ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

UNIT 1.1
REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FUNCTION
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS:
A function f consists of a set of inputs, a set of outputs, and a rule
assigning each input to exactly one output.

Domain is the set of input of the function

Range is the set of output of the function

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FUNCTION
WAYS OF REPRESENTING A FUNCTION:
• Verbally (descriptive) • Visually (graphs)
Tony deposited $115.00 in a savings
account. Each week thereafter, he
deposits $35.00 into the account.

• Numerically (table) • Algebraically (formula)

Week (w) 0 1 2 3 4 𝑆 = 115 + 35𝑤
Savings (S) $115 $150 $185 $220 $255

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

DOMAIN
Domain is the set of all possible values for x that when plugged into the
function would result to a real number.

Examples:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥!, 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: ℝ
𝑥! − 1
𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: ℝ\{1} 𝑜𝑟 −∞, 1 ∪ 1, ∞
𝑥−1
𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 , 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: 0, ∞
𝑓 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 , 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛: ℝ\ 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FINDING DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION

To determine the domain of a function, the following should be noted:

a. Division by zero should be avoided.
b. The radicand in an even root should not be negative. (Note that the
radicand in an odd root can be negative)
c. The logarithm of zero or negative numbers yields no real result.

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FINDING DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION

EXAMPLE 1 Find the domain for 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 − 9.

We can plug any value of x and thus, the domain is the set of all real numbers.
Domain: −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞ or −∞, ∞

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FINDING DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION

EXAMPLE 2 Find the domain for 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑥

The radicand, 3 − 2𝑥, should be greater than or equal to zero

3 − 2𝑥 ≥ 0
3
𝑥≤
2
" "
Domain: −∞ < 𝑥 ≤ ! or −∞, !

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FINDING DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION

Remarks:

"
Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑥 is −∞ < 𝑥 ≤
!

!
Domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 − 2𝑥 is −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FINDING DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION

! ! "#
EXAMPLE 3 Find the domain for 𝑓 𝑥 = ! ! $#

The denominator should not be equal to zero, that is

𝑥! − 1 ≠ 0
𝑥 ≠ −1, 1
Domain: All real numbers except -1 and 1
Domain: ℝ\{−1,1} 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1,1) ∪ (1, ∞)

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FINDING DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION

%
EXAMPLE 4 Find the domain for 𝑓 𝑡 = % ! "&%$'

The denominator should not be zero, and the radicand should not be negative, thus
𝑡 ! + 2𝑡 − 8 > 0
𝑡 + 6 𝑡 − 2 > 0 → 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = −6, 2
Using Table of Signs
𝑡 < −6 −6 < 𝑡 < 2 𝑡>2
𝑡+6 - + +
𝑡−2 - - +
𝑡+6 𝑡−2 + - +

Domain: 𝑡 < −6 ∪ 𝑡 > 2 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, −6) ∪ (2, ∞)

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FINDING DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION

EXAMPLE 5 Find the domain for 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 9𝑥 − 𝑥 "
The logarithm of zero or negative numbers yields no real result
9𝑥 − 𝑥 " > 0 → −𝑥 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 3 > 0 → 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, −3,3
Using Table of Signs

𝑥 < −3 −3 < 𝑥 < 0 0<𝑥<3 𝑥>3

𝑥 - - + +
𝑥−3 - - - +
𝑥+3 - + + +
−𝑥 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 3 + - + -

Domain: 𝑥 < −3 ∪ 0 < 𝑥 < 3 𝑜𝑟 (−∞, −3) ∪ 0,3

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

FINDING DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION

EXAMPLE 6 Find the domain for 𝑓 𝑥 =
!"# !
# !!$

−3𝑥 ! −3𝑥 !
>0 → >0 → 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −2,2
𝑥! − 4 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 − 2)
Using Table of Signs
𝑥 < −2 −2 < 𝑥 < 0 0<𝑥<2 𝑥>2
𝑥% + + + +
𝑥+2 - + + +
𝑥−2 - - - +
−3𝑥 %
- + + -
𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 − 2)

Domain: −2 < 𝑥 < 2 𝑜𝑟 (−2,2)

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
Constant Function, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐
Domain: ℝ
Range: 𝑐

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
Linear Function, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Slope: m
increasing if m is positive
decreasing if m is negative
Intercept: b
Domain: ℝ
Range: ℝ

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

Domain ℝ ℝ
Range [0, ∞) ℝ

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

Domain ℝ\{0} ℝ (0, ∞) [0, ∞)

Range ℝ\{0} (0, ∞) ℝ [0, ∞)

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS

𝑛+1
Domain ℝ ℝ ℝ\ 2
𝜋 ,𝑛 ∈ ℤ

Range [−1,1] [−1,1] ℝ

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS

𝑦 = 𝑥& + 3

𝑦 = 𝑥&
𝑦 = 𝑥& − 3

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS

𝑦 = 𝑥&
& 𝑦 = 𝑥−3 &
𝑦 = 𝑥+3

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 7 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 6

We can rewrite the function as 𝑦 =

𝑥 − 2 ! + 2. The function should be
shifted two units to the right and two
units upward.

