Nonlinear Waves In Fluid-Filled Stenosed Elastic

Tube : Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation With

Variable Coefficient
Choy Yaan Yee, Tay Kim Gaik, and Ong Chee Tiong

Abstract—In the present work, by utilizing the artery as a pre- II. T HE G OVERNING E QUATIONS
stressed thin-walled elastic tube with a symmetrical stenosis and
the blood as an incompressible full inviscid fluid, we have studied In this section, we shall derive the governing equations of
the amplitude modulation of nonlinear waves in such a composite an elastic tube filled with a inviscid fluid. Such a combination
medium by using the reductive perturbation method. The governing of a solid and a fluid is considered to be a model for blood
equations can be reduced to nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation flow in arteries [7]. The following non-dimensional equations
with variable coefficient. The wave solution propagates to the left by
of tube and fluid are shown as below
preserving their bell-shape form while time ξ increases. ( )
Keywords—Nonlinear waves, full inviscid fluid, elastic tube with 1 ∂ (−f 0 + ∂u
∂z ) ∂Σ
stenosis. p = −
(λθ − f (z) + u) ∂z [1 + (−f 0 + ∂u 2 1/2 ∂λ
∂z ) ] 1

I. I NTRODUCTION m ∂2u
+
λz (λθ − f (z) + u) ∂t2
T HE propagation of pressure pulses in fluid-filled distensi-
ble tubes has been studied by several researchers due to
its application in arterial mechanics [1]-[2]. The modulation
+
1 ∂Σ
λz (λθ − f (z) + u) ∂λ2
, (1)

