Wetland-Inventory Report East-of-Narayani 2012

Report on
Wetlands Inventory of Chure Region (East of Narayani)
Submitted to
The Rastrapati Chure Conservation Program Coordination Unit,
Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation,
Babhar Mahal Kathmandu
Prepared by
Dr. Mohan Siwakoti
Roshan Sherchan
Tej Bahadur Basnet
Lila Nath Sharma
July 2012
Executive Summary
Nepal houses several types of inland fresh water wetlands range from high altitudinal glacial
lakes to hot springs, ponds, ox-bow lakes to river floodplains, marshes and swamps.
Although, Nepal has no detail inventory of wetlands but a few studies show that most of the
wetlands are distributed in high Himalayas (above 4000m) followed by Tarai, middle
mountains (1100-3000m), high mountains (3000-4000m) and Chure region respectively.
Chure/ Siwaliks region is the most water scarce zone of the country. However, the Chure
region is the main source of water for the downstream Tarai, where over 50% population of
the country resides. This region is popular for forest coverage with many valuable threatened
flora and fauna. Due to loose sedimentary rock dominated by unconsolidated and porous
rocks like sand, sandstone, boulders, pebbles, etc., the Chure area cannot retain the water.
The Chure is regarded as youngest hills in the Himalayan system and more fragile in terms of
its ongoing geological formation.
The slightly risen northern part of Tarai is considered as Bhawar region, a water recharge
zone for Tarai. The Bhawar makes a transition zone between the steep northern Chure hills
and southern alluvial land of Tarai. In Bhawar the rainfall during monsoon percolates down
and emerges as springs and marshes along the northern edges of the Tarai, which are the main
sources of water for irrigation the Tarai. The gently sloping valleys between the Chure hills
and Mahabharat Lekh are known as Bhitri Madesh or Inner Tarai valley (Dun). The area of
Bhawar, Chure hills and the Bhitri Madesh is considered as Chure area. The Rastrapati Chure
Conservation Program Implementation Guidelines 2068 B.S. (RCCPIG) also considered the
area between the Tarai and the Mahabharat Lekh as a Chure area, which extends 33 districts
and accounts to about 13 percent of total area of the country.
The conservation of the Chure landscape and its forest is very important to protect Tarai by
reducing sedimentation and water shortage. Because of continue encroachment and irrational
human activities in the Chure area leading to rapidly increased the landslides, soil erosion,
floods, biodiversity loss, rapid spreading of invasive alien plant species as well as
unsustainable water extraction and farming practices. Realizing the importance of Chure
conservation the government of Nepal under the aegis of the Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation has been implementing the Rastrapati Chure Conservation Program (RCCP)
since 2010 (2067/068 B.S.) and initiated various studies to understand the problems of the
Chure area which makes a direct impact on the ecosystem and biodiversity of the Chure
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region. Realizing the gap of base line information to intervene the conservation and
management initiatives, the present study to carry out the inventory of the wetlands of the
Chure area (east of the Narayani) was undertaken.
The study was undertaken by a multidisciplinary team in the direction of the Rastrapati Chure
Conservation Program (Coordination Unit). The information mentioned in the report is
mainly collected from field study. The wetland sites located inside the protected areas are not
incorporated in this report. The team explored the following 13 wetland sites of lacustrine
and palustrine types located in the Bhawar to Chure hills and prepared a comprehensive
inventory.
1. Halkhoria Daha
Halkhoria Daha is located in the Ratanpur VDC-1 & 2 of Bara District at an altitude of 160m.
It is natural lake extends about 46 ha inside the dense tropical Sal mixed forest of Charkose
Jhadi. It feeds by a Siran Khola, direct precipitation and seepages from adjoining Chure hills.
It is an important waterhole including the wildlife of the Parsa Wildlife Reserve. The wetland
is completely dried off. Siltation, succession, overgrazing, unsustainable harvesting of natural
resources including NTFPs, forest fire, etc., are the major threats for the wetland. Renovation
of the Daha and conservation of adjoining forest is urgent.
2. Baba Tal
Baba Tal is situated in the Badaharamal VDC-2&3 of Siraha district at an altitude of 105m. It
is a renovated wetland and has relatively a large open water body with small upstream
wetland called Jordaha. It extends approximately 7 ha and is a good refuge of wildlife. Soil
erosion, siltation/floods, invasive alien plant species etc., are the major threats of this wetland.
It has been managed by the Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s Group. Maintenance of
runoff harvesting dam and capacity building of local User’s group are needed.
3. Kamal Daha
Kamal Daha is located at Fulbaria VDC- 1&2 of Siraha district at an altitude of 140m. It
extends about 7.5 ha and feeds by a permanent ground spring (Jaruwa) and seepages from
hills. It has been managed by Ghurmi Dada Community Forest User’s Group. Human
activities like swimming, bathing, washing can be contributed to pollute the lake environment.
Besides, unsustainable harvesting of resources, agricultural runoff such as chemical fertilizers
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and pesticides/ insecticides are the major threats for this wetland. Capacity building of local
User’s is necessary for effective management of the wetland including local festival.
4. Devi Daha
Devi Daha is a natural lake, situated at Taregana Govindapur-9 of Siraha district at an altitude
of 115 m. The lake extends about 10 ha inside the Sal forest. Invasive alien plant species,
unsustainable harvesting of natural resources, overgrazing, siltation, agricultural runoff, etc.,
are the major threats of this wetland. Removal of invasive alien species and capacity building
of local User’s group to manage the wetland is necessary.
5. Pathru Daha
Pathru Daha is located in Sitapur VDC of Saptari district at an altitude of 130m. The small
pond of about 1 ha feeds by an inflow that originates from the Chure hills. It has been
managed by the Pathrudaha Community Forest User’s Group. Soil erosion and landslide in
upstream, siltation/floods, invasive alien species and over exploiting of resources, etc., are the
major threats. Bio-engineering practice is applied to control the soil erosion and silts.
Plantation useful plants like bamboos around the pond and removal invasive alien species are
needed.
6. Jandaul Pokhari
The Jandaul ponds are located in the Jandaul - 6 & 7, Saptari district at an altitude of 130m. A
series of four ponds constructed along the Banaha Khola, the larger one is about one hectare.
The ponds are created to trap sand and silts to protect the downstream agricultural land from
siltation. Soil erosion, excessive growth of invasive alien species, uncontrolled grazing,
overfishing, etc., are the major threats of the wetland. It has been managed by the Harina
Chure Community Forest User’s Group. Mainstreaming the wetland in Forest Operational
Plan is essential.
7. Kamal Daha
Kamal Daha is a natural wetland located in the Kamalpur VDC of Saptari district at an
altitude of 90m. The 3 ha large Daha lies amidst the Sal forest and agricultural land. A flood
of 1987 degraded the lake filling with sand/ silt. It has been managed by the Grahmin Bikas
Community Forest User’s Group. Rapid spread of invasive alien plant species, overgrazing,
siltation, etc., are the major threats of the wetland. Maintenance, cleaning of invasive alien
species and capacity building of local User’s group is needed.
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8. Bagh Jhora Wetland
Bag Jhora wetland is situated in Indrapur VDC-1 of Morang district at an altitude of 140 m. It
feeds by Kisti River and extends about 4.2 ha in the forest area. Major portion of the lake has
been degraded due to siltation and invasion by alien plant species. The wetland has been
managed by Bag Jhora Wetland Conservation and Promotion Committee. Maintenance,
cleaning of invasive alien species and capacity building of local User’s group is needed.
9. Betani Daha
Betani Daha is a natural wetland located in Urlabari VDC-7 of Morang district at an altitude
of 120m. It extends about 3.3 ha inside Sal forest. It has both inflow and outflow. Major
threats are invasive alien species, overgrazing, sedimentation, etc. It has been managed by the
Betani Community Forest User’s Group. Maintenance of embankment, conservation of
catchment area, removal of invasive alien species, and capacity strengthing of local User’s
group is needed.
10. Hasina Simsar

Hasina Simsar is natural wetland located in Sundarpur VDC-6, Morang district at an altitude
of 125m. The wetland extends approx. 48 ha along with swamp, marsh, pond and streams. It
feeds by 4-5 ground springs (Jaruwa). The Hasina Simsar Conservation Committee (a sub-
committee of the Namuma Community Forest) is working for the restoration and sustainable
conservation of this wetland. Major threats are overgrazing, sedimentation, encroachment,
and invasive alien species. Maintenance, removal of invasive alien species, development of
recreational center and strengthen the capacity of local User’s group are needed.
11. Raja Rani Pokhari

The Raja Rani Pokhari, also called as ‘Raja Rani Dhimal Pokhari’ is one of the important
wetland of Nepal. It is located north-west of Letang bazar in Bhogateni VDC-8 of Morang
district at an altitude of 470m. There are three lakes namely Raja, Rani and Chhori
(Rajkumari), located inside the forest along the Chure hills. The Raja Pokhari (king's pond) is
located in the western side, the Rani Pokhari (queen's pond) in the eastern side, and the
Chhori or Rajkumari along the north eastern side which is more degraded. This nearby
settlement is dominated by Magar community. This wetland has been managed by Raja Rani
Community Forest User’s Group. The three lakes cover about 20 ha of land along the
catchment area of about 133 ha. It feeds by ground source “Jaruwa”, seasonal forest fed
streams and direct precipitation. The area houses legally protected bird ‘Great Hornbill’ and
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several species of epiphytic orchids and evergreen species of trees. Invasive alien species,
rapid succession by tree and plant species, siltation, overgrazing are the major threats of the
wetland. Renovation of wetlands, conservation of forest including aquatic tree species and
orchid flora, strengthen the capacity local User’s group, explore the possibility to designate
the Ramsar site are recommended for the sustainable conservation of the wetlands.
12. Jamunkhadi Daha

It is a modified wetland and widely used for recreation is located in Surunga VDC of Jhapa
district at an altitude of 110m. The wetland has been managed by Jamunbari Community
Forest User’s Group. The User’s group has providing boating and mini-zoo facilities to
visitors. Awareness raising taining to local User’s group about the national and international
legal provisions about the captive the wild animals and the Code of Ethics and Animal
Welfare guidelines prepared by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) are
necessary for operating the zoo/ mini-zoo.
13. Taltalaiya wetland

Taltalaiya wetland is located in Itahari municipality- 2 & 3 of Sunsari district at an altitude of
120m. The wetand consists of 12 ponds, some of the ponds are manmade for recreational
and irrigation purposes. It has been managed by Tal Talaiya Conservation and Development
committee and developing as a recreational center, they also kept the wild animals inside the
cage. Awareness raising training to local User’s group about the legal provisions and the Code
of Ethics and Animal Welfare guidelines prepared by the World Association of Zoos and
Aquariums (WAZA) is needed.
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Acknowledgements
The purpose of this report is to access the current status of important wetlands in Chure area (east of
the Narayani). Information of this report is based on primary sources such as field survey and
community consultation, secondary sources is also used, if any. Many individuals from government
line agencies, community, local CBOs/NGOs provided their help and support while preparing this
report.
We are grateful to Mr. Megh Bahadur Pandey, Joint Secretary/Coordinator of the Rastrapati Chure
Conservation Program Coordination Unit (RCCPCU); Dr. Prem Poudel, Undersecretary, Department
of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management and Mr. Deepak Lammichane, Undersecretary of
RCCPCU for giving an opportunity to conduct this important assignment. We are also thankful for
Mr. Lal Bahadur Kurmi (Officer, DSCO, Bara), Mr. Puspa Ram Thapa (Office, DSCO, Makawanpur),
Mr. Hridaya Kumar Jha (Officer, DSCO, Saptari) Mr. Bipin Kumar Jha (Officer, DSCO, Rautahat),
Mr. Immamudin (Officer, DFO, Makawanpur) for providing us the valuable information and
arranging field staff with us from their respective offices to visit the sites.
Local representatives from various Community Forestry User’s Groups and Wetland Conservation
Committees were always supportive to the team by accompanying us to the sites and providing
valuable inforamtion about the various features of wetlands. We are also grateful to the local
communities of Ratanpur, Jordaha Community Forest User’s Group, Ghurmi Danda Community
Forest User’s Group, Devi Daha Community Forest User’s Group, local representatives of Jandaul,
Kamal Daha Repair and Maintenance Committee, Bag Jhora Simsar Conservation and Promotion
Committee, Betani Community Forest User’s Group, Hasina Simsar Conservation Committee, Raja
Rani Community Forest User’s Group and Raja Rani Simsar Conservation Committee. We also like to
acknowledge Dr. Bharat Raj Subba (Reader) Post Graduate Campus, Biratnagar, Mr. Kul Prasad
Shiwakoti, Lecturer of Damak Campus, Jhapa and Mr. Kamal Maden of Kathmandu for providing
valuable information about site locations.
We appreciate valuable inputs and comments/suggestions from users to improve the accuracies and
usability of this report further.
……………………….
Prof. Dr. Mohan Siwakoti
Team Leader
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Table of Contents
Page
Executive Summary I
Acknowledgements VI
List of Annexes VIII
List of Figures VIII
List of Photos VIII
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective 5
1.2 Methodology 5
2 Wetlands and Biodiversity in Chure Area 8

2.1 Overview of Wetlands (East of the Narayani) 8
2.2 Major Biodiversity 9
3 Profiles of Wetlands 12
3.1 Halkhoria Daha 13
3.2 Baba Tal 18
3.3 Kamal Daha 22
3.4 Devi Daha 26
3.5 Pathru Daha 28
3.6 Jandaul Pokhari 31
3.7 Kamal Daha 34
3.8 Bagjhora wetland 36
3.9 Betani Simsar 40
3.10 Hasina Simsar 42
3.11 Raja Rani Pokhari 45
3.12 Jamunkhadi Daha 51
3.13 Taltalaiya wetland 53
4 References 56
VII
List of Figures
Figure 1 Wetland distribution in Central and Eastern Development … 7
Figure 2 Location Map of Halkhoria Daha, Bara ……… 13
Figure 3 Location Map of Babatal, Kamal Daha and Devi Daha … 18
Figure 4 Location Map of Pathru Daha, Jandaul Daha and Kamal …. 28
Figure 5 Location Map of Bagjhora, Betani, Hasina and Raja Rani …. 37
Figure 6 Location Map of Jamunkhadi Daha, Jhapa …….. 51
List of Photos
Photo 1 Consultation with local community for Wetland Inventory … 6
Photo 2 Halkhoria Daha, Ratanpur VDC, Bara ………. 14
Photo 3 Baba Tal, Badaharmal VDC, Siraha ……….. 20
Photo 4 Kamal Daha, Fulbaria VDC, Siraha …. 23
Photo 5 Devi Daha, Taranga Govindpur VDC, Siraha …. 25
Photo 6 Pathru Daha, Sitapur VDC, Saptari ……. 29
Photo 7 Jandaul Daha, Jandaul VDC, Saptari …… 32
Photo 8 Kamal Daha, Kamalpur, Saptari …… 34
Photo 9 Bagjhora Daha, Indrapur VDC, Morang …. 38
Photo 10 Batani Daha, Urlabari VDC, Morang …. 41
Photo 11 Hasina Simsar, Sundarpur VDC, Morang … 43
Photo 12-14 Raja Rani Pokhari, Bhogateni VDC, Morang …. 46-47
Photo 15 Jamunkhadi Daha, Surunga VDC, Jhapa …… 52
Photo 16 Taltalaiya Wetland, Itahari Municipality, Sunsari …… 54
Annexes
Annex 1.1-1.9 Name list of Individual and Local Representative consulted 59
Annex 2 Fauna
Annex 2.1 List of Mammals 62
Annex 2.2 List of Birds 64
Annex 2.3 List of Herpeto-fauna 69
Annex 2.4 List of Fish 71
Annex 3 Flora
Annex 3.1 List of tree and shrub species of Chure Wetland area 73
Annex 3.2 List of wetland dependent plant species 74
Annex 4 Laboratory Analysis Report of Water

