Sim - Ge 5 STS

College of Arts and Sciences Education
General Education – Science

2nd Flr. DPT Building, Matina Campus, Davao City
Phone No. : (082)300-5456/305-0647 Local 134
Course Outline: GE 5 – Science, Technology, and Science
Course coordinator : Marife L. Macanlay MAST-Physics

E-mail: mmacanlay@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation : Thru LMS, e-mail or by phone
Mobile : 09238521916
Phone : None
Effectivity Date : August 2020
Mode of Delivery : Blended (On-Line with face to face or virtual sessions
Time Frame : 54 Hours
Student Workload : Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites : None
Credit : 3
Attendance Requirements A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled virtual or face to face sessions
Course Outline Policy
Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The expected
number of hours will be 54, including the face to face or
virtual sessions. The face to face sessions shall include
the summative assessment tasks (exams).
Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3 , 5 , 7 rd th th
and the 9th week of the summer class. The assessment

paper shall be attached with a cover page indicating the
title of the assessment task (if the task is a
performance), the name of the course coordinator, date
of submission, and the name of the student. The
document should be e-mailed to the course coordinator.
It is also expected that you already paid your tuition and
other fees before the submission of the assessment
task.
If the assessment task is done in real-time through

the features in the Blackboard Learning
Management System, the schedule shall be
arranged ahead of time by the course coordinator.
Turnitin submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment

(if necessary) tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin
with a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This
means that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the
students will either opt to redo her/his paper or explain
in writing addressed to the course coordinator the
reasons for the similarity. In addition, if the paper has
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reached a more than 30% similarity index, the student

may be called for disciplinary action under the
University's OPM on Intellectual and Academic
Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating.

and commissioning other students or people to
complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time will be reduced by 5% of the possible
the maximum score for that assessment item for each
day or part day that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
pieces of evidence.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by e-mail or
via the Blackboard portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course

coordinator his/her intention to resubmit an assessment
task. The resubmission is premised on the student's
failure to comply with the similarity index and other
reasonable grounds such as academic literacy
standards or other reasonable circumstances e.g.,
illness, accident financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program

Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score
given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly
explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The
program coordinator shall communicate with the
students on the approval and disapproval of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will come
from the dean of the college.
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Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional

Contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
1st formative assessment – 10%
2nd formative assessment – 10%
3rd formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions (TBA):
Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the usual
University system and procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate,

use the general practice of the APA 6th Edition.
Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao e-mail account

which is a requirement to access the BlackBoard
portal. Then, the course coordinator shall enroll the
students to have access to the materials and resources
of the course. All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests, etc. shall be
through the portal and other university recognized
platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in person

through the scheduled face to face sessions to raise
your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student e-mail,

please contact the course coordinator or program head.
Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Khristine Marie D. Concepcion

E-mail: artsciences@eumindanao.edu.ph
Phone : (082) 300-5456/305-0647 local 118
Contact Details of the Program Edgar Retorta

Head E-mail: bsbiology@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 0946-272-0836
Contact no.: (082)300-5456 /305-06647 local 182
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her
particular needs. Depending on the nature of the need,
the course coordinator, with the program coordinator's
approval, may provide alternative assessment tasks or
extension of the deadline for submission of assessment
tasks. However, alternative assessment tasks should
still help achieve the desired course learning outcomes.
Well-being Welfare Support ZERDSZEN P. RANISES

Help E-mail: gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
Desk Contact Details Phone: (082) 300-5456
Hotline no: 0950-466-5431
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Library Contact BRIGIDA E. BACANI- Head LIC

E-mail: library@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: (082)300-5456
Hotline no. : 0951-376-6681
Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS
CC’s Voice: Hello, students! Welcome to this course, GE 5: Science, Technology,

and Society. By now, I am confident that you wanted to understand how
science and technology affect or even changed society's lives, especially
in the contemporary world.
CO: Upon the completion of this course, you are expected to articulate the impacts of
science and technology, how it affects society and the environment
particularly in nation-building; and analyzing human condition to reflect
and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to you as part
of the community. Thus, in this course, you are expected to personally
and meaningfully assess contemporary and social issues.
Let us begin!
Big Picture (for 1st exam)
Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expecting to
a. Explain and identify the historical antecedents in the course of science

and technology;
b. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed how humans see the
world and describe the technological advancements that happened in the
information age; and
c. The role of science and technology in nation-building is to present
government policies on science and technology and its importance to the
nation.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the Historical Antecedents in

the course of Science and Technology
Metalanguage
In this section, the essential terms, pictures to the historical antecedents of science
and technology, and to demonstrate ULOa will be operational to establish how science
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and technology indeed play significant roles in everyday life. You will encounter these
as we go through this chapter.
Historical Antecedents – it is all about the historical developments/contributions of

science and technology made from the past period/era to the present.
Technology - a process of supplying better means of utilizing nature to develop &

improve human lives (Yushikaku Economic Dictionary: 88); the ways or activities
employed by human beings to change or operate the external environment (CEB 185
c:233); the application of the scientific knowledge for practical ends.
Technological development – is the creation/innovation of such technology at a

specific time to provide support for human activities.
Civilization – An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in

human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of
record-keeping, including writing, and the appearance of complex political and social
institutions(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.
Copyright © 2016)
Essential Knowledge
To identify the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to fully understand the following essential
knowledge that will lay down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are not
limited to refer to these resources exclusively. Thus, you are expected to utilize other
books, research articles, and other resources that are available in the university's
library, e.g., e-library, search.proquest.com, etc.
The developments in this field are not just products of people's imagination or a one-
time thought process but also brought from gradual improvements to earlier works
from different periods or eras. The desire to raise the quality of life of the people is the
driving force to set continuous progress in the application of science and technology.
The following are the different period which has various contributions in the life of the
early people up to the present time:
1. ANCIENT TIME (began 3100 BC with the invention of writing & lasted 35
centuries) were concerned with the following:
Transportation and navigation - it was significant because people were trying to go
and discover new horizons. They traveled to search for food and find better locations
for settlements.
- They used this to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things they
lacked, and it helped them in their journeys to unfamiliar areas and
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returned home after discovering new places or completing a vital trade

to another group of people.
Communication – this was essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new
places relevant to communicating with the natives of the areas they visited. To
facilitate trade and prevent any possible conflicts:
- Record-keeping was also crucial since they needed to remember the

places they had been to and documented the trades they made with
each other. Keeping records was vital to keep records of their history
and culture to establish identities as they tried to relate with different
cultures and civilizations.
Weapons and armor are essential tools in the discovery of new places and
establishments of new alliances with other tribes. Conflicts were common to different
groups struggled to control vital resources.
- It was their primary challenge for the conservation of life. They have
been successful in harnessing abundant resources that the world could
provide, but survival was a significant problem. Illnesses and diseases,
natural or human-made, hampered the full potential of a human being.
- Through this predicament, science and technology played a significant
role in the discovery and prevention of illness.
Early people ventured on the so-called Engineering to integrate their needs for better
transportation, establishments of structures for protection from personal attacks and
natural disasters, and build bigger and stronger infrastructures. This field of
development allowed humans to build structures that would address specific needs
and wants. Some of these still exist today.
The following are some of the significant technological advancements during the
ancient times from early civilizations:
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION – located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia

(now Southern Iraq). They are known for their high degree of cooperation with one
another and their desire for great things. They are content with the basic things that
life can offer, pushing them to develop many things connected with science and
technology.
Cuneiform is the first writing system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
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symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and left to
dry. These allow them to keep records of things with great historical
value or their everyday life.
Uruk City – It is a great wonder not only because it is the first erected real city,
but built from mud or clay coming from the river that mixed with reeds
producing sun-baked bricks.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur – another engineering and architectural feature also

called god’s mountain. Build like the Urok City and serve as their chief
god’s sacred place, where only priests are allowed to enter.
Irrigation and Dikes – this was made as the population increased and the
demand for food. These Sumerians have their mass production of food
items as the environment’s elements seemed uncooperative since they
had the difficulty to get water from rives to provide their farmlands. This
method was considered as one of the world’s most beneficial
engineering works. Through this, they were able to enjoy year-long
farming and harvesting, which increased their food production.
Sailboats – Boats are used to carry large quantities of products and

cover long distances since they used waterways for their mode of
transportation. These sailboats were made that did not require many
human resources. These were also essential in shipping and trading as
well as fostering culture, information, and technology.
Wheel – this was made not for transportation but farm work and food
processes.
Mass production was made more accessible, and farmers could mill
grains with less effort and less time.
The Plow – used to dig the ground at a faster pace for planting the seeds.
Through this toll, the farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land
faster to produce mass production without so much effort and time.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION – emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. They
were great builders, engineers, and architects.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon – one of the seven wonders of the ancient

world,
but today, people can only marvel at the beauty from stories of historians
and paintings that portray the place. It was said to be the structure made
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up of layers upon layers of gardens that contain several species of

plants, trees, and vines. King Nebuchadnezzar II built this for his wife,
Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence to prove the existence of
this Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION – they are famous for its legacy and located in North
Africa. They built infrastructures established by the pharaohs through engineering
technology. They also contributed other practical things that the world now considers
as essential.
Paper or Papyrus – though they were not the first to develop a system of
writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world. Papyrus
was a plant that grew abundantly in the Nile River in Egypt. Processed
the plants to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things.
Since clay tablets were fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle in bringing
it to one place to another. It is one of the significant accomplishments of
Egyptians' record-keeping and communication.
Ink – Egyptian invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to

produce different colors. It is a liquid substance to write in the Papyrus.
It can withstand the elements in nature for the recording of history,
culture, and codified laws.
Hieroglyphics – the writing system of Egyptians using symbols. Egyptians

believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods. It
is a language that tells the history and the culture of the ancient
Egyptians written in the pyramid.
Cosmetics – this was for both health and aesthetic reasons. They used KOHL
and wore around their eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. It
was with soot or malachite with mineral galena. They believed that when
a person is wearing make-up, it is a protection from evil, and beauty is a
sign of holiness.
Wig – it is a material worn for wealth and wellness rather than for aesthetic
purposes.
Water Clock/ Clepsydra – Used for time-keeping device. It utilizes gravity that
affects the flow of water from one vessel to another.
GREEK CIVILIZATION – located in the southern part of Europe and known as the
birthplace of western philosophy. Their significant achievements include in-depth work
on philosophy and mathematics, and contributed much to the world, especially in
science and technology.
The following are some of the Greek contributions:
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Alarm Clock – Made use of water or sometimes small stones or sand

that drums, which sounded the alarm. Plato believed it utilized an alarm
clock to signal the start of his lecture.
Water Mill – considered one of the most important contributions of

Greek civilization. It is common in agricultural processes like milling of
grains necessary for food processing.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION – perceived to be the most influential political and social entity
in the west, and many of the other civilizations looked up to them as their model in
terms of legislation and codified laws.
Roman contributions:
Newspaper – It contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the
people. The first newspapers were known as gazettes. Engraved in
metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed, but because of this, it
became more accessible for the Romans to publish announcements and
pieces of information.
Bound Books or Codex – Used this for record-keeping primarily

documenting historical events and newly legislated laws, same with
literature. Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up Papyrus to
form pages of the book.
Roman Architecture – it was considered as the continuation of Greek

architecture due to its resemblance. This development in the field of
engineering and architecture was fully supported and funded by the
Roman government, so the implementations more significant projects
such as large churches (cathedrals and basilica)
Roman Numerals – devised their number system to address the need

for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing
communication and trade concerns.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION is considered the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world,
and is located in the far east of Asia.
Chinese contributions:
Silk – Was naturally produced by silkworms and process to provide
paper and clothing. Silk production resulted in the creation of a product
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for trade, making cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges after the
opening of outside China.
Tea Production is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water

over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.
Great Wall of China – considered the only human-made structure that

can probably be seen from outer space and said to be the largest and
most extensive infrastructure that the nation-building. The construction
is to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China.
Gun powder – it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aim to

achieve immortality. It is a mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium
nitrate that leads to the invention of black powder that could generate
large amounts of heat and gas in an instant, rather than creating an elixir
of life.
2. MEDIEVAL /MIDDLE AGES (500 AD – 1500 AD) – Massive invasions and

migrations were combined during this time since wars were prevalent,
especially at the start or early medieval times- such technology needed in the
field of weaponry, navigation, mass food, and farm production and health.
There is a decrease in population after the war but an increase in the latter part
of the period. Some of the innovative minds came from this period and also
known as the Age of exploration.
The following are some of their contributions:

