Summary

𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 , 𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡
Telegrapher’s equations

𝜕𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝒁𝑶 , 𝜷
= −𝑅𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐿
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) 𝜕𝑣(𝑧, 𝑡)
= −𝐺𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 − 𝐶
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

Solution for time-harmonic (sinusoidal, 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 ) signal

𝛾 ≡ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝑉𝑂− 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑂+ 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑧) + 𝑉𝑂− 𝑒 𝛼𝑧 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝛽𝑧)
𝛼 ≡ 𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑖(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝐼𝑂+ 𝑒 −𝛾𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝐼𝑂− 𝑒 𝛾𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼𝑂+ 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑧) + 𝐼𝑂− 𝑒 𝛼𝑧 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡+𝛽𝑧) 𝛽 ≡ 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑽+
𝑶 𝑽𝑶
−
𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 ≡ 𝒁𝑶 = + = − − =
𝑰𝑶 𝑰𝑶 𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪
Summary
𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 , 𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡
Loss-less case
𝑹=𝑮=𝟎 𝒁𝑶 , 𝜷

𝛼=0
𝛽 = 𝜔 𝐿𝐶

𝐿
𝑍𝑂 =
𝐶
1
𝜆=
𝑓 𝐿𝐶
1
𝑣𝑝 =
𝐿𝐶
Summary
𝑣 𝑧, 𝑡 , 𝑖 𝑧, 𝑡
Terminated loss-less line

𝑉𝑂− 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝑶
𝒁𝑶 , 𝜷 𝜞 𝒁𝑳
𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 ≡ 𝚪 = + =
𝑉𝑂 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝑶
𝒁𝒊𝒏
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏 + 𝚪
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = = 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟏 − 𝚪
𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝟎≤ 𝚪 ≤𝟏

Matched load, 𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁𝑶

𝟏 ≤ 𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 ≤ ∞

𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝑶 tan 𝜷𝒍
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒅𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 ≡ 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁
𝒁𝑶 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 tan 𝜷𝒍 𝑶
Smith Chart 𝒍

• A graphical method to analyse transmission line problems

𝒁𝑶 , 𝜷 𝒁𝑳
• Helps to solve transmission line problem visually without the
need for detailed numerical calculations
• Developed by Phillip H. Smith in around 1940 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝑶
𝚪=
• Smith chart is a part of many current CAD software and test 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝑶
equipment
𝟏+ 𝚪
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 =
𝟏− 𝚪
Smith Chart
Smith Chart
Constructing a Smith chart: Normalization

• First, let us define normalized load impedance 𝒍

𝑍𝐿
𝑍𝐿 = ≡ 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥
𝑍𝑂 𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳
• For passive loads
∞≥𝑟≥0 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝑶
∞≥𝑥≥∞
𝚪=
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝑶
Constructing a Smith chart: Normalization

• First, let us define normalized load impedance 𝒍

𝑍𝐿
𝑍𝐿 = ≡ 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥
𝑍𝑂 𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳
• For passive loads
∞≥𝑟≥0 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝑶
∞≥𝑥≥∞
𝚪=
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝑶

𝑗𝑥

**Any passive impedance will only lie on the right hand side of the y-axis
Constructing a Smith chart: Normalization

• Complex reflection coefficient 𝒍

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑂 𝑍𝐿 − 1 𝑟 − 1 + 𝑗𝑥
𝛤= = = ≡ 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 ≡ Γ 𝑒 𝑗𝜃
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑂 𝑍𝐿 + 1 𝑟 + 1 + 𝑗𝑥 𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝟎≤ 𝜞 ≤𝟏
𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝑶
𝚪=
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝑶

𝑗𝑣
𝜞 =𝟏

Γ
𝜃
𝑢
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

• Since Γ and 𝑍𝐿 are related by the following equitation 𝒍

𝑍𝐿 − 1
𝛤=
𝑍𝐿 + 1 𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳
The entire right half of impedance-plane is mapped on to
the region within the unity circle in the 𝜞-plane.
𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝑶
𝚪=
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝑶
𝑗𝑥 𝑗𝑣

One-to-one mapping 𝜞 =𝟏

Γ
𝜃
𝑟 𝑢
Intuitive understanding
 Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ
𝒋𝒙 𝒁-plane 𝒋𝒗 𝜞-plane
j
2j

𝒓 𝒖
0 1 2 3 4 ∞ -1 1

-j

-2j
-j
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = −𝟏
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎 (Short Circuit) 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= =𝟎
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= =𝟏
𝒁𝑳 = ∞ (Open Circuit) 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= =𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = 𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= =𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = −𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = 𝟎. 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = 𝟎. 𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = −𝟐𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