of small-but-finite amplitude pressure waves in a fluid-filled

distensible, linear elastic tube has been examined by Ravindran ∂v ∂v ∂v ∂ p̄
+v +q + = 0, (2)
and Prasad [3]. They obtained the non-linear Schrodinger ∂t ∂r ∂z ∂r
(NLS) equation. The work of of non-linear waves modulation
in a prestressed thin elastic tube filled with inviscid or viscous ∂q ∂q ∂q ∂ p̄
+v +q + = 0, (3)
fluid has been carried out by Demiray and co-worker [4]-[6]. ∂t ∂r ∂z ∂z
They showed that the governing equations can be reduced to
NLS and dissipative NLS equations, respectively. The NLS ∂v v ∂q
+ + = 0, (4)
equation is the simplest representative equation describing ∂r r ∂z
the self-modulation of one-dimensional monochromatic plane with the boundary conditions
waves in dispersive media. It has a balance between the µ ¶
nonlinearity and dispersion. ∂u 0 ∂u
v|r=λθ −f (z)+u = + −f + q|r=λθ −f (z)+u ,
Recently, Tay and co-workers [7]-[9] studied the non- ∂t ∂z
linear waves propagation in a prestressed thin elastic tube p̄|r=λθ −f (z)+u = p. (5)
with a symmetrical stenonis filled with inviscid, viscous and
Newtonian fluid with variable viscosity, they showed that The equations (1)-(5) give sufficient relations to determine the
the governing equations can be reduced to forced Kortewed- field quantities u, v, q, and p completely.
de Vries, forced perturbed Kortewed-de Vries and forced
Kortewed-de Vries-Burgers equations, respectively. III. N ONLINEAR WAVE M ODULATION
In the present work, by considering the artery as an
incompressible, prestressed, thin-walled elastic tube with a In this section, we will examine the amplitude modulation of
symmetrical stenosis and the blood as an full inviscid fluid, weakly non-linear waves in a fluid-filled thin elastic tube with
we showed that the amplitude modulation of pressure waves a stenosis whose non-dimensional governing equations are
can be described by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with given in equations (1)-(5). Considering the dispersion relation
variable coefficient. We then sought the progressive wave of the linearized field equations and the nature of the problem
solution to the nonlinear evolution equation obtained. of concern, which is a boundary-value problem, the following
stretched coordinates is introduced:
Choy Y.Y. and Tay K.G. are with the Faculty of Science, Technology
and Human Development,Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit ξ = ²(z − λt), τ = ²2 z, (6)
Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia e-mail: yaan87choy@yahoo.com. and
tay@uthm.edu.my. where ² is a small parameter measuring the weakness of
Ong C.T. is with the Faculty of Science, Department of Mathemat-
ics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia e- nonlinearity and λ is a constant to be determined from the
mail:ong@mel.fs.utm.my. solution. Assuming that the field variables u, v, q, p̄ and p
are functions of the slow variables (ξ, τ ) as well as the fast O(²3 ) equations
variables (z, t), the following relations hold:
m ∂ 2 u3 ∂ 2 u3 2mλ ∂ 2 u2
