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Table of Contents
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................2
1.1 Description of disease............................................................................................................2
1.2 Prevalence of the illness in Ireland and worldwide...............................................................2
1.3 Cultural and ethical issues......................................................................................................3
2. Main Body – 20 marks.............................................................................................................3
2.1 Care needs of the client..........................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Physical Activity.............................................................................................................3
2.1.2 Intellectual Activity.........................................................................................................4
2.1.3 Emotional activity...........................................................................................................5
References........................................................................................................................................6
 1. Introduction
1.1 Description of disease
Alzheimer's disease was named after the German physician Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915), who

discovered previously unseen injuries in the brains of the dead during an autopsy in 1906.

Dementia was previously known as "senility," and it was regarded as a natural and unavoidable

part of the aging process (King et al., 2019). Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia are no

longer considered normal aging. However, this period can vary considerably from person to

person. The cells of certain brain areas begin to die initially and form scars in microscopic

structures (called Senis Plates). Usually, people over 65 years suffer from this disease. The older

the person, the higher the probability it will develop. Unfortunately, the goals of treatment are to

only control the worst symptoms and to stimulate familial training to learn how to deal with the

patient. In some cases, medications may improve symptoms, particularly irritability, depression,

restlessness, sleep-wake rhythm changes, etc (Lohith et al., 2019).

1.2 Prevalence of the illness in Ireland and worldwide

The number of people in the population record rose from 9,550 to 13,617 between 2006/07 and

2015/16, an increase of 43%. The diagnostic rate for Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales is

slightly higher as these countries do not display an age breakdown in their publicly available

dementia diagnoses, which means they are both above and below 65 years old. Therefore, all

people with dementia diagnosed by the estimated numbers of people with dementia over the age

of 65 are calculated for these nations. Globally, it is estimated that there are 50 million people

with dementia. This is currently greater than Spain's overall population and is estimated to

almost triple by 2050. As a consequence of a rapidly increasing population, the number of people

with dementia in Asia will increase more rapidly than in the rest of the world (Boyle et al., 2019).
1.3 Cultural and ethical issues
The nature of disease challenges to research and clinical ethics in dementia. Ethical analysis is

based on interactions between reasonably autonomous individuals, in particular in the Western

world.   Dementia threatens people's rationality and autonomy and raises specific concerns about

the quality of life. Dementia does not distinguish people from every culture and background.

Histories and beliefs inform their self-esteem, their understanding, their feelings, and their

responses to other people and their environment - diagnoses, health and health organizations, and

their employees (Betthauser et al., 2019).

2. Main Body – 20 marks

2.1 Care needs of the client
2.1.1 Physical Activity
There are numerous and well-known health benefits due to physical activity. Exercises in many

chronic diseases, like coronary heart disease, type diabetes, obesity, cancer, bone loss, and blood

pressure have been associated with a lowness incidence. We looked at the effects on cognition of

physical exercise (Mattsson et al., 2019). Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was linked to higher

cognitive function testing scores. . A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials examining

exercise-cognition relationships demonstrated modest improvements in attention, processing

speed, executive functions, and memory in the treatment arms among older adults. This applies

greatly to the elderly population as it shows that physical activity can help prevent cognitive

decline due to age (Blazhenets et al., 2019).

Research on the effect of physical activity in patients with DA is much less important. This can

be due to the challenges of implementing a training regime during the management in AD

patients, especially at subsequent stages of the condition, of behavioral and emotional disorders.

The results in the literature available are however promising. In early research with patients with

DA undergoing cycling training and somatic and isotonic relaxation exercises, participants
received significant cognitive improvements in non-randomized controlled trials (Guarino et al.,

2019).

2.1.2 Intellectual Activity

Intellectual activity involvement was associated with reduced AD risk and intellectual

stimulation was widely explored as a no pharmacological treatment of dementia. Randomized

control studies with intellectual training have found among cognitively ordinary elderly persons

that cognition interventions have a protective and possibly long-term impact both on cognitive

areas and on day-to-day activities. It is also demonstrated that frequent hobbies, including

reading, puzzles, and games, reduce the risk of incidental dementia for at least six hours a week.

In healthy older adults, the concept of intellectual stimulation as preventive action against

dementia can be paralleling the idea of building a "cognitive reserve" or "compensatory

mechanism” (Alzheimer's Association, 2019).

