CH^E_HK LHQYQ
Bidmphrisi Qmkmstrh ia Qtreli Biderhfma—

@msusuk Ecib 7
`r. @ih Khomch _htu Hcmamh

@mhgulhk Liph`h 7
^idomdomkf 7 `r. @ihssy Eltmhk

Yktul Licikflhphk Pufhs Mktirksbmp

^h`h thbuk ?>?>/?>?8

8
 

OHO M
CH^E_HK LHQYQ

H. M`ik
M`iktm
tmth
thss ^hsm
^hsmik
ik
 Khdh 7 Ky. _ 
Ydur 7 := thbuk
Gikms lichdmk 7 ^iridpuhk
Qthtus pirlhwmkhk 7 Dikmlhb
^ik`m`mlhk 7 Q@
^ilirghhk 7 Mou _udhb Phkffh
Hchdht 7 Lhcm Oikmkf, Leth Hfukf

Phkf
Phkffh
fhcc dhsu
dhsul
l _Q 7 18 dim
dim ?>?>
?>?> ^h
^hsm
smik
ik _hwh
_hwhtt Mk
Mkhp
hp `m ^i
^iky
kyhl
hlmt
mt @hch
@hchd
d
O. @HPH @H@HQH_ 
@mpirecib `hrm hkhl phsmik ( Hcehkhdkisms ) `hk Hutehkhdkisms, `mchlulhk ph`h
thkffhc 18 dim ?>?>, `m ruhkfhk pikyhlmt `hchd, _QY@ Ohtmk Dhkfukhkf, Leth
Hfukf
A. LICYB
ICYBHK
HK YPHD
YPHDH7
H7
Licidhbhk hkffeth firhl lhkhk
@. _MVH
_MVH]H
]HP
P ^IK]
^IK]HL
HLMP
MP QILH
QILH_H
_HKF
KF77
^hsmi
^hsmik
k `h
`hth
thkf
kf li _QY@
_QY@ Ohtm
Ohtmk
k Dhkf
Dhkfukh
ukhkf
kf `ikfh
`ikfhk
k licub
licubhk
hk li
lici
cidh
dhbh
bhk
k
hkffethh firhl lhkhk, 1> dikmt QD_Q phsmik tmoh- tmoh phsmik dirhsh hkffeth
hkffet hkffeth
firhl lhkhk tirhsh cidhb sitichb licuhr `hrm lhdhr dhk`m, litmlh `m lhdhr dhk`m
 phsmik si`hkf dikfhdomc hmr wu`cu.Licubhk
wu`cu. Licubhk phsmik oirthdohb
oi rthdohb cidhb, phsmik `m
tidulh
tidulhk
k licuhr
licuhrfh
fh oirohr
oirohrmkf
mkf cidhb
cidhb `m tidpht
tidpht tm`ur.
tm`ur. Qichkg
Qichkgutk
utkyh,
yh, Licuhr
Licuhrfh
fh
didohwh phsmik `mohwh _QY@ Ohtmk Dhkfukhkf, sichdh pirghchkhk phsmik
dukthb oiruph dhlhkhk siohkyhl 9 lhcm. ^hsmik dhsmb `hpht `mhghl ledukmlhsm
`ikfhk ohml, tithpm omahrh su`hb pice, omomr diret sirth hkffeth firhl lmrm tirhsh
 oirthdohbcidhb `hk shkfht sucmt uktul `mfirhllhk. Litmlh `m _QY@ Ohtmk

Dhkfukh
Dhkfukhkf
kf phsmik
phsmik `m pirmls
pirmlshh `m `hphtlh
`hphtlhk
k P@ 8=0/80>
8=0/80> ddBf
ddBf .^hsmi
.^hsmik
k gufh
gufh

?
 