Printing Press – is a more reliable way of printing using a cast type invented
by Johannes Gutenberg. The invention to address the need for publishing
books would spread information to many people at a faster rate.
The microscope – Zacharias Jansen invented the first compound

microscope to
develop proper medicines for illnesses and need medical attention from
growing populations caused by massive migration and urbanization.
Telescope – helps observe remote objects and was a great help for
navigators in the medieval time.
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War Weapons – developed not only offensive tools but also for defensive
instruments. For open-area battles, they designed crossbows and longbows
and close-range hand-to-hand combat; they wore iron body armor.
3. MODERN TIMES – massive industrialization started and the booming of the world
population in the nineteenth century onwards. The demand for the production of
more goods, efficient transportation to trade more products, and to cover more
considerable distances, faster and the development of more natural means of
communication. But, food processing and medicine posed of the more significant
challenges since health was a great concern.
Some of the major contributions of modern times:
Pasteurization – was invented by Louis Pasteur as a process of heating

dairy products to kill the presence of harmful bacteria that can be spoiled
faster and can consume for an extended period.
Petroleum Refinery – it is used for better means of powering homes

and transportation. At present, petroleum is used to power automobiles,
factories, and power plants, etc.
The Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone. As more
people got connected by trade and exploration, they needed to maintain
connections and communicate in real-time as well as for government
communications.
Calculator – invented for a faster way to compute more complicated equations.
4. PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS – the Philippines also contributes to the global

advancement of science and technology. It is remarkable to note the ingenuity of
the Filipinos since many of these inventions were built or made from indigenous
materials.
The following are some of the inventions:

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle – developed to be utilized during a
flood or rainy season that can cross not only in the flooded streets but
also rivers and lakes-Invented by Dominic N. Chung, Lamberto Armada,
and Victor "Atoy” Llave.
SALT Lamp (Sustainable Alternative Lighting) – Aisa Mijino invented

this lighting system. It is an environment-friendly light source that runs
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on saltwater. It poses no risk of fire and does not emit toxic gases. It
benefits from people who live from far-flung barrios by mixing two
tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water.
Medical incubator – it is made from indigenous and cheap materials

that did not run on electricity. Dr. Fe del Mundo, a pediatrician, devised
this medical incubator to maintain conditions suitable for newborns,
usually a pre-term baby.
EJeepney – it is an environment-friendly vehicle since it does not emit

smoke and noise. It utilizes electricity instead of expensive diesel that
produces large quantities of black smoke.
The inventions named above are only some of the great designs and development
during the different periods - more innovations and discoveries in the course of history
that changed the world.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
McNamara, Daniel Joseph SJ, Valverde, V.M., Beleno, R. (2018). Science

Technology and Society.1st ed. C and E, Pub.
A History of Science and Technology in the Phils. –an article by Olivia C. Caoili
Floridi, Luciano (2014).The Fourth Revolution
https://www.history.com/topics/enlightenment/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-
of-us-scientific-revolution
Zhouying JIN (2010). Global Technological Change: From Hard Technology to Soft
Technology. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uniofmindanaoebooks/reader.action?do
cID=685161&ppg=78
Nelson, Ken. (2020). History: Middle Ages for Kids. Ducksters. Retrieved from
https://www.ducksters.com/history/middle_ages_timeline.php
Let’s Check
Activity 1. Now, that you know the essential Historical Antecedents of Science and
Technology from the different periods up to the Philippine inventions. Let us try to
check your understanding of these historical antecedents. In the space provided, write
the correct words or terms needed to answer the following statements:
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_______________1. In ancient times, these were also essential in their endeavors to

discover and occupy new places.
_______________2. A civilization known for their high degree of cooperation with one
another and their desire for great things.
_______________3. Was the ancient people's primary challenge though they were
successful in harnessing the rich resources that the world could provide?
_______________4. The early writing system of the Egyptians which they believed it
was provided to them by their gods by using symbols.
_______________5. The location of this civilization is on the southernmost tip of

ancient Mesopotamia, and one of their major contributions is the development of the
first writing system known as cuneiform.
_______________6. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the

major achievements they contributed much to the world were in science and
technology.
_______________7. Known to be the strongest political and social entity in the west
and looked up by other civilizations as their model in terms of legislation and codified
laws.
_______________8. It is the first newspaper of Romans that contained the Roman

Empire’s announcements to their people, and it was engraved in metal or stone and
publicly displayed.
_______________9. A period was wars; massive invasions and migrations were

prevalent. Technology is important in the field of weaponry, navigation, mass food,
and farm production and health.
______________10. The process of heating the product to kill the harmful bacteria that allow
them to spoil faster.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1. Getting acquainted with the science and technological developments in
different periods is not enough. What also matters is you should also be able to explain
its relationships to the lives of the people as we go over the advancements towards
the future. I will let you define your answers thoroughly.
1. How did the development in science and technology shape human history? You
set/mention some examples to defend your answer.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. How science and technology affect society?
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Do you agree with these continuous developments? Why or why not?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
Activity 1. Studying and learning the historical antecedents in the course of science
and technology, especially in the present time, is relevant to appreciate and to be able
to get ideas on how it changed and improved people's life. It constitutes a different
impact to have a convenient experience and to leads to aiming for development
continuously. Thus, we cannot deny that we owe the early people’s ideas to come up
with high technology applications.
Based from the pieces of information and the exercises that you have done above,
kindly site your points of view after my ideas.
1. The historical antecedents ushered the most development in the society in

terms of infrastructures, medicines, preserving of information or transmitting
information, mass productions, agriculture, and even for the protection of one
another.
2. On the contrary, it shows improvements in people's lives as an effect of
technological progress. Due to its possible destruction to the environment,
there must be limitations in such developments and might lead to scarcity of
natural resources.
Your Turn
3. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Do you have questions for clarification?

Questions/Issues Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Historical antecedents Technological development

Ancient times Conservation of life
Medieval times Dark ages
civilizations
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution

changed how humans see the world and describe the technological
advancements in the information age
Metalanguage
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For you to demonstrate ULOb, you will need to have an operational

understanding of the following terms below. Please note that you will be cementing
its distant relationship from ULOa.
1. Intellectual Revolutions – the period was society transformed from their

perceptions and beliefs by science and
technology.
2. Geocentric model – a planetary model that shows the Earth as the center of
the solar system
3. Heliocentric model – a planetary model that shows the Sun as the center of
the solar system.
4. Theory of Evolution – posited that the population passed through a process

of natural selection in which only the fittest would
survive.
5. Psychoanalysis – is the study that explains human behavior.
Essential Knowledge
Before we proceed to study intellectual revolutions, it is essential to recognize
the works of the brilliant minds behind the technological advancements that we
benefited today.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
- In the early time, people questioned what created days and nights. They
wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and
planets are. Thus, many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote
about planets to explain the movement of celestial bodies and their effect
s on the world.
Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician, and astronomer in the 16th century

introduced heliocentrism. It suggested that the center of the solar system was not the
Earth but the Sun in contrast from Claudius Ptolemy’s model of geocentrism, which
was widely accepted by the people and the church.
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https://amazing-space.stsci.edu/resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/basics/g37/
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
- This intellectual revolution was considered to be one of the most
controversial of its time. Charles Darwin (Naturalist, biologist, and
geologist) in 1859 published his book "On the Origin of Species"
introduced the "theory of evolution '.
- He stated that organisms could adapt to their environment and would
gradually change into something that would be more competitive to
survive, which he called "evolution."
https://biologywise.com/charles-darwin-theory-of-evolution
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
- Sigmund Freud explained that many conscious and unconscious factors
could influence behavior and emotions. He argued that one’s personality
is a product of id, ego, and superego.
- Despite criticisms, He continued refining his theory and, in fact, tried to
explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method for treating some
mental disorders, which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as
a science.
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https://www.slideshare.net/LeilaZaim/freud-psycoanalytic-theory
These revolutionizing theories are just some of the many scientific ideas that
transformed and molded societies and beliefs. It brought changes to the perspectives
and perceptions of the scientific community and the public. Through research and
experiments, people will continue to deepen their understanding of the world and the
universe.

Technology and Society.1st ed. C and E Pub.http://hti.osu.ed/scientific
revolution/lesson plans
Martin, Evan Jay (2020). Sigmund Freud. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud
Let’s Check
Activity 2. Clearly, the development of intellectual revolutions showed how society
transformed by science and technology with their perspectives and beliefs. At this
point, let us determine how it influenced and affected society's life and outlook. Discuss
and write your answers thoroughly to the questions below:
1. The Id, Ego and Super Ego of Freud

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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2. Natural Selection and Survival of the fittest.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Explain the concept of Geocentrism and Heliocentrism.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Name other scientific revolutions that happened in the following places:
a. Meso-America
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
b. Asia
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
c. Middle East
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
d. Africa
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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Let’s Analyze
Activity 2. The transformation to the perspective and beliefs of the society brought
pieces of evidence of sciences and technology's link to humanity. These lead to more
scientific research and experiments to deepen the understanding of what surrounds
us in different aspects.
At this juncture, you will be required to EXPLAIN your answers about the following
questions.
1. Why do you think were most intellectual ideas controversial?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Why did people accept these discoveries despite being contradictory to what
was widely accepted at that time?
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______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What do you think are the positive and negative results brought about
innovations and technological advances in the information age? Reflect on
your answers and come up which do you think the possible rules and
guidelines in using the different media information.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
Activity 2. The relevance of science and technology to the life of society is

incontestable. In this portion of the unit, the module will be requiring you to state your
arguments or synthesis relevant to the topics presented. I will supply the first two items,
and you will continue the rest.
1. Through the intellectual revolutions, it opens the mind of society, letting us

deepen our scientific and technological understanding of the world. Through
widening research and experiments don, it provides a more comfortable and
accessible life of humanity.
2. Intellectual revolutions are continuous as long as humanity will always struggle
and never stop in finding the right information that will benefit society, mainly
when there are ongoing discoveries.
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Your turn
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Heliocentric model Intellectual revolution
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Geocentric model Theory of natural selection

Theory of evolution Survival of the fittest
Psychoanalysis
Big Picture in Focus: ULOc. The role of science and

technology in nation-building, present government policies on
science and technology, and its importance to the nation.
Metalanguage
Below are the essential terms that you are going to encounter in the pursuit of ULOc.
Determine the early scientific development of the country. These will help you
understand the present development of the country.
Colonization - it is the action or process of settling among and establishing control

over the indigenous people of an area or the effect of appropriating a place or domain
for one's use.
Pre-Colonial – occurring or existing before the beginning of colonial rule.
The colonial period was the period in a country's history when it was subject to
administration by a colonial power.
Post-Colonial – it is the aftermath of colonization.
Principalia class - The Principalía or noble class was the ruling and usually
educated upper class in the towns of Spanish Philippines, comprising the
gobernadorcillo (who had functions similar to a town mayor), and the Cabezas de
barangay (heads of the barangays) who governed the districts.
Essential Knowledge
The development of science and technology in the Philippines has already come a
long way. There are a lot of significant inventions and discoveries that have been
accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. It is commendable to note that they have
laid down a significant effect on the country until now.
A. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
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The Philippines started its scientific and technological development

began at this period. Early Filipino settlers were already using specific
plants and herbs as medicines. There is an implementation of the
systems of farming and animal-raising. It also includes the development
of different modes of transportation this time.
- The rice terraces were the most magnificent complicated engineering

structures achieved by the early Filipinos in Cordillera. At present, it's still
functional, and it shows the natives’ innovative and ingenious way to
survive in an otherwise unfriendly environment.
B. COLONIAL PERIOD
Spaniards Colonization (1521-1898) – The Philippines were claimed in
the name of Spain in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese
explorer sailing for Spain, who named the islands after King Philip II of
Spain.
The construction of extensive infrastructures such as walls, roads,
bridges is used by engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards.
The Spanish government also developed health and education systems
that were enjoyed by the principalia class.
American Colonization (1898-1946) – American occupation

modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. They established
a government the agency, the Bureau of Science, to nurture
development in the field of science and technology.
C. POST-COLONIAL PERIOD – the Philippines under different leaderships or

administrations pursue programs in science and technology. However, one of
the presidents who ushered in advancements in science and technology and
who saw that the key to nation-building is through science and technology was
Ferdinand Marcos.
Marcos Era – He amended the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV,

Section 9 (1), he declared that the "advancement of science and
technology should have priority in the national development. Many
agencies in science and technology were established and strengthen
that includes PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration) in place of Weather Bureau and
the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) which
reconstituted to National Science and Technology Authority presently
known as DOST (Department of Science and Technology). Roads,
bridges, power plants, schools, and hospitals are the most relevant
development in his time.
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The progress in science and technology continued even after the dictatorial rule, and
the presidents after him left their legacies.
https://www.csub.edu/pacificrim/countryprospectus/history.htm.
https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-
Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/
Vicente L. Rafael (2020). Colonial Contractions: The Making of the Modern

Philippines 1565-1946. Retrieved from
https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.
0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-268
Let’s Check
Activity 3. The works of science and technology greatly influenced the development
of nation-building in the country. At this point, let us try to determine the extent of its
influence in the country. Please elaborate your answers to the questions below:
1. Discuss the traced development of science and technology from the pre-colonial
times up to the present.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Identify some achievements in the field of science and technology from president
Marcos up to the present administration.
A. Ferdinand Marcos
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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B. Corazon Aquino
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
C. Fidel Ramos
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
D. Joseph Estrada
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
E. Gloria Arroyo
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
F. Benigno Aquino Jr.

