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GeneralChemistry1 Q1 Mod6 GasesII Version2
GeneralChemistry1 Q1 Mod6 GasesII Version2
NOT
General Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 - Module 6
Gases II
Pmixture = P1 + P2 + P3
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
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i
Senior
Senior High
High School
School
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 - Module 6
Gases II
ii
Table of Contents
What I Know………………………………………………………………………………………….vi
Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………..11
Assessment: (Post-Test)…………………………………………………………………………...12
Key to Answers……………………………………………………………………………………...13
References…………………………………………………………………………………………..15
iii
Module 6
Gases II
What This Module is About
This module demonstrates your understanding of the mathematical relationship
between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas. This module will also discuss about
the partial pressures of a gas and the quantitative relationships of the reactants and products
in a gaseous reaction. Moreover, this module will also talk about the behavior and properties
of gases at the molecular level.
iv
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
v
What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
your answer on the space provided before each number.
__1. Balance the gaseous chemical equation: __C 3H8 + __O2 → __CO2 + __H2O
a. 1, 5, 3, 4
b. 2, 3, 4, 1
c. 2, 10, 6, 8
d. 4, 6, 8, 2
__2. Which of the following is NOT a gas mixture?
a. Air b. Smelly Farts
c. Chimney Fumes d. Butane
__3. In which of the following gas mixtures of N 2 and He is the partial pressure of He the
greatest?
a. 2 moles N2, 3 moles He
b. 3 moles N2, 1 mole He
c. 4 moles N2, 2 moles He
d. 5 moles N2, 5 moles He
__4. Which of the following systems will have the greatest volume at Standard Temperature
and Pressure (STP)?
a. 1.00 g N2 (MM = 28 g/mol)
b. 1.00 g NH3 (MM = 17 g/mol)
c. 1.00 g He (MM = 4 g/mol)
d. 1.00 g CO2 (MM = 44 g/mol)
__5. Which of the following will contain the greatest number of molecules at 300K and 1 atm
pressure?
a. 0.01 L
b. 0.10 L
c. 1.00 L
d. 10.0 L
__6. How much carbon dioxide is there in a 3.4 L balloon at Standard Ambient Temperature
and Pressure (SATP)?
a. 0.13 g
b. 6.1 g
c. 0.15 mol
d. 6.6 g
__7. In the reaction 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2O(l), how many liters of oxygen gas at STP will be
needed to react with 10 L of hydrogen gas at STP?
a. 20.0 L c. 5.00 L
b. 10.0 L d. 100 L
__8. Which of the following postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) for gases
explains why gases exhibit pressure?
a. The molecules are in constant random motion.
b. The distance between the molecules is great.
c. The molecules collide with the walls of the vessel.
d. The molecular kinetic energy depends on the temperature.
__9. How will a velocity of a gas molecule vary if its molecular weight is increased from 32
g/mol to 64 g/mol?
a. It will increase. c. It will double.
b. It will decrease. d. Nothing happens.
__10. Which of the following gases is the fastest at STP?
a. O2 c. He
b. CO2 d. NH3
vi
Lesson
Gas Stoichiometry
1
What I Need to Know
Gases are everywhere. You interact with gases in your day to day life. The air
you breathe, the fire that cooks your food, the formation of our ozone layer, and even
the engine that powers a car deal with gaseous reactions.
In this lesson, you will learn the quantitative relationships of the reactants and
products in a gaseous reaction. You will also understand how gases interact to form
products and its impact on its pressure and volume. You will also learn how to
determine the amount of gaseous reactants or products using the principles of
stoichiometry.
What’s New
1
What Is It
In every chemical reaction, there is a certain ratio of the components that must
be available in order for the reaction to proceed. This ratio is called the stoichiometric
ratio. The stoichiometric ratio dictates how much reactants are needed in order to
create the desired products. We can see this as a ‘recipe’ for the reaction except that
the ‘recipe’ come in an equation with coefficients telling us how much of each
component is needed rather than having cups and teaspoons and a whole bunch of
instructions in it.
Similarly, gases that participate in a gaseous reaction follow the same principle.
However, quantifying the exact amount of product that a gaseous reaction produce is
not as easy as reactions that yield solid or liquid products which are simpler to
measure and contain. Gases, as defined, is a state of matter with no definite shape
and volume, so how can people tell how much product is formed?
𝑃𝑉
𝑛=
𝑅𝑇
Substituting the STP values in the equation, we can infer that the amount of
gaseous products is equal to:
…where VSTP is the volume of the gases involved measured at STP in liters (L).
Example: An airbag is a safety device that is used in cars to cushion the passenger
in a car crash. Upon impact, a solid reactant is triggered to form a gas which then
inflates the bag that cushions the passenger.
The expansion of the airbag can then be measured which can be used to
determine the amount of gaseous products formed. Let’s say that our airbag has an
average volume of 60 liters and the volume occupied by the solid sodium is negligible.
Assuming that the airbag’s volume was measured at STP, we can determine the
amount of nitrogen gas produced by the reaction.