Annex 4.1 Water Analysis Report of Baba Tal 75
Annex 4.2 Water Analysis Report of Pathru Daha 76
Annex 4.3 Water Analysis Report of Kamal Daha (Siraha) 77
Annex 4.4 Water Analysis Report of Bag Jhora Wetland 78
Annex 4.5 Water Analysis Report of Raja Rani Pokhari 79
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1. Introduction
The lands with water or those areas which remain waterlogged or submerged under water
seasonally or throughout the year are considered as wetlands. Wetlands are most productive
ecosystem due to its unique positioning as transitional zone between permanently wet and
generally dry environment. Wetlands are defined in various ways; the Article 1.1 of the Ramsar
Convention offers a broad definition of wetlands: “marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether
natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish
or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six
meters”. In addition to these areas, however, article 2.1 adds that Parties to the Convention may
“incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine
water deeper than six meters at low tide lying within the wetlands, especially where these have
importance as waterfowl habitat”. The National Wetland Policy (2003) of Nepal defines
wetlands as natural or artificial created areas like swamp, marsh, riverine floodplain, lake, water
storage area and agricultural land containing water from underground resource or atmospheric
precipitation that may be permanent or temporary, static or flowing and fresh water or saline.
Wetlands occur throughout the world in all climatic zones which cover about 6% of the total
earth’s surface and support 15 to 20% of the total global biodiversity. The total coverage of
wetlands in Nepal is still unknown, it estimates about 5% lands of the country is occupied by
wetlands. The wetlands provide a wide range of ecosystem goods and services including
provisioning, regulating and cultural services. Wetlands provide the critical habitats for several
species of globally rare and threatened species of flora and fauna. In addition, over 11%
populations of the country which are highly marginalized depend on the wetlands. Wetlands
also act as a water purification system, control floods and erosion by absorbing water that runs
off from rivers or from storms, as well as recycling nutrients in the water.
Nepal located in the central Himalayas houses several types of inland fresh water wetlands range
from high altitudinal glacial lakes to hot springs, ponds, ox-bow lakes to river floodplains,
marshes and swamps. There is a record of over 6000 rivers, 3252 glaciers, 2323 glacial lakes
and 2300 ponds in Nepal. IUCN Nepal (2009) enumerates 891 wetlands in Nepal (glacial 202,
lakes/ponds 563, rivers and rivulets 104, manmade sites 22) on the basis of desktop analysis.
The desktop analysis indicated that out of the 891 wetlands, almost half (45%) of the wetlands
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are distributed in high Himalayas (above 4000m), the large percentage may be due to large
number of glaciers and glacial lakes in this region, followed by 3% in high mountains (3000-
4000m), 8% in middle mountains (1100-3000m), less than 1% in Chure and 9% in Tarai and
34% is undetermined. The above data indicates that the Chure/ Siwaliks region is the most water
scarce zone of the country. However, Chure area is the main source of water for the downstream
Tarai, where over 50% population of the country resides.
The scarcity of water and low number of wetlands in the Chure area is due to loose sedimentary
rock dominated by unconsolidated and porous rocks like sand, sandstone, boulders, pebbles, etc.,
which cannot retained the water. The Chure is regarded as youngest hills in the Himalayan
system and hence more fragile in terms of its ongoing geological formation. The Chure range is
stretched east west following a belt of merely 15-20 km in width, forming the north boundary of
plains of Tarai and southern boundary of the Mahabharat Lekh. In some area like Chitwan valley
and Dang-Deokhuri valley it forms an international border between Nepal and India. The Chure
region is covered by the quaternary deposits comprising mostly of alluvial and co-alluvial
deposits. The quaternary deposits are made up of alternating layers of sand, stone, silt or clay
deposits. Being very young in geological formation and tectonically active, the hills exhibit a
very conspicuous fragile terrain (Hagen, 1998). The region is extremely important because of it
is the prime source of sediments, which a number of steep gradient torrents transport
downstream to the plain of the Tarai. It leads to the rise of streambed level further aggravating
the flooding and inundation problems in the plains. Many parts of the region are still covered by
tropical forest. According to LRMP (1986) Chure has the highest percentage of forest coverage
(75.7%) which is the main source of timber, NTFPs and repository of biodiversity. The Chure
area is equally rich in fossils which provide knowledge on the evolution of Asian flora and fauna
(Itihara et al., 1972). The forest and wetlands of Chure also serve as a wildlife corridor between
the lowlands and the Midlands.
The ravine landscape of Chure area lies north of the Tarai (the southernmost alluvial flat land),
as the Tarai slightly rises towards north considered as Bhawar region, a water recharge zone for
downstream Tarai. The soil of the Bhawar is differed from the Tarai by the accumulation of
gravel, boulders, stone and sand which are washed down from the foothills or Chure hills. Water
is scarce in this part throughout the year except during the monsoon when sizable streams often
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run; otherwise these streams are disappearing beneath the gravel on emerging into the Bhawar.
The Bhawar makes a transition zone between the steep northern Chure hills and southern alluvial
land of Tarai. In Bhawar the rainfall during monsoon percolates down and emerges as springs
and marshes along the northern edges of the Tarai, which are the main sources of water for
irrigation the Tarai. Considering this the Agriculture Prospective Plan (1995) has recommended
designating the Chure forests as protected forests to conserve the water recharging zone.
Several very young seasonal streams are also originated from the Chure area during monsoons
which are dried off during summer. The Chure region has a little agriculture land, except in the
Inner Tarai valley due to scarcity of water where some extensive forest survived. The continuous
strip of forest from east to west considered as Charkoshe Jhadi. The northern parts of the Bhawar
or the outermost foothills rise abruptly and reach the elevation up to 1500m which run in a line
roughly parallel with the Indian border are known as Siwaliks or Chure hills. It is composed of
sedimentary rocks with big boulders. The width of the dissected topography of Chure hills is not
uniform which is wider in west and far west Nepal while narrow at east Nepal.
In the case of slope gradient of this hilly region, the southern part has more steep and irregular
slops then the northern side. Sometimes, the Chure range is overlapping upon the Tarai belt. It is
true in the case of Karnali of the far west and Dharan of the eastern Tarai. The inclination of dip
is very low at the north and is more at the south. The Mahabharat Lekh lies beyond the northern
Chure. There are some gently sloping valleys between the Chure and Mahabharat Lekh and are
known as Bhitri Madesh or Inner Tarai valley (Dun) such as Dang valley in western Nepal,
Chitwan valley in central Nepal and Trijuga valley in eastern Nepal. The valleys of Bhitri
Madesh are not much suffered from water shortage as in the Bhawar. The areas of Bhawar to
Chure hills and the Bhitri Madesh are considered as Chure area. As all of these areas show more
or less similar geological characteristics, hence, to conserve the Chure hills these areas need to
be protected. The Rastrapati Chure Conservation Program Implementation Guidelines 2068 B.S.
(RCCPIG) also accepted this spirit. According to RCCPIG the Chure area lies between the Tarai
and Mahabharat Lekh and extends 33 districts and accounts to about 13 percent of total area of
the country. The Chure area provides the habitat for millions of people among them 80 percent
are of marginalized communities.
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The Chure area is fragile in terms of geology, biodiversity, culturally and socio-economically
since the dependency of local communities on the natural resource is high. The weak geology,
heavy rainfall and tropical weathering are more affected to Chure range. However, the man made
factors are also contributing to the high rate of erosion process. The rate of erosion is expected to
be very high in eastern parts of the range due to heavy rainfall, weak geology and high human
activities. The Chure area is facing several threats like deforestation, over exploitation of timber,
fire wood, NTFPs, heavy grazing, forest fire and more importantly heavy extraction of gravels,
boulders and sand which has severely affected the natural regeneration capacity of its ecosystem.
The conservation of the Chure forest and water resources is very important to protect the fertility
of Tarai, a granary zone of Nepal. Because of continue encroachment and irrational human
activities in the Chure area rapidly increasing the landslides, soil erosion, floods, biodiversity
loss, rapid invasion of alien species and unsustainable water extraction and farming practices.
These lead to the loss of soil fertility, the depletion of water tables, the drying up of springs and
sedimentation. The accumulations of sediments in river channels, intense human pressure on
riverbank areas, construction, and excavation of channels have increased the risk of downstream
flooding. This has a direct impact on peoples’ livelihood further the natural disasters have
exacerbated the problem.
Realizing the sensitiveness and increasing threats of the Chure area, the Tenth Five year plan
(2002-2007) of Nepal says “Priority will be given to integrated watershed management to
conserve the underground water and soil in the Chure-Bhawar and Tarai areas by coordinating
the work of agriculture and water resources sectors” (NPC, 2003). Nepal government under the
aegis of the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation has been implementing the Rastrapati
(President) Chure Conservation Program (RCCP) since 2010 (2067/068 B.S.) as an initiative to
stop the harmful activities that have been direct impact on the ecosystem and biodiversity of the
Chure region. The first reason is concerned over the need to protect the area from further
degradation in order to protect the downstream low land plains, which serve more than 80% of
the food supply to the country. The second one is concerned over the need to conserve the forest
cover in order to mitigate the land degradation problems which is in increasing trend as a
consequence of deforestation to meet the timber, firewood and litter needs of the local people. In
spite of the thick vegetation cover, the Siwalik is characterized by the formation of numerous
instabilities especially gullies and landslides. This is a result of weak geological formation and
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intense rainfall over the region. There are two distinct consequences of these instabilities: firstly,
they are the main source of sediments, which produce sediment hazards such as debris flow.
Secondly, their gradual expansion is leading to the decrease in forest resource.
RCCP has realized the data gap for the implementation of the program about the status and
threats of the natural resources including wetland resources. With the recognization of the
importance of inventory of wetlands in the Chure area, the inventory has been conducted to the
east of Narayani to Jhapa districts in the first phase. The inventory provides the essential data
and information necessary for managers and decision makers.
1.1 Objective
The main objective of the study is to make an inventory of the significant wetlands distributed in
the Chure area (East of the Narayani). The specific objectives are as follows:
• To collect information on physical, hydrological, biological (floral and faunal), ecosystem