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
G. Rodrigo Duterte
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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Name greatest scientific technological contributions of the colonizers brought in the

country that promotes nation-building.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Let’s Analyze
Activity 3. In this activity, you are required to elaborate on your answer to each of
the questions below.
1. What do you think are the significant contributions of science and technology
to the Philippine nation-building?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. What specific government policy do you like the most in contributing to the
development of science and technology in the Philippines?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. How science and technology relevant to the development of nation-building?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. What policies do you want the government to implement in the near future?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
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Activity 3. Science and technology have brought a significant impact on the

development of the country and changes the life of the society as well, particularly in
the colonization period. We’re able to promote and develop our technological
applications for nation-building. In this activity, again, you are required to draw
conclusions or perspectives from the periods affecting the country. I will supply the
first item, and you will continue the rest.
1. It’s right that the key to nation-building is the continued development and
application of science and technology. But perhaps, there must be policies or
laws to be followed to control and limit the might destructive effect on the
environment and to the people, just to achieve nation-building.
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Pre-colonial period Post-colonial period

Principalia class Colonization
Colonial period
Nation-building
Big Picture (For 2nd Exam)
expecting to
A. Discuss what technology reveals and its role in human flourishing; and
B. Explain human flourishing, as reflected in progress and development.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Discuss what technology reveals and

its role in human flourishing
Metalanguage
The essential terms below are operationally defined for you better understand
and to demonstrate ULOa. You will encounter these as we go through this chapter.
Alethea – unhidden or disclosure; the state of not being hidden; the state
of being evident." It also means factuality or reality.
Poiesis – is defined as bringing forth.

Techne – means skill, art, or craft.
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Revealing - means that technological things have their novel kind of

presence, endurance, and connections among parts and wholes.
They have their way of presenting themselves and the world in
which they operate.
Enframing – means that way of revealing which holds sway in the essence of
modern technology and is itself nothing technological.
Piety – is obedience and submission, described as a comprehensive

attempt to interrogate the idea of technology to understand the
essence of the thing rather than merely following it as an
instrument or a means.
Calculative thinking is the more special kind of human thought, in which people
gather information and put it together to put it to some specific use.
Meditative thinking - involves something much more profound than practical

calculation, and it takes much more effort. Reflective thinking tells us why we should
do something, beyond the simple calculative process of actually doing it.
Essential Knowledge
The progress or development of human civilizations throughout history mirrors

the development of science and technology. Us, both the bearer and beneficiary of
science and technology, flourishes and finds meaning the builders. In this topic, we
are going to understand the person's way of flourishing technology to pursuit having a
good life. I may unconsciously acquire, consume, or even destroy what the world has
to offer.
Martin Heidegger (a German Philosopher) - wrote a book "The Question of

Technology," discusses and urges us to question about the invention of technology
and see beyond people's shared understanding of it.
TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING
Martin Heidegger urged people to envision technology as a mode of revealing

as it shows so much more about a human person and the world. By considering
technology as a mode of explaining, then truth is brought forth since technology is a
way of bringing forth, a making-of something. The 'true' entails so much meaning and
significance. For instance, knowing the truth about the Earth is weeping revealed from
the information and data taken by modern devices. The fact that uncovered will make
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something meaningful and significant than the practical or superficial use of

technology.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcBt9N-kIns
TECHNOLOGY AS POIESIS: APPLICABLE TO MODERN TECHNOLOGY?
Heidegger characterizes modern technology as a challenging forth since it is

very aggressive in its activity. As defined poiesis as bringing forth. Advanced
technology challenges the nature and demands of its resources, which, most of the
time, is forcibly extracted for human consumption and storage 'setting upon' of the
land. Examples of these are mining. It removes minerals from the Earth and forcefully
assigns the property as means to fulfill the never-ending demands of people,
information at our fingertips, harvested foods even out of season, gravity defied to fly
off space, etc. It is not working anymore with the rhythms of nature because we have
learned to control it. Heidegger described modern technology as the age of switches,
standing reserve, and stockpiling for its own sake. It manifests many aspects of life,
like mechanization and digitization of individual. For this, agriculture and
communication and transportation would compromise each other.
QUESTIONING AS PIETY OF THOUGHT
Addressing what technology has brought forth, one can be submissive or

assertive to what his/her thoughts and reflections elicit. Thinking brings forth insights
that the mind has not yet fully understood or developed. It is evoked by questioning
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until understanding or answers had met. It builds the way towards knowing the truth
of who he/she is as a being.
Questioning serves as the loyalty of thought because we keep asking out of

curiosity, we keep on searching and discovering in search for the meaning of truth.
ENFRAMING: It is the way of Revealing In Modern Technology
The way of revealing (disclosure) in modern technology is an enframing. In

simpler terms, it is as if nature is put in a box or frame so that it can be better
understood and controlled according to the desire of people. Enframing is the mode
in which everything comes into the open and makes sense for us because people want
security, even if the ordering in enframing is violent. Thus, we used every resource on
the planet as a standing reserve, put an order by extracting, stockpiling, and whatever
means beneficial to humans. These things are part of modern technology that has to
be free through enframing.
Heidegger distinguished between two types of thinking:
Calculative thinking – it is one order and puts a system to nature to be better

understood and controlled. It is the more special kind of human thought, in which
people gather information and put it together to put it to some specific use.
Example of calculative thinking:
Whenever a professor displays a task, everyone will get their smartphones,

click the camera button, and take photographs. We perceive nature as seeing and
listening technically by saving ourselves a picture of instructions so that if we miss
something, which is unnecessary, we can easily see and review what is in it. We take
in everything most quickly and cheaply as possible.
Meditative thinking allows nature to reveal itself to him/her without forcing it;
it helps us to understand our life's meaning, placing significance on the individual
rather than the collective. It tells us why we should do or should not do a thing, beyond
the simple calculative process of actually doing it.
Example of meditative thinking:
Instead of doing the example written above (calculative thinking), one click of a
camera is indeed making things useful. However, the negative side is that we oversee
the importance of absorbing what is being displayed and discussed.
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People in the past invented the camera because they see the importance of what they
are seeing.
Hence, the human person has the capacity for both calculative thinking and
meditative thinking and would do well in synergy. However, people want to control a
lot of things but sometimes afraid of unpredictability. Therefore, there is a collaboration
between calculative thinking and meditative thinking.
HUMAN PERSON SWALLOWED BY TECHNOLOGY

Example:
They are always plugged online and no longer have the capacity for authentic
personal encounters (dependent on gadgets/social media);
Cannot let go of the conveniences and profits brought about by processes and
industries that pollute (biochemical) the environment and cause climate change, then
technology has consumed our humanity.
Heidegger stated that the essence of technology is not found in the

instrumentality and function of machines constructed, but in the significance of such
technology unfolds.
ART AS A WAY OUT OF ENFRAMING

We should look at nature as an art, and we should not customize it to fit in our
needs. Instead, we should use a sustainable technology that does not harm the
environment and keep it as it is. Like a windmill, it uses wind but not alters it. With art,
we are better able to see the poetic in reality.
Aristotle’s conception of the four causes:
a. Causa materialis – the material, the matter out of which, for example, a
silver chalice
b. Causa formalis – the form, the shape into which the material enters
c. Causa finalis – the end, for example, the sacrificial rite about which the
chalice required is determined by its form and matter.
d. Causa efficiens – refers in which brings about the effect that is finished,
actual chalice.
Mark Blitz (2014). "Understanding Heidegger on Technology," The New Atlantis,
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Number 41, Winter 2014, pp. 63-80. Retrieved from

https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/understanding-heidegger-
on-technology43
Joy Vigonte (2020). Calculative VS Meditative Thinking. Retrieved from

https://www.scribd.com/document/402478977/Calculative-vs-Meditative-
Thinking

Technology and Society.1st ed. C and E. Pub
Soren Riis (2011). Towards the Origin of Modern Technology: Reconfiguring Martin
Heidegger’s Thinking. Retrieved from
https://search.proquest.com/docview/858917921/4F1A526818F04687PQ/1?a
ccountid=31259
Let’s Check
Activity 4. Classify the following practices of the human flourishing of the technology it
provides mentioned in the essential knowledge part of this unit.
e.g., Human Person Swallowed by technology 1. Cannot do the assignment or can’t do

research without gadgets and the internet.
_________________________ 1. Swab testing to determine if positive to COVID.
_________________________ 2. Tissue culture is applied to produce new

seedlings.
_________________________ 3. Creating GMO (genetically modified organisms)
products.
_________________________ 4. Power plants using renewable resources.
_________________________ 5. Consistently studying and finding the cure of

COVID.
_________________________ 6. Mining coal to provide electricity.
_________________________ 7. Doing exercise regularly to have a healthy body.
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_________________________ 8. Apply aesthetics to maintain beauty.
_________________________ 9. Undergo medical procedures like surgery to solve

health problem and extend life
_________________________ 10. Determining the weather conditions through

satellites.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 4. In this part, you are once again required to elaborate your answer thoroughly on
the questions below:
1. How is technology a mode of revealing?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Why should technology be questioned?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Explain why Heidegger manifest the calculative thinking towards meditative thinking?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Describe technology as a means to an end, and technology is a human activity.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
Activity 4.
Heidegger's questioning the technology brought a big realization on flourishing
technology, especially nowadays. All of us seem dependent on the presence of
technology. However, we cannot cover or hide the truth that there are ways already
that technology brought both positive and negative effects on humanity. In this activity,
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you require to draw conclusions or write your perspectives about this matter. Again, I
will supply the first item, and you will continue the rest.
1. Flourishing of technology could be bad or good depends on the person using

it. Utilizing technology would be beneficial when there’s a demand for food,
medicine, especially if there's pandemic, etc. to survive. But when it is utilized
to create destruction to humanity and the environment, that’s when it became
terrible. All these, it depends on one's person's action in flourishing technology.
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Enframing Poiesis
Art Piety of thought
Calculative thinking Meditative thinking
Revealing Swallowed by technology
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Explain human flourishing, as

reflected in progress and development.
Metalanguage
In this unit, you will encounter these essential definitions as you study human
flourishing, as reflected in progress and development. Always go back to these
definitions to further understand the topic.
SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) – life-changing goals outlined by United