In addition to reducing dementia risk, cognitive interventions may influence functional declines

in AD later in life. The link between cognitive stimulating late-life activities and the cognitive

decline rate of incident AD was explored. This study included a wide range of activities in the

field of intellectuals that demanded different levels of cognitive demand such as puzzling,

reading, watching TV, listening to music, and cooking. The results showed a slower cognitive

decline in higher frequency participation in incentive activities in the early stages of dementia.

However, overall participation declines were observed as time went by which the nature of AD

could reflect in functional abilities (Barnes, 2019).

2.1.3 Emotional activity

The feelings of the incompetence of patients with AD together with societal misconceptions can

speed up the development of AD. The relevance of the social environment for an individual who

is living with AD was largely ignored, but the results of a greater social commitment to dementia
risk open the way for socialization therapy to be integrated into AD. Many patients with AD feel

that their CI isolates them from other people that leads to anxiety, depression, retreat from

society, and reduced confidence. AD patients' manipulation of the social environment may help

them recover a feeling of self-worth and a better attitude to life. This can improve eating,

exercise, and social interactions, leading to a better AD prognosis (Halpern et al., 2019).

Shaping the relationship between people with AD can play an important role in improving the

social environment and interactions of the patient. It is of extreme importance to maintain a

supportive atmosphere concerning AD patients around healthy individuals (friends, family

members, etc.) so that they can have a place in society and their identity, regardless of their

cognitive abilities. Improved social interactions can appear to reduce AD risk and improve LQ,

confidence, and possibly pronostics of patients. Although socialization seems important to

support normal elderly cognitive abilities, further research is required to determine how and to

what extent socialization is of benefit to patients with AD (Palmqvist et al., 2019).

 References
King, J.B., Jones, K.G., Goldberg, E., Rollins, M., MacNamee, K., Moffit, C., Naidu, S.R.,
Ferguson, M.A., Garcia-Leavitt, E., Amaro, J. and Breitenbach, K.R., 2019. Increased
functional connectivity after listening to favored music in adults with Alzheimer
dementia. The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease, 6(1), pp.56-62.
Lohith, T.G., Bennacef, I., Vandenberghe, R., Vandenbulcke, M., Salinas, C.A., Declercq, R.,
Reynders, T., Telan-Choing, N.F., Riffel, K., Celen, S. and Serdons, K., 2019. Brain
imaging of Alzheimer dementia patients and elderly controls with 18F-MK-6240, a PET
tracer targeting neurofibrillary tangles. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 60(1), pp.107-114.
Boyle, P.A., Yu, L., Schneider, J.A., Wilson, R.S. and Bennett, D.A., 2019. Scam awareness
related to incident Alzheimer dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a prospective
cohort study. Annals of internal medicine, 170(10), pp.702-709.
Betthauser, T.J., Cody, K.A., Zammit, M.D., Murali, D., Converse, A.K., Barnhart, T.E., Stone,
C.K., Rowley, H.A., Johnson, S.C. and Christian, B.T., 2019. In vivo characterization
and quantification of neurofibrillary tau PET radioligand 18F-MK-6240 in humans from
Alzheimer disease dementia to young controls. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 60(1),
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Mattsson, N., Cullen, N.C., Andreasson, U., Zetterberg, H. and Blennow, K., 2019. Association
between longitudinal plasma neurofilament light and neurodegeneration in patients with
Alzheimer disease. JAMA neurology, 76(7), pp.791-799.
Blazhenets, G., Ma, Y., Sörensen, A., Rücker, G., Schiller, F., Eidelberg, D., Frings, L. and
Meyer, P.T., 2019. Principal components analysis of brain metabolism predicts
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Guarino, A., Favieri, F., Boncompagni, I., Agostini, F., Cantone, M. and Casagrande, M., 2019.
Executive functions in Alzheimer disease: a systematic review. Frontiers in Aging
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Alzheimer's Association, 2019. 2019 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's &
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Barnes, L.L., 2019. Biomarkers for Alzheimer dementia in diverse racial and ethnic minorities—
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Halpern, R., Seare, J., Tong, J., Hartry, A., Olaoye, A. and Aigbogun, M.S., 2019. Using
electronic health records to estimate the prevalence of agitation in Alzheimer
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Palmqvist, S., Janelidze, S., Stomrud, E., Zetterberg, H., Karl, J., Zink, K., Bittner, T., Mattsson,
N., Eichenlaub, U., Blennow, K. and Hansson, O., 2019. Performance of fully automated
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