Introduction to TTL

 In the mid – late 1960’s use of

resistors, diodes and transistors began
to disappear
 small scale integration (SSI)
❑ 1 to 10 gates or memory elements
packaged as a unit

 MSI medium scale integration

❑ 10 to 100 gates or memory elements
packaged as a unit

 LSI large scale integration

❑ 100 to 10000 gates or memory
elements packaged as a unit

 For MSI and LSI the popular logic

family is TTL
Changing DTL to TTL

 IC’s it is easier to fabricate transistors

than diodes
 When diodes are required transistors
are used
❑ Usual to use the base-emitter junction
of BJT
• base serving as the anode
• emitter serving as the cathode
• collector tied to the base
 TTL: Multi-Emitter
Transistor

 Anodes of the input diodes are

common
 Can be realised in the form of a
multiple-emitter transistor
 TTL: Increase
Switching Speed

 remaining changes in the evolution

from DTL to TTL made to achieve
increased speed

 When circuit is to switch from a low-

output to a high-output state
❑ Q1 must go from saturation to cut-off
❑ Requires removal of charge from base
of Q1
 TTL: Collector
Capacitance
 Limiting transition speed which is called
the capacitive load, consisting of the
capacitances of the reverse-biased diodes
of the fan-out gates and any stray wiring
capacitance.
❑ It must be charged as output voltage
switches from LOW to HIGH value
❑ only path for charging capacitance is via
the collector resistor R2
❑ Can reduce value of R2
❑ Output circuit of this form known as
passive pull-up circuit
 Open-Collector
Output

 A circuit that has LOW-state output

circuitry, but no HIGH-state output
circuitry.

 Requires an external pull-up resistor

to enable the output to produce a
HIGH-state.

 Advantages:
❑ It allows the outputs of multiple gates to be
directly connected which is called wired-
AND.
❑ It can produce voltage levels in excess of 5
V.
❑ It can drive high-input current devices.
 Open-Collector
Output

 Applications of open-collector output:

❑ Wired-AND – The outputs of logic gates
are wired together.

❑ The wired-AND logical equivalent of

combining the outputs in an AND
function.
 Totem Pole Output

 The standard TTL output configuration

with a HIGH output and a LOW output
transistor, only one of which is active
at any time.

 A phase splitter transistor controls

which transistor is active.

 Advantages of Totem Pole

configuration:
❑ Changes state faster than open-
collector outputs.
❑ No external components are required.
 Totem Pole Output

 Switching Noise
❑ Caused by one output transistor
turning off slower than the other turns
on.
❑ Briefly shorts VCC to ground.
❑ Prevented with use of decoupling
capacitors.

 Connecting Totem Pole Outputs

❑ Outputs must never be connected
together.
❑ Connecting outputs causes excessively
high currents to flow.
❑ Outputs will eventually be damaged.
 Tristate Output

 A configuration where there are three

possible output states: logic HIGH,
logic LOW, and a high-impedance state
(Z).

 Created with circuitry to cut off both

totem pole output transistors.