Division of Whole Numbers

Division

 is the inverse operation of multiplication.

 a method of distributing a group of things into equal parts.

Dividend - is the number that is to be divided by the divisor.

Divisor - the number by which the dividend is to be divided
Quotient - the resultant of the division
Remainder - the number that is left after division

Long Division

When the divisor or the dividend has more than one digit, it is usually easier to use the  notation. This process
is called long division. Let’s work through the process by dividing 78 by 3.

Divide the first digit of the dividend, 7, by the divisor, 3.

The divisor 3 can go into 7 two times since 2×3=6. Write the 2 above the 7 in the quotient.

Multiply the 2 in the quotient by 3 and write the product, 6, under the 7.

Subtract that product from the first digit in the dividend. Subtract 7−6. Write the difference, 1, under the
first digit in the dividend.
 Bring down the next digit of the dividend. Bring down the 8.

Divide 18 by the divisor, 3. The divisor 3 goes into 18 six times.

Write 6 in the quotient above the 8.

Multiply the 6 in the quotient by the divisor and write the product, 18, under the dividend.
Subtract 18 from 18.

We would repeat the process until there are no more digits in the dividend to bring down. In this problem, there
are no more digits to bring down, so the division is finished.

Divisibility Rules
Problems involving Division
1. Four hundred twenty-five students and teachers will go outing. If each bus can seat 54
people, how many buses do they need? [Ans. 8 buses]

Solution:
Dividend = 425
Divisor = 54

425 ÷ 54=7rem. 47
the 7 buses can occupy all the 54 people each, and they need another one bus to
place the remaining 47 people. Therefore, they need 8 buses to seat the 425
students and teachers

2. What is the remainder when 4768 is divided by 37? [Ans. 32]

Solution:
Dividend = 4768
Divisor = 37

128
37 4768
- 37___
106
- 74 _
328
-256 _
32 Remainder

3. There are 160 grade 3 students in a school. The students are to be equally divided into 5
classes. How many students do we have in each class? [Ans. 32 students]

4. Melissa made 326 cupcakes. She packed 4 cupcakes into each box. How many boxes of
cupcakes did she pack? How many cupcakes were left unpacked?

Solution:

326 ÷ 4 = 81 remainder 2

She packed 81 boxes of cupcakes.

2 cupcakes were left unpacked.

Practice Questions:

1. Victor opened a bag of pretzels and counted 56. He gave each of 7 friends an
equal number of pretzels. How many pretzels did each friend receive?

2. A vet gives the dogs in her office 4 bones each. She used 24 bones. How many
dogs got bones?

3. After playing Belmont, the 24 Islander players traveled to South Boston. This
time they went by car and 3 players rode in each care. How many cars did they
need?

4. Php. 5,876 are distributed equally among 26 men. How much money will each
person get?

5. If 9975 kg of wheat is packed in 95 bags, how much wheat will each bag
contain?

6. 89 people have been invited to a banquet. The caterer is arranging tables. Each
table can seat 12 people. How many tables are needed?

7. How many hours are there in 1200 minutes? 

8. Mark baked 195 cookies and divided them equally into 13 packs. How many
cookies did Mark put in each packet?

9. Nancy needs 5 lemons to make a glass of orange juice. If Nancy has 250
oranges, how many glasses of orange juice can she make?

10.In your classes you counted 120 hands. How many students were at the class?
Answer Key

1. 8 pretzels
2. 6 dogs
3. 8 cars
4. Php. 226.00
5. 105 wheats
6. 8 tables
7. 20 hours
8. 15 cookies
9. 50 glasses
10. 60 students (note: we have two hands)
Factors

- numbers divide the dividend exactly leaving no remainder

- if a number (dividend) is exactly divisible by any number (divisor), then the divisor is a
factor of that dividend.

4 is a factor of 24. 4 divides 24 exactly giving 6 as quotient and leaving zero as remainder.
Alternatively, 6 is also a factor of 24 as it gives 4 as quotient on division. Therefore, 24 has
1, 24, 4, 6 as its factors in addition to 2, 3, 8 and 12 and all these numbers divide 24 exactly
leaving no remainder.

24 x 1 = 24 24 ÷ 24 = 1 ; 24 ÷ 1 = 24
4 x 6 = 24 24 ÷ 4 = 6
6 x 4 = 24 24 ÷ 6 = 4
12 x 2 = 24 24 ÷ 12 = 2 ; 24 ÷ 2 = 12
3 x 8 = 24 24 ÷ 3 = 8
8 x 3 = 24 24 ÷ 8 = 3

Therefore, the factors of 24 are 1, 24, 4, 6, 12, 2, 3, and 8

Multiples

- is a number that is the product of a given number and some other natural number.
Multiples can be observed in a multiplication table.

  Multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and so on

Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and so on.

Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and so on.

Difference Between Factors and Multiples

The difference between factors and multiples are given here in tabular form. Go through the below
table to understand the difference between them.

Factors Multiples

Factors are defined as the exact divisors The multiples are defined as the numbers
1
of the given number obtained when multiplied by other numbers

2 The number of factors is finite The number of multiplies is infinite

The operation used to find the factors is a The operation used to find the multiples is a
3
division multiplication

The outcome of the factors should be less The outcome of the multiples should be greater
4
than or equal to the given number than or equal to the given number
Example 1: 

Find the factors of 20.

Solution:

The factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20.

Because the number 20 is exactly divisible by these numbers leaving the remainder zero.

Example 2: 

Find the multiples of 20.

Solution:

The multiples of 20 are 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, …

Because

20 × 1 = 20

20 ×2 = 40,

20 ×3 = 60

20 ×4 = 80

20 ×5 = 100, and so on

Practice Questions:

1. What are the factors of 36?

2. What is the smallest factor of 9?
3. What are the factors of 12?
4. Which of the following is the multiple of 8?
a. 12
b. 56
c. 17
d. 23
5. Select all of the multiples of 11
a. 33
b. 86
c. 99
d. 121
Answer Key:

1. 1, 36, 9, 4, 12, 3, and 6

2. 1
3. 1, 12, 4, 3, 6, and 2
4. B. 56
5. A. 33; C. 99; D. 121
PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS

Prime Numbers

- can only be divided by one and itself, therefore, its factors are only 1 and the
number.

Example: 7 can only be divided by 7 and 1 (its factors are only 1, and 7),
therefore, 7 is a prime number.

Composite Numbers

- can be divided evenly by numbers in addition to one and itself

Example: 6 can be divided by 1, 6, 3, and 2. Therefore, 6 is a composite

number

Note: 1 is neither prime nor composite

Tip: Basta even number (except 02), or divisible by 2, composite number.

Practice Questions:

1. Is 12 a prime or composite number?

2. Is 13 a prime or composite number?
3. Is 27 a prime or composite number?
4. Is 3 a prime or composite number?
5. Is 17 a prime or composite number?
6. Is 21 a prime or composite number?
7. Is 33 a prime or composite number?
8. Is 48 a prime or composite number?
9. Is 55 a prime or composite number?
10. Is 64 a prime or composite number?
Answer Key:

1. Composite Number
2. Prime Number
3. Composite Number
4. Prime Number
5. Prime Number
6. Composite Number
7. Composite Number
8. Composite Number
9. Composite Number
10.Composite Number
Prime factorization

- is a process of factoring a number in terms of prime numbers i.e. the factors will be prime
numbers
Example: Prime factorization of 90

90 Step 1: mag-isip ng prime number na pwedeng idivide

sa 90, which is 5. (90 ÷ 5 = 18)

5 18 Step 2: mag-isip ulit ng prime number na pwedeng

idivide sa 18, which is 2. (18 ÷ 2 = 9)
2 9 Step 3: another prime number na pwedeng idivide sa
9, which is 3. (9 ÷ 3 = 3)
3 3

Dahil prime number na si 3, stop na.

Answer: Prime factors of 90 are 2, 3, and 5

The Prime Factorization of 90 is 2x3x3x5 or 2x32x5

Note: The exponent of the prime factors indicates the number of times the prime factors appeared in the factor tree.

Practice Questions:

1. Prime factorization of 36

2. Prime factorization of 45

3. Prime factorization of 56

4. Prime factorization of 120

5. Prime factorization of 12
Answer Key:

1. 2x2x3x3
2. 3x3x5
3. 2x2x2x7
4. 2x2x2x3x5
5. 2x2x3
GREATEST COMMON FACTOR

What is a "Common Factor" ?

Example: Factors of 12 and 30

Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12

Factors of 30 are 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30

Then the common factors are those that are found in both lists:

Notice that 1, 2, 3 and 6 appear in both lists?

So, the common factors of 12 and 30 are: 1, 2, 3 and 6

It is a common factor when it is a factor of two (or more) numbers.

What is the "Greatest Common Factor"?

- the largest of the common factors.