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ p3 = 2
− α0 2
−
= − ²λ , = +² + ²2 . (7) λθ λz ∂t
µ 2
∂z λθ λz ∂ξ∂t
¶
∂t ∂t ∂ξ ∂z ∂z ∂ξ ∂τ ∂ 2 u2 ∂ u1 ∂ 2 u1 mλ2 ∂ 2 u1
We will further assume that the field variables may be −2α0 − α0 2
+ 2 +
∂ξ∂z ∂ξ ∂z∂τ λθ λz ∂ξ 2
expanded into asymptotic series of ² as µ 2 ¶
m ∂ u2 ∂ 2 u1
+β1 (u3 − h2 ) − 2 u1 − 2λ
u = ²u1 + ²2 u2 + ²3 u3 + ..., λθ λz ∂t2 ∂ξ∂t
µ ¶
v = ²v1 + ²2 v2 + ²3 v3 + ..., m ∂ 2 u1 ∂u1 ∂u2 ∂u1
− 2 (u2 − h1 ) 2 − 2α1 +
q = ²q1 + ²2 q2 + ²3 q3 + ..., λθ λz ∂t ∂z ∂z ∂ξ
µ ¶
p̄ = p¯0 + ²p¯1 + ²2 p¯2 + ²3 p¯3 + ..., α0 ∂ 2 u1
− 2α1 − (u2 − h1 ) 2 + 2β2 u1 (u2 − h1 )
p = p0 + ²p1 + ²2 p2 + ²3 p3 + ..., λθ ∂z
µ ¶ µ 2 ¶
α0 ∂ u2 ∂ 2 u1
h(τ ) = ²2 h1 (τ ) + ²3 h2 (τ ) + .... (8) − 2α1 − u1 +2
λθ ∂z 2 ∂z∂ξ
Introducing (7) and (8) into the equations (1)-(5), the 2
µ ¶ µ ¶2
m 2 ∂ u1 α1 ∂u1
following sets of differential equations are obtained + 3 u1 2 − α2 − u1
λθ λz ∂t λθ ∂z
O(²) equations µ ¶ 2
2α1 α0 ∂ u 1
− α2 − + 2 u21 + β3 u31
λθ λθ ∂z 2
m ∂ 2 u1 ∂ 2 u1 ³ µ ¶2 2
p1 = − α0 + β1 u1 , α0 ´ ∂u1 ∂ u1
λθ λz ∂t2 ∂z 2 −3 γ1 − ,
2 ∂z ∂z 2
∂v1 ∂ p¯1 ∂q1 ∂ p¯1
+ = 0, + = 0, ∂v3 ∂v2 ∂v2 ∂v1 ∂v2 ∂v1
∂t ∂r ∂t ∂z −λ + v1 + v2 + q1 + q1
∂v1 v1 ∂q1 ∂t ∂ξ ∂r ∂r ∂z ∂ξ
+ + = 0, (9) ∂v1 ∂ p¯3
∂r r ∂z +q2 + = 0,
∂z ∂r
and the boundary conditions ∂q3 ∂q2 ∂q2 ∂q1 ∂q2 ∂q1
∂u1 −λ + v1 + v2 + q1 + q1
v1 |r=λθ = , p¯1 |r=λθ = p1 . (10) ∂t ∂ξ ∂r ∂r ∂z ∂ξ
∂t ∂q1 ∂ p¯3 ∂ p¯2 ∂ p¯1
+q2 + + + = 0,
O(²2 ) equations ∂z ∂z ∂ξ ∂τ
∂v3 v3 ∂q3 ∂q2 ∂q1
+ + + + = 0, (13)
m ∂ 2 u2 ∂ 2 u2 ∂r r ∂z ∂ξ ∂τ
p2 = 2
− α0 + β1 (u2 − h1 )
λθ λz ∂t ∂z 2 and the boundary conditions
2mλ ∂ 2 u1 ∂ 2 u1 m ∂ 2 u1 · ¸
− − 2α0 − 2 u1 2 1 2 ∂ 2 v1 ∂v1 ∂v2
λθ λz ∂ξ∂t ∂ξ∂z λθ λz ∂t u + (u2 − h1 ) + u1 + v3 |r=λθ
µ ¶2 µ ¶ 2 2 1 ∂r2 ∂r ∂r
∂u1 α0 ∂ u1 · ¸
−α1 − 2α1 − u1 + β2 u21 , ∂u3 ∂u2 ∂u2 ∂u1
∂z λθ ∂z 2 = −λ + + q1 |r=λθ
∂v2 ∂v1 ∂v1 ∂v1 ∂ p¯2 ∂t ∂ξ ∂z ∂ξ
· ¸
−λ + v1 + q1 + = 0, ∂u1 ∂q1
∂t ∂ξ ∂r ∂z ∂r + u1 + q2 |r=λθ ,
∂q2 ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂q1 ∂ p¯2 ∂ p¯1 ∂z ∂r
−λ + v1 + q1 + + = 0, " #
∂t ∂ξ ∂r ∂z ∂z ∂ξ 1 2 ∂ 2 p¯21 ∂ p¯1 ∂ p¯2
u + (u2 − h1 ) + u1 + p¯3 |r=λθ
∂v2 v2 ∂q2 ∂q1 2 1 ∂r2 ∂r ∂r
+ + + = 0, (11)
∂r r ∂z ∂ξ = p3 . (14)
and the boundary conditions
· ¸ Here the coefficients of α0 , α1 , α2 , β0 , β1 , β2 , β3 and γ1 are
∂v1 ∂u2 ∂u1 ∂u1 defined by
u1 + v2 |r=λθ = −λ + q1 |r=λθ ,
∂r ∂t ∂ξ ∂z
· ¸ 1 ∂Σ 1 ∂2Σ 1 ∂3Σ
∂ p¯1 α0 = , α1 = , α2 = ,
u1 + p¯2 |r=λθ = p2 . (12) λθ ∂λz 2λθ ∂λθ λz 2λθ ∂λ2θ λz
∂r
λz ∂ 2 Σ 1 ∂Σ
γ1 = 2
, β0 = ,
2λθ ∂λz λθ λz ∂λθ
1 ∂ 2 Σ β0 1 ∂ 3 Σ β1
β1 = − , β 2 = − ,
λθ λz ∂λ2θ λθ 2λθ λz ∂λ3θ λθ
4
1 ∂ Σ β2
β3 = − . (15)
6λθ λz ∂λ4θ λθ
 Equation (15) are defined through series expansion of the The group velocity, λ is defined as
stretch ratios λ1 and λ2 , which read £ ¤
· ½ · ¸ ω 2 λθ f02 − 1 + 2α0 k 2
∂u1 2 ∂u2 ∂u1 λ= h i , (19)
λ1 = λz 1 + ² +² +
∂z ∂z ∂ξ 2ω f0 + λmkθ λz
· ¸ ¾2 ¸1/2
∂u3 ∂u2 ∂u1
+²3 + + , and the following dispersion holds true :
∂z ∂ξ ∂τ
λ2 = λθ + ²u1 + ²2 [u2 − h1 (τ )] ω 2 f0 mω 2
+²3 [u3 − h2 (τ )]. (16) + − α0 k 2 − β1 = 0. (20)
