Integration of Solar Wind Hybrid Power System

INTEGRATION OF SOLAR - WIND HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
B.Tech. Project Report
Submitted to A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University

In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements
For The Award Of The Degree

Of
Bachelor Of Technology
In
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
By
SULFA JALEEL (CMA17EE024)
Under the guidance of
VISHNU S
Asst. Prof
CCET ALAPPUZHA
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
CARMEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
PUNNAPRA, ALAPPUZHA, KERALA, INDIA

JUNE 2021
CARMEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY PUNNAPRA, ALAPPUZHA
CERTIFCATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “ INTEGRATION OF SOLAR - WIND HYBRID
POWER SYSTEM” is a bonafide record of the project done by SULFA JALEEL (CMA17EE024)
under the supervision and guidance of VISHNU S towards the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering from Carmel College of Engineering for the year 2020-2021.This report in any form
has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for any purpose.
VISHNU S Dr. SARATH K.S

Assistant Professor Head of the department
Department of EEE Department of EEE
Place: Punnapra
Date: 05/06/2021
ii
DECLARATION
I undersigned hereby declare that the project report “INTEGRATION OF SOLAR - WIND
HYBRID POWER SYSTEM”, submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology of the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological
University, Kerala is a bonafide work done by me along with my team members under
supervision of Assistant Professor VISHNU S. This submission represents ideas of me and
my team members in my own words and where ideas or words of others have been included.
I have adequately and accurately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that
I have adhered to ethics of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or
fabricated any data or idea or fact or source in my submission. I understand that any violation
of the above will be a cause for disciplinary action by the institute and/or the University and
can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from
whom proper permission has not been obtained. This report has not been previously formed
the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or similar title of any other University.
Alappuzha Signature
05-06-2021
SULFA JALEEL
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind help and guidance received from
several people for the successful completion of this project. It would not have been possible
to complete this project without their valuable help, cooperation and guidance.
First and foremost, I thank god Almighty for giving me the opportunity, strength and wisdom
to complete the project successfully.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Management of Carmel College of Engineering and

Technology, Punnapara, Fr. MATHEW AREKALAM CMI Chairman CCET, Fr. JUSTIN
ALUKKAL CMI Director CCET and to our beloved Principal Dr. PAUL K MATHEW, for
their constant support and encouragement for completing this project and for making
available library and technical facilities needed to prepare this report..
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. SARATH K S, Head of the Department of EEE CCET, for
his valuable suggestions and guidance throughout the period of this project. I would also like
to express my boundless thanks and gratitude from the bottom of my heart to Asst. Prof.
VISHNU S, Department of EEECCET, for his valuable guidance and suggestions throughout
the period of this project.
I also use this opportunity to thank my team members GODWIN SHAJI (CMA17EE009),
HASHIM S (CMA17EE010), SUBIN S (CMA17EE023) for their sincere efforts and
cooperation throughout this project.
I would also like to thank all my friends who took interest in my project and extended their
direct and indirect support and encouragement in various stages of project Further I would
like to express my gratitude to all my family members who provided me with encouragement,
cooperation and support.
SULFA JALEEL
iv
ABSTRACT
In today’s technology driven world electricity is one of the foremost thing for our day to day
life activities. As we all are oblivious of the fact that the renewable sources of energy are
depleting at a lightning fast rate. So it’s time for us to shift the focus from conventional to
non-conventional sources of energy to produce electricity. The output of the electricity
produced by non-conventional sources is less than their counterparts. Renewable sources do
not have any detrimental effect on the environment. Solar-wind hybrid system is basically an
integration of solar plant and a wind energy plant. It will help in providing the uninterrupted
power supply. As during bad weather conditions the production can be shifted from one plant
to other with the help of a microcontroller. A microcontroller ensures the optimum utilization
of resources and it also increases the efficiency of the combined system as compared to the
individual mode of generation. It helps in decreasing the dependence on one single source
and makes the system more reliable. The hybrid system can be used for both industrial and
domestic applications.
The main function of solar wind hybrid system is that it obtain energy from both sources –
solar energy with the help of PV panels & wind energy from wind turbines. Solar Panels
absorbs sun rays & convert it into DC current. In addition a wind turbine moves due to force
of wind and its rotor connects with a generator rotates and produce AC current which can be
rectified to get corresponding DC current and both these DC output can be simultaneously
fed into a voltage sensor for further operation and controls.
This paper proposes a hybrid system, which combines photovoltaic and wind power as an
alternative source of small scale electrical power where conventional production is not
practical. The main attraction of this system is its simplicity, ease of control and low cost.
Complete description of the proposed hybrid system with the results which determines the
feasibility are well demonstrated in this paper.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CH No: CHAPTER NAME PAGE No:
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 SOLAR ENERGY 1
1.2 WIND ENERGY 2
1.3 HYBRID SYSTEMS 2
1.4 COMPONENTS USED 3
1.4.1 SOLAR PANEL 3
1.4.2 WIND TURBINE 3
1.4.3 BATTERIES 4
1.4.4 MICROCONTROLLER 5
1.4.5 RELAY 6
1.4.6 VOLTAGE SENSOR 8
1.5 HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM 9
1.6 PROPOSED CALCULATIONS 9
1.6.1 CALCULATIONS FOR WIND ENERGY 10
1.6.2 CALCULATIONS FOR SOLAR ENERGY 10
1.7 COST 10
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 HYBRID ENERGY GENERATION THROUGH VERTICALAXIS 11
SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE AND SOLAR PANEL
2.2 SOLAR-WIND HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM 12
2.3 MODELING & SIMULATION OF GRID CONNECTED HYBRID POWER 13
S/M INTEGRATED WITH SOLAR PV/WIND & CONTROLLED BY
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
3 PROPOSED MODEL 14
3.1 OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 14
3.2 OPERATION AND FUNCTIONING 14
3.3 MODEL DESCRIPTION 14
3.3.1 VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE 15
3.3.2 SOLAR PANEL 16
3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED MODEL 17
3.5 WORKING PRINCIPLE 17
4 SELECTION OF SOLAR PANEL 18
4.1 POLY-CRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANEL 18
4.1.1 FEATURES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANEL 18
4.2 LDR 19
4.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL 20
vi
4.2.2 COMPONENTS IN THE CIRCUIT 20
4.3 AUTOMATED SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL CIRCUIT DESIGN 21
4.4 WORKING OF SOLAR TRACKING DEVICE 21
4.5 CODING OF SOLAR TRACKING CIRCUIT 22
5 SELECTION OF INTEGRATOR 24
5.1 INTEGRATOR 24
5.1.1 ARDUINO UNO MICRO CONTROLLER 24
a FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO BOARD 25
b ARDUINO PROGRAM FOR INTEGRATOR 25
5.1.2 RELAY 27
a SPECIFICATIONS 27
b CODING OF RELAY 28
5.1.3 VOLTAGE SENSOR 28
a FEATURES & SPECIFICATIONS 29
6 EQUIPMENT SELECTION FOR CONTROL UNIT 30
6.1 CHARGE CONTROLLER SELECTION 30
6.2 SELECTION OF INVERTER 31
6.3 SELECTION OF TRANSFORMER 32
7 SELECTION OF BATTERY 34
7.1 BATTERY 34
7.2 FEATURES OF MHB MS SERIES SMALL SIZE BATTERIES 34
7.3 APPLICATIONS 35
7.4 VARIOUS CHARACTERISICS OF MHB BATTERY 36
7.5 CURRENT AND POWER DISCHARGE OF MHB BATTERY 39
8 SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION 40
8.1 VARIOUS STAGES OF SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION 40
8.2 VOLTAGE V/S TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PANEL 41
9 9.1 COST ESTIMAION OF PURCHASED COMPONENTS 43
10 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS OF 44
SOLAR WIND HYBRID SYSTEM
10.1 ADVANTAGES 44
10.2 DISADVANTAGES 44
10.3 APPLICATIONS 45
11 FUTURE SCOPES 46
12 CONCLUSION 47
REFERENCES 48
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE No: FIGURE NAME PAGE No:
1.1 WORKING OF SOLAR PANEL 3
1.2 a VAWT 4
b BLADE ARMS 4
1.3 LEAD ACID BATTERY 4
1.4 PIN SPECIFICATION OF ARDUINO UNO BOARD 5
1.5 PIN DESCRIPTION 5
1.6 RELAY: 2 CHANNEL 6
1.7 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 7
1.8 TESTING OF RELAY 8
1.9 a SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FOR VOLTAGE SENSOR 8
b CAPACITIVE & RESISTIVE CIRCUIT 8
1.10 HYBRID SYSTEM GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM 9
2.1 REFERENCE MODEL OF SOLAR WIND HYBRID SYSTEM 11
2.2 MPPT CONTROL OF SOLAR PANEL 13
3.1 VARIOUS DESIGN PROCESSES OF VAWT 15
3.2 VARIOUS FEATURES OF PANEL 16
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED MODEL 17
4.1 a PURCHASED SOLAR PANEL 18
b 3.1B)LUMINOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE PANEL 18
4.2 SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL 20
4.3 AUTOMATED SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL CIRCUIT DESIGN 21
5.1 INTEGRATOR 24
5.2 ARDUINO UNO BOARD 25
5.3 WIRING DIAGRAM 26
5.4 RELAY:4 CHANNEL 27
5.5 VOLTAGE SENSOR 28
6.1 a EXIDE CHARGE CONTROLLER DIAGRAM(INTERNAL) 30
b EXIDE CHARGE CONTROLLER DIAGRAM(EXTERNAL) 30
6.2 SWITCH TYPE INVERTER 31
6.3 CLASS B STEP UP TRANSFORMER 32
7.1 LEAD ACID BATTERY 34
viii
7.2 a DIMENSION OF BATTERY 35
b TERMINAL INFORMATION 35
7.3 TERMINAL VOLTAGE VERSUS DISCHARGE TIME 36
7.4 CAPACITY RETENTION CHARACTERISTICS 37
7.5 BATTERY VOLTAGE & CHARGE TIME FOR STANDBY USE 37
7.6 BATTERY VOLTAGE & CHARGE TIME FOR CYCLE USE 38
7.7 TICKLE (FLOAT) SERVICE LIFE 38
7.8 CYCLE SERVICE LIFE 39
8.1 STAGES OF SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION 40
8.2 VOLTAGE – TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PANEL 41
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE No: TABLE NAME PAGE No:
5.1 PIN DESCRIPTION OF VOLTAGE SENSOR 29
6.1 SPECIFICATIONS OF INVERTER 32
7.1 COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR BATTERY CONSTRUCTION 35
7.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF SELECTED BATTERY MODEL 36
7.3 CONSTANT CURRENT DISCHARGE (CC, UNIT: A) AT 25OC(77OF 39
7.4 CONSTANT POWER DISCHARGE (CC, UNIT: W) AT 25OC(77OF) 39
8.1 VOLTAGE V/S TIME CHARACTERISTICS 41
9.1 COMPONENTS AND ITS COST 43
x
ABBREVIATIONS
AC Alternating Current
ADC Analog to Digital Converter
AR Anti-Reflective
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BLDC Brush Less Direct Current
DC Direct Current
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EVA Electrical Vehicle Association
IEC Import Export Code
IP Internet Protocol
LDR Light Dependent Resistor
PID Proportional Integral Derivative
PV Photo Voltaic
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer
SRAM Static Random-Access Memory
USART Universal Synchronous & Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter
VAWT Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
We require electricity for operating almost all the appliances we use in our day to day
life. So it has become an indispensable part of our life. Now there are two ways to produce
electricity first by using non-renewable sources of energy and second by renewable sources
of energy. With increase in population and advancement of technology, consumption of
electricity is also increasing exponentially. Simultaneously, we have to increase the
production of electricity also in order to meet the demands of growing population. The
biggest disadvantage with the usage of conventional resources is that their usage causes
pollution due to the production of various pollutants like ash in case of a coal power plant,
smoke in case of diesel power plant, radioactive material in case of nuclear power plant.
Maintaining these pollutants is not an easy task and it also requires a lot of money. So we
have to find some other methods to produce electricity.
The best possible way is by using non-conventional sources of energy. Out of all the possible
options available in non-conventional sources of energy, solar and wind are the best methods.
As tidal energy can be used only on the sea shores, ocean thermal energy can used in the
middle of the sea and its setup is also very difficult. While solar and wind are available in all
the areas of the world and setting up their power plant is also not a cumbersome task. The
availability of solar energy is a major concern, as it is available for around 8 hours in a day,
on the other hand wind is available almost for 24 hours. But we can do one thing to make up
for that problem by integrating these two together. During foul weather conditions one of
them can be used while during normal weather both can be operated together. So in this paper
we will be describing a solar-wind hybrid power system.
1.1 SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy is that energy which we get from the sun in form of radiation. It does not
cause any kind of pollution, it is inexhaustible. It is available free of cost. Specially, in a
country like India where sun shines for almost 300 days in a year, it is therefore a convenient
mode of electricity production. Meager amount of investment is involved in setting up a solar
power plant and also it is quite easy to maintain. The efficiency of the system is also quite
good. Long life span and less emission of pollutants are its major advantages.
1 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