2
Substituting that into the equation:
𝑉𝑆𝑇𝑃 60 𝐿
𝑛= = = 2.68 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2
22.4 22.4
This means that for every 60 liters of airbag that is inflated, there are 2.68 mol
of nitrogen gas produced by the reaction.
This equation can be used when determining the number of gaseous products
in moles measured at SATP.
What’s More
Directions: Put a star on the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
(For Numbers 1-3) Maria installed a pneumatic piston near his door that is triggered
to lock the door in case of an attack and placed 13.0 grams of NaN3 in the empty
piston. It is powered by the reaction below:
2 NaN3 (s) → 2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)
1. How many moles of NaN3 was available for the reaction? (Molar mass of NaN3
is 65 g/mol)
A. 0.2 mol C. 0.1 mol
B. 0.3 mol D. 0.4 mol
2. Assuming that all of the NaN3 reacted, how many moles of nitrogen gas was
formed?
A. 0.2 mol C. 0.1 mol
B. 0.3 mol D. 0.4 mol
3. Assuming that all of the NaN3 reacted and the volume occupied by the solid
sodium is negligible, what is the final volume of the piston?
A. 6.27 L C. 6.72 L
B. 7.26 L D. 2.76 L
3
4. 22.4 L of compound A was measured at STP after a gaseous reaction, how
many moles of A was in the sample?
A. 0.1 mol C. 10 mol
B. 0.01 mol D. 1.0 mol
(For Numbers 5-7) Acetylene (C2H2) is formed by the reaction of water with calcium
carbide, according to the following equation:
7. How many grams of CaC2 must Apolinario prepare? (Molar mass of CaC2 is 64
g/mol)
A. 68.2 g C. 28.6 g
B. 62.8 g D. 26.8 g
9. Assuming that all of the acetylene reacted, how many moles of CO 2 was
formed?
A. 6.64 mol C. 6.44 mol
B. 6.46 mol D. 4.46 mol
4
What I Have Learned
Directions: Look up some cases where gas stoichiometry can be used in our modern
day. In your own words, write about what you discovered and how it is related to the
topic.
What I Can Do
Enrichment Activity:
5
Lesson Kinetic Molecular Theory of
2 Gases
What’s In
In the previous lesson, you have learned about how gaseous products are
measured with the use of stoichiometry and the ideal gas law. In this lesson, you will
be learning on how gases move around and how they interact with the space around
it.
Gases around us behave differently from the other states of matter since they
are very flexible. Understanding how these work around our surroundings is one way
of appreciating our environment.
In this lesson, you will learn about the kinetic molecular theory of gases and
relate the rates of gas effusion with molar mass.
What’s New
Differentiate. Describe and differentiate the illustrations in the columns from one
another. You may also guess what state of matter it represents.
6
What Is It
Solids, liquids, and gases differ from one another in many ways. One distinction
that is being observed between the three states of matter is how closely packed their
atoms are. Solids are the most rigid among the three with each atom bundled up
almost side to side with no room for movement except for tiny vibrations which we
usually feel as heat. Liquids, on the other hand, are more flexible than solids with its
particles freely sliding on each other. This allows liquids to take the shape of their
containers while keeping its volume constant. Meanwhile, gases are the most flexible
and freely moving with its atoms observing very good social distancing and can be
compressed. This is the reason why gases cannot have a definite volume and can
occupy the shape of its container.
In the previous module, you have learned about the behavior of gases in certain
conditions such as increasing the temperature and pressure. The logic behind why we
can predict its behaviour is due to its Kinetic Molecular Theory. This theory states
that:
3𝑅𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
𝑀
…where vrms is the root-mean-square velocity of the gas, R is the ideal gas
constant, T is the absolute temperature in K, and M is the molar mass of the gas in
g/mol.
7
As you can observe in the previous equation, the velocity is directly dependent
on its absolute temperature. This means that the hotter the gas, the more mobile
the gas molecules are.
3𝑅𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = (√3𝑅) × √ = 𝑘 × √
𝑀 𝑀 𝑀
Just like the gas laws, we can make use of this proportionality to compare the
velocities of two different gases of different molar masses at the same absolute
temperature. Let’s take compound 1 and 2 as an example with molar masses M1 and
M2, respectively.
𝑇 𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 = 𝑘 × √ 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 = 𝑘 × √
𝑀1 𝑀2
Since both are of the same temperature, we can factor out the square root of
the temperature. This will yield this expression:
1 1
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 = 𝑘√𝑇 × 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 = 𝑘√𝑇 ×
√𝑀1 √𝑀2
Since both expressions are equal to k multiplied to the square root of T, we can
equate both equations and rearrange them again to get this expression:
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 √𝑀2
=
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 √𝑀1
This expression is known as Graham’s Law of Diffusion which states that the
relationship between the diffusion rate, or the rate at which the gas moves, is inversely
proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
Example: Helium gas (He, molar mass = 4 g/mol) and oxygen gas (O2, molar mass =
16 g/mol). How much faster would helium gas diffuse than oxygen gas? Let us use the
Graham’s Law of Diffusion to determine this.