When 𝑹𝒆 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎, all the load impedances map to the unity circle on the 𝜞-plane
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏 + 𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏 − 𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

When 𝑹𝒆 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏, all the load impedances map to a circle with radius = 0.5 and passes
through (1,0) point
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

When 𝑹𝒆 𝒁𝑳 = ∞, The circle is just a point at (1,0)

Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

Constant Resistance Circle

Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= =𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = 𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏 + 𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝒋
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐 + 𝒋 𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

When 𝑰𝒎𝒈 𝒁𝑳 = 𝒋, all the load impedances map to an arc with radius = 1 and passes
through (1,0) point
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

When 𝑰𝒎𝒈 𝒁𝑳 = −𝒋, all the load impedances map to an arc with radius = 1 and passes
through (1,0) point
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

When 𝑰𝒎𝒈 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐𝒋, all the load impedances map to an arc with radius = 0.5 and passes
through (1,0) point
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ

When 𝑰𝒎𝒈 𝒁𝑳 = −𝟐𝒋, all the load impedances map to an arc with radius = 0.5 and
passes through (1,0) point
Mathematical analysis
Mapping all the possible resistance and reactance on the 𝜞-plane
• We have 𝑗𝑥 𝑗𝑣
𝑍𝐿 − 1 mapping 𝜞 =𝟏
𝛤=
𝑍𝐿 + 1
Γ
• We defined 𝜃
𝑟 𝑢
𝛤 = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 and 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥
• We can write
1+𝛤
𝑍𝐿 =
1−𝛤
1 + (𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣) Impedance plane Reflection coefficient plane
𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥 =
1 − (𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣)

• Separating real and imaginary part and rearranging we get

1 − 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 𝟐 𝑟
• Real part: 𝑟 = 𝒓 𝟐 𝟏 Circles have their centres at ,0
(1 − 𝑢)2 +𝑣 2 𝒖+ + 𝒗𝟐 = 𝑟+1
𝟏+𝒓 𝟏+𝒓 1
with radii 𝑟+1

2𝑣 𝟐 𝟐 1
• Imaginary part: 𝑥 = 𝟏 𝟏 Circles have their centres at 1,
(1 − 𝑢)2 +𝑣 2 𝒖−𝟏 𝟐+ 𝒗− = 1
𝑥
𝒙 𝒙 with radii 𝑥.
Mapping all the possible resistance and reactance on the 𝜞-plane
𝒋𝒗 1

𝜞 =𝟎 𝒖
-1 1
𝜞 = 𝟎. 𝟑

𝜞 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝜞 =𝟏

-1

𝜞-plane
Mapping all the possible resistance and reactance on the 𝜞-plane
𝒋𝒗 1
𝛤 = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 and 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥

𝟐 𝟐
𝒓 𝟏
Real part mapping 𝒖+ + 𝒗𝟐 =
𝟏+𝒓 𝟏+𝒓
𝒓=𝟎
• The real part (resistive part, ∞ ≥ 𝑟 ≥ 0) of the load resistance
maps onto circles on the Γ-plane. 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝒓=𝟏 𝒓=𝟐 𝒖
𝑟
• The constant resistance circles have their centres at ,0 1
𝑟+1 -1
1
with radii 𝑟+1.

• All the circles have there centres on the real Γ-axis (u-axis).
• All the circles pass through the point (1,0) in the complex Γ-
plane.
• As r increases, the radius of the circle decreases and at 𝑟 = ∞,
the radius approaches to 0. -1
• The point (1,0) on the Γ-plane represents both 𝑟 = 0 and 𝑟 =
∞. 𝜞-plane
 Mapping all the possible resistance and reactance on the 𝜞-plane
𝒋𝒗 1
𝛤 = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 and 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐 𝒙=𝟏 𝒙=𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
Imaginary part mapping 𝒖−𝟏 𝟐+ 𝒗− =
𝒙 𝒙