1.2 WIND ENERGY

When air flows then it is having some kinetic energy with it which is known as wind
energy. This kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy by the wind turbine, which is
used to rotate the shaft of the generator and then electricity is produced. The cost of
generation of electricity is quite less. The initial investment of the system varies depending
on the type of turbine used. The best part about producing electricity with the help of wind
energy is that wind is available for almost 24 hours in day, so there will not be any
discontinuous production of electricity. The output varies with the speed of the wind.
1.3 HYBRID SYSTEMS

Now we have become even more interested in usage of renewable energy sources as an
alternative method of producing electricity. Hybrid systems are basically an integration of
solar panels and wind turbine, the output of this combination is used to charge batteries, this
stored energy can then be transmitted to local power stations. In this system wind turbine can
be used to produce electricity when wind is available and solar energy panels are used when
solar radiations are available. Power can be generated by both the sections at the same time
also. The usage of batteries is to provide uninterrupted power supply. This system requires
high initial investment. But the reliability, long-life span and less maintenance make up for
that disadvantage. The power output of the wind turbine is AC which is converted to DC with
the help of a rectifier.
Developing hybrid systems is one of the most convenient and effective solution for producing
electricity as compared to non-renewable energy resources. It is not only less costly but also
it does not cause any harm to the environment. Anotherthing is that it can be used to generate
electricity in hilly areas, where it is quite difficult to transmit electricity by conventional
methods. Depending on the requirement its setup can be decided. All the people in this world
should be motivated to use non-conventional resources to produce electricity in order to make
them self-reliable to some extent. Long life span, less maintenance are some of its plus point.
It just requires some high initial investment. It ensures continuity in operations as well as best
suited for on grid and off grid applications. The system always tends to give quality power
output dc to charge directly the storage battery or provide ac output.