k λθ λz
By solving the sets of differential equations (9)-(14), we
Referring equation (18), we have defined the following func-
obtain the following nonlinear Schrödinger equation with
tions as:
variable coefficient :
∂U ∂2U I0 (kλθ ) I0 (2kλθ )
i + µ1 2 + µ2 |U |2 U + µ3 h1 U = 0, (17) f0 = , F0 = , (21)
∂τ ∂ξ I1 (kλθ ) I1 (2kλθ )
where where In referred as modified Bessel’s function of order n.
· 2
¸−1
ω Introducing the following change of variable:
µ = 2α0 k + λθ {f02 − 1} ,
k · Z ¸
½ · ¸ τ
f0 m U = V (ξ, τ ) exp iµ3 h1 (s)ds , (22)
µ1 = µ −3λ2 +
k λθ λz 0
· ¸
ω2 λθ λk 2 2 equation (17) reduces to the following conventional NLS
+ 2 4 f − λθ f 0 − λθ
2k ω 0 equations:
· ¸ ¾
mω k
+2λ f0 + 2 α0 − α0 [1 + 2kλθ f0 ] ,
λ ω ∂V ∂2V
½ · z i + µ1 2 + µ2 |V |2 V = 0. (23)
λ 3 1 ∂τ ∂ξ
µ2 = µ ω 2 4 2 f0 + 6kf0 + 2 f0 −
ωλθ kλθ 2λθ
¸
13 2 2 α1
− f0 − 4kf02 F0 + f0 F0 −5 k 2 IV. P ROGRESSIVE WAVE S OLUTION
2λθ λθ λθ
· ¸
β1 3 In this section, we will present the progressive wave solution
+3 β3 − 2 + 2α2 k 2 − α0 k 4 + 3γ1 k 4
λθ 2 to the evolution equation given in (23) of the following form:
· ½ ¾
λω 2 2 2
+ 4 f0 + ω f0 − f0 − 1 +2β2
λθ kλθ V (ξ, τ ) = F (ζ) exp [i(Kξ − Ωτ )] ,
¸
β1 £ 2 ¤−1 ζ = β(ξ − 2µ1 Kτ ), (24)
+2α1 k 2 + 2λ − λθ β1
λθ
·
λ2 where β, Ω, and K are some constants and F (ζ) is a real-
× 4λωf0 − 2 + 2β1 + 2α1 λθ k 2 + 2β2 λθ valued unknown function to be determined from the solution.
λθ
½ ¾¸ Introducing (24) into (23), we have
2
+ω 2 λθ f02 − λθ − f0
k
· ½ ¾ ∂2F
2 2 6 µ1 β 2 + (Ω − µ1 K 2 )F (ζ) + µ2 F 3 (ζ) = 0. (25)
+ ω f0 − f0 − 3 + 4f0 F0 +2β2 ∂ζ 2
kλθ
¸· ¸−1
β1 ω2 ω2 By solving the equation (25), we obtain the solution of NLS
+6α1 k 2 + 5 −3β1 + 4 f0 − 2 F0 equation with variable coefficient (17) as
λθ k k
· ½ ¾
3 1 1 ·r ¸
× ω2 − f2 + f0 −3α1 k 2 µ2
2 2 0 kλθ U (ξ, τ ) = a sech a(ξ − 2µ1 Kτ ) ×
½ ¾ ¸¾ 2µ1
ω2 1 β1 · Z τ ¸
+ − 2kf0 F0 − β2 −
k λθ λθ exp i(Kξ − Ωτ + µ3 h1 (s)ds) , (26)
½ · ½ ¾ 0
λθ β 1 2
µ3 = µ − 2 ω 2 f02 − f0 − 1 +2β2
2λ − λθ β1 kλθ where Ω = µ1 K 2 − µ22 a2 .
¸
β1 ωλ The solution of NLS equation with variable coefficient (17)
+ + 4 f0 + 2α1 k 2 −2(α1 k 2 + β2 )
λθ λθ versus space τ at different time ξ is shown in Figure (1).The
½ ¾ ¾
2 2 2 β1 NLS equation with variable coefficient shows bell-shape wave
+ω f0 − f0 + 1 − . (18)
kλθ λθ propagates to the left as time, ξ passed.
 The Solution of NLS Equation With Variable Coefficient
1

ξ=0
0.9
ξ=0.2
ξ=0.4
0.8 ξ=0.6
ξ=0.8
ξ=1
0.7
Radial displacement, U(ξ, τ)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
−18 −16 −14 −12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2
Space, τ

Fig. 1. The solutio of NLS equation with variable coefficient versus space
τ

V. C ONCLUSION
It has been presented the modulation of nonlinear waves
in a prestressed thin-walled elastic tube with a symmetrical
stenosis filled with a full inviscid fluid. The governing equation
is obtained as the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with
variable coefficient.

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