8
According to our calculations, the ratio of the diffusion rates of helium to oxygen
gas is 4:2, which means that helium diffuses two times faster than oxygen at the same
temperature.
What’s More
Direction: Put a star on the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
1. Two bottles at the same temperature containing hydrogen sulphide (H 2S) and
ammonia (NH3) are placed at equal lengths from you and are opened at the
same time. Which gas would you smell first?
A. Both C. None
B. Hydrogen sulphide D. Ammonia
2. Which of the following gases diffuses the fastest? Oxygen (O 2), Hydrogen (H2),
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), or Carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. Oxygen C. Hydrogen
B. Sulphur dioxide D. Carbon dioxide
7. How much faster does helium gas diffuse than sulphur dioxide?
A. 2x C. 4x
B. 0.5x D. 0.25x
8. How much faster does hydrogen gas diffuse than sulphur dioxide?
A. 5.65x C. 4x
B. 0.18x D. 0.25x
9. How will a gas velocity vary if its molecular weight was decreased from 144
g/mol to 64 g/mol?
A. It will be faster by 200% C. It will be halved.
B. It will remain the same. D. It will be faster by 150%
9
10. How will a gas velocity vary if its molecular weight was increased from 32 g/mol
to 128 g/mol?
A. It will be faster by 200% C. It will be halved.
B. It will remain the same. D. It will be faster by 150%
Directions: Write an essay about how gas diffusion affects your day to
day life. If possible, cite examples and explain its connection to your day
to day life.
10
Summary
• standard temperature and pressure (STP) which is at 0°C (273 K) and 1 atm
and
• standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP) which is at 25°C (298 K)
and 1 atm.
With the integration of the ideal gas law, we can then determine the amount of
gas molecules occupied in a volume. At STP, the amount of gaseous molecules are
determined with the use of the expression:
𝑉𝑆𝑇𝑃
𝑛=
22.4
And at SATP, the amount of gaseous molecules can be determined using the
expression:
𝑉𝑆𝐴𝑇𝑃
𝑛=
24.5
Gases behave differently compared to solids and liquids due to its kinetic
molecular theory which states that gases are (1) made up of very small molecules that
are (2) separated by very great distances that (3) causes the force of attraction
between two molecules to be negligible, hence their motion is independent from one
another and since they have so much space between them, (4) the molecules are in
constant motion and move randomly in all directions which (5) eventually causes them
to collide in a perfectly elastic collision which means that no momentum is lost between
two particles and due to their constant state of motion, (6) the average kinetic energy
of the molecules can only be determined by its absolute temperature.
The kinetic energy of the gas can also be determined using the root-mean-
square velocity of the gas which is expressed in this equation:
3𝑅𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √
𝑀
This can also be used to compare the diffusion rates between two gases at the
same temperature using the Graham’s Law of Diffusion, as shown by the expression
below:
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,1 √𝑀2
=
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠,2 √𝑀1
11
Assessment: (Post-Test)
MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the best answer. Write
your answer on the space provided before each number.
__1. Balance the gaseous chemical equation: __C 3H8 + __O2 → __CO2 + __H2O
a. 1, 5, 3, 4
b. 2, 3, 4, 1
c. 2, 10, 6, 8
d. 4, 6, 8, 2
__2. Which of the following is NOT a gas mixture?
a. Air c. Smelly Farts
b. Chimney Fumes d. Butane
__3. In which of the following gas mixtures of N 2 and He is the partial pressure of He the
greatest?
a. 2 moles N2, 3 moles He
b. 3 moles N2, 1 mole He
c. 4 moles N2, 2 moles He
d. 5 moles N2, 5 moles He
__4. Which of the following systems will have the greatest volume at STP?
a. 1.00 g N2 (MM = 28 g/mol)
b. 1.00 g NH3 (MM = 17 g/mol)
c. 1.00 g He (MM = 4 g/mol)
d. 1.00 g CO2 (MM = 44 g/mol)
__5. Which of the following will contain the greatest number of molecules at 300K and at 1
atm pressure?
a. 0.01 L
b. 0.10 L
c. 1.00 L
d. 10.0 L
__6. How much carbon dioxide is there in a 3.4 L balloon at SATP?
a. 0.13 g
b. 6.1 g
c. 0.15 mol
d. 6.6 g
__7. In the reaction 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2O(l), how many liters of oxygen gas at STP will be
needed to react with 10 L of hydrogen gas at STP?
a. 20.0 c. 5.00 L
b. 10.0 L d. 100 L
__8. Which of the following postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory for gases explains why
gases exhibit pressure?
a. The molecules are in constant random motion.
b. The distance between the molecules is great.
c. The molecules collide with the walls of the vessel.
d. The molecular kinetic energy depends on the temperature.
__9. How will a velocity of a gas molecule vary if its molecular weight is increased from 32
g/mol to 64 g/mol?
a. It will increase. c. It will double.
b. It will decrease. d. Nothing happens.
__10. Which of the following gases is the fastest?
a. O2 c. He
b. CO2 d. NH3
12
13
Key to Answers
References
14
15
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