1.4 COMPONENTS USED
1.4.1 SOLAR PANEL

A solar cell is used to convert solar energy into electric energy, it is also known as
photovoltaic cell. It is a p-n junction diode which consist of 2 different layers of a semi-
conductor material called as n & p region, n region is heavily doped & is thin while p region
is lightly doped & is thick. Radiation falling on surface of p-n junction diode can pass
through n side. Most of depletion region is contained in p region which is lightly doped.
Extent to which n region can be penetrated is decided by the wavelength of falling radiation.
Electron–hole pairs are generated in n & p region, due to difference in potential electrons
move to n region & holes towards the p region. Current starts flowing when an external load
is connected to terminals of the n & p regions. To make a solar panel multiple solar cells are
connected in series & parallel combinations, they are connected in such a way that the output
obtained is additive in nature.
Fig 1.1 Working of Solar Panel
1.4.2 WIND TURBINE

Wind is a renewable source of energy. A wind turbine is used to convert the kinetic
energy of the wind into electric. The generator connected to the shaft of the blades converts
the mechanical energy to electric energy. The wind turbine is of two types depending upon
the rotating axis of the blades, first is vertical axis wind turbine and horizontal axis wind
turbine. The output of the turbine depends on the speed of the wind. The power generated by
the turbine is fluctuating. In order to obtain continuous supply of power first the electricity is
stored in a battery unit and then it is transferred to the load.

Fig 1.2a) VAWT, 1.2b) Blade Arms
1.4.3 BATTERIES
The batteries are used in order to store the electricity that is produced from wind and
solar energy. The capacity of battery may vary depending on the size of wind turbine or solar
power plant. Battery should be having low maintenance and charge leakage should also be
low. Considering all these parameters free discharge type is the best option available.
Multiple batteries can be connected in series and parallel to increase or decrease the capacity
of the battery, depending upon the output from the hybrid systems.
Fig 1.3 Lead Acid Battery

1.4.4 MICROCONTROLLER
The function of microcontroller is to compare the input of the both the power systems
and then it operates the relay used, in order to charge the batteries. The DC voltage used in
the batteries is converted to AC with the help of an inverter. To the secondary winding of the
center tapped transformer used a MOSFET is connected. To make the current flowing in the
primary winding alternative in nature a MOSFET is triggered at alternate intervals and in this
manner way we get the AC current in the primary winding of the center tapped transformer.
We generally prefer to use Arduino micro controller.
Fig 1.4 Pin Specification of Arduino UNO Board
Fig 1.5 Pin Description

1.4.5 RELAY
We can use a 2 channel Relay module. It is a 5 volt dc relay with an output control of
230V 10 A,110 V 15 A and 250 V 10 A.The relay module is an electrically operated switch
that allows you to turn on or off a circuit using voltage and/or current much higher than a
microcontroller could handle. There is no connection between the low voltage circuit
operated by the microcontroller and the high power circuit.The each channel in the module
has three connections named NC, COM, and NO. Depending on the input signal trigger
mode, the jumper cap can be placed at high level effective mode which ‘closes’ the normally
open (NO) switch at high level input and at low level effective mode which operates the same
but at low level input.
Fig 1.6 Relay: 2 Channel
 PIN CONFIGURATION OF 2 CHANNEL RELAY

1. VCC: 5V DC
2. COM: 5V DC
3. IN1: high/low output
4. IN2: high/low output
5. GND: ground

Fig 1.7Schematic Diagram
 HOW TO TEST
The components to be used are:
 Microcontroller (any compatible arduino)
 2 channel 5V 10A relay module
 Pin connectors
 Breadboard
 USB cable
1. Connect the components based on the figure shown in the wiring diagram using pin
connectors. VCC and COM pin is connected to the 5V power supply, GND pin is connected
to the GND, IN1 and IN2 pins are connected to the digital I/O pin. Pin number will be based
on the actual program code.
2. After hardware connection, insert the sample sketch into the Arduino IDE.
3. Using a USB cable, connect the ports from the microcontroller to the computer.
4. Upload the program.

 TESTING RESULTS
The figures below shows an alternate switching of the two relays every 4 seconds. A
tick sound and a red LED would be observed .
Fig 1.8 Testing of Relay
1.4.6 VOLTAGE SENSOR

Voltage sensor is a sensor used to calculate and monitor the amount of voltage in an
object. It can determine the AC voltage or DC voltage level. The input of this sensor is
voltage whereas the output is switches or relays, analog voltage signal, a current signal or an
audible signal.
Fig 1.9a) Schematic diagram for voltage sensor, 1.9b) Capacitive & resistive circuit

1.5 HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM

Hybrid energy system is the combination of two energy sources for giving power to the
load. In other word it can defined as“Energy system which is fabricated or designed to extract
power by using two energy sources is called as the hybrid energysystem.” Hybrid energy
system has good reliability, efficiency, less emission, and lower cost.Solar and wind has
many advantages than otherthan any other non-conventional energy sources. Both the energy
sources have greater availability in all areas. It needs lower cost.There is no need to find
special location to install this system.Now the required amount of electricity can be produced
depending on the environmental conditions, by using two systems at the same time or by
using only one, according to the conditions pertaining at that point of time.
PV COMBINER
MODULE BOX
CHARGING
AUTOMATIC MODULE
TRANSFER BATERRY INVERTER
WITH CHARGE
WIND SWITCH CONTROLLER
COMBINER
TURBINE BOX
ELCB
MCB
LOAD
Fig 1.10 Hybrid System General Block Diagram
1.6 PROPOSED CALCULATIONS

Overall power generated by system is the summation of the power generated by the
solar PV panel and power generated by the wind turbine. Mathematically, it can be
represented as,
PT = N w * PW +Ns * PS
Where,
Total power generated= P T
Power generated by wind turbines= PW
Power generated by solar panels= PS
No. of wind turbine = N w
No of solar panels used= Ns

1.6.1 CALCULATIONS FOR WIND ENERGY:

The power generated by wind energy is given by,
PW = ½. ρ (AW) (V) 3
Where,
P is power in watts (W)
ρ is the air density in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³)
AW is the swept area by air in square meters (m²)
V is the wind speed in meters per second (m/s).
1.6.2 CALCULATIONS FOR SOLAR ENERGY

To determine size of PV modules, required energy consumption must be estimated.
PS = Ins (t) * A S*Eff(pv)
Where,
Ins (t) = isolation at time t (kw/ m2)
AS = area of single PV panel (m2)
Eff(pv) = overall efficiency of the PV panels and dc/dc converters.
Eff(pv)= H * PR
Where,
H = Annual average solar radiation on tilted panels.
PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses
1.7 COST
Total cost of solar-wind hybrid energy system is depend upon total no of wind
turbines used & total no of solar panels used. Thereforetotal cost is given as follows
CT = (NW * CWT) + (N S * CSP) + (NB * CB)
Where,
CT is the total cost in Rs
CWT is the cost of single wind turbine
CSP is the cost of single solar panel in Rs
CB is the Cost of single Battery in Rs
NW is the number of wind turbine used
NS is the number of solar panels used
NB is the number of Batteries used in Battery Bank.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HYBRID ENERGY GENERATION THROUGH VERTICALAXIS

SAVONIUS WIND TURBINE AND SOLAR PANEL
-Ragunath L (PG Scholar:Department of Thermal Engineering), Senthilvel
S(Assistant Professor:Department of Mechanical Engineering)-RVS College of
Engineering and TechnologyCoimbatore-641402

Dr.P.Ilamathi (Assistant Professor: Department of Production Engineering
Government College of Technology, Coimbatore-641402)
It is a known fact that application of hybrid renewable energy system to generate

power is aeconomic, quick, reliable answer to the rural household’s need for power. The
Solar-wind energy system can considerably compensate our power requirement in rural areas.
But, the windspeed is varyingin both day & night time hence the electricity produced
through horizontal axis wind turbine.To overcome this, issue vertical axis Savonius Wind
Turbine (SWT) with guide vanes has been introduced for producing electricity at low wind
speed (cutin speed approximately 3m/s) as in [12].By combining both SWT and Solar Photo-
Voltaic (PV),a hybrid design can be fabricated. In studies, the power generation
throughVASWT and PV hybrid system can achieve overall efficiency of 22% for a stand
alone system. Although power generated in both wind turbine & PV panel, there is power
fluctuations occur due to insufficient wind speed & solar irradiation. To overcome this
interrupted power output to charge battery is avoided by uninterrupted power output of
hybrid charge controller. So total power can be calculated with respect to time from hybrid
controller.Reference model of hybridsystem can be as shown in Fig 2.1.
Fig 2.1 Reference Model of Solar Wind Hybrid System

