Warm Humid: Countries - Areas between 7º north & south of the equator
Carribeans
Hot Dry: Conditions - Areas between 15º & 30º north &
south of the equator
Hot during day time, cold
during night time
Low humidity
Clear skies
Intense solar radiation
Minimal rainfall
Wind carrying dust and sand
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 2 HOT DRY DESERT
HOT DRY
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 3 MARITIME
DESERT
Hot Dry Maritime Desert: Conditions
- areas between 15º and 30º north and south
Areas with strong maritime of the equator
influence
Hot during day time, cold
during night time
High humidity
Intense solar radiation
HOT DRY
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 3 MARITIME
DESERT
MONSOON
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 4 OR
TRANSITION
Monsoon or Transition: Conditions
dry and rainy - areas between 23.5º north and south of the
low humidity equator
strong solar radiation
strong winds
MONSOON
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 4 OR
Bangladesh TRANSITION
Myanmar
India
TROPICAL
--------- THE TROPICAL CLIMATE -------- 4 UPLAND
Climatic Data
Analysis
Presentation prepared and Edited
by : MVPerez, UAP
--------- HUMAN COMFORT --------
--------- VARIABLES OF HUMAN COMFORT --------
Air Temperature
Radiant Temperature
Relative Humidity
Air Velocity
Activity Rate
Clothing Level
--------- ANALYZING THERMAL COMFORT --------
American Society
of Heating
Refrigerating and
Air Conditioning
Engineers
(ASHRAE )
http://comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/
--------- CASE STUDY : QUEZON CITY --------
HOW CLIMATIC DATA AFFECTS ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ?
Climate Responsive Design
--------- End of Lecture ---------
Next Topic:
Sun Analysis