The example above showed that the common factors of 12 and 30 are 1,2,3, and 6. The
largest common factor is 6, therefore, the greatest common factor of 12 and 30 is 6.

Example 1:

Greatest
Two Numbers Factors Common Factors
Common Factor
 9: 1, 3, 9
9 and 12 1, 3 3
12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

Example 2:

Greatest
Two Numbers Factors Common Factors
Common Factor
 6: 1, 2, 3, 6
6 and 18 1, 2, 3, 6 6
18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Find the greatest common factor of each pair of numbers.

1.   6, 8  2.   4, 6 

4.   6, 9 
3.   12, 3 

6.   8, 20
5.   14, 6 

8.   30, 18 
7.   16, 28 

10.   36, 30
9.   24, 28 

Answer Key:

1. 2
2. 2
3. 3
4. 3
5. 2
6. 4
7. 4
8. 6
9. 4
10.6
 LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE

 the smallest of the common multiples.

Least Common Multiple of 3 and 5:

List the Multiples of each number,

The multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, ... etc

The multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ... etc

Find the first Common (same) value:

The Least Common Multiple of 3 and 5 is 15.

Practice Questions:

Find the least common multiple of each pair of numbers.

1.   2, 3  2.   4, 2 

3.   6, 2  4.   7, 4 

5.   6, 10  6.   10, 5 

7.   3, 12  8.   3, 6 

10.   8, 16 

9.   12, 15 
Answer Key:

1. 6
2. 4
3. 6
4. 28
5. 30
6. 10
7. 12
8. 6
9. 60
10.16
FRACTIONS

 represents a part of a whole 

Proper Fractions

The denominator is greater than the numerator; the numerator is less than the denominator.

Improper Fractions

The denominator is less than the numerator; the numeration is greater than the denominator.

Mixed Number

- has a part that is a whole number and a fraction

SIMILAR FRACTIONS

- fractions with the same denominator

ADDING SIMILAR FRACTIONS

Add the numerators

Copy the denominator
Convert the answer to lowest term
(if possible)
How to convert a fraction to lowest term?
- divide both the numerator and denominator by the Greatest Common Factor

4 ÷4= 1
8 4
lowest term
÷4=
The greatest common factor of 4 and 8 is 4. Divide the numerator and denominator by 4
to convert it to lowest term.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

1 4 ❑
1. + =
8 8 ❑

2 6 ❑
2. + =
15 15 ❑

6 2 ❑
3. + =
10 10 ❑

9 7 ❑
4. + =
18 18 ❑

67 3
5. + =❑
100 100 ❑

6. John walked 1/7 of a mile yesterday and 3/7 of a mile today. How many mile(s) has John
walked?
ANSWER KEY:

1 4 5
1. + =
8 8 8

2 6 8
2. + =
15 15 15

6 2 8 4
3. + = or
10 10 10 5

9 7 16 8
4. + = or
18 18 18 9

67 3 70 7
5. + = or
100 100 100 10

4
6. of a mile
7
DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS
- Fractions with different denominators

ADDING DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS

Step 1. Change all unlike fractions (dissimilar fractions) into like fractions (similar fractions).
In order to this, we need to change the denominators of the fractions into a common
denominator.
The common denominator must be a multiple of all different denominators. Meaning to say, the
common denominator can be divided by all the denominators without any remainder.

Step 2. Proceed with the same procedure as adding or subtracting similar fractions.
We will follow the same procedure of adding or subtracting similar fractions as follows:
Add or subtract the numerators.
Copy the denominators.
Convert the final answer in the lowest term.
 Example 2:

Step 1: Find the least common multiple/denominator to convert dissimilar fraction to similar
fraction

1 2 ❑ + ❑ =❑
+ =
3 4 12 12 ❑
The least common multiple/least common denominator of 3 and 4 is 12. Therefore, the denominator of
our converted fraction is 12.

Step 2: To get the numerator of the first converted fraction, divide 12 (denominator of the first
converted fraction) to 3 (denominator of the first fraction), then multiply it by 1 (the numerator
of the first fraction).

answer
1 2 4 ❑ ❑
multiply + = + =
3 4 12 12 ❑
divide

Step 3: To get the numerator of the second converted fraction, repeat the same process in step
2.

1 2 4 6 ❑
+ = + =
3 4 12 12 ❑

Step 4: Do the step in adding similar fractions – add the numerators; copy the denominator;
convert to lowest term

4 6 10 5
+ =
12 12 12
or 6