goods and services of the wetlands of Chure.
• To find the conservation and management status of major wetlands of Chure area.
• To suggests the management recommendations for future piloting.
1.2 Methodology
A multidisciplinary team of 4 experts comprising with wetlands expert, forester/socio-economist,
wildlife biologist and botanist was formed. The team made a literature review of previous
wetlands works at Chure and initiated consultation with experts who worked on the wetlands of
Chure area and authorities of the Rastrapati Chure Conservation Program Coordination Unit
(RCCPCU). Field field visit was made from Chitwan to Jhapa districts to observe the site status
and collect the useful information during June 2012. The Wetlands Inventory, Assessment and
Monitoring (WIAM) Tool prepared by the ‘Wetland Project’ of the Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation, namely Conservation and Sustainable Use of Wetlands of Nepal (CSUWN, 2011)
and IUCN’s Rapid Inventory Assessment (IUCN, 1998) were applied with modification to
collect the primary information. Water samples were collected from the field and analyzed at
Water Engineering and Training center, Kathmandu. Different techniques were applied to
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identitifed the plants and animals. Most of the plants were identified in the field; unidentified
species were collected from the field and identified at Kathmandu consulting different literatures
(Siwakoti and Varma, 1999; Cook, 1996). Most birds were identified by direct observation with
the help of guide book by Grimmet et al. (2000) on the spot and some were confirmed by their
calls. Secondary information (indirect evidences) such as droppings, pugmarks, footprints and
scales of the animals were also collected to identitfy the wild animals. The colour sketches and
photographs of fauna were also used during the interactions with local people (herders,
fisherman and farmers - Photo 1) to known the fauna. Those collected local information was
verified with the help of guide books such as Baral & Shah (2008) for mammals, Shah and
Tiwari (2004) for Herpeto and Shrestha (1994) for fish. Global and national threatened,
conservation and CITES status of the fauna were used as followed by Biodiversity Profile
Project (1995) and Bhuju et al. (2007). Consultation was made with district/ local level
stakeholders such as the relevant District Forest Office and its Ilaka forest office, Range Post and
the District Soil Conservation Office of the study sites, the Forest User Groups, Wetland
Conservation Sub-committee, Local Management Committees, local leaders and Key informants
of the representative sites to discuss the ecosystem goods and services and management aspects
of the wetlands (Annex 1).
Photo 1: Consultation with community for Wetland Inventory of Chure
6
The inventory was made mainly lacustrine (lakes/ponds) and palustrine (marshes/swamps)
wetlands that retained the water throughout the year. Wetlands distributed northern sides of the
East West Highway along the Bhawar and Chure hills were only considered (Figure 1). Betana
wetland of Belbari (Morang) touches the highway is not considered due to its Tarai location.
Wetlands distributed in protected areas such as the Chitwan National Park and the Koshi Tappu
Wildlife Reserve and their buffer zones were not studied because it was not under the mandate of
the study team. The protected areas are popular for housing a large number of wetlands and
wetland dependent wildlife. The wetlands of protected areas are equally facing the problems of
siltation/sedimentation, eutrophication, and invasion by invasive alien species of plants as
located outside the protected areas. The report was presented with the officials of the Rastrapati
Chure Conservation Progaram (Coordination Unit) and their comments are incorporated in the
final report.
Figure 1: Wetland Distribution in Central & Eastern Development Region of Nepal.
7
2. Wetlands and Biodiversity in Chure Area
2.1 Overview of Wetlands (East of the Narayani)
Nepal houses only freshwater wetlands and can be classified into 19 types of natural inland
wetlands and 10 types of man-made according to the Ramsar Convention’s classification
(Siwakoti, 2007). The Chure area has at least 10 types of inland wetlands and some man-made
wetlands. The Chure area is drained by a number of permanent and seasonal rivers/streams
which formed various river basins. The major river basins east to the Narayani River are eastern
Narayani river basin and Sapta Koshi river basin and their tributaries. These rivers are originated
in Tibet area of People’s Republic of China and pass through the Nepal Himalaya, considered as
first Grade Rivers. These are old rivers flowing to make wide and large valley with maximum
contribution of sediment loads in the summer period. The pre-Himalayan Rivers started
depositing sediments in the shallow area and giving rise to Chure hills (Sharma, 1977). The
rivers originate from Mahabharat Lekh passes through Chure areas are Rapti and Reu rivers of
Chitwan, Bakeya of Bara, Chandi of Rautahat, Bagmati of Sarlahi, Ratu of Mahottari, Kamala of
Siraha and Dhanusa, Trijuga of Udaypur and Saptari, Budhi, Sardu of Sunsari, Ratuwa, Bakraha,
Lohandra, Singiya, Chisang kholas of Morang, Kankai, Mechi, Biring, Ratuwa of Jhapa and
Mai khola, Chanju khola, Kamal khola, Mawa khola, Ratuwa khola of Ilam, etc. These rivers
have good floodplains along their margins in the Tarai, Bhawar and Inner valleys. The Kankai
river of Jhapa forms a large wetland in Domukha VDC– 8, when a dam was built to storage the
water for Kankai irrigation canal just about 2 km north of the Kankai Bridge, These Mahabharat
originated rivers are young and perennial considered as second Grade Rivers.
Besides, several streams/rivulets are originated in the Chure hills, considered as third Grade
Rivers which are very young and dried off during summer. They have no discharge in dry season
and are seasonal in nature. Some of the examples of the Chure origin streams are Mainawati,
Gagan, Khuti, Balan of Siraha, Mahuli, and Balan of Saptari and Udaypur, Seuti of Sunsari,
Saranamati and Baniyani of Jhapa district. All of these rivers and streams of Chure origins form
floodplains and riverine ecosystem in the Chure-Bhawar areas. In addition, Chure has several
permanent and seasonal lakes, pools, marshes, swamps and springs. The lakes along the Bhawar
and Inner Tarai are created by the meandering nature of river and known as ox-bow lakes,
whereas along the Siwalik/ Chure hills originated by tectonic activity.
8
2.2 Major Biodiversity
Wetlands of Chure and Bhawar region of eastern Nepal (east of Narayani River) support
significant number of wildlife and plant species. During the field visits and consultation with
local people following fauna and flora are observed.
Fauna
Mammals: The mammals distributed in the Chure area belong to six orders, 15 families, 25
genus and 27 species. Among them five species are legally protected by NPWC Act 1973 by the
government of Nepal. They are Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata), Leopard Cat
(Prionailurus bengalensis), Spotted Lingsang (Prionodon pardicolor), Bengal Tiger (Panthera
tigris) and Asiatic Elephant (Elephas maximus). The Bengal Tiger and Asiatic Elephant are also
falling under the IUCN red list as ‘Endangered’ category. Similarly the Asiatic Black Bear
(Ursus thibetanus) is under ‘Vulnerable’ category. There are 16 species of mammals listed
under the CITES Appendix I, II and III. Among them six species such as Hanuman Langur
(Semnopithecus entellus), Common Leopard (Panthera pardus), Leopard Cat (Prionailurus
bengalensis), Spotted Lingsang, Bengal Tiger and Asiatic Elephant are listed under the CITES
Appendix I Eight species are ‘restricted range’ found only in the Tarai and siwalik region
(Bhuju et al., 2007) in Nepal. These include Bengal Tiger, Asiatic Elephant, Indian Pangolin,
Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena), Spotted Deer (Axis axis), Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus),
Irrawaddy Squirrel (Callosciurus pygerythrus), and Five-stripe Palm Squirrel (Funambulus
pennantii) (Annex 2.1). Some animals like Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta), Hanuman
Langur, Golden Jackal (Canis aureus), Common Leopard, Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), Spotted Deer
(Axis axis), Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak) and Hare (Lepus nigricollis) have wide
distribution range commonly seen in this area too.
Birds: The Chure area houses one hundred species of birds classified under 80 genera 39
families and 17 orders. Most of them are residential in nature. According to IUCN Red List
‘Threatened’ categories, Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) falls under ‘Vulnerable
category’, whereas Lesser Fish Eagle (Ichthyophaga humilis) and Great Hornbill (Buceros
bicornis) are listed as ‘Near Threatened category’. The Great Hornbill is legally protected
species by the government of Nepal. Similarly, 19 species including Great Hornbill are listed
under CITES Appendices and nine species of birds have ‘restricted range’ only in Tarai and
9
Siwaliks region in Nepal (Bhuju et al., 2007). The restricted range species are Great Hornbill,
Black-rumped Flameback (Dinopium benghalense), Himalayan Flameback (Dinopium shorii),
Oriental Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris), Black Baza (Aviceda leuphotes), Black
Bittern (Dupetor flavicollis), Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis), Indian Pitta (Pitta brachyura)
and Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus). The ‘most common’ ten bird species of this
region are Lesser Whistling-duck (Dendrocygna javanica), White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon
smyrnensis), Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis), White-breasted Waterhen (Amaurornis
phoenicurus), Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus), Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii),
Black-hooded Oriole (Oriolus xanthornus), Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus), Jungle
Babbler (Turdoides striatus) and Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) (Annex 2.2).
Herpeto fauna: A total of 17 species of amphibia and reptile belonging to 14 genera, 11 families
and 4 orders are reported from the Chure and foothill’s wetland of eastern Nepal. Among them
the Yellow Monitor (Varanus flavescens) and Asiatic Rock Python (Python molurus) are legally
protected by Government of Nepal. The Elongated Tortoise (Indotestudo elongata) reported
from Rajarani Morang (Basnet, 2001) is fall under ‘Endangered’ category of IUCN Red List.
Similarly eight species are listed under the CITES Appendix I and II. The Bengal Monitor
(Varanus bengalensis), Yellow Monitor and Asiatic Rock Python are listed under the CITES
Appendix I. Similarly, the Asiatic Rock Python, Jerdon's bull frog (Hoplobatrachus crassus),
Black Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga), Flapshell Turtle (Lissemys punctata) and Chequered
Keelback (Sibynophis sagittarius) are exclusively restricted in the Chure and Tarai of Nepal. The
most common species known from these areas are the Asiatic Rock Python, Bengal Monitor
(Varanus bengalensis) and Asiatic Rat Snake (Ptyas mucosus) (Annex 2.3) .
Fish: A total of 27 species of fish belonging 18 genera, eight families and four orders have been
known from this region. Among them 12 fish distribution are restricted in only Tarai and siwalik
zone of Nepal. They are Getu (Botia lohachata), Gonch (Bagarius bagarius), Katla (Catla
catla), Deduwa (Chela laubuca), Rewa (Cirrhinus sp.), Rohu (Labeo sp.), Darai (Oxygaster
phulo), Pothi (Puntius sp.), Singhi (Botia dayi), Tengra (Mystus bleekeri), Buhari (Wallago attu)
and (Channa sp), respectively (Annex 2.4). Katla, Pothi (Danio sp.) and Hile have been known
as the most common species in these areas.
10
Flora
The Chure area is dominated by Sal (Shorea robusta), the associated species Khair (Acacia
catechu), Saj (Terminalia alata), Sisau (Dalbergia sissoo), Simal (Bombax ceiba), Jamun
(Sygygium cumini), etc. A number of medicinal plants such as Bijaya Sal (Pterocarpus
marsupium, a rare species of western tropical Nepal), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Kurilo
(Asparagus recemosus), Harro (Terminalia chebula), Barro (Terminalia bellirica), and Amala
(Phyllanthus emblica) are commonly observed. The dominant fodder plants of this region are
Bharlo (Bauhinia vahlii), Khanyu (Ficus hispida), Tanki (Bauhinia purpurea), Dabdabe (Garuga
pinnata), Badahar (Artocarpus lakoocha), etc. The upper hills of eastern Chure are occupied
by Schima wallichii and Castanopsis spp. Some rare species such as Cycas pectinata and Cythea
spinulosa (CITES listed species), Ratton (Calamus spp.), Bhalupate (Talauma hodgsonii) are
reported in the eastern moist Chure-Bhawar area of Ilam (Oli, 2000). Several government
protected species such as Alstonia scholaris, Butea monosperma, Oroxylum indicum, Dalbergia
latifolia are commonly distributed along the Chure range (Bhuju & Joshi, 2009) (Annex 3).
11
3. Profiles of Wetlands
12
3.1 Halkhoria Daha
3.1.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Ratanpur VDC-1&2, Bara District (Figure
2); alt. 157m, lat. 27° 12.253', long. 085°05.323'E.
Figure 2: Location Map of Holkhoriya Daha, Bara.
3.1.2 Overview: Halkhoria Daha is natural wetland situated inside the dense tropical Sal mixed
forest of Charkose Jhadi in southern part of Chure hills. The Halkhoria daha associates with
other six small ponds of different size. This unique wetland provides important refuge for birds
and is a key waterhole for wildlife including the wildlife of the Parsa Wildlife Reserve. The
Wildlife Reserve is located about 12 km west from the wetland. The Daha is surrounded by a
forest along the foothills of the Chure towards the North. It is bordered by the Bakaiya stream to
the east, Mahendra (East west) to the south, Balganga (Bhandri) stream to the west and Hatia and
Chhatiban VDCs of Makawanpur district to the north. Large part of the lake has been covered by
sand deposits and vegetation growth converting as grass land drying the wetland.
13
3.1.3 Access: The Halkhoria Daha is accessible from the east west highway; it lies about 10 km
east from Pathalaiya of Bara district. A seasonal dirt road of about 5 km diverts before crossing
the bridge of the Pasaha River. The Pasaha river lies west of the Nijgadh bazar.
3.1.4 Ecological Feature: The wetland covers approximately 46 ha, but during the dry season,
the water coverage area limits to 5-10 ha. The study team didn’t see the open water body during
the field visit on 19th June 2012 walked through almost middle of the wetland to cross it. It was
almost converted as swamp or marshy grassland (Photo 2). The Daha has been drastically
shrunken due to the cumulative effects of by siltation, sedimentation and succession, low water
recharge and including the invasion by invasive alien weeds.
Photo 2: Halkhoria Daha, Ratanpur VDC, Bara.
3.1.5 Hydrological Features: There is a permanent inflow from a small stream of Siran Khola
(originated from Chure hills) which is very shallow during dry season. A secondary tributary,
Kalikhola that originates from the Halkhoria Chure forest, equally shallow also feeds this
wetland. Otherwise, the wetland receives water from monsoon rain and seepages from adjoining
Chure hills. No ground water source observed in Halkhoria. The upstream of Siran Khola avoids
the human settlement.
14
The Halkhoria Daha exists along with its associates respectively i) Singyahi ii) Piparawa iii) Deb
Daha iv) Thalatti v) Kachuhani (east of Hallkhoria) and vi) Rikrihan (east of Hallkhoria). These
small water bodies have surface feeding and ground springs.
According to the personal communication with local representatives, the Halkhoria daha had
sufficient water before 1990s The water level was up to the breast height (4 feet) even during the
dry season. When the wetland has been given lease out for fishing during that period the
degradation of the wetland is started. The fish contractor dried out the wetland to remove all the
native fish species using the pump before releasing the fish fingerlings (the native fish species
can eat the fingerlings) as well as to harvest fishes, which led a degradation and shrinkage of
daha as it didn’t retain the water in the lake as before. Local people believed that Halkhoria and
associate wetlands never dried due to the power of Ban Devi (forest deities) but by the activity of
fish contractor the Goddess Ban Devi had angry and water level is never raised as before.
3.1.6 Wetland type: Lacustrine (lake/pond) and Palustrine (marsh/swamp).

3.1.7 Water Quality: Not examined.
3.1.8 Noteworthy Biodiversity: The wetland is located inside the Sal dominated mixed forest of
Charkoshe Jhadi. The flora and fauna observed during field visit are as follows:
Fauna
The Halkhoria Daha supports the habitat for 17 mammalian species. The Bengal Tiger, Nilgai
and Sambar Deer are commonly visited in this wetland area of Chure- Bhawar region. The
Sambar Deer was also sighted during the field visit. The most common mammalian species
observed along this lake are Rhesus Macaque, Golden Jackal and Barking Deer. The wetland and
its surrounding forest has been harbors plenty of residential and breeding bird species. During
the field visit on June over forty species of birds had been sighted. Most of them were breeding
and residential. During the study following five species were recorded only from this wetland
area. They were Bar-wing Flycatcher-shrike (Hemipus picatus), Greater Racket-tail Drongo
(Dicrurus paradiseus), White-rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus), Velvet-fronted
Nuthatch (Sitta frontalis) and Black-crested Bulbul (Pycnonotus melanicterus). Greater Coucal,
Red-vented Bulbul, and Spotted Dove were found as the most common bird species. Similarly,
over ten species of each herpeto-fauna and fish have reported from this wetland. Amphibia and
15
Fish were not observed during the field visit of the dry season since the lake has been highly
successional stage and there was no open water body (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Flora
The Halkhoriya harbors diverse tree species of riparian nature along the flooded area. Vegetation
around the lake is formed by Sal (Shorea robusta), Dumri (Ficus racemosa), Rajbrikshya
(Cassia fistula), Bhalayo (Semecarpus anacardium), Bhelar (Trewia nudiflora), Simal (Bombax
ceiba), Amala (Phyllanthus emblica) etc. This wetland does not have floating floral species.
Currently due to sand deposition on the lake, even the former wetland area has been encroached
by many woody species. Such successional tree species include Khayar (Acacia catechu), Bhelar
(Trewia nudiflora), Tikuli (Mitragyna parvifolia), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Bauhinia
malbarica and Ficus species. The wetland dependent herbaceous species include Narkat
(Phragmites karka), Pire Jhar (Polygomum hydropiper), Persicaria species, Cyperus digitalis,
Carex species, kans (Sachrum spontenum) etc. The moist parts around the wetland have been
seriously invaded by Lahare Banmara (Mikania micrantha) (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
3.1.9 Ecosystem Goods and Services

The wetland provides a wide range of goods and services to local community such as grazing
land and waterhole for livestock, wild fruits/tubers, thatch grass (khar), fishing and snail
collection. Not only from nearby villages, the Malaha community from Kalaiya bazar also used
to come for fishing and snail collection often created conflicts in the past with local people on
resource use.
The Ratanpur village is the nearest settlement from the Halkhoria, it was dominated by Danuwar
(Kacchad) community before 2032/033 B.S. In last 70', other social groups such as Bramin-
Chtettri from mid hill migrated and settled in ward number 2, increasing the human pressure to
Daha and its basin for the resources. Danuwar community was the traditional users of this
wetland for fish, food, fodder, etc. As the resources depleted the Danuwar community is
migrated from ward no.1 and settled at ward no. 2 which is more far from the wetland now their
dependency on this wetland is reduced. The people from Piluwa village situated south of East
West Highway also frequently used this wetland for their livestock grazing and collecting
firewood and fuel wood.
16
The Halkhoria Daha has also cultural values; the local communities believe that the Halkhoria
Daha and its forests is an abode of Goddess due to its sacredness. In addition, Halkhoria had
become popular all of sudden when a supposedly saint “ Ram Bahadur Bamjam” nicknamed as
a Buddha boy, visited this area for meditation in 2005 and hundreds of devotees and visitors
come to worship “Bamjam” every day. The followers of Bamjam fenced the forest area with
barbed wire inside the forest and restricted the grazing, collecting fire woods & fodders for
creating tranquility for saint’s meditation. However, the human movements disturbed the wildlife
habitat. Besides, the rural people from Ratanpur, Piluwa and nearby villages come to Halkhoria
daha for worshiping goddess in every Haribodini Ekadashi in the Nepali month Kartik.
3.1.10 Observed Threats; Siltation, succession, overgrazing, unsustainable harvesting of natural

resources including NTFPs, forest fire, etc., are the major threats for the wetland. Soil
erosion from the adjacent hills dried up of feeders (Siran khola and Kalikhola).
3.1.11 Institutional Involvement: IUCN Nepal (1995) prepared a Bara Forest Management
Plan; the Nepal Tourism Board allocated NRs 500,000/- for constructing road from
Bhadrakali army post to HalKhoria Daha in 2011/12. The District Soil Conservation and
Watershed Management has supported for construction of water tank for drinking water
purpose in the villages.
3.1.12 Land ownership and Management: The landownership remains under the Government
of Nepal; it has been managed by the Bara district forest office.
3.1.13 Management Recommendations: The significance and threats of the Halkhoria Daha are
realized since a long time ago but the rate of degradation is continued and is almost verge
of extinction. So, it needs urgent restoration to bring back to its previous state and help
providing the ecological services to the local people. As being a key waterhole for the
wildlife of Parsa Wildlife Reserve so it should be restored to protect the wildlife of this
region. The key restoration project will cover following actions.
• Construction/ maintenance of dam at the southern end of the Halkhoria Daha. The current
dam constructed in 2006/07 with the support of VDC has fallen down.
• Regular removal of silts/sands from the lakebed to increase a depth and enhances its water
holding capacity.
17
• Remove invasive alien plant species and unwanted tree species from the Daha.
• Conserve the upstream of Siran Khola so that the soil erosion will be reduced during the
monsoon.
• The entire catchment with its forest, vegetation and waterhole needs to be fully protected to
boost the water recharge.
• Provide capacity building training to local communities for restoration and sustainable use
of the Daha, and to manage local festival.
• Conduct detail inventory of floral and faunal species found in and around the wetland.
• Develop and implement the income generating programs for wetland dependent
community of Halkhoria area.
3.2 Baba Tal