Nations (UN) in 2015. Include ending extreme poverty, giving people better
healthcare, and achieving equality for women.
A paradigm shift is a significant change in the concepts and practices of how

something works or accomplished.
De-develop - does not tell us to give things up. It is merely about reducing
consumption while maintaining happiness and achieving a long life expectancy. It may
also be viewed as "slowing down." Rapid growth is partly wrong because we tend to
ignore the laws of nature.
Global Hectare (gha) - A unit of measured productivity used to report both the
biocapacity of the Earth, and the demand on biocapacity or ecological footprint.
Essential Knowledge
• Jason Hickel, an economic anthropologist from the University of London,

wrote an article, "Forget developing poor countries, it's time to de-develop rich
countries."
In this article, He said:

a. UN’s new sustainable development goals SDGs) is to eradicate poverty by
2030.
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b. Growth or increasing population has been the main object of development

and progress for the past 70 years, even though it is not working. Since
1980, the global economy has grown by; three hundred eighty percent
(380%). Still, the number of people living in poverty level on less than $5
(£3.20) a day has increased by more than 1.1 billion.
c. at current levels of average global consumption; we’re overshooting our

planet's bio-capacity by more than fifty percent (50%) each year.
d. Growth isn't an option anymore – we've already grown too much. Most of
the scientists are now telling us that we're blowing past planetary
boundaries at a faster speed. And the hard truth is that this global crisis is
due almost entirely to overconsumption in rich or develop countries.
e. 'Instead of pushing poor countries to 'catch up' with rich ones, we should be
getting rich countries to 'catch down.'
f. Our planet (Earth) only has enough resources for each of us to consume
1.8 "global hectares" annually – a standard used unit that measures
resource use and waste.
g. The 'theory of development' argued by economist Peter Edward, that

instead of pushing poorer countries (less developed) to "catch up" with rich
ones, we should be thinking of ways to get rich countries to "catch down" to
more appropriate development levels.
h. 70% of middle- and high-income countries believe that overconsumption is

putting our planet and society at risk.
i. The two indicators of quality of life are life expectancy (living a long life) and
happiness. Then. How much do we need to live long and happy lives?
US – 79 years life expectancy, GDP per capita $53,000
Cuba – comparable to the US the life expectancy; they have the

highest literacy rate, but GDP per capita is $6,000 and
consumption of 1.9 hectares (threshold of ecological
sustainability).
However, many countries have reached the same life expectancy as compared
to the US but with a mere fraction of this income per capita.
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j. De-development not literally means de-growth or zero growth (to stop

moving positively thorough life, to stop learning, improving, growing) but to
reduce consumption of the resources.
k. I am taking cue with the Latin Americans, organizing alternative visions of

'vien Vivir ‘ (right living).
l. Edward and Robert Skidelsky –wrote the book "How Much Is Enough?',
where they lay out the possibility of different interventions such as a shorter
working week, banning advertising, and a basic income, all of which would
improve our lives while reducing the consumption.
m. Either we slow down voluntarily, or climate change will do it for us. We can’t
go on ignoring the laws of nature. But rethinking our theory of progress is
not only an ecological imperative but also a development one. If we do not
act soon, all our hard-won gains against poverty will evaporate, as food
systems collapse and mass famine re-emerge to an extent not seen since
the 19th century.
It is not about giving anything up. And it's certainly not about living a life of voluntary
misery or imposing harsh limits on human potential. On the contrary, it's about getting
into a higher level of understanding and consciousness about what we're doing here
and why.
Sightsavers (2020). Global Goals. Retrieved from

https://www.sightsavers.org/policy-and-advocacy/global-
goals/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw-
r71BRDuARIsAB7i_QPWZQzx9seLMlFVaPi4L9elvjz97Sp7DFVKCL3dNanGV
AaAagGajw0aAua3EALw_wcB
The Guardian (2015). Forget 'developing' developing countries, and it's time to de-
develop rich countries, Jason Hickel. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-
network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-develop-rich-countries-
sdgs
Let’s Check
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Activity 5. Now that you've understood Hickel's concept of de-development. You require
to explain the following ideas of the essential knowledge part of this unit.
1. What is the primary objective or purpose of the Sustainable Development
Goals of the United Nations?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. What is the standardized unit that measures resource use and waste?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What is the standard response to eradicate poverty?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. What is the threshold of the Earth for adequately sustaining life?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. According to the majority of middle-and high-income countries, what puts the

planet and society at risk?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
6. How many hectares should each of us consume annually based on the

resources available on the planet?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7. In this article, what are the two items about the quality of life?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
8. What crisis on the planet would force us to slow down if we do not do so

voluntarily?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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9. According to Dr. Jason Hickel, what must be done instead of urging developing
countries to 'catch up" with rich ones?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
10. How would the different areas of the world react to the idea of de-development?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Let’s Analyze
Activity 5. In this part, you are once again required to explain your answer thoroughly
on the questions below:
1. Why must we change our Paradigm of Growth and consumption to that of" de-
development?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Why are the terms, de-development, de-growth, and zero seemingly unacceptable
to the common framework of human progress?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. How has the notion of growth enframed us?
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_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. How do we improve our lives and yet reduce our consumption?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. What are the similarities and differences between Heidegger’s The Question
Concerning Technology and Hickel’s article?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
Activity 5.
Clearly, Hickel from his article showed us how progress and development are
equated with growth and higher consumption, which could be the development
indicator. In this portion of the unit, you require again to give your synthesis,
conclusions, or arguments relevant to the topic presented. I will supply the first item,
and you will continue the rest.
1. De-development or reducing the use of resources for impoverished country to

catch up would be the right paradigm shift, especially when it limits climate
change. But, there might be no stopping or shifting by rich countries since growth
is always be the strategy for economic rise.
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2.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
De-development Paradigm shift

SDG Global hectare
GDP consumption
Economic growth
Big Picture (For 3rd Exam)
expected to:
A. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life to contemporary issues
guided by ethical standards;
B. Discuss the importance of human rights in the face of changing social

conditions and technological development; and
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C. Determine the human and social impacts of the developments in the information
age.
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Examine shared concerns that make

up the good life to come up with innovative and creative solutions
to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards.
Metalanguage
Nicomachean ethics by Aristotle - a philosophical inquiry into the nature of the
good life for a human being. It emphasized what is truly virtuous and
what is mistakenly thought to be so.
Aristotle: Character Lists of Nicomachean Ethics
1. The virtue of justice - Aristotle says justice consists in what is lawful and
fair, with fairness involving equitable distributions and the correction of what
is inequitable. He makes a distinction between natural justice and legal
justice.
Natural justice is the same in all times and places in a sense, that
comprised by the laws that order the universe and that order beings toward
their ends. Legal justice is that which is just according to law; it ought to be
in accordance with natural justice.
2. Law - are codifications of certain ethical values meant to help regulate

society, and also impact decision- making. It is necessary in order to
habituate citizens in virtuous action.
3. The Good- Aristotle posits that the Good is the supreme goal of life. This
ultimate good which is both final and self-sufficient, thus, he defines this as
happiness. There must be one final end of all human actions which is done
on purpose and for a definite/final goal as desired for its own sake.
4. Happiness - Aristotle enshrines happiness as a central purpose of human

life and a goal in itself. Happiness is a final end or goal that encompasses
the totality of one's life. It is not something that can be gained or lost in a
few hours, like pleasurable sensations. It is more like the ultimate value of
your life as lived up to this moment, measuring how well you have lived up
to your full potential as a human being. He distinguished three kinds of
happiness: pleasure (life as the body), politics (and life according to the
rhetoric of honor) and meditation (life according to reason).
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5. Virtue - Virtue is a mean by two extremes, and its exercise thus requires
prudence in order to determine what the mean is for specific circumstances.
Virtues are acquired by habituation. There are four requirements for virtue:
a person (1) know what he is doing, (2) intend the action for its own sake,
(3) take pleasure in it and (4) do it with certainty and firmness. When a
person performs a virtuous action but does it in opposition to his desires, he
is continent but not virtuous.
Aristotle discusses eleven virtues: courage, temperance,
generosity, magnificence, magnanimity, right ambition, good
temper, friendliness, truthfulness, wit, and justice in his
Nicomachean ethics.
6. Wealth and Money- The money cannot be an end of life, it can be a means.
Wealth is stored in the category of useful and not necessary. An example
are generosity and munificence, both virtues which direct the use of wealth.
A person should use his wealth liberally in the service of others and of good
causes, but should not spend beyond his means.
7. Prudence - it is the virtue which one must develop in order to attain moral
virtue and to find the correct mean in all of one's actions. Prudence is an
intellectual virtue, and is the ability to deliberate well regarding human
actions. From Aristotle's words, "to know what is good for oneself" (1142a).
8. Friendship - Friendship is necessary for a happy life, because human

beings are social beings. Aristotle describes three types of friendship:
Useful/interest, pleasure and virtue.
Eudaimonia – It is a condition of human flourishing or of living well. It is about

individual Happiness. Aristotle’s eudaimonia leads to a general idea that reflects
“pursuit of virtue, excellence, and the best within us” (Huta & Waterman, 2014: 1426).
Essential Knowledge
Everyone is in pursuit of good life. We want to achieve a life which will make us
happy and content. Below, are Aristotle’s definitions of good.
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS AND MODERN CONCEPTS
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• Aristotle begins the work by positing that there

exists some ultimate good toward which, in the
final analysis, all human actions ultimately aim.
Everyone is moving towards the good thus,
completing studies, training for sport, or taking a
rest is good.
• Good life is more than these countless expressions of what is good.

Characterized by happiness that springs from living and doing
well(eudaimonia).It is a flourishing life filled with meaningful endeavors that
empower the human person to be the best version of himself/herself.
(Ex.: Student acts to be the best version by studying well and fulfilling
the demands of school or by training hard as well as joining and winning
in sports competitions if an athlete.)
• According to Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate end of human action which

people pursue for its own sake.
Example: Financial stability for one’s family, the power achieved from
winning the elections, or the harmony and peace as a reward for taking
the environment)
• Happiness defines a good life, not the kind that comes from sensate pleasures.
It is which comes from living a life of virtue (a life of excellence, manifested
from the personal to global scale).
Example: Making sure that one avoids sugary and processed foods to
keep healthy; taking care of the environment through proper waste
management which results in a clean environment and adds people’s
well-being and happiness.)
• The virtuous actions require discipline and practice. Activities contrary to virtue
are those which do not result happiness.
Example: a) The lack of discipline in eating healthful food eventually

makes one sick.
b.) The lack for concern in the environment destroys the
Earth we live in.
• The good life is marked by happiness brought about by virtuous human actions
and decisions that affect the individual self and the greater community. It is
characterized by a life of flourishing of oneself and others.
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• Virtue plays a significant role in the living and attainment of the good life. It is
the constant practice of the good no matter how difficult the circumstances may
be. It is the excellence of character that empowers one to do and be good.
• Two kinds of virtue (a) intellectual virtue (the main owes its birth and growth to
teaching), and (b) moral virtue (comes about as a result of habit).
The intellectual virtue depends to a large extent on the education received,
both for its production for its increase, so does it need experience and time.
The moral virtue, by contrast, is the product of habit
Modern Concepts/Morality
Many (traditional) moral theories are unable to meet the second criterion
and simply fall short of the high demands of applied ethics to solve the complex moral
problems of our times. The traditional moral theories are not sufficiently well equipped
to deal with completely new problems such as issues concerning nuclear power, gene
technology, and cloning and so forth. Thus, there must be a constant interest in
updating and enhancing a particular moral theory in order to make it compatible with
the latest demands.
The following are the two main moral theories of modern virtue ethics (or neo-
Aristotelianism):
1. Kant’s deontological ethics –founded by German philosopher Immanuel Kant.

This ethics is deontological in the sense that one has to obey the duties
and obligations which derive from his supreme principle of morality, that
is, the Categorical Imperative a test for maxims which, in turn,
determine whether certain acts have moral worth or not). A maxim is an
individual’s subjective principle or rule of the will which tells the individual
what to do in a given particular situation.
2. Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and
Legislation (1789) and John Stuart Mill in Utilitarianism (1863) are the
founders of utilitarianism. They pointed out that utility should be seen as
an important standard of evaluation in ethical reasoning and decision-
making.
The following four main aspects are typical for each utilitarian
theory:
1. The consequence principle: Utilitarianism is not about actions but
about the consequences of actions which means that the moral worth
of the particular action is determined by its outcome.
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2. Happiness: Utilitarianism is a teleological theory insofar as

happiness is the main goal that should be achieved. This particular
goal can be identified with (i.) the promotion of pleasure, (ii.) the
avoidance of pain or harm, (iii.) the fulfilment of desires or considered
preferences, or (iv.) with meeting some objective criteria of well-
being.
3. Greatest Happiness Principle: Utilitarianism is not about mere

happiness but about “the greatest happiness” attainable. The moral
rightness or wrongness of actions depends on the goal of achieving
the greatest happiness for the greatest number of sentient beings, in
short, “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”.
4. Maximizing: The collective amount of utility regarding sentient

beings affected by the action should be maximized. This line of
reasoning contains strong altruistic claims because, roughly
speaking, one should only choose those actions which improve other
sentient beings’ happiness.
The upshot is, however, that the vital question of how to live a good life cannot
be separated from the essential question of how one should act. Both questions are
intimately interwoven and a complete ethical theory will always be concerned with both
issues.
Thus, in connection to the onward progress of science and technology is also
the movement towards the good life since it is the highest expressions of human
faculties by allowing us to thrive and flourish in life if we desire it. Science and
technology may also corrupt a person, but by grounding oneself in virtue will help
him/her steer clear of danger.