Here we can observe that heightof stand has been selected as1 m and GI sheet has been
selected with thickness of 1 mm for the SWT blade. End plate hasbeen made by teak wood
and its thickness is 5 mm. Painting has been done to overall setup to avoid corrosion and
damage. Herethe turbine has been connected with alternator with and without gear
arrangement. Here guide vanes have been used to increase rotational speed of the turbine at
the available wind speeds.
A modified car alternator (Maruti 12V 55A) has been selected for electricity generation. The
modifications are done in the coil windings in the alternator. The number of turns 11 to 44
have been raised and the coil thickness reduced by half of the actual thickness which is
available in the standard alternator. The purpose of doing this is to generate the electricity at
low rotationalspeed of the wind turbine. The gears are made in plastic to reduce the load to
the turbine while rotating. 1:2 gear ratios havebeen used in this arrangement. Initially the
turbine output shaft has connected directly to the alternator. Likewise there are many
alternative solutions which can be implemented to generate electricity.Such as recycling of
small machines to develop a low cost wind turbine i.e. we can transform a ceiling fan into
small wind turbine as fan is a bidirectional machine and its fan motor can be transformed into
a permanent magnet generator by fixing numerous small magnets in its rotor which create a
magnetic flux path equivalent to the one created by the coils when working as a motor. As a
result of this flux change an electromagnetic force proportional to revolution speed is
obtained at the terminals of winding.
2.2SOLAR-WIND HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

- Bharat Raj Singh, Bal Krishna Dubey -International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET) B.tech Students, Department of Electrical and
Electronics, KIET Group of Institutions,Ghaziabad-201206, Uttar Pradesh
As during bad weather conditions the production from a hybrid system can be shifted
from one plant to other with the help of a microcontroller. A microcontroller ensures the
optimum utilization of resources and it also increases the efficiency of the combined
system.It helps in decreasing the dependence on one single source and makes the system
more reliable. The hybrid system can be used for both industrial and domestic
applications.Multiple batteries can be connected in series and parallel to increase or decrease

the capacity of the battery, depending upon the output from the hybrid systems.The inverter
must be having over voltage protection, reverse polarity and short circuit
protection.Reliability and performance of Solar PV system can be improved using MPPT or
equivalent microcontroller programming.
2.3 MODELING & SIMULATION OF GIRD CONNECTED HYBRID

POWER SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH SOLAR PV/WIND &
CONTROLLED BY VOLTAGE REGULATOR
-Vandanachaudhary,AnnapurnaBhargava,SwatiBhasin:Department of Electrical
engineering Rajasthan technical university Kota, INDIA .(Proceedings of the Fourth
International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES
2019)IEEE Conference Record # 45898; IEEE Xplore ISBN: 978-1-7281-1261-
9)V30chaudhary@gmail.com,Abrtu2006@gmail.com,swatibhasin68@gmail.com
Results of output power of PV modules are fluctuating according to their

environmental condition.So we need to use control technique which help to get high
power regardless of change in temperature & irradiance.There exist a maximum power
point because PV cell has nonlinear relationship which keeps growing with atmosphere
condition, temperature & irradiance level.
Fig 2.2 MPPT Control of Solar Panel

CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED MODEL
3.1 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

 Social benefit: wind-solar hybrid power system is a high-tech environmentally
friendly product. Installing the wind-solar hybrid system improves environmental
protection and also reminds people to protect the environment.
 Economic benefit: It uses and produces power by itself. After the construction of a
one-time investment, we can get a long-lasting benefit.
3.2 OPERATION AND FUNCTIONING

In this proposed solar and wind energy hybrid system, the hybrid power obtained
from the source are connected to a dc charge controller and stored in battery. Both output is
uneven, the rotation of the wind turbine may vary, depending on speed of air. Use of the light
weight blades, can produced rotational motion at low wind. The solar output also depends on
the intensity of the light.
3.3 MODEL DESCRIPTION

The proposed model consist of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine integrated with
Polycrystalline Solar Panel. The output from both the system can be simultaneously used and
best of the two can be used. For this we have to sense the voltage output using a voltage
sensor with relay switch. The detected voltage is compared and will be forwarded to charge
module from which the regulated voltage will be given to battery for charging. The dc output
from the battery can be directly fed to any desirable dc load or can be inverted and step upped
using desirable transformer so that it can be supplied to a desirable ac load. The output
voltage obtainable from VAWT is 12V – 24V and that of Poly crystalline solar panel is 24-
30V. Here we use 40W 10A Polycrystalline solar panel which will ensure considerable
output for the time of the day based on solar irradiance obtained per day or per month or per
year. Here we use two sets of 12V, 7 Ah battery to store charge.

3.3.1 VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

Vertical axis wind turbine have various advantage over the horizontal axis wind
turbine. The main advantage of VAWT is that it does not required to be pointed out in the
direction of wind. Wind coming from any direction will cut the blades and power is
generated. Also it has low cut in speed up to 2-3 m/s.
Fig 3.1 Various Design Processes Of VAWT

Some of the other advantages of VAWT are as follows:
1. It has ability to operate in wide range of wind conditions.
2. High starting torque.
3. Low noise emission.

4. It is compact in size.
5. Construction is simple and less costly
3.3.2 SOLAR PANEL

Solar panel also called as solar collector is a device which converts the incident
radiation on it into the electrical energy. Solar panel consist of solar cells and has same diode
as PN junction made from silicon and germanium semiconductor material. When the photon
is impinged on the junction producing free electrons and potential gradient is developed
across the junction. There are no. of such a solar cells in the solar panel and this solar panel
are available in various size and wattage.
Fig 3.2 Various Features of Solar Panel

3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED MODEL

According to our design constraints i.e. minimum cost, compact size, better
efficiency, un-interrupted power supply,less emission, good reliabilityand environmental
friendly generation aspects, we proposed and designed a hybrid power system comprising of
a solar energy powered generating unit and a wind powered generating unit. The below
mentioned block diagram specifies our design model.
Fig 3.3 Block Diagram of Proposed Model
3.5 WORKING PRINCIPLE

In a Solar-Wind Hybrid System, dc output from solar panel & rectified dc output from
wind turbine is fed to an integrator where output of each source is sensed simultaneously
using voltage sensor & best output is fed to charge controller with the help of Arduino UNO
programming &Relay switch mechanism. Charge controller consist of voltage regulator
which regulate varying output from sources & send a constant output to battery to charge it.
Simultaneous monitoring of voltage, current & charge output of charge controller to ensuring
continuity of operation. After charging this dc output can be directly fed to a dc load or can
be converted to ac using inverter &with the help of step up transformer it can be supplied to
an ac load. Proposed loads are BLDC motor running fan or an ac speakermic system.