• The imaginary part (reactive part, ∞ ≥ 𝑟 ≥ −∞) of the load 𝒓=𝟎

resistance maps onto circles on the Γ-plane.
1
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟒
• The constant reactive circles have their centres at 1, 𝑥
with 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒓=𝟏 𝒓=𝟐 𝒖
1
radii 𝑥. -1 1
• All the circles have there centres on a line passing through the
point (1, 0) on the Γ-plane.
• For 𝑥 = 0, the circle essentially a straight line along u-axis
• For 𝑥 = ±∞, the circle essentially a point at (1,0).
𝒙 = −𝟏
𝒙 = −𝟎. 𝟓
• The circles corresponding to positive 𝑥-value (inductive load)
𝒙 = −𝟐
lies in the upper half of the Γ-plane. -1
• The circles corresponding to negative 𝑥-value (capacitive load)
lies in the lower half half Γ-plane. 𝜞-plane
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ
𝒋𝒗 1
𝛤 = 𝑢 + 𝑗𝑣 and 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑟 + 𝑗𝑥
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒙=𝟏 𝒙=𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒓 𝟏
𝒖+ + 𝒗𝟐 =
𝟏+𝒓 𝟏+𝒓
𝒓=𝟎
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒖−𝟏 + 𝒗− = 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙=𝟎 𝒓=𝟏 𝒖
𝒓=𝟐
-1 1

𝒙 = −𝟏
𝒙 = −𝟎. 𝟓
𝒙 = −𝟐
-1

𝜞-plane
Constructing a Smith chart: Transformation of 𝑍 to Γ
A typical Smith Chart
A typical Smith Chart
Analytical solution

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω
𝚪

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ
Analytical solution

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω
𝚪

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑂 100 + 𝑗40 − 50 50 + 𝑗40

𝛤= = = = 0.38 + 𝑗0.165 = 0.41∠23.6°
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑂 100 + 𝑗40 + 50 150 + 𝑗40

Γ = 0.41
Solution using Smith Chart

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ

100 40
𝑍𝐿 = + 𝑗 = 2 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
50 50
Solution using Smith Chart

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ

100 40
𝑍𝐿 = + 𝑗 = 2 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
50 50
Solution using Smith Chart

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ 𝒓=𝟐

100 40
𝑍𝐿 = + 𝑗 = 2 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
50 50
Solution using Smith Chart
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ 𝒓=𝟐

100 40
𝑍𝐿 = + 𝑗 = 2 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
50 50
Solution using Smith Chart
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ 𝒓=𝟐

100 40
𝑍𝐿 = + 𝑗 = 2 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
50 50
Solution using Smith Chart
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ 𝒓=𝟐

100 40
𝑍𝐿 = + 𝑗 = 2 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
50 50
Solution using Smith Chart
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ 𝒓=𝟐

100 40
𝑍𝐿 = + 𝑗 = 2 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
50 50

Γ = 0.41 ~0.41
Solution using Smith Chart
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖
~𝟐𝟑°
𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ 𝒓=𝟐

100 40
𝑍𝐿 = + 𝑗 = 2 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
50 50

Γ = 0.41 ~0.41
Solution using Smith Chart: VSWR

1+ Γ
VSWR=
1− Γ
Solution using Smith Chart: VSWR

1+ Γ
VSWR=
1− Γ

VSWR=2.4
Solution using Smith Chart: Return Loss
When the load is mismatched, not all of the available power from the generator is delivered to the load. This
loss is called Return Loss (RL).
𝑹𝑳 = −𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝜞 𝒅𝑩 For a matched load ( 𝜞 =0) , return loss is of ∞dB.

For total reflection ( 𝜞 =1) return loss is 0dB.

Solution using Smith Chart: Return Loss
When the load is mismatched, not all of the available power from the generator is delivered to the load. This
loss is called Return Loss (RL).
𝑹𝑳 = −𝟐𝟎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎 𝜞 𝒅𝑩 For a matched load ( 𝜞 =0) , return loss is of ∞dB.

For total reflection ( 𝜞 =1) return loss is 0dB.

RL=7.7
Solution using Smith Chart: 𝜞 at arbitrary distance from the load

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝒍 𝑗𝑣
𝚪(𝒍) 𝚪
𝜞
In general 𝛤(𝑙) is defined as the ratio between the backward Γ
and forward propagating waves 𝜃
𝑢
𝑉𝑂− 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑙
𝛤 𝑙 = + 𝑗𝛽𝑙 = 𝛤𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽𝑙 = 𝛤 𝑒 𝑗(𝜃−2𝛽𝑙)
𝑉𝑂 𝑒

We can see that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient does

not change, only the phase changes with periodicity of 𝜆/2
Solution using Smith Chart: 𝜞 at arbitrary distance from the load