Technology and Society.1st ed. C and E Pub.
Moschella, Melissa (February 2000 Web. 27 June 2020). "Aristotle: Nicomachean

Ethics Characters". GradeSaver, 3. Retrieved from
https://www.gradesaver.com/aristotles-ethics/study-guide/character\
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Tim, "Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics (Summary), April 24, 2012, " in Philosophy &
Philosophers, April 24, 2012, https://www.the-philosophy.com/aristotle-
nicomachean-ethics-summary.
Let’s Check
Activity 6. Now that you’ve understand the deep meaning of good life as it posited by
Aristotle. Write your answer on the spaces provided below.
__________________ 1. It is everyone’s ultimate aim in life.

__________________ 2. It is an ancient Greek word which means living and doing
well.
__________________ 3. It is said to be the ultimate end of human action. It is
pursued for its own sake.
__________________ 4. He is the ancient Greek philosopher known for

Nicomachean ethics
__________________ 5. Utilitarian theory implies that _________ is the main goal
that should be achieved.
__________________ 6. It is an important standard in evaluating the ethical

reasoning and decision –making.
__________________ 7. It is an action that requires discipline and constant practice.
__________________ 8. It is constant practice of doing good.

__________________ 9. A type of virtue that shows success of a person in which a
result of being academically inclined.
__________________ 10. A type of virtue that shows a natural character of being
generous.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 6. At this point, you may have formed a better grasp of what is good.
Please answer the questions below.
1. In your opinion, what constitutes a good life?

______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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2. What doe Aristotle say about the good life? How would you relate the
Aristotelian concept of good life with the contemporary world?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. How does the progress in science and technology contribute towards the
attainment of good life?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
Activity 6. In this unit, we learned that good life is everyone’s ultimate goal. We may
have different understanding and perception on how to achieve this especially in the
contemporary world. In this part, you shall draw conclusions, form perspectives, craft
arguments, and ideas from the unit lesson. The first item is provided for your reference.
You need to provide the succeeding items.
1. Aiming to have a good life is very relevant for us since we believe it gives us
happiness. Through science and technology, complete technological
instruments used for attaining our basic needs, we believe one is already living
a good life. Thus, Aristotle’s definition of good life reminded us that living with
virtue that constitutes happiness are already a good life. In the contemporary
world, we need to carry always the virtue even if there will be a highest
application of such technology to aim good life
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2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Do you have questions for clarifications?

2.
3.
4.
5.
Good life Happiness

Nicomachean ethics Intellectual virtue
Virtue Moral virtue
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eudaimonia
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Discuss the importance of human

rights in the face of changing social conditions and technological
development.
Metalanguage
The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding
of this section in the course
UDHR(Universal Declaration of Human Rights) – the global standard of

fundamental human rights for universal recognition and protection.
AI (Artificial Intelligence) – the theory and development of computer systems able

to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception,
speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.
GNR - genetics, nanotech and robotics
Essential Knowledge
The good life entails living in a just and progressive society whose citizens have
the freedom to flourish. Everyone has the autonomy to make choices which may
enable the flourishing of his/her self and the society.
United Nations General Assembly – proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human

Rights (UDHR) on December 10, 1048
UDHR Preamble – “Whereas recognition of inherent dignity and of equal and

inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom,
justice and peace in the world”. Everyone has absolute moral worth by virtue of being
human.
Human dignity – is an ultimate core value of our existence. From the 1987
CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE II: The State
values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
There are concepts of Human Dignity:
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a. Focuses on the inherent worth of each individual. Such dignity exists merely
by virtue of a person's humanity and does not depend on intelligence,
morality, or social status. Intrinsic dignity is a presumption of human
equality-each person is born with the same quantum of dignity.
b. Dignity can express and serve as the grounds for enforcing various
substantive values. Substantive forms of dignity require living in a certain
way. Dignity may require behaving, for example, with self-control, courage,
or modesty. This dignity embodies a particular view of what constitutes the
good life for man, what makes human life flourish for the individual as well
as the community.
c. Constitutional courts often associate dignity with recognition and respect.

respect for a person's dignity requires recognizing and validating individuals
in their particularity. This recognition requires individuals to demonstrate
respect and concern for each other.
When we fully recognize and appreciate this truth in ourselves and in all the
persons around us, regardless of their status in life, then we pave the way for a just
and progressive society.
The following are some of the fundamental articles of human rights that are vital
and necessary in the pursuit of good life:
Article 1 – Freedom from Equality

All human being are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit
of brotherhood.
WATCH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iv1SOp06geE&t=1s
Article 2 – Freedom from Discrimination

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedom without distinction of any kind,
such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social
origin, property, birth or other status. No distinction shall be made on political,
jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person
belongs, whether independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation
of sovereignty.
WATCH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Jy1nJCYEOo&t=3s
Article 3 - Free to Life, Liberty and Security of a person
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No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall

be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such
procedure as are established by law.”
WATCH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtMsSvPX658&t=1s
Article 4 – Freedom from Slavery

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and slave trade shall
be prohibited in all their forms.
WATCH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnfiENKheNo&t=2s
Article 5 – Freedom from Torture, Cruelty and Degrading Treatment

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment.
WATCH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhCQQ0fov0o
Article 6 – Freedom from Recognition

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
WATCH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-yOlLEV55Q
Article 7 – Legal Equalities

All are equal before the law and are entitled without discrimination to equal
protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in
violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
WATCH https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zabio686_54
The UDHR now serve as framework in the understanding of what each person’s
fundamental rights are and these apply to everyone and everywhere. It is imperative
that we all know and live these rights to prevent injustice and oppression.
HUMAN VS ROBOTS
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https://www.google.com/search?q=human+vs+robot&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijqL3i8pbq
AhUBHqYKHTg4D4oQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=758&bih=587#imgrc=SCCoMROvFV_n4M
There is a gradual replacement of manual labor, several factors based on:
• Manual labor is gradually being replaced by machinery. Computers

become more and more sophisticated.
• Robots usually designed like human beings, are created to perform

complex, repetitive, or dangerous tasks.
• Development of artificial intelligence (AI), robots may also eventually act

and decide like humans.
• To Filipinos, artificial intelligence seems like the stuff of science fiction

movies. But it is also use surely in gaining ground, especially in the
business process outsourcing (BPO) industry. Technology enables the
growth of the BPO industry but it seems that it is also technology that will
kill the industry. Investors and business analytics provided by artificial
intelligence.
• Unemployment is only one of the ethical considerations in the

widespread of AI. The following sample questions must be pointed out
or resolved when faced with technology that may become a threat to
human dignity and security; Is the value of the person inversely
proportional to that of a machine exhibiting? What does this mean for
human beings who can be replaced by machines? How do we guard
against mistakes committed by machines?
• Machines and robots approach having a human-like nature, humans

may also have the tendency to become machine-like. Human begin to
function more like automatons. The used of internet has become an
instant go-to tool for answers to questions. Example, more often than
not, people accept what the search engine, like Google. We forget how
to process, read, think further, or put things in context. As the internet
gets more intelligent, we are in danger of becoming less.
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• Nicolas Carr (2008) asserted in his article “Is the

Google making us stupid?”, that as we rely on
computers to mediate our understanding of the
world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into
artificial intelligence.
• The development of society along with science and technology gives rise
to more and more complex issues. The important is, we are able to
protect and exercise human rights for everyone in our pursuit of the good
life. Thus, amid these developments, we are free, more rational and
more loving in our practice of science and technology.
WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US?

• According to Bill Joy, the most powerful 21st-
century technologies are the genetics, nanotech
and robotics (GNR). It would be threatening to
make humans an endangered species due to the
unreflective and unquestioning acceptance of new
technologies by humans.
• Joy argues that developing technologies provide a much greater danger

to humanity than any technology before has ever presented. In
particular, he focuses on engineering, nanotechnology and robotics.
• He said, “Each of these technologies also offers untold promise: the

vision of near immortality drives us forward; genetic engineering may
soon provide treatments, if not outright cures, for most of the diseases;
and nanotechnology and nanomedicine can address yet more ills.” It
could significantly extend our average life span and improve the quality
of our lives.
• The definite testament to the success of science and technology was the
atomic bomb a deadly weapon developed from the brilliant physicists led
by J. Robert Oppenheimer. But this was fatal reminder of its destructive
power after the bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
1945.
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• With GNR, we are called to be circumspect and questioning of

technology as Heidegger propounded that in questioning we build a way.
Today, GNR is accessible to small groups and individuals and may not
require funding and facilities as huge as needed by nuclear weapons
and mass destruction.
• Science and technology may be the highest expression of human

rationality. People are able to shape or destroy the world with it.
• Human nature may be corrupted when the powers of our mind, our
rationality and our science and technology become manifest, and not
able to rein in the vanity arrogance such unleashed powers, then we are
on the way to destroying the world.
Messerly, Jonh (2014). Bill Joy: Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us. Retrieved from
https://reasonandmeaning.com/2016/02/15/summary-of-bill-joys-why-the-
future-doesnt-need-us/
United Nations: Peace, Dignity and Equality on a Healthy Planet. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html
GOV,PH Official Gazette Open Data Portal . THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE II. Retrieved from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-
republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-
philippines-article-ii/
Neomi Rao (2013)., Three Concepts of Dignity in Constitutional Law, 86

Notre Dame L. Rev. 183. Retrieved from
http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol86/iss1/4
Let’s Check
Activity 7. Now, that you already have an understanding on the effect when
technology and humanity cross. You’re also able to identify our human rights and how
rational thinking is imperative especially in the use of science and technology. It’s time
for you to write your answers below on the blank provided before each item:
___________________ 1. Argued that developing technologies provide much
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greater danger and it needs to be questioned and

reflected.
___________________ 2. Who questioned “Is Google making us stupid?”
___________________ 3. It refers to the ultimate core value of our existence.
___________________ 4. It is the highest expression of human rationality.
___________________ 5. It serves as the common understanding of what each

person’s fundamental rights.
___________________ 6. It is the most powerful technologies in the contemporary

time.
___________________ 7. What article of human right is implemented when the

ECQ (Enhanced Community Quarantine) is applied to
the country?
___________________ 8. What article of human right is violated when not when the
laws of the country are not followed and justice is served
without due process?
___________________ 9. What article in the UDHR is violated when many of the

front liners of the present situation of pandemic has been
harassed and not welcomed to join the community?
____________________ 10. What article in the UDHR is violated when someone is

bullied in the social media?
Let’s Analyze
Activity 7. At this portion, you are required to answer briefly the questions below:
1. How does science and technology affect contemporary life and vice versa?
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______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. How do we protect our human rights in the face of technological
advancements and ethical dilemmas?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. How do we protect our human rights in the face of technological
advancements and ethical dilemmas?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. Do you believe that Google makes people stupid? Cite at least three
examples to support your assertion.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Explain Bill Joy’s article “why the future does not need us?”
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
In A Nutshell
Activity 7. Now, you learned and even made realizations about our human
rights in the changing technological advancements. Thus, you are required to write
your arguments or general point of views about this matter. I write first on the first item
and you do the rest.
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1. As we face and examine present issues in the application of science and

technology, we need to keep in ourselves that this progressive society entails
and must manifest a constant practice of the good. Exhibited with scientific
methodologies, virtue, social responsibility and global concerns. These things
would practice the individual human rights.
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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UDHR Freedom from Discrimination