3.2.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Badaharamal VDC-2&3, Siraha district
(Figure 3); alt. 105m, lat. 26° 53.836', long 086° 09.888'E.
Figure 3: Location Map of Baba Tal, Kamal Daha and Devi Daha; Siraha
18
3.2.2 Overview: The Baba Tal is a renovated wetland and has a relatively large open water
body. This wetland is an expansion of previously existing small wetland where dam has
been constructed in the outlet of wetland to retain water. It situated on the foothills of
Chure range and is connected with a small wetland of upstream called Jordaha. It has
becoming a good refuge of wild animals and bird species due to the effective conservation
practices (Photo 3).
3.2.3 Access: The Baba Tal is about 2 km north away from Bandipur bazar of the East West
Highway in Siraha district.
3.2.4 Ecological Feature: Baba Tal extends approximately 7 ha, but before renovation it was
extended only about 2 ha. A pair of ponds (Jordaha) lies at the upstream of Baba Tal. The
Baba Tal is managed by the Jordaha Community Forest User’s Group. The community
managed forest provides good refugia for wildlife/birds.
3.2.5 Hydrological Feature: The wetland is fed by a small stream (Jordaha), surface recharge,
and seepages from hill and direct precipitation.
3.2.6 Wetland type: Lacustrine (pond/lake).
3.2.7 Water Quality: Physico-chemical and biological characters of the water is given in
(Annex 4.1)
3.2.8 Noteworthy Biodiversity: The vegetation is seen as a secondary nature, the good
regeneration of forest species observed due to recent conservation activity. The dominant
fauna and flora are as follows:
Fauna
Baba Tal and its surrounding area support over ten mammalian species. The most common
mammalian species of this area are Rhesus Macaque, Golden Jackal and Wild boar. Similarly,
the lake and its surrounding forest provides habitat for many residential and breeding bird
species. During the field visit of June 2012 over 35 species of birds had been sighted. Among
them, Ashy Bulbul (Hemixos flavala), Black Bittern (Dupetor flavicollis), Lesser Fish Eagle
(Ichthyophaga humilis), Chestnut-headed Bee-eater (Merops leschenaulti), Pied Kingfisher
(Ceryle rudis), Demoiselle Crane (Grus virgo) and Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) were
recorded only from this area. Local people also reported Demoiselle Crane and Kalij Pheasant
19
from this area. Lesser Whistling-duck, White-throated Kingfisher and White-breasted Waterhen
were observed most commonly along the pond. Similarly, six species of herpeto-fauna and some
exotic fishes have reported in the pond and its surrounding habitat (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Photo 3: Baba Tal, Badaharmal VDC, Siraha.
Flora
The forest vegetation around the lake seems very much degraded in the past; however, recent
conservation measure can be manifested by the current improved forest structure. Forest
vegetation is composed of Banjhi (Anogeissus latifolia), Khayar (Acacia catechu), Diospyros
species, Badkamle (Caesaria glomerata), Gayo (Bridella retusa), Rajbrikshya (Cassia fistula),
Indrajau (Holarrhena pubescens), Bel (Aegle marmelos), Bayar (Ziziphus mauritiana), Sindure
(Mallotus phillipensis) and Aule (unknown specie), Ceropegia species etc. Climbing species
such as (Dioscorea bulbifera) and Bhyakur (D. deltoidea) and Ceropegia species are commonly
observed in the forest. Major aquatic species in the pond are Pire Jhar (Polygonum hydropiper)
and Besaram (Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa). Immediate catchments of the pond is encroached
by Invasivw Alien Species (IAS) like Lahare Banmara (Mikania micrantha), Kanike kanda
(Lantana camara), and Banmara (Chromolaena odorata). A high value medicinal plant
Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentina) is also observed in this wetland area (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
20
Approximately 265 households from Badaharamal VDC are benefited from irrigation through
the run-off-harvesting dam of the Tal. The run-off-harvesting dam was constructed with the
support of District Soil Conservation Office. Local people cut grasses around the lake for their
livestock but grazing is not allowed inside forest. There is a good practice of stall feeding in
villages. Cutting grass is also an ecological tool to break the succession that helps stop grassland
to convert in to forest in the long run. The run-off-harvesting dam functions as a desilting
reservoir and allows only the silt/sand free water to the agricultural field. Local people shared
that after Baba Tal has been conserved through the community forest user’s group, they have
been benefited by i) preventing from soil erosion which otherwise fills to agricultural fields and
ii) improving the water table which is currently 30 feet against previous 40 feet. The baba Tal
has also a cultural value; there is a Nanda baba (Nange baba) temple in the adjoining forest.
Local people go there to worship the Nanda baba.
3.2.10 Observed threats: This wetland is relatively good condition due to restoration activity,
but still several threats such as soil erosion and landslides in upstream, sedimentation,
siltation/floods, invasive alien plant species etc., are observed.
3.2.11 Institutional Involvement: The District Soil Conservation and Watershed Management
Office (DSCWMO) of Siraha supported to construct a runoff harvesting dam that allows
surface water to irrigate the arable land of downstream Tarai. A de-sanding/de-silting
artificial tank also built to control siltation in the agriculture land. The Jordaha Chure
Community Forest User’s Group and Chure Bachau and Baba Tal Conservation
Committees have been worked together to restore the wetland with the support of GTZ.
The GTZ has provided food grains in return of people labor contribution under the
program of food for work.
3.2.12 Land Ownership and Management: The land ownership belongs to the government of
Nepal, and it is being managed by the Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s Group.
3.2.13 Management Recommendations: The government line agency, donor agency and
community have been involved for restoration of the Tal, still lot of challenges are
21
experienced. Therefore, for the sustainable management and conservation following
actions are recommended:
• Regular repair and maintenance of runoff harvesting dam to regulate the hydrological
flow.
• Make an access up to the strategic point rather than around the lake for desilting the silts
and sands from the pond.
• Conduct detail inventory of floral and faunal species found in and around the wetland.
• Develop and implement upstream (Jordaha catchment) lake conservation program to
reduce the run-off and siltation from the sources.
• Develop and promote the Baba Tal as a recreational and educational center.
• Pilot the payment of ecological services as it has a demonstrative effects on soil control
in the arable land in the downstream village.
• Provide training for capacity building to the representatives of Jordaha Chure Community
Forest User’s Group and Chure Bachau and Baba Tal Conservation Committee for
effective management and development of recreational and education centre.
3.3 Kamal Daha
3.3.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Fulbaria VDC-1&2, Siraha (Figure 3); alt
140 m, lat 26°50.671', long 086°18.362'E.
3.3.2 Overview: Kamal Daha, a natural wetland is located at the foothills of Chure, amidst the
degraded forest. It has been managed by Ghurmi Danda Community Forest User’s Group.
The entire community forest is divided in to 7 blocks and Kamal Daha is located at block 2
as can see in the approved Forest Operational Plan.
3.3.3 Access: Kamal Daha is approximately 7 km north away from Fatepur (Fulbaria-3) along
the East West Highway.
3.3.4 Ecological Feature: The area of the Daha is approx.7.5 ha while its entire basin is about
151 ha.
22
3.3.5 Hydrological Feature: The Kamal Daha has no permanent inflow and out flow. The Daha
is fed by the permanent ground spring (Jaruwa) and seepages from hills during rainy season
and direct precipitation. It also receives surface water drained from Ghurmi Danda. Due to
ground spring the level of the wetland is always maintained (Photo 4).
3.3.6 Wetland type: Lacustrine (lake/pond).
3.3.7 Water Quality: Physico-chemical and biological characters of the water are given in
(Annex 4.2).
Photo 4: Kamal Daha, Fulbaria VDC, Siraha
3.3.8 Noteworthy Biodiversity
Fauna
Kamal Daha and its surrounding area support over ten mammalian species. The most common
this lake and its surrounding forest has been harbors numerous residential and breeding birds.
During the field visit over 30 species of birds had been sighted. The Common Kestrel (Falco
tinnunculus) and Tawny Pipit (Anthus campestris) were sighted only in this wetland. Red-vented
Bulbul, Black Drongo and Greater Coucal were most commonly sighted in this area. Similarly,
23
ten species of herpeto and five species of fish have reported in the pond its surrounding habitat.
Most common fish species are Rohu (Labeo sp.), Naini (Cirrhinus mrigala) and Pothi (Puntius
sp.) (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Flora
The forest vegetation around the lake is much disturbed and seems degraded by human activities
including grazing. Forest around the lake is mixed type and is composed of Sal (Shorea robusta),
Khayar (Acacia catechu), Diospyros species, Karam (Adina cordifolia), Tikuli (Mitragyna
parvifolia), Archal (Antidesma species), Indrajau (Holarrhena pubescens), Saj (Terminalia
alata), Sindure (Mallotus phillipensis), Bot Dhayero (Largestomia parvifolia), Chhatiwan
(Alstonia Scholaris), etc. People have cleaned the lake recently therefore, larger part of the
wetland devoids of macro flora; however, a small section is covered by Kamal (Nelumbo
nucifera). Other wetland associated plant species includes Besaram (Ipomoea carnea ssp.
fistulosa), Jal Kumbhi (Eichhornia crassipes), Saccharum spontaneum, Pire Jhar (Polygonum
hydropiper) and Persicaria species. The marginal areas cover with Siru (Imperata cylindrica)
and many invasive species like Kanike kanda/Banmara (Lantana camara), Lajjawati (Mimosa
pudica), and Banmara (Chromolaena odorata) (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
3.3.9 Ecosystem Goods and Services:

The upstream of Kamal Daha has a Nanuwa village with 35 houses of Tamang and Magar
communities. The communities for subsistence depend on farming and livestock herding. They
used the wetland for various purposes such as drinking water for livestock, washing cloth,
swimming and fishing. Local community informed that the lake was given to lease in the past for
commercial fish farming, later on, the Users Group realized that the wetland is being more
polluted and degraded by the activity of fish contractor and terminated the contract.
There is a Hanuman temple (Monkey god) at the eastern bank of the Daha. According to local
people about 70-80 thousand peoples visit the wetland during Thuli Ekadashi festival that starts
from 11th day of Tihar to 15th day (Purnima) in the month of Kartik. A wrestling game (kusti) is
also organized during this festival. In addition, this site has been increasingly popular for
celebrating New Year (1st of Baishak). A few years before it was leased for fish farming but now
the Ghurmi Danda Community forest users group stop the fish farming.
24
3.3.10 Observed Threats: Human activities like swimming, bathing, washing heavily
contributed to pollute the lake environment. Besides, encroachment, unsustainable
harvesting of natural resources, agricultural runoff such as chemical fertilizers and
pesticides/insecticides are the major threats for this wetland. A herd of livestock was
observed grazing around the Tal contributing the soil erosion. The forest vegetation
around the lake is much disturbed due to human activities including grazing and lopping.
3.3.11 Instuttional Involment: Not documented
3.3.12 Landownership and Management: The land belongs to the government of Nepal; it has
been managed by the Ghurmi Danda Community Forest User’s Group.
3.3.13 Management Recommendations: Currently the lake is suffering from “tragedy of

common” syndrome. It is suffered from pollution and sedimentation. Specific restoration
and conservation measures will be followings:
• Strengthen the capacity of the Ghurmi Danda Community Forest User’s Group for
effective conservation measures.
• Manage uncontrolled grazing around the lake.
• Designate specific sites for fishing (non-commercial), holy bathing and discourage the
use of detergents.
• Promote effective management for celebration of local festival to minimize pollution
contributing activities in the wetland.
• Maintenance of the dam to increase the water retention capacity.
• Promote the alternatives to wetland dependent people for sustainable livelihoods.
• Develop and promote the Kamal Daha as a religious and recreational site.
25
3.4 Devi Daha
3.4.1 Location and Geographical Information: Taregana Govindapur VDC-9, Siraha (Figure
3); alt. 115 m, lat. 26°44.545', long. 086°30.429'E.
3.4.2 Overview: Devi daha is a natural lake, located at the foothills of the Churia range along
the Sal forest.
3.4.3 Access: The wetland can be reached through the Gol Bazar of the Siraha, after driving 3-4
km north. Gol Bazar is near to Lahan along the East West Highway.
3.4.4 Ecological Feature: It is a permanent wetland and retains water with maximum depth 2-3
m in dry season. The lake extends about 10 ha including marginal marshes.
3.4.5 Hydrological Feature: The wetland has no inflow and outflow. The sources of water are
surface flow, direct precipitation and seepages from the catchment area during monsoon
and ground spring (Photo 5).
3.4.6 Wetland Type: Lacustrine and Palustrine.
3.4.7 Water Quality: Not examined
Photo 5: Devi Daha, Taregana Govindapur VDC, Siraha.
26
Fauna
The Devi Daha and its surrounding forest support six mammalian species. The most common
mammalian species of this area are Golden Jackal, Indian Grey Mongoose and Indian Crested
Porcupine. Similarly, the lake area harbors numerous residential and breeding bird species.
During the field visit over 20 species of birds had been sighted. The most common bird species
in the lake were Lesser Whistling-duck, White-breasted Waterhen, and Red-wattled Lapwing.
Similarly, eight species of herpeto and six fish species were known to be found in the lake and
surrounding habitat. Rohu (Labeo sp.), Hile (Channa spp.) and Pothi (Puntius sp) are the most
common fish species in Devi Daha (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Flora
Vegetation along the catchment area is dominated by Sal (Shrorea robusta). Associated forest
trees species include Karam (Adina cordifolia), Khayar (Acacia catechu), Simal (Bombax ceiba),
Sindure (Mallotus phillipensis), Saj (Terminalia alata), Bhelar (Trewia nudiflora), etc. The lake
has been encroached by floating species like Eichornia crassiceps, Pistia stratoites and
Monochoria species; however, the threat is not serious. Siru (Imperata cylindrica), Sacchrum
spontaneum, Pire Jhar (Polygonum hydropiper), Eichnochloa spp., Cyprus digitalis, Suire Ghans
(Unknown species) and Besaram (Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa) dominantly occur along the
marginal areas of the wetland (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
3.4.9 Ecosystem goods and Services values: The main users of this wetland are 143 households
from the Balansher and Daulatpur villages. This Daha has been used for irrigating about
30-38 ha of cultivated land primarily at Daulatpur and Balansher villages. In addition, local
people collect the dead and fallen trees for fuel woods.
3.4.10 Observed Threats: The wetland has been degrading by various problems. The common
threats are rapid invasion by invasive alien plant species, unsustainable harvesting of
natural resources, overgrazing, siltation, agricultural runoff, etc.
3.4.11 Institutional Involment: Not documented
27
3.4.12 Landownership and Management: The land belongs to the government of Nepal; it is
being managed by the Devidaha Community Forest User’s Group.
3.4.13 Management Recommendations: The following actions will be helpful to conserve the
Devidaha sustainably.
• Detail inventory of floral and faunal species found in and around Devidaha.
• Develop program to conserve the catchment area of the wetland to minimize soil erosion.
• Removal of invasive alien species/weeds.
• Capacity building of the local institutions (Forest User’s groups ) to make them able to
address the threats effectively
3.5 Pathru Daha
3.5.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Sitapur VDC, Saptari (Figure 4); alt 130 m,
lat. 26°38.294', long. 086°46.546'E.
Figure 4: Location Map of Pathru Daha, Jandaul Daha & Kamal Daha; Saptari.
28
3.5.2 Overview: Pathru daha is modified pond in a previous natural wetland; it is fed by a
permanent inflow that originates from the Chure hills (3 km away) and runoff from the
Pathru community forests. It consists of two ponds which are protected by constructing the
sand trapping tank in the stream of the foothills of Chure hill. The Patrudaha is currently
being managed by the Pathrudaha Community Forest User’s Group. Bio-engineering
practice is applied to control the soil erosion and silts.
3.5.3 Access: Pathru Daha is approx. 2 km north from Bhawanipur bazar along the East West
highway.
3.5.4 Ecological Feature: The water coverage area is about 1 ha, and the total area of
community forest is 101 ha.
3.5.5 Hydrological Feature: Pathru daha has a perennial stream of Chure origin. In addition, it
is fed by surface run-off and direct precipitation especially during the monsoon. Outflow
has been regulated through the run off harvesting dam which functions only during the
rainy/monsoon season when water level increases (Photo 6).
Photo 6: Pathru Daha, Sitapur VDC, Saptari.

