Ella Mae C.

Tapia BSN 1G
HEALTH ASSESSMENT

Please describe the following disorders/abnormal physical assessment findings and briefly discuss its etiology or
possible causes.

1. Myopia- also known as nearsightedness is a condition wherein a person is able to see objects near them
clearly but objects farther away are blurry. It occurs when light rays bend/refract to the eyes incorrectly,
focusing images in front of your retina instead of on your retina.

2. Hyperopia- (farsightedness) makes it hard to see things that are close. This occurs when your eyeball is
shorter than normal or your cornea is curved too little

3. Presbyopia- it is a condition where images appear out of focus. It is caused by a hardening of the lens of your
eye, which occurs with aging.

4. Amblyopia- also called as lazy eye is s a developmental problem in the nerve connecting the eye and brain. It
is caused by an imbalance in the muscles responsible for positioning the eyes. This imbalance can cause the eyes
to cross in or turn out.

5. Astigmatism- is a common vision problem caused by an error in the shape of the cornea causing blurry,
fuzzy, or distorted vision.

6. Glaucoma- is a condition where there is a buildup of pressure (IOP) within the eye that damages your eye's
optic nerve leading to loss of vision and even blindness.

7. Cataracts- is an eye condition where one experiences clouding of the normally clear lens of your eye. It is
caused by protein build-up in the lens of your eyes which keeps light from passing through.

8. Macular Degeneration- is an age-related eye condition that worsens over time causing severe, permanent
vision loss in people over age 60. This happens when the small central portion of your retina, called the macula,
wears down

9. Conjunctivitis- also known as pink eye is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva caused by bacteria
or a virus resulting in red, itchy and painful eyes.

10. Ptosis- also known as blepharoptosis, is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. This is a result of damage
to the nerve that controls the muscles of the eyelid, problems with the muscle strength (as in myasthenia
gravis), or from swelling of the lid.

11. Diabetic Retinopathy- is an eye condition that occurs in the retina due to diabetes. This may lead to
blindness if left untreated.

12. Miosis or Myosis- is a condition where excessive constriction occurs in the pupil of the eye. There are a
number of things that can cause this condition including Horner's syndrome, iris inflammation, Lyme disease and
more.

13. Mydriasis- is the medical term for an unusual dilation or widening of the pupils. It can be caused by
medications, brain injury, eye trauma and more.
14. Anisocoria- is a condition in which the pupil of one eye differs in size from the pupil of the other eye. Direct
trauma to the eye, concussion, brain tumor and seizure are few of the many possible causes of anisocoria.

15. Strabismus (phoria and tropia)- also known as crossed eyes, is a condition in which the eyes do not line up
with one another. A tropia is a misalignment of the two eyes when a patient is looking with both eyes
uncovered. A phoria (or latent deviation) only appears when binocular viewing is broken and the two eyes are
no longer looking at the same object. This can be caused by problems with the eye muscles, the nerves that
transmit information to the muscles, or the control center in the brain that directs eye movements.

16. Otosclerosis- is a condition in which there's abnormal bone growth inside the ear causing hearing loss.
People who have otosclerosis have an abnormal extension of sponge-like bone growing in the middle ear cavity
which prevents the ear bones from vibrating in response to sound waves.

17. Presbycusis- is the gradual loss of hearing in both ears that commonly occurs due to aging. The cumulative
effects of repeated exposure to daily traffic sounds or construction work, noisy offices, equipment that produces
noise and loud music can cause sensorineural hearing loss.

18. Otitis- a middle ear infection is also known as otitis media. It's caused by fluid trapped behind the eardrum,
which causes the eardrum to bulge. Along with an earache, you may sense fullness in your ear and have some
fluid drainage from the affected ear.

19. Meniere’s Disease- is a disorder of the inner ear that can lead to dizzy spells (vertigo) and hearing loss
caused by changes in the fluid in tubes of the inner ear.