AI (Artificial Intelligence) Freedom from Slavery
GNR Freedom from Torture
Freedom from equality Legal Equalities
Big Picture in Focus: ULOc. Discuss the evolution of technology

from the ancient times up to the present.
Metalanguage
The following terms below are essential to understand the context of this
unit. Remember these terms as you go through the topic.
Information – knowledge obtained from investigation, study, or instruction

(Webster Dictionary)
Language – a systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the

use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks
having understood meanings (Webster Dictionary)
Eidos – the cognitive part of cultural structure made up of the criteria of

credibility, the logic used in thinking and acting, and the basic ideas by
which the members of a culture organize and interpret experience :
logical structure(Meriam Webster Dictionary).
CERN (in French “Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire”)–

European Organization for Nuclear Research or European Council for Nuclear
Research -
Essential Knowledge
Humans are surrounded on all sides by technology claiming to supply

information
such as: television, smart phones, and internet devices and among others. Before the
printed word, the written word was prevalent as mentioned in the previous chapters.
Yet, the intent to carry information has always been present.
The following explains how human and social impacts of the development in
the information age and the evolution of technology as well.
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INFORMATION
Word – a combination of sounds that represents something. Made up sounds
and yet they transmit something more significant (message). Words are
informed with meaning given by a speaker and intended for the listener.
They communicate meaning.
THE ROLE OF A LANGUAGE

• The first step of knowing is, through the human quest for understanding
the natural world, the ability to name and classify objects found in nature.
• The scientific search for truth early on recognized the usefulness of

language and the ability it gave to make sense of nature.
• It is clear that thinking in terms of a common system being generated by

the speaker and received by the listener is useful in the pursuit of
knowledge.
• Science, from the Latin word scire (meaning to know), one kind of
knowledge the Greeks wanted to understand.
• First philosophers believed, the many seemingly different things in the

natural world must have a unifying factor. There was an inside to be
“understood”.
• Plato’s principle “One and the Many”, refers to the underlying unity
among diverse beings in the natural world. According to him, there is a
common intrinsic nature shared by different objects, which determines
their real sense.
Thus, the importance of a language is a tool to: learn knowledge, transmit

information, express feeling, emotions ideas, forge cultural ties and may construct
social identity.
MATHEMATICS AS A LANGUAGE OF NATURE

Mathematics – was the great contribution of Isaac Newton.
Galileo Galilei – said “the laws of nature are written in the language of
mathematics, symbols are triangles, circles and other geometrical
figures, without whose help it is impossible to comprehend a
single word.”
Key Takeaways: Why Math is a Language:
• A system of communication must have vocabulary, grammar, syntax, and

people who use and understand it.
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• Mathematics meets this definition of a language. Linguists who don't consider

math a language cite its use as a written rather than spoken form of
communication.
• Math is a universal language. The symbols and organization to form
equations are the same in every country of the world.
(By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. 2019)
• Through the discovery of laws and language of nature, people can

develop technology using these laws that benefit the society. This
language is mathematics.
TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD
• Started by the early people and the ancient time Western thinkers
harnessed forces of nature after understanding them better.
• It was never recorded when early people realized that fire has its own
power and energy.
• Lost in antiquity is the first sailing vessel that that worked through the
power of the wind.
• A primitive steam engine invented in 1st century by Hero of Alexandria
The ability to think and conceptually comprehend nature and the principles it
follows eventually leads to science.
THE PRINTING PRESS AND BEYOND
https://interestingengineering.com/the-invention-and-history-of-the-printing-press
• Johannes Gutenberg – invented the early printing press (as stated in the
previous lesson)
• The power of the eidos or idea, would be witnessed in the succeeding

centuries of development particularly in the west. The fascination with
language in the ancient, brought the preservation of words of the earlier
people at the same time when the West weakened due to internecine
warfare (bloody) and conflicts.
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• The development of printing press, which may be regarded as the

beginning of the true revolution in 15th century. Ancient Greek came up
with the idea that the knowledge should be shared and communicated
to the society using this printing press. Other people on different part of
the world could also share their thoughts and ideas with each other and
forming communities of thinkers across space and time. (Connell, 1958).
• This technological invention allowed words and scientific ideas to

establish a view of nature anchored in scholarly works and studies. Such
as, new discoveries on the phenomenon of electricity which were eagerly
absorbed by fellow scientist who then utilized the science to create other
technological products. Example, radio waves were built upon wave
nature of electricity and magnetism to come up with television and etc.
• The transmission of ideas has gone changes in the information age.

Digital world is a direct offspring of the progressing world of technology
built upon the many advances of science (Toffler,1984).
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
Sir Tim Berners-Lee - invented the world wide web

(www) as a way of addressing data processing and information
sharing needs among scientists for the European Organization
for nuclear Research (CERN) at first.
• From CERN’s atom smasher that produces a huge amount of scientific

data every second, it required better data analyzers to work on the
gathered information with co-scientists. Even telegraph and telephone
has allowed transmission of information to transcend physical
boundaries, processing a veritable ocean and mountain of scientific data
generated by the atom smasher still needed a new medium. That’s the
world wide web.
• At present, through the comfort of sharing information reliability becomes

compromised. Anybody that has connection with one another can
produce informations which are half -truths and lies or the rise of fake
news. Example are sources from social medias which also encouraged
building community with of like-minded people. Creation of biases ideas
and beliefs based only on the content that they allow within the
community (biased misleading information) using to their own
advantage.
• Thus, it pays everyone to be vigilant in utilizing modern devices at all

times even if benefited us. We must be responsible in utilizing these
technologies to avoid harming others and ourselves.
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Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, February 11). Why Mathematics Is a

Language. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/why-mathematics-is-a-
language-4158142
World Wide Web Foundation (2008-2020): The History of the Web Sir Tim Berners-
Lee https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-web/
Let’s Check
Activity 8. Now, that you have learned the most essential concepts about the social
impacts of the developments in the information age and its technological evolution
from the past to the present. Let’s try to check your understanding of these concepts.
Classify the following statements with your chosen answer such as: INFORMATION,
ROLE OF A LANGUAGE, MATHEMATICS AS A LANGUAGE, TECHNOLOGICAL
WORLD, PRINTING PRESS, and WORLD WIDE WEB. Write your answers on the
space provided.
___________________________ 1. One uses common words to express feelings or

emotions.
____________________________ 2. When a message is successfully received and

understood by the receiver or listener.
___________________________ 3. Comprehend the things around you through

the figures and symbols.
___________________________ 4. Televisions, radios and other medium were

used to send out information.
___________________________ 5. Information were known through newspapers,

books, journals and etc.
___________________________ 6. Using search engines, sending messages and

and connecting people in a faster way.
___________________________ 7. Most of the time, this could be the easiest

source of different information factual or not.
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So, validation of the sources is a must.
__________________________ 8. News and other knowledge received.
__________________________ 9 . Telegraph/telegram, cell phones, telephones

and other means of gadgets are used as a
medium of sending information.
__________________________ 10. Abstract symbols are used to give information.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 8. You are required to explain briefly your answers on the questions below.
1. Which developments in the information age brought significant changes in

the way you live your life today and why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. How did the transmission of information evolve from the ancient times up to
the present?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. How did the printing press change the course of history? What ideas were
spread using this invention?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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4. Social media which facilitates the sharing of information, ideas, and other
content in different parts of the globe. If social media was deactivated for a
month in the country, what would possibly happen?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Social media also poses certain risks especially in the dissemination of false
information. As a student, how will you use social media to ensure that you
do not propagate inaccurate and unreliable information?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
Activity 8. Based from what you’ve learned in this unit, on the definition of the
most essential terms and concepts, and the learning exercise that you have done,
please feel free to write your arguments or lessons learned below.
1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Information Language
Technological world One and the many
CERN World wide web
Printing press eidos
Big Picture ( for 4th exam)
Week 8 - 9: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are
expected to
a. Determine the interrelatedness of society, the environment and

health;
b. Examine the costs and benefits to society of the nanotechnology

and the opportunities that may be opened by gene therapy; and
c. Explain how climate change happens and its implications .
Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Determine the interrelatedness of

society, the environment, and health
Metalanguage
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Biotechnology harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to

develop technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our
planet.
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) is a plant, animal, microorganism or

other organism whose genetic makeup has been modified in a laboratory using genetic
engineering or transgenic technology
Genetic Modification is the process of altering the genetic makeup of an

organism.
DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all
other organisms.
LMO is defined in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety as any living organism

that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of
modern biotechnology.
Essential Knowledge
BIODIVERSITY refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to
ecosystems, and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes
that sustain life. This includes ecosystem, genetic and cultural diversity and the
connections between these and all species.
2010 International Year of Biodiversity declared by the United Nation General

Assembly. Hence, the loss biodiversity threatens food supplies, opportunities for
recreation and tourism, and sources of wood, medicines and energy. It also interferes
with essential ecological functions.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
• The manipulation of biological processes to serve societal needs.
• Modern biotechnology paves the way for new developments on
food and agriculture. Developing new precise tools and
diagnostics; speed up breeding gains and efficiency; develop
pest-and disease-resistant crops; combat salinity; drought; and
problems of agriculture; enhance the nutritional quality of food;
increase crops varieties and choice; reduce inputs and production
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costs; and to increase profits are some of the goals or aims of

modern biotechnology.
“Law and policy of Relevance to the Management of Plant Genetic Resources”

a module released by The Biodiversity International that aims to help professionals in
managing, conserving, and use plant genetic resources for food and agriculture.
The module defines the following:
• Biotechnology uses biological systems, living organisms, or
derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for
a specific use.
• The technique allowing genes and DNA to be transferred from
one source to another is Genetic engineering. It leads to the
production of living modified organisms (LMOs) or Genetically
modified organisms (GMOs)
It give scientists molecular tools for obtaining a better understanding of the structure
and function of genes in living organisms.
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
• It is a plant, animal, microorganism, or other organism whose genetic

makeup has been modified using recombinant DNA methods, gene
modification or transgenic technology.
• Genetic engineering does the laboratory process where genes from the
DNA of one species are extracted and artificially inserted into the genes
of an unrelated plant or animal
• This aims to address issues with regard to food security, agriculture, drug
production, and nutrition.
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Table 1: Examples of GMOs Resulting from Agricultural Biotechnology

Genetically Conferred Trait Example Genetic Change
Organism
APPROVED COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
Herbicide tolerance Soybean Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup) tolerance

conferred by expression of a glyphosate-tolerant
form of the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-
3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) isolated from the
soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain
CP4
Insect resistance Corn Resistance to insect pests, specifically the