CHAPTER 4
SELECTION OF SOLAR PANEL
4.1 POLY-CRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANEL

Polycrystalline 40 watt solar panel has 36 polycrystalline cells made from many
silicon fragments fused together. They have a speckled reflective appearance and the
thickness of the slice is clearly visible. Polycrystalline solar panels are more suited for Indian
solar conditions and are ideal for installations with large roof or ground space. The below
figure shows our purchased solar panel.
Fig 4.1a) Purchased Solar Panel , 4.1b)Luminous Polycrystalline Panel
4.1.1 FEATURES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANEL

1. Best-in-class conversion efficiency, IP Rating - IP 65
2. More light absorption with the anti-reflective coating and back surface field (BSF)
3. Better module protection with the advance EVA encapsulation
4. Designed with silver anodized Aluminium alloy frame and 3.2mm thick high transmission
low iron tempered glass, AR coated which resilient to extreme weather and offers excellent
performance even in low light

5. They carry the industry’s best performance warranty of 25 years of solar generation
6. Complies with standards: IEC 61215 Ed2, IEC 61701, IEC 61730-1, IEC 61730-2 &BIS.
 SPACE REQUIREMENT - 5-6 sq. feet (approx.) for single panel
 DURABLE - Designed using a silver anodized high-tech Aluminium frame that
withstands higher wind and snow loads up to 5400 Pa (IEC) which allows the panels
to last for decades
 TECHNOLOGY - Equipped with high-performance Grade A solar cells with PID
resistant .The Grade A silicone cells come integrated with a powerful reflector that
redirects sunlight back from the cell. This technology leads to the generation of up to
5% more power
 BATTERY REQUIREMENT - Perfect for 12 volt battery charging or multiple
panels can be wired in series for 12 volt batteries
 PRODUCT DIMENSION: 435x670x34 (mm); Weight: 3.3Kg
 PACKAGE CONTAINS: It includes 1 Solar Panel (4 watt)
4.2 LDR
A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is also called a photo-resistor or a cadmium
sulfide (CdS) cell. It is a light-controlled variable resistor. It is basically a photocell that
works on the principle of photoconductivity. The passive component is basically a resistor
whose resistance value decreases when the intensity of light decreases, in other words, it
exhibits photo-conductivity As the non renewable energy resources are decreasing, use of
renewable resources for producing electricity is increasing. Solar panels are becoming more
popular day by day. We have already read a post about how to install solar panel for home.
Solar panel absorbs the energy from the Sun, converts it into electrical energy and stores the
energy in a battery. This energy can be utilized when required or can be used as a direct
alternative to the grid supply.
Utilization of the energy stored in batteries is mentioned in below given applications. The
position of the Sun with respect to the solar panel is not fixed due to the rotation of the Earth.
For an efficient usage of the solar energy, the Solar panels should absorb energy to a
maximum extent. This can be done only if the panels are continuously placed towards the
direction of the Sun. So, solar panel should continuously rotate in the direction of Sun. This
article describes about circuit that rotates solar panel.

Fig 4.2 Sun Tracking Solar Panel
4.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL

The Sun tracking solar panel consists of two LDRs, solar panel and a servo motor and
ATmega328 Micro controller. Two light dependent resistors are arranged on the edges of the
solar panel. Light dependent resistors produce low resistance when light falls on them. The
servo motor connected to the panel rotates the panel in the direction of Sun. Panel is arranged
in such a way that light on two LDRs is compared and panel is rotated towards LDR which
have high intensity i.e. low resistance compared to other. Servo motor rotates the panel at
certain angle. When the intensity of the light falling on right LDR is more, panel slowly
moves towards right and if intensity on the left LDR is more, panel slowly moves towards
left. In the noon time, Sun is ahead and intensity of light on both the panels is same. In such
cases, panel is constant and there is no rotation.
4.2.2 COMPONENTS IN THE CIRCUIT

 Solar panel
 ATmega328 Micro Controller
 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) x 2
 10KΩ x 3
 Servo Motor
 16MHz Crystal

 22pF Ceramic Capacitors x 2

 Push Button
 Breadboard
 Cardboard
 Connecting Wires
4.3 AUTOMATED SUN TRACKING SOLAR PANEL CIRCUIT DESIGN

The proposed system consists of ATmega328 micro controller, Solar panel, Light
Dependent resistors and Servo Motor. According to our design we can add more than one
servo motor for separately tracking solar energy in left- right and up-down direction. Also for
manual mode, one or two potentiometer can also be connected to control movement of
multiple servomotor. A push button can be deployed to connect potentiometer either to up-
down servomotor or left-right servo.
Fig 4.3 Automated Sun Tracking Solar Panel Circuit Design
4.4 WORKING OF SOLAR TRACKING DEVICE

 ATmega328 Microcontroller
ATmega328 is an AVR family micro controller. It is based on advanced RISC architecture. It
is an 8-bit controller. It has 32K Bytes of Programmable Flash memory, 1K Bytes of

EEPROM and 2K Bytes of SRAM. It has 23 programmable I/O pins. It supports peripheral
features like two 8-bit timers, one 16-bit timer, 6 channel ADC with 10-bit resolution,
programmable USART, Serial Peripheral Interface, 2 wire serial interface (I2C), etc.
 Solar Panel
Solar panel is placed on a piece of cardboard (just for demonstration) and the bottom of the
cardboard is connected to Servo motor. Solar panel consists of photovoltaic cells arranged in
an order. Photovoltaic cell is nothing but a solar cell. Solar cell is made up of semiconductor
material silicon.
4.5 CODING OF SOLAR TRACKING CIRCUIT

#include<Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int ldr1 = 4;
int ldr2 = 5;
intval1;
int val2;
int pos=90;
void setup()
{
myservo.attach(11);
Serial.begin(9600);
myservo.write(pos);
}
void loop()
{
val1 = analogRead(ldr1);
val2 = analogRead(ldr2);
val1 = map(val1, 0, 1023, 0, 180);
val2 = map(val2, 0, 1023, 0, 180);
if(val1 > (val2+50))
{

if(pos<180)
pos=pos+1;
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.println("backward");
delay(10);
}
else if(val2 > (val1+50))
{
if(pos>0)
pos=pos-1;
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.println("forward");
delay(10);
}
}

CHAPTER 5
SELECTION OF INTEGRATOR
5.1 INTEGRATOR
The Integrator consists of Arduino UNO board, Relay and voltage sensor. Here it is
used to integrate the voltage output from poly crystalline solar panel and vertical axis wind
turbine. Voltage sensor continuously monitors the output from both the sources irrespective
of the time of the day. During adverse weather condition it can stop its operation
automatically in order to protect the entire power system. The mechanism of relay also help
to protect each device used in integration.
Fig 5.1 Integrator
5.1.1 ARDUINO UNO MICRO CONTROLLER

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on 8-bit ATmega328P microcontroller.
Along with ATmega328P, it consist of other components such as crystal oscillator, serial
communication, voltage regulator, etc. to support the microcontroller. Arduino Uno has 14
digital input/output pins (out of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog input pins, a
USB connection, A Power barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

Fig 5.2 Arduino UNO Board
5.1.1 a) FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO BOARD

 Micro Controller:ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller
 Operating Voltage:5V
 Recommended Input Voltage:7-12V
 Input Voltage Limits:6-20V
 Analog Input Pins:6 (A0 – A5)
 Digital I/O Pins:14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM output)
 DC Current on I/O Pins:40 mA
 DC Current on 3.3V Pin:50 mA
 Flash Memory:32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)
 SRAM:2 KB
 EEPROM:1 KB
 Frequency (Clock Speed):16 MHz
5.1.1 b) ARDUINO PROGRAM FOR INTEGRATOR

int Relay = 1; // Digital pin D4
int Relay = 2; // Digital pin D5
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(Relay, OUTPUT); // Relay as output

}
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(Relay, OUTPUT); // Relay as output
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite (input, HIGH);
D4(1);
digitalWrite (input, LOW);
D4(0);
digitalWrite (input, HIGH);
D5(1);
digitalWrite (input, LOW);
D5(0);
}
Fig 5.3Wiring Diagram