29
(Annex 4.3).
Fauna
Pathru Daha and its surrounding area support one dozen mammalian species. The most common
this lake and nearby forested areas have been harbour numerous residential and breeding birds.
During the field visit over 30 species of birds were recorded within a short time. Among them
Indian Pitta (Pitta brachyura) was observed only in this area. The most common species were
Lesser Whistling-duck, White-throated Kingfisher, White-breasted Waterhen and Red-vented
Bulbul. Similarly, eight species of herpeto and five species of fish were known to be found in the
lake and surrounding habitat. Bhakur (Catla sp.), Hile (Channa sp.) and Pothi (Danio sp.) are
reported as the most common fish species in the lake (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Flora
Vegetation around the lake shows riverine elements. Dominant species are Marchaiya (unknown
tree), Indrajau (Hollarhaena pubescens), Carissa carandans, Khayar (Acacia catechu), Satisal
(Dalbergia latifolia), kadam (Anthocephalus chinensis), Ficus species, Antidesma species etc.
Trees and shrubs around the lake is covered by Gurjo (Tinospora sinensis). Moist part around
lake is dominated by Lahare banmara (Mikania micrantha), Solanum torvum, Trichosanthes
cucumerina. The dominant wetland flora is mainly represented by Besaram (Ipomoea carnea
ssp. fistulosa) and Pirejhar (Polygonum hydropiper), Alternenthera philoxeroides, Fimbrystylis
miliacea. The Lahare Banmara (Mikania micrantha) and Trichosanthes cucumerina form a thick
blanket around the lakes (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
3.5.9 Ecosystem Goods and Services: The primary users for this wetland are about 280
households from Sitapur-7, 8 & 9. The community used the wetland for fishing, irrigation
(approx. 40 ha), it has also been serving soil erosion control and recreation. Plants occur
30
around wetland, such as bamboos and NTFPs supporting to income generation of
community.
3.5.10 Observed threats: Soil erosion and landslide in upstream, siltation/floods, invasion by
invasive alien species and over exploiting of resources, etc., are the major threats.
3.5.11 Institutional Involvment: Not documented.
3.5.12 Land Ownership and Management: The land belongs to the government of Nepal; it
has been managed by the Pathru Daha Community Forest User’s Group.
3.5.13 Management Recommendations: Following actions are recommended-
• Develop and implement the conservation programs such as afforestation of bamboo plants
that reduces the rate of soil erosion.
• Removal of invasive alien species/weeds regularly.
• Maintenance of the runoff harvesting dam that regulates the hydrological flow for irrigation
and functions as soil erosion control.
• Strengthen capacity of Pathrudaha Community Forest User’s Group on wetland
management.
• Mainstreaming wetland conservation practices in the Forest Operational Plan (FOP).
3.6 Jandaul Pokhari
3.6.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Jandaul VDC - 6 & 7, Saptari, (Figure 4); alt.
130m, lat. 26°38.874', long. 086°47.455' E.
3.6.2 Overview: Jandaul pokhari consists of series of four ponds constructed along the small
stream named Banaha Khola. The wetlands are created along the Chure originated stream
with the aim of trapping sand and silts to protect the downstream agricultural land from
siltation.
3.6.3 Access: Jandaul pokhari approximately 1-1.5 km north away from Jandol bazzar along the
East West highway.
31
3.6.4 Ecological Feature: The estimated area of the large Pokhari is about 1 ha.
3.6.5 Hydrological Feature: Jandaul pokhari feeds by a Chure originated seasonal Banaha
Khola, also fed by the surface run off from the surrounding forests and direct precipitation
during monsoon (Photo 7).
3.6.6 Wetland Type: Lacustrine (lake/pond), Palustrine (marsh/swamp) and riverine.
Photo 7: Jandaul 1, one of the wetlands series, Jandaul, Saptari.
Fauna
The Jandaul and Pathru Daha, both are manmade ponds and located at the same location. So,
both have similar faunal species (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Flora
The ponds are surrounded by tropical mixed forest dominated by Shorea robusta. Other
associated forest species are Diospyros specie, Sindure (Mallotus phillipensis), Antidesma
32
species, khayar (Acacia catechu), Marchaiya (unknown tree), Rajbrikshya (Cassia fistula),
Indrajau (Hollarhaena pubescens), etc. Moist part around lake is dominated by Lahare Banmara
(Mikania micrantha), Solanum torvum, and Trichosanthes cucumerina. Ponds in Jandaul Tal
devoid of floating and submerged macro flora, but some emergent species such as Pire Jhar
(Polygonum hydropiper), Besaram (Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa), Jaluko (Alocasia species)
are present (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
3.6.8 Ecosystem goods and Services: The wetland provides services for irrigating the
agricultural fields of approx. 291 households and fishery. It controls soil erosion and
enhances water table.
3.6.9 Observed Threats: Soil erosion, unsustainable harvesting of natural resources, excessive
growth of invasive alien species, uncontrolled grazing, overfishing, etc., are the major
problems of the wetland.
3.6.10 Land ownership and Management: The land ownership belongs to the government of
Nepal; it is being managed by the Harina Chure Community Forest User’s Group.
3.6.11 Management recommendations
• Initiate soil conservation measures such as, afforestation of bamboo plants along the
degraded areas and bioengineering technology.
• Control the excessive growth of invasive alien plant species.
• Generate community income through sustainable fish farming in the wetland.
• Maintenance of the runoff harvesting dam that regulates the hydrological flow for irrigation
and soil erosion control.
• Strengthen institutional capacity of Harina Chure Community Forest User’s Group on
wetland management.
• Mainstreaming wetland conservation and management strategy and actions in the Forest
Operational Plan.
33
3.7 Kamal Daha
3.7.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Kamalpur VDC, Saptari (Figure 4); alt 90 m,
lat. 26°41.331', long. 086°56.254'E.
3.7.2 Overview: The Kamal Daha is natural wetland, situated at the foothills of Churiya range.
The wetland had covered a big area until 1987, a flood of that year degraded the lake filling
with sand/silt. It has been managed by the Grahmin Bikas Community Forest User’s Group
since 1993.
3.7.3 Access: Kamal daha is about 8 km north from Kanchapur bazar along the East West Highway.
3.7.4 Ecological Feature: The coverage of the Daha is about 3 ha amidst the Sal forest and
agricultural land.
3.7.5 Hydrological Features: This wetland has no permanent inflow but receives water from
ground springs, surface run off from forests and agricultural land as well as direct
precipitation (Photo 8).
Photo 8: Kamal Daha, Kamalpur VDC, Saptari.
3.7.6 Wetland Type: Lacustrine (lake/pond) and Palustrine (marsh/swamp).

34
Fauna
The Kamal Daha and its surrounding area support one dozen mammalian species. The most
common mammalian species of this area are Golden Jackal, Wild boar and Rhesus Macaque.
IUCN Red list ‘Endangered’ categorised species ‘Asiatic Elephant’ sometimes visited this area.
The lake and nearby forested areas have been harbor numerous residential and breeding bird
species. During the field visit two dozen species of birds were recorded with in the limited time
period. Among them Intermediate Egret (Mesophoyx intermedia) was observed only in this lake.
Most common bird species were Lesser Whistling-duck, White-throated Kingfisher, White-
breasted Waterhen and Asian Pied Sterling, etc. Similarly, six species of herpeto and seven
species of fish were known to be found in the lake and surrounding habitat. Bhakur (Catla sp.),
Rahu, and Buhari (Wallago sp.) are reported as the most common fish species in the lake (Annex
2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Flora
Forest vegetation near Kamal daha is tropical mixed forest dominated by Sal (Shorea robusta).
Associated tree species include Karam (Adina cordifolia), Kadam (Anthocephalus chinensis),
Kusum (Schleichera oleosa), Saj (Terminalia alata) etc. Several species of floating and
submerged plants are distributed in most parts of the wetland. Dominant floating species in the
lake are Kamal (Nelumbo nucIifera), Jal Kumbhi (Eichhornia crassipes), Lemna minor,
Vallisneria natans and Monochoria species. Emergent species in the lake are Besaram (Ipomoea
carnea ssp. fistulosa), Schenoplectus mucronatus, Isachme milliace, Chrysopogon acicaltus,
Paspalidium sp., Alternenthera philoxeroides, etc. Many invasive alien species like Banmara
(Lantana camara), Banmara (Chromolaena odorata), Croton bonplandianus, etc. were present
around the wetland (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
3.7.9 Ecosystem Goods and Services: About 180 households from Kamalpur-7 are directly
benefited from the Kamal daha from various wetland resources like irrigation, fishing, snail
and NTFPs (lotus, fruit of water chestnut) collection, grazing land, water for cattle, etc.
3.7.10 Observed Threats: Eutrophication, invasive alien plant species, unsustainable harvesting
of natural resources, grazing, siltation, etc.
35
3.7.11 Institutional Involvement: Not documented.
3.7.12 Land ownership and Management: The land ownership belongs to the government of
Nepal; it is being managed by the Grahmin Bikash Community Forest User’s Group.
3.7.13 Management Recommendations: Following actions are suggested:
• Initiate soil conservation measures such as afforestation of bamboo and wetland friendly
species of plants along the degraded areas with full protection of the existing forests.
• Manage unregulated grazing and unsustainable harvesting of wetland resources.
• Regularly remove the invasive alien species/weeds.
• Explore the possibilities of alternate use of the invasive alien species.
• Maintenance of the dam for promotes irrigation facility and soil erosion control.
• Strengthen institutional capacity of Grahmin Bikas Community Forest User’s Group for
effective management of pokhari (lake) and running recreational centre.
• Mainstreaming wetland conservation and management in the Forest Operational Plan.
3.8 Bagh Jhora Wetland
3.8.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Indrapur VDC-1, Morang (Figure 5); alt.
140 m, lat. 26°40.777', long. 087°23.800'E.
3.8.2 Overview: Bag Jhora wetland is situated at the foothills of Churiya range. It has both
marshy land and deep water pool up to 6m depth. Most portion of the lake has been
degraded due to siltation and succession by many plant species. A local NGO, namely Bag
Jhora Wetland Conservation and Promotion Committee (WCPC) has been managed this
wetland.
3.8.3 Access: Bagjhora is approx. 2.5 km north from Birat Chowk that lies at east west highway.
3.8.4 Ecological Feature: The wetland extends about 4.2 ha in the forest area.
36
3.8.5 Hydrological Feature: The wetland is fed by a permanent inflow from the Kisti River
located in the East direction. The wetland also receives water from ground springs, surface
water from agricultural land and forest as well as direct precipitation (Photo 9).
Figure 5: Location Map of Baghjhora Daha, Betani Simsar, Hasina Simsar and Raja Rani,
Morang.
3.8.6 Wetland Type: Palustrine and Lacustrine.
3.8.7 Water Quality: Physico-chemical and biological characters are given in (Annex 4.4).
Fauna
The Bagjhora wetland and its surrounding forest harbor over one dozen of mammalian species.
The most common mammalian species are Golden Jackal, Mongoose and Rhesus Macaque.
‘Indian Pangolin’ one of the legally protected species in Nepal, also reported from this area. The
area is rich for several residential and breeding bird species. During the field visit 34 species of
birds were recorded. The most common bird species were Common Myna and Black Drongo.
37
Similarly, seven species of herpeto and four species of fish were known to be found in the lake
and surrounding habitat (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Photo 9: Bagjhora , Indrapur VDC, Morang
Flora
Dominant vegetation in its vicinity is by Sal (Shorea robusta). Associates of Sal are Karam
(Adina cordifolia), Khayar (Acacia catechu), Saj (Terminalia alata), and Aule (unknown tree).
Wetland vegetation consists of floating, submerged, and emergent weed flora. Most parts of lake
are covered by Pistia stratoites and Eichhornia crassipes. A species of fern, namely Microsorus
marginata, has also observed in the marshy as well as silt deposited areas of the wetland.
Emergent species in this lake are Cyperus digitalis, Schenoplectus mucronata, Besaram
(Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa), Narkat (Phragmites karka), and Jalkumbhi (Eichhornia
crassipes). The invasive alien species like Banmara (Chromolaena odorata), Banmara (Lantana
camara) are found in open space around the wetland (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
3.8.9 Ecosystem goods and services: About 1103 households belonging Brahmin, Chettri,
Newar communities are directly dependent on this wetland for various purposes. It is used
for irrigation that irrigates hundreds of ha of arable land. Once there started a boat for
recreation purpose but later on due to disturbance of invasive alien species it was not
38
successes. It has also a cultural significance where in every 15th of Baishak, people from
Indrapur and adjoining VDCs gathered to celebrate a festival.
3.8.10 Observed threats: Invasive alien species, human encroachment, unsustainable
harvesting of natural resources, over grazing, siltation, etc.
3.8.11 Institutional Involvement: The Eastern Irrigation Division Inaruwa supported for
irrigation scheme. The District Development Committee, Morang supported WCPC to
clean the invasive alien species.
3.8.12 Land Ownership and Management: The ownership belongs to the Government of
Nepal; it is managed by Bag Jhora Wetland Conservation and Promotion Committee
(WCPC).
3.8.13 Management Recommendations
• Undertake regular removal of invasive alien weeds such as Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia
crassipes, etc.
• Explore the possibility of alternate use (fertilizer, fodder, etc.) of invasion alien weeds
• Follow the management guidelines of Invasive alien species prepared by CSUWN to
control the spread of the alien species.
• Restore the wetland by removing silts and sands.
• Conserve the surrounding forests in order to improve the water recharge to regularize the
supply of water.
• Protect the habitat for conserving the key wildlife species.
• Strengthen the capacity of WCPC to manage and develop the wetland as a recreational
center.
39
3.9 Betani Daha
3.9.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Urlabari VDC-7, Morang (Figure 5); alt.
120m, lat. 26°40.932', long. 087°36.579'E.
3.9.2 Overview: Betani Daha is a natural wetland, located inside Sal forest. There is both inflow
and outflow.
3.9.3 Access: Betani Daha is accessible after 15-20 minutes’ drive from Urlabari bazar along the
East West Highway via north of Mangalbare.
3.9.4 Ecological Feature: The Daha covers about 3.3 ha but it has a quite bigger wetland basin.
3.9.5 Hydrological Feature: There is a permanent inflow, also fed by surface runoff from
forests and direct precipitation. There is an outflow that connects to Soaltee Khola (Photo
10).
3.9.6 Type of wetland: Lacustrine (lake/pond) and Palustrine (marsh/swamp).
3.9.7 Wate Quality: Not examined.
Fauna
Betani Daha and its surrounding forest support ten mammalian species. The most common
mammalian species of this area are Golden Jackal, Wild boar and Rhesus Macaque. ‘Asiatic
Elephant’ one of the ‘Endangered’ species in IUCN Red list, also visited this area. The lake and
nearby forested areas have been harbor several residential and breeding bird species. During the
field visit 25 species of birds were recorded. The most common bird species were Lesser
Whistling-duck, White-throated Kingfisher, White-breasted Waterhen and Black Drongo , etc.
Similarly, seven species of herpeto and four species of fish were known to be found in the lake
and surrounding habitat (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Flora
Sal (Shorea robusta) is dominant forest species of this is area. The associated species include Saj
(Terminalia alata), Sindure (Mallotus phillipensis), Rajbrikshya (Cassia fistula), Aule
(Unknown trees), Badkamle (Caesaria glomerata), Bot Dhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora),
Mirchaiya (Unknown tree) and Kusum (Schleichera oleosa).Shrub layer is occupied by Murraya
40
koenigii, Angeri (Melastoma normale) and Clausena exavata, etc. Floating flora has very
smaller coverage in this wetland. So far existing floating flora include Jal Kumbhi (Eichhornia
crassipes), Pistia stratoites. Moist part around the water body has been covered by lahare
Banmara (Mikania micrantha) and Besaram (Ipomea carnea ssp. fistulosa). Emergent species
are Cyperus digitalis, Schenoplectus mucronata and Suire Ghans (unknown grass) (Annex 3.1
and 3.2).
Photo 10: Betani, Urlabari VDC, Morang.
3.9.9 Ecosystem Goods and Services: Nearest villages are Dhumre, and Dhan Kheti
predominantly inhabited by Dhimal and Rai communities. The villagers use the wetland for
swimming and grazing and NTFPs collection. The regenerated forest provides fodder and
NTFPs. A feasibility survey has been done to generate for electricity for Mangalbare
hospital and villagers.
3.9.10 Observed Threats: Major threats are invasive alien species, overgrazing, sedimentation,
etc.
3.9.11 Institutional Involvement: Local communities have been voluntarily patrolling the
adjoining forest. The local government agencies of Morang such as District Development
Committee (DDC), District Forest Office (DFO) and Village Development Committee
41
(VDC) are supporting to develop various physical infrastructures in the lake and adjoining
forest.
3.9.12 Land Ownership and Management: The wetland belongs to the Government of Nepal;
it has been managed by the Betani Community Forest User’s Group.
3.9.13 Management recommendations: Betani Tal has been relatively well protected by good
embankment, overflow culvert and concrete outlet. Some management recommendations
are as follows:
• Conservation of adjoining forest for the regular supply of water to the Betani Tal.
• Strengthen the capacity of the Betani Community Forest User’s Group for effective
management of the wetland.
• Remove invasive alien species from lake area.
• Conduct detail inventory of flora and fauna of in and around lake area.
• Mainstreaming the wetland conservation practices and strategies in Forest Operation Plan.
3. 10 Hasina Simsar
3.10.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Sundarpur VDC-6, Morang (Figure 5); alt.
125, lat. 26°41.515', long. 087°18.860'E.
3.10.2 Overview: Hasina wetland is situated on the foothills of Churiya hill. It is a natural
wetland inside the forest. The wetland was rich with rattan plant (Calamus spp.) before 2
decades. The Hasina Simsar Conservation Committee (a sub-committee of the Namuma
Community Forest) is actively working for the restoration and sustainable conservation of
this wetland.
3.10.3 Access: The Hasina Simsar is nearby the Itahari bazar of Sunsari district. Bansbari lies
about 1 km east along the East West Highway, Hasina can be reached after 4-5 km drive
from Bansbari.
42
3.10.4 Ecological Feature: Hasina wetland extends approximately 48 ha; it consists of swamp,
marsh, pond and streams (Photo 11). The water body coverage area is 3.3ha. The Daha
feeds by the ground 4-5 spring sources (Jaruwa).
3.10.6 Wetland Type: Lacustrine (lake/pond) , Palustrine (marsh/swamp) and riverine.
3.10.7 Water quality: Not examined.
Photo 11: Hasina Simsar, Sundarpur VDC, Morang.
Fauna
Hasina Simsar and its surrounding forest harbors 15 mammalian species. The common
mammalian species are Indian Pangolin (a protected species by the Government of Nepal),
Golden Jackal, Rhesus Macaque and Black Giant Squirrel. Similarly, this wetland system also
harbors numerous residential and breeding bird species. During the field visit over 38 species of
birds were recorded. Among them Little Heron (Butorides striatus) was observed only in this
43
area. The common bird species were Cattle Egret, White-throated Kingfisher, Spotted Dove and
Red-vented Bulbul. Similarly, nine species of herpeto and five species of fish are reported in
the lake and surrounding habitat. Bhakur (Catla sp.), Hile (Channa sp.) and Pothi (Danio sp.) are
common fish species (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Flora
Main vegetation around wetland is composed of tropical elements, which include Shorea
robusta, Syzygium cumini, Ficus species, Anthocephalus chinensis, Diospyros species, Bombax
ceiba, Aegle marmelos, Trewia nudiflora, Callicarpa arborea, Mallotus phillipensis, etc. This
wetland also provides a good habitat for a rare tree Chhatiwan (Alstonia scholaris). This wetland
provides habitat to different species of floating and submerged macro flora. Common floating
species include are Jal Kumbhi (Eichhornia crassipes), Pistia stratoites, Monochoria species,
Lemna minor, Vallisneria natans, etc. Emergent species in marshy area are Schenoplectus
mucronata, Alternenthera philoxeroides, Isachne dispar, etc. Pandanus species, Bet (Calamus
spp.). Invasive alien species such as Banmara (Chromolaena odorata), Gandhe (Ageratum
conyzoides), Banmara (lantana camara) are growing along the marginal areas of wetland
(Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
3.10.9 Ecosystem Goods and Services: The wetland used for irrigating about 3200 ha of land.
Besides, control grass cutting and collecting dead and fallen logs are allowed.
3.10.10 Observed threats: Major threats are over exploitation of resources, overgrazing,
sedimentation, eutrophication, encroachment, and invasive alien species.
3.10.11 Institutional Involvement: The Hasina Simsar Conservation Committee and the Birat
Tourism Development Committee.
3.10.12 Land Ownership and Management: The ownership belongs to the Government of
Nepal. However, the local community has proposed this area for Numuna Community
Forest to manage the wetland and forest.
3.10.13 Management Recommendations
• Regular removal of the invasive alien species from the surface area of the Simsar.
• Follow the management guidelines of Invasive alien species prepared by CSUWN to
control the spread of the alien species and explore the possibility of alternate use of
invasive alien weeds.
44
• Conserve and restore the habitat for wildlife particularly pangolin as being the key
species of this area.
• Develop the wetland as a recreational center.
• Develop the alternative programs to improve the sustainable livelihoods of local
community.
• Strengthen the capacity of the Namuna Community Forest User’s Group and Hasina
Simsar Tal conservation committee for sustainable management of the wetland.
• Encourage people to plant native and wetland friendly species like Arjun, Bet,
Chhatiwan, etc.
3.11 Raja Rani Pokhari
3.11.1 Location and Geographical Coordination: Bhogateni VDC -8, Morang District (Figure
5); alt. 470 m, lat. 26°44.922', long. 087°28.910'E.
3.11.2 Overview
Raja Rani Pokhari, also called as ‘Raja Rani Dhimal Pokhari’ (Photo 12 and 13) is one of the
important wetland of Nepal. It is located north-west of Letang, at Dhimal Danda covering with
mixed forest. The wetland area is surrounded by Letang and Yangshila VDCs to the east,
Kerabari, Ramite and Pati VDCs to the west, Ramite and Yangshila VDCs to the north and
Letang and Kerabari VDCs to the south. There are three lakes namely Raja, Rani and Chhori
(Rajkumari), located inside the southern part of the Sal forest along the Chure hill (Photo 14).
Among those three being stretched north-south, the west one is Raja Pokhari (king's pond), east
is Rani Pokhari (queen's pond), whereas the degraded pond of the north eastern corner is called
Chhori or Rajkumari. This nearby settlement is dominated by Magar community while Limbu
community is dominant in the VDC total population. This wetland has been managed by Raja
Rani Community Forest User’s Group. The local people formed a Raja Rani Pokhari
Conservation Committee particularly for managing this wetland. It is an important habitat for
wetland birds and epiphytic orchids.
45
Photo 12: Raja Rani Wetland (Raja), Bhogateni VDC, Morang.
3.11.3 Access: Raja Rani Pokhari is accessible from the Kanepokhari of East West Highway; the
distance is 14 km north from Kanepokhari to Letang. It is 5 km north-west from the
Letang bazar after crossing the Chisang Khola.
Photo13: Raja Rani Wetland (Rani), Bhogateni VDC, Morang.
46
3.11.4 Ecological Feature: The three lakes cover about 20 ha of land, whereas, the wetland
basin extends about 133 ha. The Raja Rani Community forest covers about 1700 ha.
Photo 14: Raja Rani Wetland (Rajkumari), Bhogateni VDC, Morang.
3.11.5 Hydrological Feature: The lake system has no the permanent inflow source as this is
being fed by ground source “Jaruwa”, seasonal forest fed streams and direct precipitation.
(Annex 4.5).
Fauna
Raja Rani Wetland supports 14 mammalian species. The most common mammalian species of
this lake are Rhesus Macaque, Golden Jackal and Barking Deer. Civets are observed only in this
wetland. Similarly, this lake and its surrounding dense forest has been harbors 110 species of
bird (Basnet et al., 2005). During the field visit over forty five species of birds had been sighted
within a short period of time. Most of them were breeding and residential birds. Six species
observed only in this area were Golden-fronted Leafbird (Chloropsis aurifrons), Collared
47
Falconet (Collared Falconet), Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis), Grey-capped Pigmy
Woodpecker (Dendrocopos canicapillus), Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa) and Great Hornbill.
Great Hornbill is also legally protected bird by government of Nepal and Near Threatened status
in IUCN Red list. Lesser Whistling-duck, White-throated Kingfisher, Hill Myna and Dollarbird
were found as the most common bird species. Similarly, six species of herpeto and three species
of fish (Mungri, Hile and Garahi) have been known in this area. Single species of land tortoise
(Elongated Tortoise) fall under Endangered categorize in IUCN Red List also reported from this
lake (Basnet, 2001) (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
Flora
This wetland has an aquatic tree species, it may be Cephalanthus tetrandra? (Rubiaceae). This
could be a new addition to the flora of Nepal, but further confirmation is needed. This species
grows in aquatic condition and has covered about one third of Rani Lake. This tree is very good
habitat of Orchid flora. The wetland area houses 45 species of epiphytic orchids (Shakya and
Bajrachrya, 2005) including 2 species of Eria reported as new addition to the flora of Nepal
(Bajracharya and Shrestha, 2004). The adjoining forest is dominated by Sal (Shorea robusta),
Rajbrikshya (Cassia fistula), Jamun (Syzygium cuminii), Odane (Sterculia villosa), Chatiwan
(Alstonia scholaris), Bhelar (Trewia nudiflora), Siris (Albizia chinensis), Sindure (Mallotus
phillipensis),etc. The north upper area mixed with a subtropical species such as Chilaune
(Schima wallichii), Katush (Castanopsis indica), Chanp (Michelia deltospa) etc. Floating species
in the wetlands are Jal Kumbhi (Eichhornia crassipes), Pistia stratoites, Monochoria species.
Emergent species are Pire Jhar (Polygonum hydropiper), jaluko (Alocasia species), Chrysopogon
aciculatus, Narkat (Phragmites kakrka), Spilanthes species, Besaram (Ipomoea carnea ssp.
fistulosa). The invasive alien species like Banmara (Chromolaena odorata), Gandhe (Ageratum
conyzoides), Lahare banmara (Mikania micrantha) dominantly occurred in the moist areas
around the wetland (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).