European corn borer, through expression of the
insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus
thuringiensis
Altered fatty acid composition Canola High laurate levels achieved by inserting
the gene for ACP thioesterase from the California
bay tree Umbellularia californica
Virus resistance Plum Resistance to plum pox virus conferred by

insertion of a coat protein (CP) gene from the
virus
PRODUCTS STILL IN DEVELOPMENT
Vitamin enrichment Rice Three genes for the manufacture of beta-

carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, in the
endosperm of the rice prevent its removal (from
husks) during milling
Vaccines Tobacco Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)

produced in transgenic tobacco induces immune
response when injected into mice
Oral vaccines Maize Fusion protein (F) from Newcastle disease virus
(NDV) expressed in corn seeds induces an
immune response when fed to chickens
Faster maturation Coho salmon A type 1 growth hormone gene injected into
fertilized fish eggs results in 6.2% retention of
the vector at one year of age, as well as
significantly increased growth rates
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732/
GENETIC MODIFICATION
Steps are:
1. Identification of the desired trait from another organism.
2. A gene containing this trait is first isolated and replicated.
3. The insertion of traits. Only the sections of the gene that carry the particular
characteristic that will be integrated into the adult organism.
• In this process of recombinant DNA technology, the information needed

for an organism can be borrowed from another. A farmer can design an
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organism to have the characteristics relevant to address particular

issues.
• For example, a farmer may want the crops to have less chance of getting
bruised due to rough handling. If an organism containing a gene that
prevents bruising in the mature fruit could be found, then this
characteristic could then be used to modify the crops through the
process of recombinant gene technology.
http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/GMOs/GMOs3.html
CARTAGENA PROTOCOL ON BIOSAFETY is an international agreement which

aims to ensure the safe handling, transport, and used of living modified organisms
(LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on
biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.
• It takes precautionary approach by assuring that countries are provided with

the data necessary to make informed decisions prior in agreeing the import of
such organisms in their country.
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BIO (2020). What is Biotechnology?. Retrieved from

https://www.bio.org/what-biotechnology
Ross, Rachel (2019). What Is Genetic Modification?. Retrieved from

https://www.livescience.com/64662-genetic-modification.html
American Museum of Natural History (c 2018). What is Biodiversity?. Retrieved from

https://www.amnh.org/research/center-for-biodiversity-conservation/about-the-
cbc/what-is-biodiversity-why-is-it-important-amnh
Phillips, T. (2008) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Transgenic crops and

recombinant DNA technology. Nature Education 1(1):213. Retrieved from
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-
transgenic-crops-and-732/
Crop Life International (2020). Cartagena Protocol On Biosafety. Retrieved from

https://croplife.org/plant-biotechnology/convention-on-biological-diversity/cartagena-
protocol-on-biosafety/
McNamara, Daniel Joseph SJ, Valverde, V.M., Beleno, R. (2018). Science Technology
and Society.1st ed. C and E Pub.
Let’s Check
Activity 9 . Now, that you know the essential concepts and terms in the study of
applications and effects of biotechnology and biodiversity to the society. Let’s try to
check your understanding on these concepts. Identify what is being asked in the
following questions below:
____________________ 1. When a scientist is identifying a trait from an organism
and used them to develop an specialized trait of a crop.
What is this processed called?
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____________________ 2. In reference to item number 1, what biological systems/

technology is used by the scientist to modify the trait?
____________________ 3. What do you call to the strict compliance to be

implemented prior to the transportation and distribution
of living modified organisms?
_____________________ 4. It is a process that aims to address issues with regard

to food security, for agriculture, drug production and
even for nutrition.
_____________________ 5. It is a process done to plants, animals, or to

microorganism whose genetic makeup has been
modified using recombinant DNA methods.
_____________________ 6. Development of vaccines for medicines, injected

hormonal application to poultry industry, treatment for
water supplies and etc. are examples of ______.
_____________________ 7. It has the focus on boosting awareness of biodiversity’s

importance by promoting actions to foster biodiversity.
_____________________ 8. An extraction of DNA from a certain organism with a

desired trait has been inserted to unrelated species.
_____________________ 9. These are also known as transgenic organisms.
_____________________ 10. A measure that assures safety and mitigates possible

adverse effect to the environment when not followed.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 9. Getting acquainted with the concepts in biotechnology and biodiversity, it

matters that you understand their relevance in the society. Thus, you are required to
explain briefly the following questions:
1. What role does the environment play in addressing the needs of a society?
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. How can people maintain the rich biodiversity in nature?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. In your own words, how is an organism’s genome manipulated?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. What are the pros and cons of genetically modifying crops?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Will you eat GMOs? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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In a Nutshell
Activity 9. Based from the definition of essential terms and concepts in biodiversity
and biotechnology and from the exercises you’ve done, please feel free to write your
arguments and lessons you’ve learned below.
1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Biotechnology Cartagena Protocol

Genetic Modification LMO
GMO DNA
Biodiversity
Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Examine the costs and benefits to

society of nanotechnology and the opportunities that may open by
gene therapy.
Metalanguage
Nano - One nanometer is equivalent to a billionth of a meter
Nanotechnolgy – the manipulation of matter on an atomic or subatomic

scale.
Gene - small sections of DNA within the genome that code for proteins. They
contain the instructions for our individual characteristics – like eye and hair colour.
Stem Cell - are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of
cells in the body. They serve as a repair system for the body. There are
two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
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Essential Knowledge
WHY NANO? (10-9)
• Nanostructures can be found in nature. Such as catalysts, minerals, and other

particles that are measured on a nano scale.
• Nanoscience deals with materials that are very small using specialized
microscopes and other nano devices.
• The nano world cannot be seen in the naked eye. It can be recognized and
identified after technology has allowed for discovery of nanostructures.
• This leads to innovations developed in this field that include microprocessors

and strain-resistant fabrics and many others from manipulating matter on an
atomic or subatomic scale called Nanotechnology.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Nanoscale-integration-of-nanoparticles-and-biomolecules_fig2_320132877
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https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics
Areas where nanotechnology are used:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128135860000043
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WHAT IS DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?
- A long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. It holds the
instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies.
- The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical

bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99
percent of those bases are the same in all people.
- DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form
units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule
and a phosphate molecule.
- The thread like structure that that packed the DNA molecule is called
chromosomes.
- In humans, each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a

total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs, called autosomes, look the same
in both males and females. The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, it differ
between males and females. Females have two copies of the X
chromosome, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.
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GENE THERAPY is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent

disease.
MEDICINE is one example of a scientific and technological innovation that made a

breakthrough in the area of human health. The known one was the aspirin (relieved
for various pain), an old technology in 21st century.
Gene therapy is one of the new discoveries on the areas of molecular and atomic
physics that are applied in biological basic building blocks (gene). This technique may
allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of
using drugs or surgery. Researchers are testing several approaches to gene therapy,
including:
• Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene.
• Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly.
• Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.
This could be a promising treatment option for a number of diseases (including

inherited disorders, some types of cancer, and certain viral infections) but , it remains
risky and still under study to make sure that it will be safe and effective.
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https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i45/Gene-therapy-ready-comeback.html
WHAT IS STEM CELL?
Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of
cells in the body. They serve as a repair system for the body.
Two main types of stem cells:
a. embryonic stem cells - derived from the undifferentiated inner mass

cells of a human embryo (IVF). Can develop into each of the more
than 200 cell types of the adult body as long as they are specified to
do so.
b. adult stem cells - are undifferentiated cells found throughout the
body that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged
tissues. Have abilities to divide or self-renew indefinitely and
generate all the cell types of the organ from which they originate —
potentially regenerating the entire organ from a few cells.
Stem cells are different from other cells in the body in three ways:
a. They can divide and renew themselves over a long time
b. They are unspecialized, so they cannot do specific functions in the
body
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c. They have the potential to become specialized cells, such as muscle

cells, blood cells, and brain cells
WHAT IS STEM CELL THERAPY?
Stem cell also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the repair response
of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. It is
the next chapter in organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which
are limited in supply.
• Researchers grow stem cells in a lab. These stem cells are manipulated to
specialize into specific types of cells, such as heart muscle cells, blood cells or
nerve cells.
• The specialized cells can then be implanted into a person. For example, if the
person has heart disease, the cells could be injected into the heart muscle. The
healthy transplanted heart muscle cells could then contribute to repairing
defective heart muscle.
But according to Filipino-American doctor-lawyer Samuel Bernal, an expert in the

fields of regenerative medicine and regulatory law, the public should take a lot of
precautions. It’s not a “cure to all”, it is actually trying to allow the body to heal
itself. It requires ‘analyzing at the molecular level what is causing the problem or (what
could be done) to prevent the problem. It’s just a small part of the molecular approach
to medicine.
Doctor –Lawyer Samuel Bernal – educated at Johns Hopkins’ and Harvard Medical
School. He’s currently Professor Emeritus of Medicine at the University of California –
Los Angeles. A member of American Association of Clinical Oncologists, the American
Association of Cancer Researchers, and recognized as cancer investigator with the
US National Institutes of Health.
A typical stem cell procedure looks like this:
http://www.autismweb2.com/stem-cell-therapy-for-autism/
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Mayo Clinic Staff (2011). Stem cells: What they are and what they do?. Retrieved
from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bone-marrow-transplant/in-depth/stem-
cells/art-20048117
ChemicalSafetyFacts.org (2020). Nanotechnology. Retrieved from

https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/nanotechnology/
yourgenome.org (2016). What is a gene? Retrieved from

https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-a-gene
National Institutes of Health (2020). Stem Cells. Retrieved from

https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html
NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine (2020). What is gene therapy? Retrieved from
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/therapy/genetherapy
NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine (2020). What is DNA? Retrieved from
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/dna
NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine (2020). How many chromosomes do people
have? Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/howmanychromosomes
ScienceDaily(2020). Embryonic stem cell. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/embryonic_stem_cell.htm
and Society.1st ed. C and E Pub.
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Let’s Check
Activity 10. Now, you know the most essentials and concepts of nanotechnology and
gene therapy. Let’s try to check your understanding of these concepts. On the space
provided write your answer/s on what is being asked in the following statements:
_______________________ 1. It signifies the 23rd chromosomes of a human cell.
_______________________ 2. A technique for treatment that uses healthy DNA to

replace Mutated DNA.
_______________________ 3. It’s an area of nanotechnology that focuses on the

making of drugs and treating diseases.
_______________________ 4. An area of nanotechnology that concentrates on the

innovations for food and agriculture
_______________________ 5. It is a regenerative medicine that promotes repair

response of diseased, dysfunctional tissues.
_______________________ 6. It is derived from the inner mass of a cell of embryo

that can develop many types of cell.
_______________________ 7. It is used to carry healthy DNA to replace the

mutated DNA of a cell.
_______________________ 8. A doctor-lawyer that said stem cell treatment is not a

“cure to all” but allowing the body to heal itself.
_______________________ 9. It contains the genetic code.
_______________________ 10. It manipulates matter particularly the subatomic

particles to provide human needs.
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Let’s Analyze
Activity 10. You’re already acquainted with the essential concepts of nanotechnology
and gene therapy is not enough, it also matters that you should be able to explain its
relevance. Now, you are required to explain thoroughly your answer.
1. How can nanotechnology address problems in the environment?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. How can nanotechnology be used in the prevention and treatment of illness?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Stem cell treatment has been a subject of debates since the 21st century. What
do you think about the current developments in stem cell treatment?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. What do you think are the most relevant concerns in the country or even the
world that needs nanotechnology? Why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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5. What health condition do you think urgently needs to be treated by gene

therapy? Justify your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
Activity 10. The study of nanotechnology and gene therapy is in timing to what it
brings in the scientific development for the benefit of the societies’ conditions. Now is
your time to express your arguments or lessons learned about this unit. Write your
ideas briefly on the space provided below:
1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nanotechnology Embryonic stem cell

Gene therapy Adult stem cell
Stem Cell Viral vector
Nano science DNA
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Big Picture in Focus: ULOc. Explain how climate change happens

and its implications.
Metalanguage
Temperature - is a measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically, a measure

of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object, which is a type of energy
associated with motion.
Climate – refers to the long –term weather patterns prevailing over a given
area of the planet
Climate Change – describes what the weather is like over a long period of
time in a specific area.
Parameters – any of a set of physical properties whose values determine the

characteristics or behavior of something (parameters of the atmosphere such as
temperature, pressure, and density).
Industrialization – the conversion of an agrarian economy into an industrialized one

on a large scale.
Essential Knowledge
In this topic, it concludes the interaction among science, technology, and

society which is the climate change.
Below, is another consideration in explaining climate change which an

interaction between the Sun and planet Earth:
EARTH’S MOVEMENT AROUND THE SUN

• While the orbit remains an ellipse, its position or orientation in space
changes over time. The Earth’s tilt position result an unequal amount
received of sunlight. It’s spinning around its own axis with imaginary line
from North Pole to the South Pole which dips and wobbles gradually.
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https://static.skepticalscience.com/pics/Orbit_130_125kya_lg.jpg
The elements in this interaction between the sun and the earth are defined as follows:
1. Aphelion refers to the point in the orbit of the Earth farthest from the
sun.
2. Perihelion is the point in the orbit of the Earth closest to the sun.
3. Earth’s axial tilt is the inclination angle of the Earth’s rotational axis
in relation to a line perpendicular to its orbital plane.
4. Precession is the change of the orientation of the rotational axis of

the Earth.
5. Equinox refers to the time the sun at noon is directly over the
equator. It happens twice a year and causes an almost length of day
and night.
6. Solstice happens when the sun at noon sits above the Tropic of
Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn. The summer solstice has the longest
period of daylight in the year and the winter solstice has the shortest
period.
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7. Precession of the equinoxes refers to the motion of the equinoxes

relative to the precession of the Earth’s axis of rotation. It happens
over thousands of years.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-5757-8_21
MILANKOVITCH PARAMETERS
MILUTIN MILANKOVITCH (1879-1958), a Serbian mathematician and