20. Vertigo- is a sensation of feeling off balance. Causes of vertigo may include: benign paroxysmal positional
vertigo (BPPV) and migraines.

21. Tinnitus- is the term for used a ringing or buzzing noise inside your ears. This can be caused by age, inner
ear damage, earwax build-up and the like.

22. Nasal polyps- are soft, painless, noncancerous growths inside the nasal passages. They result from chronic
inflammation and are associated with asthma, recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity or certain immune
disorders.

23. Rhinorrhea- is the medical term for a rare condition in which the fluid that normally cushions the brain and
spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, runs from the nose. This happens when an abnormal path is inadvertently
created between the subarachnoid space of the brain and the nasal sinus cavities, which can be caused by a
variety of factors including surgery and trauma.

24. Rhinitis- is inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose, characterized by a runny nose
and stuffiness and usually caused by the common cold or a seasonal allergy.

25. Epistaxis- acute hemorrhage from the nostril, nasal cavity, or nasopharynx. Local trauma is the most
common cause of this condition, followed by facial trauma, foreign bodies, nasal or sinus infections, and
prolonged inhalation of dry air.

26. Anosmia- also known as “smell blindness” is the temporary or permanent loss of the ability to detect one
or more smells. Nasal congestion from a cold, allergy, sinus infection, or poor air quality is the most common
cause of anosmia.
27. Hyposmia- is a decreased sense of smell, or a decreased ability to detect odors through your nose. Possible
causes of hyposmia include: allergies. a head injury, infections, such as the flu and small growths called polyps in
the nose or sinuses.

28. Parosmia- describes a condition that distorts your sense of smell. Upper respiratory infections like colds,
head injury, and sinus infections are some of the possible causes of having this condition.

29. Phantosmia- also called a phantom smell or an olfactory hallucination is a condition when a person smells
something that is not actually there. This can be caused by temporal lobe seizures, epilepsy, or head trauma.

30. Stomatitis- a general term used for an inflamed and sore mouth. The irritation can be caused by: Biting
your cheek, tongue, or lip, wearing braces or another type of dental apparatus, or having a sharp, broken tooth.

31. Chancre- is a firm and painless skin lesion of the primary stage of infectious syphilis, usually appearing on
the penis, labia, cervix, or anorectal region.

32. Canker- also called aphthous ulcers, are small, shallow lesions that develop on the soft tissues in your
mouth or at the base of your gums. Viral infection, stress, hormonal fluctuations are a few common causes of
this condition.

33. Cold Sores- also called fever blisters are tiny, fluid-filled blisters on and around your lips. Cold sores are
caused by the herpes simplex virus.

34. Glossitis / “Beefy tongue”- inflammation or swelling of the tongue. Glossitis often occurs due to an allergic
reaction.

35. Fissured tongue- is a benign condition characterized by deep grooves (fissures) in the dorsum of the
tongue. It may be evident at birth or develop during childhood. The exact cause of fissured tongue isn't known.
However, it may sometimes occur in association with an underlying syndrome or condition, such as malnutrition
or Down syndrome.

36. Black tongue / Black Hairy Tongue- is a harmless and temporary oral condition that causes the tongue to
appear hairy with visible growths. Black tongue usually occurs due to a buildup of the protein keratin on the
tongue's surface.

37. Leukoplakia- is a condition where a white patch that develops in the mouth. The condition is usually
painless but is closely linked to an increased risk of mouth cancer.

38. Koplik Spots- are a prodromic viral enanthem of measles manifesting two to three days before the measles
rash itself. They are characterized as clustered, white lesions on the buccal mucosa (opposite the lower 1st &
2nd molars) and are pathognomonic for measles.

39. Cheilosis- is a condition where the corners of the mouth become inflamed, which can lead to cracking and
pain at the corners of the mouth. It's usually caused by a type of yeast called Candida.

40. Cleft lip / cleft palate- are openings or splits in the upper lip, the roof of the mouth (palate) or both. It
thought to be caused by a combination of genes and other factors (during pregnancy).