The wetland provides grazing lands, fodder and limited use in irrigation. It is also being popular
as a recreational and picnic spot. In addition to biodiversity, it has high religious and historical
values particularly for Dhimal community of eastern Nepal. Dhimal community believes that it is
an origin land of their ethnic group. They identified as their ancestral land and established a
48
Gramthan (the worshipping place) at the Dhimal Danda and started Sirjat and Jatrimela during
Nepali New Year. However, there is no any Dhimal settlement around the wetland. The Raja
Rani temple is also built by the Magar Community at the middle of the Raja Rani Pond Hill. This
temple is regarded as Manakamana Temple (the wish fulfilling temple) of eastern Nepal.
3.11.10 Observed Threats: Invasive alien species, rapid succession by tree and plant species,
siltation, overgrazing.
3.11.11 Institutional Involvement

National Wetland Conservation committee has supported with NRs 10,000/- which was spent on
constructing irrigation dam and, toilet, shelter and tap construction for picnic spots. Lutheran
(LWP) also supported 29 poor households for constructing toilet (NRs. 5000 per HH) as a
support for materials. Around the Rani wetland, there is a ring footpath where 5 wooden bridges
have been supported by District Development Committee, Morang. In addition, with the support
of DDC Morang, local communities are planning to initiate Home stay tourism. So far, five
households show interest to run a local home stay. Similarly, Eastern Irrigation Division Office,
Inruwa is committed to support in drip irrigation in danda. With the support of DDC Morang,
Raja Rani Conservation Master Plan has been prepared and put in place for operation. Birat
Tourism promotion committee, Biratnagar has provided NRs. 100,000 for developing
demonstration block of orchids species existing in this locality. The proposed site is at the Chhori
tal, adjoin with Ranital.
3.11.12 Land Ownership and Management: Land belongs to the Government of Nepal, it has
been managed by Raja Rani Community Forest User’s Group forming a Raja Rani
Pokhari Conservation Committee.
3.13 Management Recommendation: The Raja Rani Pokhari is a very important wetland in the
Chure region of the eastern Nepal due to its biodiversity, environmental and cultural
values. Following suggestions are recommended to conserve its uniqueness.
• Promote the conservation of forest and orchid flora to enhance the aesthetic and
biodiversity values.
49
• Renovate the three ponds by removing the unwanted weeds, water hyacinth and by
improving water level.
• Follow the management guidelines of Invasive alien species prepared by Conservation
and Sustainable Use of Wetland of Nepal (CSUWN) to control the spread of the alien
species and explore the possibility of alternate use of invasive alien weeds.
• Manage the overgrazing to reduce the eutrophication and succession rate.
• Promote as a community based nature tourism center.
• Conserve the critical habitat of endangered Giant Horn Bill.
• Strengthen the capacity of the Raja Rani Community Forest Group and Raja Rani
Pokhari Conservation Committee Committee for restoration and sustainable
conservation of wetland and its catchment.
• Assess the biological and conservation values of the aquatic tree species which greatly
supports orchids and serve as a nesting for bird species.
• Explore possibility to designate the wetland as a Ramsar Site.
Note (The qualifying criteria are)

Ramsar Criterion 1: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it contains a
representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within
the appropriate biogeographic region.
Ramsar Criterion 2: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports

vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities.
50
3. 12 Jamunkhadi Daha
3.12.1 Location and Geographical information: Surunga VDC, Jhapa (Figure 6); alt. 110 m,
lat. 26°39.116', long. 087°54.849'E.
Figure 6: Location Map of Jamunkhadi Simsar, Jhapa.
3.12.2 Overview
Jamunakhadi Daha is the substantially modified wetland and widely used for recreation (Photo
15). The Jaman Daha has a fingures like structure. This lake has been managed by Jamunabari
Community Forest User’s Group (JCFUG). They have been offered boating facilities to visitor
and also operated mini-zoo. Several wildlife including the ‘Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus
thibetanus)’ a ‘Vulnerable’ species in IUCN Red list and the Asiatic Rock Python a CITES listed
in Appendix I and legally protected by government of Nepal are kept in a congested cages for
public exhibition.
3.12.3 Access: Jamunkhadi Daha is approximately 3 km away from Surunga bazar that lies at the
East West Highway.
51
3.12.4 Ecological Feature: The open water area covers about 3 ha, while including its marshy
catchment extends in 40 ha.
3.12.5 Hydrological Feature: It is fed by ground spring, surrounding surface runoff and direct
precipitation.
3.12.6 Wetland Type: Lacustrine (lake/pond)
Photo 15: Jamunkhandi, Surunga VDC, Jhapa.
Fauna
Jamun Daha support over ten mammalian species. The most common mammalian species of this
area are Golden Jackal, Wild boar and Rhesus Macaque. The lake and nearby areas have been
harbor good number of residential and breeding bird species. During the field visit 23 species of
birds were recorded. The most common bird species were Greater Coucal, Spotted Dove and
Black Drongo, etc. Similarly, six species of herpeto were known to be found in the lake and
surrounding habitat. Asiatic Rock Python which is listed in CITES Appendix I and legally
protected by government of Nepal (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4).
52
Flora
Jamuna Daha area has Sal forest. The associates are Saj (Terminalia alata), Karam (Adina
cordifolia), Sindure (Mallotus phillipensis), Rajbriskhya (Cassia fistula). During the transect
observation we did not find any floating and invasive flora in the lake. Emergent species in this
lake include Persicaria species, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa spp., Fimbristylis miliacea,
Siru (Imperata cylindrica), Alternanthera philoxeroides, etc., (Annex 3.1 and 3.2).
3.12.9 Ecosystem Goods and Services: The wetland provides water for wildlife and nearby
agricultural field, NTFPs, and recreation, water recharge in downstream. The local
community has been operating boat and mini-zoo in this wetland.
3.12.10 Observed Threats: Siltation, human disturbances, etc.
3.12.11 Institutional Involvement: Not documented.
3.12.12 Land Ownership and Management: The land belongs to the Government of Nepal; it
has been managed by the Jamunabari Community Forest User’s Group.
3.12.13 Management Recommendation: This wetland has been substantially greatly
manipulated and currently used primarily for recreation (boating, picnic, zoo etc.). Some
suggestions are made:
• Aware the Jamunabari Community Forest User’s Group about the national and
international legal provisions for operating the zoo/ mini-zoo.
• Follow the Code of Ethics and Animal Welfare guidelines prepared by the World
Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) for operating the zoo.
• Build the capacity of the Forest User’s Group for managing the wetland as a recreational
center.
3.13 Taltlaiya wetland
3.13.1 Location and Geographical information: Itahari Municipality- 2 & 3; alt. 120m, lat.
26° 41.985’long.087° 18.048’E.
3.13.2 Overview: The Taltalaiya wetand consists of 12 ponds and some of them are manmade
for recreational and irrigation purposes. It is managed by Tal Talaiya Conservation and
53
Development committee. The pond system extends about 77 ha of land; out of it about 22
ha is covered by water body (Photo 16).
3.13.3 Noteworthy Biodiversity: The wetland and its surrounding area have been harbors 15
mammalian species. The most common mammalian species of this area are Golden
Jackal, Porcupine and Rhesus Macaque. Similarly, this wetland system also harbors
numerous residential and breeding bird species.
Photo 16: Taltalaiya wetland, Sunsari.
During the field visit over 29 species of birds were recorded. Large-billed Crow, Black-hooded
Oriole, Spotted Dove and Red-vented Bulbul were found as the most common bird species.
Similarly, over five species of herpeto and 5 species of fish have been known to be found in this
area. Rohu (Labeo sp.), Hile (Channa sp.) and Pothi (Danio sp.) are reported as the most
common fish species (Annex 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4). Asiatic Rock Python which is listed in
CITES Appendix I and legally protected by government of Nepal is keep in a cage for public
exhibition. Some of the ponds are invaded by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).
54
3.13.4 Management Recommendations:
• Aware local Institution about the national and international legal provisions for operating
the mini-zoo.
• Follow the Code of Ethics and Animal Welfare guidelines prepared by the World
Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) for operating the zoo.
• Build the capacity of the Taltalaiya Conservation and Development committee for
managing wetland as a recreational center.
55
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58
Annex 1: Name list of Individual and Local Representative consulted
Annex 1.1: Name list of local representatives consulted at Ratanpur, Bara
S.N Name and address Occupation