geophysicist, best known for his work that linked long-term changes in climate to
astronomical factors affecting the amount of solar energy received at Earth’s surface.
• He proposed that the mechanism that brought about periods of glaciation

was driven by cyclic changes in eccentricity as well as two other orbital
parameters: precession (a change in the directional focus of Earth’s axis
of rotation) and axial tilt (a change in the inclination of Earth’s axis with
respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun). Below, are the orbital
Milankovitch variations.
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The Milankovitch cycles include:
a. The shape of Earth’s orbit, known as eccentricity (isn’t perfectly circular, but it’s
pretty close due to the pull of gravity from Saturn and Jupiter);
b. The angle Earth’s axis is tilted with respect to Earth’s orbital plane, known as
obliquity (The angle Earth’s axis of rotation is tilted as it travels around the Sun
between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees perpendicular to the Earth’s orbital plane); and
c. The direction Earth’s axis of rotation is pointed, known as precession (it
wobbles slightly upon its axis).
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The Milankovitch parameters seem to be part of the cause of climate change, though
not the only cause but there are some other factors needed. Scientists who studied
climate change agreed that the average temperature of the planet has been increasing
by over 90% in the latter part of 21st century.
GLOBAL WARMING is a phenomenon of climate change characterized by a general

increase in average temperatures on Earth which modifies weather balances and
ecosystem for a long time linked to the increased of greenhouse gases particularly the
carbon dioxide. This is greatly abutted by the actions of human beings either from the
past and present actions.
Below is a graph of an oft-cited fact to better understand global warming between

temperature and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere:
CO2 concentration (red), global temperature (blue) during the past millennium
https://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/06/09/a-study-the-temperature-rise-has-caused-the-co2-increase-not-the-
other-way-around/
The x-axis, shows the year and y-axis shows the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in
the atmosphere measured in parts per million (ppm). It shows that the increased
temperature abruptly happened in the early present century as the carbon dioxide
increases almost at the same period. It shows directly proportional conditions,
temperature increases as carbon dioxide also increases.
GREENHOUSE GASES these gases in the atmosphere that trap the heat of the sun.
It naturally captures and holds the heat from the sun in the atmosphere so that the
Earth’s temperature becomes hotter than it would be otherwise. This mechanism is
good for the biosphere without it, earth’s atmosphere would become like Of Mars or
Antarctica which is extremely cold.
The main greenhouse gases are:
• Water vapor
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• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Ozone
• Nitrous oxide
• Chlorofluorocarbons
John Tyndall (British Engineer) –concerned to what would become of the Earth’s
atmosphere if industrialization became widespread.
• Machines are primary used in an industry, the production of electricity by

means of burning fossil fuel like coal increases as industrialization took
place. But in Tyndall’s time, manufacturing plants were not widespread.
The burning of fossil fuel that time was not good enough to be an issue.
Charles David Keeling (American Scientist) – in mid- 20th century, led to find out if
increased of burning fossil fuel and the consequent release of CO2 in the atmosphere
and changing the global temperature. He started to measure the amount of CO 2 in the
atmosphere far away from the industrialized nations but on the extinct volcano on the
island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean (Weart, 2003). Below shows the graph of Keeling:
The Keeling Curve (taken at Maula Loa Observatory in Hawaii)
https://scripps.ucsd.edu/programs/keelingcurve/wp-content/plugins/sio-
bluemoon/graphs/mlo_full_record.png
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• The graph shows that the concerns of Engineer Tyndall in 19 th century

and Dr. Keeling in the mid-20th century were well founded. The carbon
dioxide concentration has gone up and the temperature has also risen
as a proof of global warming.
• Scientists turned to history and technology to substantiate that there is

a causal relationship between high CO2 and temperature levels. This
issues concerns many nations since not burning fossil fuels may mean
not industrializing or modernizing after contemporary debate were laid.
The debate was hinges on what really is happening and causing the
global warming. Another concerned area of the debate is centered on
the predictions to what will happen to the climate of the world in the
future?
Below would be the possible Future Actions:

a. Using computer models – the challenge is to assemble sufficient and
well-established data from all over the world to make the predictions
as accurate as possible (Sparks & Hawkesworth, 2004).
b. Scientist setting a “tipping points” (specifying values of

meteorological parameters in which irreversible changes will take
place). Upon reaching the tipping point, a new state would replace
the old one.
A balanced plan must be created if we want to industrialize and at the same time
protecting the environment. Science has given the humanity a tool for modernization.
It allows the emergence of technology that spreads and applies knowledge for the
attainment of the good life.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson
Doug Macdougall (May 24,2020). Milutin Milanković, Milutin Milankovich. Retrieved

from
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milutin-Milankovitch
Alan Buis, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory(Feb. 27, 2020). Milankovitch (Orbital)
Cycles and Their Role in Earth's Climate. Retrieved from
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https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2948/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-
earths-climate/
and Society.1st ed. C and E Pub
National Centers for Environmental Information (March 23, 2018). What’s the
Difference Between Weather and Climate? Retrieved from
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/weather-vs-climate
Let’s Check
Activity 11. Now, that you know again the most essential terms and concepts on
climate change, the global warming and the greenhouse gases. Let’s try to check your
understanding of these terms and concepts. In the space provided, write you answers
to each of the following questions.
_____________________ 1. The graph that shows the concentration of carbon

dioxide relative to temperature.
_____________________ 2. It would be the possible primary result of too much

industrialization.
_____________________ 3. Gases that trap heat from the sun into the atmosphere
to provide habitable temperature of the planet.
_____________________ 4. Aside from the natural movement of the planet that

causes possible climate change, the ______________
also emphasized concepts on the distance and
rotation of the planet from the sun, it affects and
changed climate.
_____________________ 5. It would be the farthest distance of the planet from the

sun.
_____________________ 6. The formation of the orbit of the planet that is affected

from the gravity of Mars and Jupiter.
_____________________ 7. It when the orientation of the axis of the planet changes

from vega star to Polaris Polaris star.
_____________________ 8. The graph of __________ simply explains or shows

the concentration of carbon dioxide that is closer to the
family.
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______________________ 9 . it is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
______________________ 10. He’s concern is about what would Earth would

become if the industrialization is wide spread.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 11. You are now acquainted with most essential terms, definitions and
concepts on climate change and global warming. You are also required to write briefly
your answers on the following questions below. Again write it on the space provided.
1. How does climate change affect biodiversity?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What are some other pieces of evidences for global warming aside from the
rise concentration of carbon dioxide?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
In a Nutshell
Activity 11. Based again from the important terms and concepts you’ve learned
and the exercises you’ve done are not enough. At this part, you are required to write
your arguments and lessons learned on the space provided below.
1. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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2. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Global warming Climate change
Carbon dioxide concentration Axial tilt
Milankovitch parameters Greenhouse gases
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ONLINE CODE OF CONDUCT

1. All teachers/Course Facilitators and students are expected to abide by
an honor code of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to
exercise self management and self-regulation.
2. Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning
facilitators in holding OBD and DED conduct. Any breach and violation
shall be dealt with properly under existing guidelines, specifically on
social media conduct (OPM 21.15) and personnel discipline (OPM
21.11).
3. All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in
attending OBD or DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt
with properly under existing guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student
Discipline) in the Student Handbook.
4. Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the
University’s Core Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual
honesty and integrity; academic excellence by giving due diligence in
virtual class participation in all lectures and activities, as well as fidelity
in doing and submitting performance tasks and assignments; personal
discipline in complying with all deadlines; and observance of data
privacy.
5. Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with
accordingly. The University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online
to detect and penalize plagiarism.
6. All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Facilitators
shall be properly acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course
Facilitators shall be professionally and personally responsible for all the
materials uploaded in the online classes or published in SIM/SDL
manuals.
7. Teachers/Course Facilitators shall devote time to handle OBD or DED
courses and shall honestly exercise due assessment of student
performance.
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8. Teachers/Course Facilitators shall never engage in quarrels with

students online. While contentions intellectual discussions are allowed,
the teachers/Course Facilitators shall take the higher ground in
facilitating and moderating these discussions. Foul, lewd, vulgar and
discriminatory languages are absolutely prohibited.
9. Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do
assignments, unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted.
Students shall not resort to dishonesty to improve the result of their
assessments (e.g. examinations, assignments).
10. Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS
account. Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or
examinations to others to further academic fraudulence online.
11. By handling OBD or DED courses, teachers/Course Facilitators agree
and abide by all the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well
as all the requirements and protocols in handling online courses.
12. By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the
provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements
and protocols in handling online courses.
MONITORING OF OBD AND DED

1. The Deans, Asst. Deans, Discipline Chairs and Program Heads shall be
responsible in monitoring the conduct of their respective OBD classes through
the Blackboard LMS. The LMS monitoring protocols shall be followed, i.e.
monitoring of the conduct of Teacher Activities (Views and Posts) with
generated utilization graphs and data. Individual faculty PDF utilization reports
shall be generated and consolidated by program and by college.
2. The Academic Affairs and Academic Planning & Services shall monitor the
conduct of LMS sessions. The Academic Vice Presidents and the Deans shall
collaborate to conduct virtual CETA by randomly joining LMS classes to check
and review online the status and interaction of the faculty and the students.
3. For DED, the Deans and Program Heads shall come up with monitoring
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instruments, taking into consideration how the programs go about the conduct
of DED classes. Consolidated reports shall be submitted to Academic Affairs
for endorsement to the Chief Operating Officer.
Course prepared by:
MARIFE MACANLAY
Faculty, Gen. Sci. Discipline
Course reviewed by:
EDGAR B. RETORTA
Program Head, BS Biology
Approved by:
KHRISTINE MARIE D. CONCEPCION, PhD

Dean, CASE
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College of Arts and Sciences Education

General Education – Science

Course Outline: GE 5 – Science, Technology, and Science

Course coordinator : Marife L. Macanlay MAST-Physics

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

and the 9th week of the summer class. The assessment

If the assessment task is done in real-time through

Turnitin submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment

reached a more than 30% similarity index, the student

Please note that academic dishonesty such as cheating.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to the course

Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

Grading System All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional

Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or inadequate,

Student Communication You are required to create a umindanao e-mail account

You can also meet the course coordinator in person

For students who have not created their student e-mail,

Contact Details of the Dean Dr. Khristine Marie D. Concepcion

Contact Details of the Program Edgar Retorta

Well-being Welfare Support ZERDSZEN P. RANISES

Library Contact BRIGIDA E. BACANI- Head LIC

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the BlackBoard LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello, students! Welcome to this course, GE 5: Science, Technology,

Big Picture (for 1st exam)

a. Explain and identify the historical antecedents in the course of science

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Explain the Historical Antecedents in

Historical Antecedents – it is all about the historical developments/contributions of

Technology - a process of supplying better means of utilizing nature to develop &

Technological development – is the creation/innovation of such technology at a

Civilization – An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in

returned home after discovering new places or completing a vital trade

- Record-keeping was also crucial since they needed to remember the

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION – located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia

The Great Ziggurat of Ur – another engineering and architectural feature also

Sailboats – Boats are used to carry large quantities of products and

Hanging Gardens of Babylon – one of the seven wonders of the ancient

up of layers upon layers of gardens that contain several species of

Ink – Egyptian invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to

Hieroglyphics – the writing system of Egyptians using symbols. Egyptians

The following are some of the Greek contributions:

Alarm Clock – Made use of water or sometimes small stones or sand

Water Mill – considered one of the most important contributions of

Bound Books or Codex – Used this for record-keeping primarily

Roman Architecture – it was considered as the continuation of Greek

Roman Numerals – devised their number system to address the need

Tea Production is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water

Great Wall of China – considered the only human-made structure that

Gun powder – it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aim to

2. MEDIEVAL /MIDDLE AGES (500 AD – 1500 AD) – Massive invasions and

The following are some of their contributions:

The microscope – Zacharias Jansen invented the first compound

Some of the major contributions of modern times:

Pasteurization – was invented by Louis Pasteur as a process of heating

Petroleum Refinery – it is used for better means of powering homes

Calculator – invented for a faster way to compute more complicated equations.

4. PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS – the Philippines also contributes to the global

The following are some of the inventions:

SALT Lamp (Sustainable Alternative Lighting) – Aisa Mijino invented

Medical incubator – it is made from indigenous and cheap materials