5.1.2 RELAY
We use a 4 channel Relay module. It is a 5 volt dc relay with an output control of
230V 10 A,110 V 15 A and 250 V 10 A.The relay module is an electrically operated switch
that allows you to turn on or off a circuit using voltage and/or current much higher than a
microcontroller could handle. There is no connection between the low voltage circuit
operated by the microcontroller and the high power circuit. The relay protects each circuit
from each other. The each channel in the module has three connections named NC, COM,
and NO. Depending on the input signal trigger mode, the jumper cap can be placed at high
level effective mode which ‘closes’ the normally open (NO) switch at high level input and at
low level effective mode which operates the same but at low level input.
Fig 5.4Relay:4 Channel

5.1.2a) SPECIFICATIONS
 On-board EL817 photoelectric coupler with photoelectric isolating anti interference ability
strong
 On-board 5V, 10A / 250VAC, 10A / 30VDC relays
 Relay long life can absorb 100000 times in a row
 Module can be directly and MCU I/O link, with the output signal indicator
 Module with diode current protection, short response time
 PCB Size: 45.8mm x 32.4mm

5.1.2b) CODING OF RELAY

void setup(){
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(6, OUTPUT);
}
void loop(){
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH);
delay(4000);
digitalWrite(5, HIGH);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
delay(4000);
}
5.1.3 VOLTAGE SENSOR

Voltage Detection Sensor Module is a simple and very useful module that uses a
potential divider to reduce any input voltage by a factor of 5. This allows us to use the
Analog input pin of a microcontroller to monitor voltages higher than it capable of sensing.
For example, with a 0V - 5V Analog input range, you are able to measure a voltage up to
25V. This module also includes convenient screw terminals for easy and secure connections
of a wire.
Fig 5.5 Voltage sensor

Table 5.1 Pin Description of Voltage sensor

PIN NAME DESCRIPTION
VCC Positive terminal of the External voltage source (0-25V)
GND Negative terminal of the External voltage source
S Analog pin connected to Analog pin of Arduino
+ Not Connected
- Ground Pin connected to GND of Arduino
5.1.3a) FEATURES & SPECIFICATIONS

 Input Voltage: 0 to 25V
 Voltage Detection Range: 0.02445 to 25
 Analog Voltage Resolution: 0.00489V
 Needs no external components
 Easy to use with Microcontrollers
 Small, cheap and easily available
 Dimensions: 4 × 3 × 2 cm.

CHAPTER 6
EQUIPMENT SELECTION FOR CONTROL UNIT
6.1 CHARGE CONTOLLER SELECTION

A solar charge controller is a solar-powered voltage and current regulator. They are
used in off-grid and hybrid off-grid applications to regulate power input from PV arrays to
deliver optimal power output to run electrical loads and charge batteries. We use an Exide
charging module with voltage regulator as solar charge controller.
Fig 6.1 Exide Charge Controller diagram a) internal b) external
 FEATURES OF CHARGE CONTROLLER

 Charge controller: EXIDE
 Usage/Application: Solar System Controller
 Power: 10 Amp
 Model Name/Number :Solar Charge Controller
 Voltage :12/24 Both
 Charge Controller Type :PWM
 Brand : Exide
 Rated Voltage :12-24
 Capacity: 10 Amp
 Power Source :Solar Module
 Design :Compaq
 Phase :Single phase

6.2 SELECTION OF INVERTER

As we know that most of the electrical appliances require AC voltage, so first the DC
output of the batteries will be converted into AC voltage with the help of an inverter and then
it will be transferred to the loads. Inverter must be having over voltage protection, reverse
polarity and short circuit protection. We use 12-24 volt switch type inverter. It is a 24V
modified sine wave inverter produces reliable 500W continuous power, 1000W peak power,
featuring multi-protection, high reliability and excellent stability, this DC to AC inverter ideal
for the fast and safe charging the devices on the go via 110V/120V or 220V/230V.
 FEATURES OF INVERTER
 Output Power Wattage: 600 W
 Input Voltage: 24 dc V
 Output Voltage: 24 ac
 Output Frequency: 50 - 60 Hz.AC Power,
 Battery Power, Low Battery,
 Overload indicators are included.
 Overload protection are included
 Overheat protection are included
Fig 6.2Switch Type Inverter

Table 6.1 Specifications of Inverter

Continuous Power 500W
Peak Power 1000W
Output Frequency 50Hz ±0.5Hz or 60Hz ±0.5Hz
Output Waveform Modified sine wave or Pure sine wave
Max Efficiency 90%
USB Port 5V,1A
Outlet Type Universal Outlet *1
Input Voltage Range 20V-31V
Low Voltage Alarm 21V ±0.5V
Low Voltage Protection 20V ±0.5V
High Voltage Protection 31V ±0.5V
Overload Protection Yes
Overheat Protection Yes
Short Circuit Protection Yes
Reverse Connection Protection Yes
Cooling Method Intelligent Intelligent cooling fan
6.3 SELECTION OF TRANSFORMER

We use Class B Step up transformer 24-230 volt.A step-up transformer is a type of
transformer that converts the low voltage (LV) and high current from the primary side of the
transformer to the high voltage (HV) and low current value on the secondary side of the
transformer. The reverse of this is known as a step down transformer. A transformer is a
piece of static electrical equipment which transforms electrical energy (from primary side
windings) to the magnetic energy (in the transformer’s magnetic core) and again to the
electrical energy (on the secondary transformer side). A step-up transformer has a wide
variety of applications in electrical systems and transmission lines.
Fig 6.3 Class B Step Up Transformer

 FEATURES OF CLASS B TRANSFORMER

 Insulation Rating: CLASS 150 or 130
 Insulation Class : B
 Average Winding Temperature Rise: 80 oC
 Hotspot Temperature Rise: 110 oC
 Maximum Winding Temperature: 150 oC
 The maximum acceptable temperature rise is based on average ambient of 30 oC
during any 24 hour period and a maximum ambient temperature of 40 oC at any
time.

CHAPTER 7
SELECTION OF BATTERY
7.1 BATTERY
Installing battery storage to store excess electricity generated by source is one great
way to improve your electricity generation system's performance throughout the day.With a
battery, the energy that our solar panels create that isn't used at the time of its generation gets
stored. We can use the stored energy at night or doing those cloudy times without having to
draw off from the grid.The ability to store energy allows you to be less dependent on the grid
for additional power. If we live in a place that experiences frequent brownouts or has a
decaying energy infrastructure, solar batteries can help insulate us from the consequences of
poor grid management. We move to greater self-sufficiency and are more in control of our
energy destiny. This is great for people who are looking to get off the grid.We use 4 sets of
12 volt 7 Ah battery.
Fig 7.1 Lead Acid Battery
7.2 FEATURES OF MHB MS SERIES SMALL SIZE BATTERIES

 100% before shipment testing, stable and reliable long term quality.
 Patented grid alloy formula and updated manufacturing techniques.
 Completely sealed and maintenance free, low self-discharge.
 Excellent charging and recharging acceptance.
 More than 260 cycles at 100% DOD.
 3-5 years of floating and standby use.