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS

𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑦=
2

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS

𝑥
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 𝑦 = cos
2

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS

𝑦 = 𝑒 $!

𝑦 = 𝑒! 𝑦 = −𝑒 !

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS
Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥, sketch the graph of the following:
EXAMPLE 8
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 = − 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 𝑥, and 𝑦 = −𝑥

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 9 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 2 − sin 𝑥

𝑦 = 2 − sin 𝑥
𝑦 = − sin 𝑥

𝑦 = sin 𝑥

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS
! #$%
EXAMPLE 10 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = "
sin
"

𝑥
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑦 = sin
2

1 𝑥−𝜋 𝑥−𝜋
𝑦 = sin 𝑦 = sin
2 2 2

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

COMPOSITE FUNCTION

A composite function is created when one function is substituted into another

function. For example, 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 is the composite function that is formed
when g(x) is substituted for x in f(x).

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

COMPOSITE FUNCTION
!
EXAMPLE 11 If 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 9x, and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3, find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥

𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = −2(𝑥 + 3)! +9(𝑥 + 3)

𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = −2𝑥 ! − 12𝑥 − 18 + 9𝑥 + 27
𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = −2𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 + 9

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

COMPOSITE FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 12 If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3, and 𝑔 𝑥 = 4𝑥 ! + 3, find 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥

!
𝑔∘𝑓 𝑥 =4 2𝑥 − 3 +3

𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 2𝑥 − 3 + 3
𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 = 8𝑥 − 9

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTION

A piecewise-defined function (simply called as piecewise function) is a

function defined by multiple sub-functions, each sub-function applying to a
certain interval of the main function's domain, a sub-domain.

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 13 Sketch the graph defined by the function below

𝑥 + 1, 𝑥≤1
𝑓 𝑥 =T
𝑥 − 1 !, 𝑥>1

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 14 Sketch the graph defined by the function below

−2, 𝑥 < −2
𝑓 𝑥 = V −𝑥 ! + 1, −2 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
2𝑥 − 2, 𝑥≥1

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTION
ABSOLUTE VALUE

−𝑥, 𝑥<0
𝑥 =T
𝑥, 𝑥≥0

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 15 Sketch the graph defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 4

− 2𝑥 − 4 , 2𝑥 − 4 < 0
2𝑥 − 4 = T
2𝑥 − 4, 2𝑥 − 4 ≥ 0

−2𝑥 + 4, 𝑥<2
2𝑥 − 4 = T
2𝑥 − 4, 𝑥≥2

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

EXERCISES
DOMAIN TRANSFORMATION OF FUNCTIONS
Find the Domain of the following functions Sketch the graph of the following functions
# & $!#%& 1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! − 6𝑥 + 8
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = # ' $#%!
2. 𝑦 = 1 − 2 𝑥 − 2
2. 𝑓 𝑡 = 8 − 3𝑡 − 𝑡
' ' $(
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥+2−3
3. 𝑓 𝑥 =
)%' ' &
4. 𝑦 = !
1 − cos 𝑥
' ' $(
4. 𝑓 𝑥 =
)'%' ' 5. 𝑦 = ln(1 − 𝑥)
" )
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = # ( $# − 𝑥 ! − 5𝑥 + 4

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UNIT 1.1: REVIEW OF FUNCTIONS ENG 203: CALCULUS 1

EXERCISES
COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Determine 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 for the following Sketch the graph of the following functions
pair of functions
−𝑥 ! , 𝑥 ≤ 1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! + 1, 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2 1. 𝑦 = V
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 > 1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 3𝑥 ! , 𝑔 𝑥 = − cos 3𝑥 𝑥 + 9, 𝑥 < −3
# 2. 𝑦 = X −2𝑥, −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = !%# , 𝑔 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 −6, 𝑥>3
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑒 !# 3 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 < −1
3. 𝑦 = V
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 *
& 𝑥 − 1 ! , 𝑥 ≥ −1

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