1 Mr. Siya Ram Kunwar, ward no 1, Ratanpur Teacher
2 Mr. Janak Lal Guro, ward no 1, Ratanpur Advisor, Janamukhi Community Forest
User’s Group
3 Mr. Dinesh Guro, ward no 1, Ratanpur Teacher, Nera Higher Secondary School
4 Mr. Jiya Lal Guro, ward no 1, Ratanpur Member, Janamukhi Community Forest
User’s Group
5 Mr. Hari Kishor Kunwar, ward no 1, Ratanpur Teacher
6 Mr. Baidanath Guro Tharu, ward no 1 Chair, Higher Secondary School
management committee cum member,
Nepal Democratic Party, district committee
7 Mr. Bel Bahadur Thim, ward no Ratanpur Ex-Chair, Bamjan religious groups
committee
Annex 1.2: Name list of local representative consulted at Baba Tal, Badaharmal, Siraha
1 Mr. Bhola Raj Dahal Chair, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s Group.
2 Mr. Shive Chandra Mandal Forest Office staff
3 Mr. Peahal Kumar Adikari User, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s Group.
4 Mr. Murai Prasad Dahal Ex-Chair, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s
Group
5 Mr. Hem Prasad Dahal, ward no 2 User, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s Group
6 Mr. Kumar Kafle, ward no 2 Secretary, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s
Group.
7 Mr. Bhawani Prasad Dahal User, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s Group
8 Mr. Sitaram Kafle User/Advisor, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s
Group
9 Mr. Indra Bdr. Thapa Magar User, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s Group
10 Mr. Tulsi Dulal Member, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s Group
11 Mr. Tej Bdr. Adikari User, Jordaha Chure Community Forest User’s Group
59
Annex-1.3: Name list of local representatives consulted at Kamal Daha, Fulbaria, Siraha
1 Mr. Hem Kumar, fulbaria-2, Treasurer
Siraha
2 Mr. Shiva Jee Mahato, fulbaria-2, Vice Chairperson
Siraha
Annex 1.4: Name list of local representative consulted at Devidaha, Taregana Govindapur,
Siraha
1 Mr………… Member, Devidaha Community Forest
2 Mr. Ranger, DFO, Siraha
Annex 1.5: Name list of local representative consulted at Pathru Daha & Jaudol, Saptari
1 Mr. Govinda Prasad Chaudari Chairperson, Community Forestry User’s Group
2
Annex 1.6: Name list of local representatives consulted at Kamal Daha, Saptari
1 Mr. Rajendra Kumar Khadka, Member, Kamal Daha Marmat Sambhar User Committee
Saptari
2 Mr. Gehendra Thakur, Saptari Assistant District Soil Conservation Officer,
3 Mr. Balaram Mandal, Saptari Treasurer, Kamal Daha Marmat Sambhar User
Committee
4 Mr. Anirudra Paikara, Saptari Chairperson, Kamal Daha Marmat Sambhar User
Committee
5 Mr. Gopal Prasad Rauwat, Saptari Member, Kamal Daha Marmat Sambhar User Committee
6 Mr. Kameshwor Khadka, Saptari Member, Kamal Daha Marmat Sambhar User Committee
Annex 1.7: Name list of local representatives consulted at Bag Jhora, Morang
1 Mr. Tulsi Rimal Member, Bag Jhora Simasar Conservation and
Promotion Committee
2 Mr. Chandra Gurung Chairperson, Bag Jhora Simasar Conservation and
Promotion Committee
60
Annex 1.8: Name list of local representatives consulted at Betani, Urlabari, Morang
1 Mr. Ratna Bhandari, Urlabari-7 User, Betani Community Forest
Annex 1.9: Name list of local representatives consulted at Hasina Simsar, Sundarpur, Morang
1 Mr. Pursottam Ghimire Secretary, Hasina Simsar Conservation Committee
2 Mr. Bal Bahadur Rai Ex-Chairperson, Hasina Simsar Conservation
Committee
3 Mr. Raj Kumar Rai Chairperson, Hasina Simsar Conservation Committee
4 Mr. Ghan Shyam Neupane, Chairperson, Hasina Simsar Community Forest User’s
Group
Annex 1.10: Name list of local representatives consulted at Raja Rani, Morang
1 Mr. Bishnu Magar Member, Raja Rani Community Forest User’s Group
2 Mr. Dal Bahadur Magar Ex-chairperson, Raja Rani Pokhari Conservation
Committee
3 Mr. Hangsa Bahadur Magar Secretary, Raja Rani Pokhari Conservation Committee
Annex 1.11: Name list of officials from district line agencies (DSCO, DFO etc.)
S.N Name and address Designation/post
1 Mr. Lal Bahadur Kurmi, Kalaiya, Bara Officer, District Soil Conservation Office
2 Mr. Puspa Ram Thapa, Hetauda, Officer, District Soil Conservation Office
Makawanpur
3 Mr. Bipin Kumar Jha, Chandra Nigawapur, Officer, District Soil Conservation Office
Rautahat
4 Mr. Hridaya Kumar Jha, Rajbiraj, Saptari Officer, District Soil Conservation Office
5 Mr. Nabo Narayan Mishra, Sarlahi Officer, District Soil Conservation Office
6 Mr. Immamudin, Hetauda, Makawanpur Officer, District Forest Office
61
Annex 2.1
Fauna: Mammals
District BARA SIRAHA SAPTARI MORANG JHP SUN

SN Order/Family/Common Name Scientific Name CITES IUCN NRDB Reg. HKD BT KD DD PD JT KDs BJS BD HS RRD JK TT
ORDER - PHOLIDOTA
Family - Manidae
1 Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata* NT S TS CP √ √ √
ORDER : PRIMATES
Family - Cercopithecidae
2 Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta II NT S √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
3 Hanuman Langur Semnopithecus entellus I NT S √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : CARNIVORA
Family - Canidae
4 Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis III LC S √
5 Golden Jackal Canis aureus III LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Ursidae
6 Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus I VU V √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Viverridae
7 Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata III LC √ √
8 Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus III LC
√
9 Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica III LC √ √ √ √
Family - Herpestidae
10 Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii III LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √
11 Small Asian Mongoose Herpestes javanicus III LC √ √ √ √
Family - Hyaenidae
12 Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena III NT V TS √ √
Family - Felidae
13 Jungle Cat Felis chaus II LC S √ √ √ √ √ √
14 Common Leopard Panthera pardus I LC S √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
15 Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris* I EN S TS √
16 Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis* I LC V √ √ √ √
17 Spotted Lingsang Prionodon pardicolor* I LC V √ √
ORDER - PROBOSCIDAE
Family - Elephantidae
18 Asiatic Elephant Elephas maximus* I EN E TS √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : ARTIODACTYLA
Family - Suidae
19 Wild Boar Sus scrofa LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Cervidae
20 Spotted Deer Axis axis LC TS √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
21 Sambar Deer Cervus unicolor LC S √
62
Annex 2.1
Fauna: Mammals
District BARA SIRAHA SAPTARI MORANG JHP SUN

SN Order/Family/Common Name Scientific Name CITES IUCN NRDB Reg. HKD BT KD DD PD JT KDs BJS BD HS RRD JK TT
22 Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Bovidae
23 Nilgai Boselaphus tragocamelus LC V TS √
ORDER : RODENTIA
Family - Scuiridae
24 Irrawaddy Squirrel Callosciurus pygerythrus VU TS √ √ √ √ √ √
25 Black Giant Squirrel (kale) Ratufa bicolor II LC S MH √
Family - Hystricidae
26 Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : LAGOMORPHA
Family - Leporidae
27 Indian Hare (Rufous-tailed) Lepus nigricollis LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Legends and Summary

* = Protected by GoN/NPWC Act 1973
Study sites Districts
KHD = Halkhoria Daha Bara
CITES BT = Baba Tal Siraha
Appendix I KD = Kamal Daha Saptari
Appendix II DD = Devi Daha Morang
Appendix III PD = Pathru Daha Jhapa
JT = Jandul Tal Sunsari
IUCN Red List Category KDs = Kamal Daha, Saptari
CR = Critically Endangered BJS = Bagjhora Simsar
EN = Endangered BD = Betani Daha
VU = Vulnerable HS = Hasian Simsar
NT = Near Threatened RRD = Raja-Rani Daha
LC = Least Concern JK = Jamun Daha
TT = Taltalaiya
NRDB (Nepal Red Data Book) Status
EXN = Extinct Nepal
C = Critically endangered Region (Spatial distribution)
E = Endangered TS = Confined to Terai and Siwalik
V = Vulnerable TS CP = Confined to Central Terai and Siwalik
S = Susceptible TS EP = Confined to Eastern Terai and siwalik
63
Annex 2.2
Fauna: Birds
Districts BAR SIRAHA SAPTARI MORANG SUN JHP

SN Order/Family/Common Name Scientific name
SS CITES IUCN NRDB Reg. HKD BT KD DD PD BSP KDs RRD BD HS BJS TT JK
ORDER : GALLIFORMES
Family - Phasianidae
1 Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus r LC √ √
2 Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus r LC S √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
3 Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos LC √
4 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus r LC S √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : ANSERIFORMES
Family - Dendrocygnidae
5 Lesser Whistling-duck Dendrocygna javanica rw LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : PICIFORMES
Family - Picidae
6 Black-rumped Flameback Dinopium benghalense r LC TS √
7 Greater Yellownape Picus flavinucha r LC √ √
8 Grey-capped Pigmy Woodpecker Dendrocopos canicapillus r LC √
9 Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker Dendrocopos macei r LC √ √
10 Himalayan Flameback Dinopium shorii r LC TS √ √ √ √
Family - Megalaimidae
11 Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala
r LC √ √
12 Blue-throated Barbet Megalaima asiatica r LC √ √ √
13 Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : BUCEROTIFORMES
Family - Bucerotidae
14 Oriental Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros albirostris r II LC V TS √ √
15 Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis* r I NT E TS √
ORDER : UPUPIFORMES
Family - Upupidae
16 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops r LC √ √ √
ORDER : CORACIIFORMES
Family - Coraciidae
17 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis r LC √ √
18 Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis r LC √
Family - Halcyonidae
19 White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Cerylidae
20 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis r LC √
Family - Meropidae
64
Annex 2.2
Fauna: Birds

21 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti s LC √
22 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis s LC S √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
23 Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus s LC √ √
ORDER : CUCULIFORMES
Family - Cuculidae
24 Pied Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus s LC √ √
25 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus s LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √
26 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
27 Large Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx sparverioides
s LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
28 Green-billed Malkoha Phaenicophaeus tristis r LC √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Centropodidae
29 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : PSITTACIFORMES
Family - Psittacidae
30 Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala r II LC S √ √ √ √
ORDER : APODIFORMES
Family - Apodidae
31 House Swift Apus affinis r LC √
ORDER : STRIGIFORMES
Family - Strigidae
32 Spotted Owlet Athene brama r II LC S √ √ √ √
33 Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo r II LC V √ √
34 Jungle Owlet Glaucidium radiatum r II LC √ √
35 Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis r II LC S √
ORDER : COLUMBIFORMES
Family - Columbidae
36 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia r III LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
37 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : GRUIFORMES
Family - Gruidae
38 Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo w III LC S √
Family - Rallidae
39 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : CICONIIFORMES
Family - Charadriidae
40 River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii r LC √ √
65
Annex 2.2
Fauna: Birds

41 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
ORDER : FALCONIFORMES
Family - Accipitridae
42 Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus r II LC √ √ √
43 Besra Accipiter virgatus r II LC S √
44 Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes s II LC V TS √ √
45 Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis r II LC S √
46 Lesser Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis r II NT E √
47 Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela s II LC S √ √
Family - Falconidae
48 Collared Falconet Microhierax caerulescens r II LC √
49 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus rw II LC √
ORDER : PELECANIFORMES
Family - Phalacrocoracidae
50 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger rw LC √ √
ORDER : CICONIFORMES
Family - Ardeidae
51 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
52 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia r LC √
53 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis r III LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
54 Little Heron Butorides striatus rs LC √
55 Black Bittern Dupetor flavicollis r LC V TS √
56 Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis sw LC V TS √ √
57 Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
s LC √ √
Family - Ciconiidae
58 Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus r VU V √ √ √
ORDER : PASSERIFORMES
Family - Pittidae
59 Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura s LC V TS √ √
Family - Irenidae
60 Golden-fronted Leafbird Chloropsis aurifrons r LC √
Family - Corvidae
61 Large Cuckooshrike Coracina macei r LC √
62 Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
63 House Crow Corvus splendens r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √
64 Grey Treepie Dendrocitta formosae r LC √ √
66
Annex 2.2
Fauna: Birds

65 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda r LC √ √ √ √ √
66 Long-tailed Minivet Pericrocotus ethologus r LC √ √
67 Bar-wing Flycatcher-shrike Hemipus picatus r LC √
68 Black-hooded Oriole Oriolus xanthornus r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
69 Spangled Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus r LC √ √ √
70 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus s LC √ √ √ √
71 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
72 Greater Racket-tail Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus r LC √
73 Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi r LC √ √ √ √ √
Family - Muscicapidae
74 White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus r LC √
75 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √
76 Blue Whistiling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus r LC √
Family - Sturnidae
77 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
78 Hill Myna Gracula religiosa r II LC V √
79 Asian Pied Sterling Sturnus contra r LC √ √ √ √
80 Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnus malabaricus r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Sittidae
81 Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Sitta frontalis r LC √
Family - Paridae
82 Great Tit Parus major r LC √ √
Family - Hirundinidae
83 Asian House Martin Delichon dasypus r LC √ √
84 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica m LC √ √
Family - Pycnonotidae
85 Ashy Bulbul Hemixos flavala r LC √
86 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus r LC TS √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
87 Black-crested Bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus r LC √
88 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
89 Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys r LC √ √ √ √ √
Family - Cisticolidae
90 Grey-breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii r LC √ √ √ √ √
Family - Zosteropidae
91 Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus r LC √
Family - Sylviidae
92 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
67
Annex 2.2
Fauna: Birds

93 Puff-throated Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps r LC √
94 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus r LC √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Nectariniidae
95 Fire-breasted Flowerpecker Dicaeum ignipectus r LC √ √ √
96 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica r LC √ √ √
Family - Passeridae
97 Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris w LC √
98 House Sparrow Passer domesticus r LC √ √ √ √ √
99 Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus r LC √ √ √
100 Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata r LC √ √ √ √
Legends and Summary