7.3 APPLICATIONS
 Alarm system
 Cable Television
 Communication equipment
 Emergency power system
 Security system
 Medical equipment
 UPS
 Power tools
 Control equipment
 Toys
Table 7.1 Components Required for Battery Construction

COMPONENTS RAW MATERIAL
Positive electrode Lead Dioxide
Negative electrode Lead
Container ABS
Cover ABS
Sealant Epoxy
Safety valve Rubber
Terminal Copper
Separator Fiber glass
Electrolyte Sulfuric Acid
Fig 7.2 a) Dimension of Battery, 7.2 b) Terminal Information

Table 7.2 Specifications of Selected Battery Model

Battery Model MS 7-12 12V 7AH
Designed Floating Life 3-5 years
Capacity (25oC) 20HR(.35A,10.5V) 10HR(.67A,10.5A) 5HR(1.26A,10.5V) 1HR(4.19A,10.5V)
7AH 6.73AH 6.30AH 4.19AH
Dimension Length Width Height Total Height
151mm(5.94inch) 65mm(2.56inch) 94mm(3.7inch) 98mm(3.86inch)
Approx Weight 2.1Kg(4.63lbs) ±5%
Internal Resistance Full charged at 25oC:≤28mΩ
Self Discharge 3% of capacity declined per month at(25oC)
Capacity Affected by 40oC 25oC 0oC -15oC
Temp(20HR) 102% 100% 85% 65%
Charge Voltage(25oC) Cycle use Float use
14.4-15.0V(-30mV/ oC),max current:2.1A 13.6-13.8V(-20mV/ oC)
7.4 VARIOUS CHARACTERISICS OF MHB BATTERY
Fig 7.3 Terminal Voltage Versus Discharge Time

Fig 7.4 Capacity Retention Characteristics
Fig 7.5 Battery Voltage & Charge Time for Standby Use

Fig 7.6 Battery Voltage & Charge Time for Cycle Use
Fig 7.7 Tickle (Float) Service Life

Fig 7.8 Cycle Service Life
7.5 CURRENT AND POWER DISCHARGE OF MHB BATTERY

Table 7.3 Constant Current Discharge (CC, Unit: A) at 25oC(77oF)
5 10 15 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 20
TIMEFV Min Min Min Min Hr Hr Hr Hr Hr Hr Hr Hr
1.85V/Cell 19.31 14.26 10.34 6.96 4.04 2.31 1.77 1.413 1.213 0.989 .649 .337
1.80 V/Cell 19.68 14.53 10.54 7.09 4.12 2.36 1.80 1.44 1.237 1.008 .661 .344
1.75 V/Cell 20.04 14.81 10.74 7.23 4.19 2.40 1.84 1.467 1.260 1.027 .673 .350
1.70 V/Cell 21.85 15.69 11.38 7.51 4.27 2.45 1.87 1.493 1.282 1.045 .685 .356
1.67 V/Cell 24.05 17.03 12.35 7.93 4.31 2.47 1.89 1.509 1.296 1.056 .693 .360
1.60 V/Cell 26.06 17.91 12.99 8.27 4.36 2.50 1.91 1.525 1.310 1.068 .700 .364
Table 7.4 Constant Power Discharge (CC, Unit: W) at 25oC(77oF)

TIMEFV 5 10 15 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 20
Min Min Min Min Hr Hr Hr Hr Hr Hr Hr Hr
1.85V/Cell 37.65 27.89 20.16 13.57 7.88 4.51 3.45 2.76 2.37 1.93 1.26 0.66
1.80 V/Cell 38.37 28.34 20.55 13.83 8.03 4.60 3.52 2.81 2.41 1.97 1.29 0.67
1.75 V/Cell 39.09 28.87 20.94 14.09 8.18 4.69 3.58 2.86 2.46 2.00 1.31 0.68
1.70 V/Cell 42.60 30.60 22.19 14.65 8.32 4.77 3.65 2.91 2.50 2.04 1.34 0.69
1.67 V/Cell 46.90 33.20 24.08 15.47 8.41 4.82 3.68 2.94 2.53 2.06 1.35 0.70
1.60 V/Cell 50.81 34.93 25.33 16.13 8.50 4.87 3.72 2.97 2.55 2.08 1.37 0.71

CHAPTER 8
SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION
8.1 VARIOUS STAGES OF SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION
Fig 8.1 Stages of Solar panel installation

The Output readings obtained from above set up during noon time is
*Solar: 20.2V.
*Battery : 22.8V
*ON Load Current:1.03A
*Short Circuit Current :18A
*Working Video of Hardware: https://youtu.be/BqsNvGxjF7w
8.2 VOLTAGE V/S TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PANEL

Table 8.1 Voltage v/s Time characteristics
Time Voltage(Sunny day) Voltage(Rainy day) Voltage (Cloudy day)
6 a.m 20 19 19
7 a.m 20.5 19 20
8a.m 20.5 20 20
9a.m 21 20 22
10a.m 22 20.5 24
11a.m 26 22 26
12p.m 26 22 26
1 p.m 26 22 26
2p.m 26 23 24
3pm 24 23 24.5
4 p.m 23 22 22
5 p.m 21 20 20
6 p.m 20 20 20
Fig 8.2 Voltage – Time Characteristics of solar panel

From the graph we can observe that maximum output voltage obtainable on sunny or cloudy
day is 26V and during rainy day it will be 23V. Similarly the minimum voltage obtained
during cloudy or rainy day is found to be 19V and during sunny day minimum voltage will be
20 V. Also we can observe that 26V will be available for atleast 3 hours in sunny day and 2
hours in cloudy day and during rainy day maximum output voltage i.e. 23V will be available
only for an hour.

CHAPTER 9
COST ESTIMAION OF PURCHASED COMPONENTS
9.1 COST ESTIMAION OF PURCHASED COMPONENTS

We purchased several components like polycrystalline solar panels, Exide charge
controller ,Arduino UNO board, 4 channel relay, voltage sensor, battery, inverter, finolex
Copper cable, servo motor, transformer, MCB, Porcelain fuse etc for setting up our fabricated
model. Below mentioned cost estimation includes the amount spent to purchase the main
components. Cost of the installation of solar panel and its control unit is 12,220 Rupees.
Hence the estimated budget of the hybrid model will be around 15,000 Rupees.
Table 9.1 Components and its Cost

COMPONENT PRICE(Rupee) QUANTITY TOTAL PRICE
Solar Panel 2800 1 no: 2800
Charge Controller 450 1 no: 450
Arduino UNO Board 800 1 no: 800
Relay(4 Channel) 300 1 no: 300
Voltage Sensor 180 2 no: 360
Battery 800 4 no: 3200
Inverter 650 1 no: 650
10A Lead wire 40 2 no: 80
10A MCB 350 1 no: 350
Finolex Copper Cable (1mm 2) 5(per m) 10m(blue),10m(black) 10
10 A Porcelain fuse 260 2 no: 520
Servo motor 1600 1 1600
Transformer (Class B) 1100 1 1100
Total Amount 12,220 Rupees

CHAPTER 10
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS OF
SOLAR WIND HYBRID SYSTEM
10.1 ADVANTAGES
 The best thing about hybrid solar systems is that they store solar energy and low-cost
electricity.
 Use of solar energy at peak usage times is made possible.
 They can be used for advanced energy management & has long term warranty.
 Enables energy independence.
 Is a great way to reduce power consumption from the grid.
 Very highly reliable due to conbined power of wind & solar.
 Long term sustainability and longer life.
 High energy output as both sources are complementary to each other.
 Cost saving possible as there is only one time investment made.
 Low maintenance cost as there is nothing to replace.
 They produce clean and pure energy hence no environmental pollution.
 Provide uninterrupted power supply to equipment.
 The system gives quality power output dc to charge directly the storage battery or
provide ac output.
 System can be designed for both On-grid and Off-grid applications.
 Efficient and easy installation.
10.2 DISADVANTAGES
 It has a higher cost than grid-solar
 It has a battery life of 7-15 years.
 It can limit the number of appliances you can run at one time. They depend on the
hybrid inverter and its capacity.
 Initial investment is more
 Large number of harmonics produced.
 Large space required for larger generations.

 Wind energy system are noisy in operation,a large unit can be heared many kilometres
away.
 Efficiency is less than conventional power plants.
10.3 APPLICATIONS
 Can be used in Farmhouses,Guest house, Hospitals,Hotel, Laboratories and R&D
centres.
 Business(Institutions and Government)
 Large Estate Houses
 Factories and manufacturing facilities
 Commercial Power generation
 Street lighting
 Ideal for cell phone recipient stations.
 Remote and rural village electrification.
 Residential colonies and Apartment's general lighting.
 Transmission and communication tower and many more applications.