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝒍 𝑗𝑣
𝚪(𝒍) 𝚪
𝜞
In general 𝛤(𝑙) is defined as the ratio between the backward Γ
and forward propagating waves 𝜃
𝑢
𝜞(𝒍)
𝑉𝑂− 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑙
𝛤 𝑙 = + 𝑗𝛽𝑙 = 𝛤𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽𝑙 = 𝛤 𝑒 𝑗(𝜃−2𝛽𝑙) 2𝛽𝑙
𝑉𝑂 𝑒

We can see that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient does

not change, only the phase changes with periodicity of 𝜆/2
Solution using Smith Chart: 𝜞 at arbitrary distance from the load
Solution using Smith Chart: 𝜞 at arbitrary distance from the load
𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝒍
𝚪(𝒍) 𝚪
𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω
𝒓=𝟐
Find Γ at a distance 𝑙 = 0.2𝜆
Solution using Smith Chart: 𝜞 at arbitrary distance from the load

0.218𝜆
𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝒍
𝚪(𝒍) 𝚪
𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find Γ at a distance 𝑙 = 0.2𝜆

𝛤 𝑙 = 0.41∠ − 120° = 0.41∠240°

Solution using Smith Chart: 𝒁𝒊𝒏

0.218𝜆
𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳
𝑍𝐿 = 2 + 𝑗0.8 Ω
𝒍
𝒁𝒊𝒏 (𝒍)

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find 𝒁𝒊𝒏 (𝒍) at a distance 𝑙 = 0.2𝜆

Solution using Smith Chart: 𝒁𝒊𝒏

𝒁𝑶 𝒁𝑳

𝒍
𝒁𝒊𝒏 (𝒍)

𝑍𝑂 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 𝑗40 Ω

Find 𝒁𝒊𝒏 (𝒍) at a distance 𝑙 = 0.2𝜆 𝑍𝑖𝑛 (𝑙) = 0.55 + 𝑗0.45 Ω

𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑙 = 50 × 0.55 − 𝑗0.45

𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑙 = 27.5 − 𝑗22.5 Ω

Admittance

Admittance:
𝟏 𝒀𝑳 = 𝟏 + 𝒋
𝒀=
𝒁

Reflection coefficient:
𝟏
−𝟏
𝒁𝑳 − 𝟏 𝒀𝑳 𝒀𝑳 − 𝟏
𝜞= = =−
𝒁𝑳 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝒀𝑳 + 𝟏
+𝟏
𝒀𝑳 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝒋

𝒀𝑳 − 𝟏
−𝜞 = −
𝒀𝑳 + 𝟏
Admittance Chart
Open Circuit
Impedance Chart Admittance Chart

Inductive Capacitive

Capacitive Inductive

Short Circuit
Combined Chart

Impedance Chart

Admittance Chart
 −0.5𝑗

1𝑗 2 − 0.5𝑗
 −0.5𝑗

1𝑗 2 − 0.5𝑗

𝒁𝑳
 −0.5𝑗

1𝑗 2 − 0.5𝑗

𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝟐
 −0.5𝑗

1𝑗 2 − 0.5𝑗

𝒁𝟐

0.287𝜆
 −0.5𝑗

1𝑗 2 − 0.5𝑗

0.287𝜆 + 0.3𝜆 = 0.587𝜆 = 0.087𝜆 𝒁𝟑

𝒁𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒋

𝒁𝟐

0.287𝜆
 −0.5𝑗

1𝑗 2 − 0.5𝑗

𝒁𝟑

𝒁𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒋

𝒀𝟑
 −0.5𝑗

1𝑗 2 − 0.5𝑗

𝒁𝟑

𝒁𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒋

𝒀𝟑 = 𝟏 − 𝒋

𝒀𝟑
 −0.5𝑗

1𝑗 2 − 0.5𝑗

𝒁𝟑

𝒀𝟑 = 𝟏 − 𝒋

𝟏
𝒀𝟒 = 𝒀𝟑 + = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒋
𝟏𝒋
𝒀𝟑 𝒀𝟒
 −0.5𝑗

1𝑗 2 − 0.5𝑗

𝒁𝟒

𝒁𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝒋

𝒀𝟒
Remember !!!
Remember !!!

Inductor Parallel
Resistance Series

Capacitor Series
Remember !!!

Inductor Parallel
Resistance Parallel

Capacitor Parallel
Remember !!!
Locate the following impedances and find corresponding admittances
Consider 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 150 + 50𝑗 Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 200𝑗 Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 50 + 25𝑗 Ω
Repeat the same on a combined chart
Consider 𝑍𝑜 = 50Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 150 + 50𝑗 Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 100 + 200𝑗 Ω

𝑍𝐿 = 50 + 25𝑗 Ω