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    sTAMSMCs:Theoy od Prac FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION : « smoncnation ha happens fallons yi the lass with unequal wis wl ie ape to oe le, ifthe classifications are 10-20, observations are unevenly distibpled over the ene las on en ration 30 should be included in the class ‘Someti oe 2 ee, 20-30, 30-40, ~ then the OST 9 includes the values x such that _Sometimes the fist andor the last classes are kept 30-40, nt in 20-0, te, Te cass «eases of open-ended frequency distributions arse when a few confusion aboot wher 0 i a9s3<30 ) ina data secareextemety-small or large compared 10 the 0 “The mmber of clases should neither be 100 small, nor be 100 ‘open-end age distribution, ne may come across the classes like "10 y a ‘olan ofeach cass should not be 10 small or 100 of less 80 yeas or mor’ In an open-end income distribution Wem er ons ith to many rlasvely narow intervals do not give any streraie picureothow the valves are disibotedoverthe entire range | Stra, ener pn esol be ately fev numberof ‘asses if the amount of daa is small, and relatively large number of, ‘Gases if there isa large amount of data. Usually it ranges between 5 Basie terminologies Now we define the basic terminologies relating to the frequeney Aistribution of a continuous variable tod 15 depending on he numberof observations. | class interval The classes o groups of values ofthe variable in which ere range of the data has Been divided and or which Frequencies Gu) The cases shold preferably, be of equal widh, But in some ME i Ions is bee oto comer casees oe of equal width, Suppose | Te obalnedarecaled as eral that there isa dataset in which there ae too many observations clustered at the middle anda few stray values beyond the main body of the data Tn such a situation, if frequency distribution is based on short intervals of equal widths, we need a large number of classes to accommodate all ‘observations, ad many of them will contain no observation at ll. On the other hand, small number of wide intervals can accommodate all, Css frequency : The sums of observation fling ine as the clas fequnc) of that css We may we tal mak 8 Belo, for counting the as eens rom the dt Class relative frequency : Relative frequency of a clas is defined as the class frequency divided by the total number of observations i Senay, bl mt oe dena wil i be pe no 3 data se ie very. ses. Neither of them can give an informative picture about (upper limit + lower limit. Frequency density is given by Srequencyof the class Frequency density ofa class = eMeNCy Of the class ee width ofthe class For the frequency distribution with equal class-width, the reg Relative frequency density : Relative frequency density of a class is lative Fecaae ity ofa class = “ative frequency ofthe class | ltl frequen aera aaa width of the class ‘The basic steps for constructing a grouped frequency distribution are 1. entity the lowest and highest observations inthe data et and obtain the rang ofthe values as the difernce betwee these two. Select the numberof elases. Usually this number vais fom {0 15 depending mainly upon the total umber of observations the dataset a i therangeis 3. Determine the appropriate clas widihs, Normal the = ey nc mero nese abn the appropriate widths. Select the lowest lass limit, Add cass widths t get the lass imervals. Determine class boundaries, « STATISTICS: Theory and Practice Bxample 44 Following dataset shows the percentage of population of 65 years old or over of 50 different countries M1130 99 133 145 NO 100 143 126 136 026 U4 125 126 152 137 126 14 139 N342 24 24 2339 131 9 14a 19 BI 109 134 15 145 134 159 157 20 144 5136 125 102 94 120 It 16 133 153 Make a frequency distribution of the above data, Table 44 Frequency disribuion of percentage of population of 65 ‘years or older for 50 countries (Clas limits a Tally Marks Frequency 30-99 7 B 100 - 109 a 4 no - 119 ™ Mm ° 10 - 129 tu may R 10 - 139 mL 14 140 - 14.9 mu 5 iso - 15.9 an. 4 Toral = 0 Ave class boundaries, clas-marks,class-widhs, relative frequencies, Gialative frequencies of less than type and more than type andl Samltive lative frequencies forthe dal are tabulated in Tabled $ Note: If we have any freq Presented in terms of clas for drawing a fr spread ete a FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ‘Table 45 Frequency, cumulative frequency and telatve frequency s distribution ‘Conta ee vasproop 2] 2 | so ios] .00] 4 | 6 | ae 24s} 100] 12 | 27 | 3s sfisas| coo] ia | ar | 23 —_ |=. ll | got ha fora continuous distribution, the cumlative fequency of less than type (more than type) corresponds tothe upper boundary ower | boundary) ofthe elas, In this example, cons ‘ ] 1098 = 19s. We fay say tar bese 35 sous oat of 0 4 ‘which the percentage of people aged 65 years or more or fess and $4 counties for which this percentage is 10.95 o¢ more. ‘We can also obtain the quantities lke the proportion of ebservatioes that are (tess than 12.95, i) more than 9.95, (Gi) between 1095 and 14.95 directly, rom the cumulative relative frequency distribution, Thus, the proportion of observations les than 12.98 = 0.84 the proportion of observations more than 9.85 = 09% Gite proportion of observations between 10.95 an’ 14.98 £0.18 +0.24 + 0.28 + 0.10 (from relative frequsnsy aneeHon) the cumulative frequency for the class. ——— « STATISTICS: Theory and Praice sq.o8n 008 (rom curiave relive Frequency distribution of a ‘of fess than type) } = 080. 4 fote that while preparing a grouped frequency | 43 Graphical Representation of Frequency Distribution ‘The distribution ofa variable is bes splayed graphically. An appropriate diagram of data il oten have more impact and convey long lasting impression than with anomeric! isbuaion Its easier for mont people {0 comprehend the data presented graphically rather than prevented ‘erly in bles ori the form of frequeny disbution. Based on { ‘Pox plots We can commen on the overall shape of the distribution \ é isan’, ETM Most commonly used to describe the shapes of different -——lstibutions are as foiows Symmetric distribution : A distribution is said to if the ee tion is said 10 bx metre if th FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION ‘Skewed distribution : A distribution is skewed if iti not sy ' is skewed tothe right (or positively skewed ) if a greater proportion ‘observations lie to the right of the peak value if the right frequency curve is much longer than its left tail. the higher values have lower frequencies, Similarly, the negatively sewed distri is defined. In ease of negatively skewed frequency distribution, the lower ‘alues ofthe variable have higher frequencies. Income distribution fs an’ example of a positively skewed distribution, and the scores in Higher Secondary Chemistry practical ofthe students of the reputed schools Rave ‘negatively skewed distribution, Unimodal distribution : The distribution is ssid 10 be wnimodal iit has one major peak. It shows the most common value , the value t ‘occurs most frequently, in the dataset. The distribution of height, scores etc, are examples of unimodal frequency distribution. A Gistribution is bimodal if tha two peaks. It represents the mi ‘of two heterogeneous populations in the data set, sch as height

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