CHAPTER 11
FUTURE SCOPES
 Future advancement of current hardware is its integration with wind power system.
 Management of power in hybrid microgrid.
 System can be connected in an isolated or islanded or autonomous and grid connected
models.
 Model can be implemented in rural areas where there is regular power cut.
 With modification of wind turbine parts and increasing number of solar panel & wattage
,this model can be utilized for stand- alone system specially in offshore-onshore areas
where wind speed is adequate.
 By using Power Converting Unit, this model can be utilized as grid tie power system.
 Electric vehicle charging can be made possible with this hybrid power system output.
 When considering the cost and overall efficiency, it is advisable for all the stakeholders
who have concern for the rural community development to embrace solar and wind
power.

CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION
Solar-Wind Hybrid System is designed and fabricated in such a way that output from each
source can be simultaneously collected.Considering the global energy crisis, use of the non-
conventional energy resources has to be increased. By combining such a system,
effectiveness is better and also the seasonal dependency of the individual system can be
overcome by use of hybrid energy system. Also the various advantages of the vertical axis
wind turbine makes it suitable for to use in such a system. Vertical axis wind turbine can be
made at very low cost by using various techniques and also by cheap material such as wood,
aluminium, galvanized steel etc. Such a system can be implemented in remote areas as well
as in the road divider using VAWT. So this system is cost effective, efficient and non -
polluting. It also has long life span with less maintenance. Overall it is a reliable solution for
energy crisis across globe.Because of the somewhat complementary nature of the seasonal
profile, the combination of wind and solar is better than each individually. It will get higher
efficiency than individual systems. Vertical axis wind energy conversion systems are
practical and potentially very contributive to the production of clean renewable electricity
from the wind even under less than ideal sitting conditions. It is hoped that they may be
constructed used high-strength, low- weight materials for deployment in more developed
nations and settings or with very low tech local materials and local skills in less developed
countries. Another thing is that it can be used to generate electricity in hilly areas, where it is
quite difficult to transmit electricity by conventional methods. Depending on the requirement
its setup can be decided. All the people in this world should be motivated to use non-
conventional resources to produce electricity in order to make them self-reliable to some
extent. Long life span, less maintenance are some of its plus point. It just requires some high
initial investment.

REFERENCES
[1] A. Adejumobi,S.G. Oyagbinrin, F. G. Akinboro & M.B. Olajide, “Hybrid Solar and Wind Power:
An Essential for Information Communication Technology Infrastructure and people in rural
communities”, IJRRAS, Volume 9, Issue1,October 2011, pp 130-138.
[2] Kavita Sharma, Prateek Haksar “Designing of HybridPower Generation System using Wind
Energy- PhotovoltaicSolar Energy- Solar Energy with Nanoantenna” International Journal of
Engineering Research And Applications (IJERA)Vol. 2, Issue 1,Jan-Feb 2012, pp.812-815 .
[3] Sandeep Kumar, Vijay Kumar Garg, “A Hybrid model of Solar-Wind Power Generation System”,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering (IJAREEIE), Vol. 2, Issue 8,August 2013, pp. 4107-4016.
[4] International Journal of Electronic and Electrical Engineering. ISSN 0974-2174, Volume 7,
Number 5 (2014),pp. 535542 © International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com
Hybrid Renewable EnergySystem: A
[5] Arjun A. K., Athul S., Mohamed Ayub, Neethu Ramesh,and Anith Krishnan,” Micro-Hybrid
Power Systems – AFeasibility Study”, Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol.
1, No. 1, January 2013,pp27-32.
[6] Mr. Sthita Prajna Mishra, Dr.S.M.Ali, Ms. Prajnasmita Mohapatra, Ms. Arjyadhara Pradhan, “A
Hybrid System (Solar and Wind) Energy System for Remote Areas”, International Journal of
Engineering Research andDevelopment, Volume 4, Issue 8 (November 2012), pp. 64-68
[7] Ashish S. Ingole, Prof. Bhushan S. Rakhonde, “Hybrid Power Generation System Using Wind
Energy and Solar Energy”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5,
Issue 3, March 2015, pp.2250-3153
[8] Marco Casini, “Small Vertical Axis Wind Turbines for Energy Efficiency of Buildings”, Journal
of Clean Energy Technologies, Vol. 4, January 2016, pp.56-65
[9]Ashwin Dhote, Prof. Vaibhav Bankar, “Design, Analysis and Fabrication of Savonius Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),
Volume: 02 Issue 03, Jun-2015, pp.2048-2054
[10] Niranjana S.J. “Power Generation by Vertical Axis Wind Turbine”, International Journal of
Emerging Research in Management &Technology, Volume-4, Issue-7, July 2015, pp.1-7
[11] Chirag Soni, Smit Thakkar, “Review on Aerodynamic Performance Evaluation of Straight Blade
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine” International journal for scientific research and development vol.2,Issue
08,2014,pp 402-405.
[12] Ragunath L (PG Scholar :Department of Thermal Engineering), Senthilvel S(Asst Prof: Dept of
ME)-RVS CET Coimbatore-641402,Dr.P.Ilamathi (Asst Prof: Dept of Production Engineering Govt
CET Technology, Coimbatore-641402)-"Hybrid Energy Generation Through Vertical Axis Savonius
Wind Turbine And Solar Panel".

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INTEGRATION OF SOLAR - WIND HYBRID POWER SYSTEM

B.Tech. Project Report

Submitted to A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University

For The Award Of The Degree

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

CARMEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PUNNAPRA, ALAPPUZHA, KERALA, INDIA

VISHNU S Dr. SARATH K.S

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Management of Carmel College of Engineering and

1.1 SOLAR ENERGY

1 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

1.2 WIND ENERGY

1.3 HYBRID SYSTEMS

2 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

1.4 COMPONENTS USED

1.4.1 SOLAR PANEL

Fig 1.1 Working of Solar Panel

1.4.2 WIND TURBINE

3 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

Fig 1.2a) VAWT, 1.2b) Blade Arms

Fig 1.3 Lead Acid Battery

4 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

Fig 1.4 Pin Specification of Arduino UNO Board

Fig 1.5 Pin Description

5 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

Fig 1.6 Relay: 2 Channel

 PIN CONFIGURATION OF 2 CHANNEL RELAY

6 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

Fig 1.7Schematic Diagram

7 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

Fig 1.8 Testing of Relay

1.4.6 VOLTAGE SENSOR

8 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

1.5 HYBRID ENERGY SYSTEM

Fig 1.10 Hybrid System General Block Diagram

1.6 PROPOSED CALCULATIONS

9 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

1.6.1 CALCULATIONS FOR WIND ENERGY:

1.6.2 CALCULATIONS FOR SOLAR ENERGY

10 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

2.1 HYBRID ENERGY GENERATION THROUGH VERTICALAXIS

Engineering and TechnologyCoimbatore-641402

It is a known fact that application of hybrid renewable energy system to generate

Fig 2.1 Reference Model of Solar Wind Hybrid System

11 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

2.2SOLAR-WIND HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

12 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

2.3 MODELING & SIMULATION OF GIRD CONNECTED HYBRID

Results of output power of PV modules are fluctuating according to their

Fig 2.2 MPPT Control of Solar Panel

13 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

3.1 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

3.2 OPERATION AND FUNCTIONING

3.3 MODEL DESCRIPTION

14 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha

3.3.1 VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

Fig 3.1 Various Design Processes Of VAWT

15 Dept of EEE,CCET, Alappuzha