Study sites SS = Seasonal Status
CITES KHD = Halkhoria Daha r = Resident
Appendix I BT = Baba Tal m = Passage migrant
Appendix II KD = Kamal Daha rm = Resident and passage migrant
Appendix III DD = Devi Daha rs = Resident and summer visitor
PD = Pathru Daha s = Summer visitor
IUCN Red List Category JT = Jandul Tal
CR = Critically Endangered KDs = Kamal Daha, Saptari
EN = Endangered BJS = Bagjhora Simsar
VU = Vulnerable BD = Betani Daha
NT = Near Threatened HS = Hasian Simsar
LC = Least Concern RRD = Raja-Rani Daha
JK = Jamun Daha
TT = Taltalaiya
C = Critically endangered Region (Spatial distribution)
E = Endangered TS = Confined to Terai and Siwalik
V = Vulnerable TS CP = Confined to Central Terai and Siwalik
S = Susceptible TS EP = Confined to Eastern Terai and siwalik
68
Appendix 2.3
Fauna: Herpetos
District BAR SIRAHA SAPTARI MORANG JHP SUN
SN Order/Family/Local Names Scientific names CITES IUCN NRDB Region HKD BT KD DD PD JT KDs BJS BD HS RRD JK TT
ORDER : ANURA
Family - Bufonidae
1 Himalayan Toad Bufo himalayanus LC MH √ √
2 Black-spined Toad Bufo melanostictus LC √ √ √
3 Assam toad Bufo stomaticus LC √ √ √ √ √
Family - Ranidae
4 Jerdon's bull frog Hoplobatrachus crassus LC TS √ √ √ √ √ √
5 Indian Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus II LC √ √ √ √ √
6 ORDER - TESTUDINES
Family - Bataguridae
7 Black Turtle Melanochelys trijuga NT S TS √ √ √ √ √
8 Family - Testuninidae
9 Elongated Tortoise Indotestudo elongata** II EN S √
Family - Trionychidae
10 Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata II LC S TS √ √
ORDER : SAURIA
Family - Agamidae
11 Common Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Varanidae
12 Bengal Monitor Varanus bengalensis I S √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
13 Yellow Monitor Varanus flavescens* I LC S √ √
ORDER : SERPENTES
Family - Typhlopidae
14 Brahminy Blind Snake Rhamphotyphlops braminus √ √
Family - Boidae
15 Asiatic Rock Python Python molurus* I S TS √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Family - Colubridae
16 Common Cat Snake Amphiesma stolata √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
17 Asiatic Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus II S √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
18 Chequered Keelback Sibynophis sagittarius TS √
Family - Elapidae
18 Banded Krait Bungarus caeruleus √
20 Common Cobra Naja naja II √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Legends and Summary

** = Basnet YR 2001 (Reference)
69
Appendix 2.3
Fauna: Herpetos
Study sites
CITES KHD = Halkhoria Daha
Appendix I BT = Baba Tal
Appendix II KD = Kamal Daha
Appendix III DD = Devi Daha
PD = Pathru Daha
IUCN Red List Category JT = Jandul Tal
EN = Endangered KDs = Kamal Daha, Saptari
VU = Vulnerable BJS = Bagjhora Simsar
NT = Near Threatened BD = Betani Daha
LC = Least Concern HS = Hasian Simsar
RRD = Raja-Rani Daha
JK = Jamun Daha
TT = Taltalaiya
E = Endangered Region (Spatial distribution)
V = Vulnerable TS = Confined to Terai and Siwalik
S = Susceptible TS CP = Confined to Central Terai and Siwalik
TS EP = Confined to Eastern Terai and siwalik
70
Annex 2.4
Fauna: Fish
BAR SIRAHA SAPTARI MORANG JHP SUN

SN Order/Family/Local Names Scientific Names NRDB Region HKD BT KD DD PD JT KDs BJS BD HS RRD JK TT
ORDER : CYPRINIFORMES
Family - Cyprinidae
1 Katle Acrossocheilus sp. V √ √
2 Fageta, Poti, Faktar Barilius sp. √
3 Bhakur, Katla Catla catla TS √ √ √ √ √
4 Deduwa, Malaguddi Chela laubuca TS √ √
5 Naini, Mrigal, Jhilke Cirrhinus mrigala TS √ √
6 Rewa Cirrhinus reba TS √
7 Nepti Danio dangila TS CP √
8 Chitahari, Pothi Danio devario √ √ √ √ √
9 Buduna Garra sp. MH √
10 Roi, Rohu Labeo coeruleus S TS √ √ √
11 Gurdi, Rahu, Kathlegi Labeo dero √ √ √
12 Rohu Labeo rohita TS √
13 Darai Oxygaster sp. S TS √
14 Sidre, Pothi Puntius sp. S TS √ √
Family - Cobitidae
15 Gettu, Singhi Botia dayi TS √
16 Getu Botia lohachata TS √
17 Gadela Noemacheilus sp. √
18 Tengra Mystus bleekeri TS √ √
19 Tengra, Palawa, Junge Mystus cavasius √
Family - Siluridae
20 Buhari, Padni, Wallago sp. TS √ √ √
Family - Schibeidae
21 Gonch Bagarius sp. TS √
22 Family - Claridae
23 Mungri Clarias sp. √ √ √ √
ORDER - BELONIFORMES
Family - Belonidae
24 Chuchhe Bam Xenentodon sp. √
ORDER - CHANNIFORMES
Family - Channidae
25 Bhoti, Hile Channa barca TS √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
26 Garahi, Gauri Channa punctatus √ √ √
71
Annex 2.4
Fauna: Fish
27 Hile Channa stewartii MH √ √ √

ORDER - SYNBRANCHIFORMES
Family - Synbranchidae
28 Bam Amphipnous sp. √
Legends and Summary
NRDB (Nepal Red Data Book) Study sites

EXN = Extinct Nepal KHD = Halkhoria Daha
C = Critically endangered BT = Baba Tal
E = Endangered KD = Kamal Daha
V = Vulnerable DD = Devi Daha
S = Susceptible PD = Pathru Daha
JT = Jandul Tal
Region (Spatial distribution) KDs = Kamal Daha, Saptari
TS = Confined to Terai and Si BJS = Bagjhora Simsar
TS CP = Confined to Central T BD = Betani Daha
TS EP = Confined to Eastern HS = Hasian Simsar
RRD = Raja-Rani Daha
JK = Jamun Daha
TT = Taltalaiya
72
Annex 3
Annex 3.1: List of tree and shrub species occurring in the localities of Wetlands
Name of Wetlands
S. No Name of Species Local name Habit HKD BT KD DD PD JT KDS BJS BS HS RRD JD
1 Acacia actechu Khayar Tree 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
2 Adina cordifolia Karam Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
3 Aegle marmelos Bel Tree 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
4 Albizia chinensis Siris Tree 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
5 Alstonia scholaris Chattiwan Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
6 Anogeissus latifolia Banjhi Tree 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 Anthocephalus chinensis Kadam Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 Antidesma species Archal Tree 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
9 Asare (unknown tree) Asare Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
10 Aule (unknown) Aule Tree 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
11 Bauhinia malbarica Small tree 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12 Bombax ceiba Simal Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
13 Bridela retusa gayo Tree/Climber 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
14 Caesaria glomerata Badkamle Tree 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
15 Carissa carandans Shrub 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 Cassia fistula Rajbrikshya Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
17 Castanopsis indica Katus Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
18 Ceropegia species Climber 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 Clausena exavata Shrub 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
20 Cleistocalyx operculata Kyamuna Tree 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
21 Dalbergia latifolia Satisal Tree 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 Dillenia pentagyna Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
23 Dioscorea bulbifera Githa Climber 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
24 Dioscorea deltoidea Bhuakur Climber 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
25 Diospyros species Tree 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
26 Ficus racemosa Dumri Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
27 Ficus rumphii Tote Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
28 Grewia species Chamarbayar Small tree 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
29 Kydia calycina Bohori Tree 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30 Largestromia parviflora Bot Dhayero Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
31 lauraceae (unknown tree) Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
32 Magnolia deltospa Chanp Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
33 Mallotus phillipensis Sindure Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
34 Miliusa velutina Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
35 Mirchiya Mirchiya Tree 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
36 Mitragyna parvifolia Tikuli Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
37 Murraya koeininghii Asare Small tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
38 Mussaenda roxburghii Dhobini Shrub 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
39 Pavetta indica Kainyo Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
40 Phyllanthus emblica Amala Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41 Pithari Pithari Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
42 Rauwolfia serpentina Sarpagandha Shrub 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
43 Salix tetrasperma Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
44 Schima wallichii Chilaune Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
45 Schleichera oleosa Kusum Tree 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
46 Semecarpus anacardium Bhalayo Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
47 Shorea robusta Sal Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
48 Sterculia villosa Odane Tree 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
73
49 Syzygium cumini Jamun Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
50 Terminalia alata Saj Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
51 Terminalia bellerica Barro Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
52 Tinospora sinensis Gurjo Climber 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
53 Trewia nudiflora Bhelar Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
54 Woodfordia fruticosa Dhangero Shrub 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
55 Zyzyphus jujuba Bayar Shrub 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0-Absent, 1-Present
Annex 3.2: List of wetland dependent plant species

Name of Wetlands
S. No Name of Species Nepali name HKD BT KD DD PD JT KDS BJS BS HS RRD JD Remarks*
1 Ageratum conyzoides Gandhe 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 IS
2 Alocasia species Jaluko 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 Alternenthera philoxeroides 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IAS
4 Calamus species Bet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
5 Carex species 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
6 Cephalanthus tetraandra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Unknown
7 Chromolaena odorata Banmara 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IAS
8 Chrysopogon aciculatus 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
9 Croton bonplandianus 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 IS
10 Cyperus digitalis 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 IS
11 Cyperus species 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
12 Eichhornia crassipes Jal Kumbhi 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 IAS
13 Eichnocloa pyramidilis 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 IS
14 Fimbrystylis miliacea 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 IS
15 Imperata cylindrica Siru 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
16 Ipomea carnea Besaram 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 IAS
17 Isachme miliacea 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
18 Lantana camara Banamara 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 IAS
19 Lemna minor 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
20 Microsorus marginata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
21 Mikania micrantha Lahare Banmara 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 IAS
22 Mimosa pudica Lajjawati jhar 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 IS
23 Monochoria species 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
24 Nelumbo nucifera Kamal 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
25 Pandanus species 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
26 Persicaria species 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
27 Phragmites karka 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
28 Pistia stratiotes 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 IAS
29 Polygonum hydropier Pire Jhar 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
30 Saccharum species 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
31 Salix tetrasperms 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
32 Schenoplectus mucronatus 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
33 Solanum torvum 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
34 Spilanthes species 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
35 Trichosanthes cucumerina 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
35 Typha anguistifolia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
36 Unknown grass 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
37 Unknown grass 2 Suire Ghans 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
38 Vallisneria natans 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
* IS-Introduced species, IAS-Invasive alien species; Native unless stated; 0-Absent, 1-Presnt
74
Annex 4.1 Laboratory Analysis Report of Water
Name of Sender: Rastrapati Chure Conservation Program Source: Lake Water

Sample No: 3397/068/69 Analyzed date : 26/06/2012 -
Date of Receipt: 26/06/2012 10/07/2012
Sampled by : Client No. of Samples: 01
Location : Baba
Parameters Units WHO NDWQS Result Instruments / Methods used
PHYSICAL
Turbidity NTU 5 5 (10) 51.0 Turbidity Meter
Total Suspended mg/l - - 33.0 Gravimetric Method
Conductivity µS/cm - 1500 76.0 Conductivity Meter
Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 1000 1000 46.0 Gravimetric Method
CHEMICAL
pH - 6.5 - 8.5 6.5-8.5* 7.1 pH Meter
Chloride mg/l 250 250 4.9 Argentometric Titration
Ammonia mg/l 1.5 1.5 0.35 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
Nitrate mg/l 50 50 0.22 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
Iron mg/l 0.3 0.3 (3) 1.35 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Lead mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.01 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
BIOLOGICAL
BOD mg/l - - 16.6 Azide Modification / 5 days incubation
COD mg/l - - 25.0 Open reflux
WHO GV: World Health Organization Guideline Value, 2006 Update, NDWQS: National Drinking Water Quality Standard, 2062
(Nepal),
* These values show lower and upper limits, () Values in the parenthesis refers the acceptable values only when alternative is not
available.
Comment: Turbidity of the sample is high as per NDWQS.
75

Date of Receipt: 26/06/2012 10/07/2012
Location : Pathru Daha
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
pH - 6.5 - 8.5 6.5-8.5* 7.2 pH Meter
Lead mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.02 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
BIOLOGICAL
(Nepal),
available.
Comment: Lead in the sample is high as per NDWQS.
76

Date of Receipt: 26/06/2012 10/07/2012
Location : Kamal Daha( Siraha)
PHYSICAL
Total Dissolved mg/l 1000 1000 27.0 Gravimetric Method
CHEMICAL
pH - 6.5 - 8.5 6.5-8.5* 7.3 pH Meter
Iron mg/l 0.3 0.3 (3) 3.17 Atomic Absorption
Lead mg/l 0.01 0.01 <0.01 Atomic Absorption
BIOLOGICAL
BOD mg/l - - 9.8 Azide Modification / 5 days
(Nepal),
available.
Comment: Turbidity and iron of the sample are high as per NDWQS.
77

Date of Receipt: 26/06/2012 10/07/2012
Location : Bag Jhora
PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
pH - 6.5 - 8.5 6.5-8.5* 7.2 pH Meter
Lead mg/l 0.01 0.01 <0.01 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
BIOLOGICAL
(Nepal),
available.
Comment: The tested parameters of the sample are within the NDWQS.
78

Date of Receipt: 26/06/2012 10/07/2012
Location : Raja Rani
PHYSICAL
Total Dissolved mg/l 1000 1000 50.0 Gravimetric Method
CHEMICAL
pH - 6.5 - 8.5 6.5-8.5* 6.8 pH Meter
Nitrate mg/l 50 50 <0.01 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
Iron mg/l 0.3 0.3 (3) 3.36 Atomic Absorption
Lead mg/l 0.01 0.01 <0.01 Atomic Absorption
BIOLOGICAL
BOD mg/l - - 10.3 Azide Modification / 5 days
(Nepal),
available.
Comment: Turbidity and iron of the sample are high as per NDWQS.
79

Wetland-Inventory Report East-of-Narayani 2012

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Wetlands Inventory of Chure Region (East of Narayani)

10. Hasina Simsar

11. Raja Rani Pokhari

12. Jamunkhadi Daha

13. Taltalaiya wetland

Prof. Dr. Mohan Siwakoti

2 Wetlands and Biodiversity in Chure Area 8

Annex 4 Laboratory Analysis Report of Water

• To collect information on physical, hydrological, biological (floral and faunal), ecosystem

Photo 1: Consultation with community for Wetland Inventory of Chure

Figure 1: Wetland Distribution in Central & Eastern Development Region of Nepal.

2.1 Overview of Wetlands (East of the Narayani)

Figure 2: Location Map of Holkhoriya Daha, Bara.

Photo 2: Halkhoria Daha, Ratanpur VDC, Bara.

3.1.6 Wetland type: Lacustrine (lake/pond) and Palustrine (marsh/swamp).

3.1.9 Ecosystem Goods and Services

3.1.10 Observed Threats; Siltation, succession, overgrazing, unsustainable harvesting of natural

3.2 Baba Tal

3.2.6 Wetland type: Lacustrine (pond/lake).

Photo 3: Baba Tal, Badaharmal VDC, Siraha.

3.3 Kamal Daha

Photo 4: Kamal Daha, Fulbaria VDC, Siraha

3.3.8 Noteworthy Biodiversity

3.3.9 Ecosystem Goods and Services:

3.3.11 Instuttional Involment: Not documented

3.3.13 Management Recommendations: Currently the lake is suffering from “tragedy of

3.4.6 Wetland Type: Lacustrine and Palustrine.

3.4.7 Water Quality: Not examined

Photo 5: Devi Daha, Taregana Govindapur VDC, Siraha.

3.4.11 Institutional Involment: Not documented

3.5 Pathru Daha

Photo 6: Pathru Daha, Sitapur VDC, Saptari.

3.5.6 Wetland type: Lacustrine (lake/pond) and Palustrine (marsh/swamp).

3.5.8 Noteworthy Biodiversity

3.5.11 Institutional Involvment: Not documented.

3.5.13 Management Recommendations: Following actions are recommended-

3.6 Jandaul Pokhari

3.6.7 Water Quality: Not examined.

Photo 7: Jandaul 1, one of the wetlands series, Jandaul, Saptari.

3.6.8 Noteworthy Biodiversity

3.6.11 Management recommendations

Photo 8: Kamal Daha, Kamalpur VDC, Saptari.

3.7.6 Wetland Type: Lacustrine (lake/pond) and Palustrine (marsh/swamp).

3.7.13 Management Recommendations: Following actions are suggested:

3.8 Bagh Jhora Wetland

3.8.6 Wetland Type: Palustrine and Lacustrine.

3.8.8 Noteworthy Biodiversity

Photo 9: Bagjhora , Indrapur VDC, Morang

3.9.7 Wate Quality: Not examined.

3.9.8 Noteworthy Biodiversity

Photo 10: Betani, Urlabari VDC, Morang.

3.10.6 Wetland Type: Lacustrine (lake/pond) , Palustrine (marsh/swamp) and riverine.

3.10.7 Water quality: Not examined.

Photo 11: Hasina Simsar, Sundarpur VDC, Morang.

3.10.8 Noteworthy Biodiversity

3.10.13 Management Recommendations