dikficub
dikficub kyirm liphch yhkf oir`ikyut `m sicurub
sicurub liphch, tirus dikirus.
dikirus. Ouhkf
hmr oishr `hk ouhkf hmr liamc kerdhc, chkahr.
I. _MVH
_MVH]H
]HP
P ^IK]
^IK]HL
HLMP
MP @HBY
@HBYCY
CY77
8. _mwh
_mwhyh
yhtt dik
dikfh
fhch
chdm
dm li
licu
cubh
bhk
k sir
sirup
uphh sioi
sioicu
cudk
dkyh
yh 7 `msh
`mshkf
kflh
lhcc
?. _mwhyht Bmpirtiksm 7 `mhlum , tm`hl tirlektrec
1. _mwhyht @D 7 `mshkflhc
0. _mwhyh
_mwhyhtt Lecist
Lecistire
irecc `hrhb
`hrhb yhkf tmkffm
tmkffm 7 `mshkfl
`mshkflhc
hc
9. _mwhyh
_mwhyhtt Hshd
Hshd urht
urht yhkf tmkffm
tmkffm 7 `mshkfl
`mshkflhc
hc
J. _MVH
_MVH]H
]HP
P ^IK
^IK]H
]HLMP
LMP LICY
LICYH_
H_FH
FH77
8. _mwhyht licuhrfh `ikfh
fhk
k licubhk yhkf shdh 7 `m
`msshk
hkf
flhc
?. _mwhyht @D 7 `mshkflhc

1. _mwhyht Bmpirtiksm 7 `mshkflhc

F. _MVH]H
_MVH]HP P ^_MOH
^_MOH@M @M @HK
@HK QEQMHC
QEQMHCILE
ILEKED
KEDM7
M7
8. _mwh
_mwhyh
yhtt dire
direle
lel
l 7 `m
`msh
shkf
kflh
lhcc
?. _m
_mwh
whyh
yhtt pi
pidm
dmku
kud
d hc
hcle
lebec
bec 7 `m
`msh
shkf
kflh
lhcc
1. ^h
^hsm
smik
ik bhdp
bhdpmr
mr tm`
tm`hl
hl pirk
pirkhb
hb oire
oirech
chbr
brhfh
hfh
B. HKHD
HKHDKI
KIQM
QMQ
Q QMQ
QMQPI
PID
D7
Qmst
Qmstid
id ai
airi
rior
ores
espm
pmkhc
khc 7 Oma
Omahr
hrhh pic
pice,
e, kyirm
kyirm liphc
liphchh `hk
`hk dukt
dukthb
hb
Qmstid lhr`mevhsauchr 7 _mwhyht bmpirtiksm (+) tm`hl tirlektrec
Qmstid ri
rispmrhtermus 7 Pm
Pm`hl h`
h`hh li
licubhk
Qmst
Qmstid
id fhst
fhstre
remk
mkti
tist
stmk
mkhc
hc 7 Pm`hl
Pm`hl h`h
h`h licu
licubh
bhk
k
Qmstid
Qmstid kiured
kiuredusl
usluci
ucirr 7 Licidh
Licidhbhk
bhk hkffet
hkffethh firh
firhl
l lhkhk
lhkhk
Qmstid urefikmthc 7 Pm`hl h`h licubhk
Qmstid mktifudik 7 Pm`hl h`h licubhk
M. _IQYDI HKHDKIQM
QMQ
Q
Hkhd
Hkhdki
kism
smss `mch
`mchlu
lulhk
lhk si
siah
ahrh
rh hc
hcehk
ehkhd
hdki
kism
smss `h
`hk
k huteh
hutehkhd
khdki
kism
sms.
s. ^h
^hsm
smik
ik
 piridpuhk, :0thbuk `hthkf li _QY@ Hdohrhwh `ikfhk licubhk licidhbhk
hk
hkff
ffet
ethh fi
firh
rhl
l lmrm
lmrm,, pi
pice
ce,, ky
kyir
irmm li
liph
phch
ch,, dukt
dukthb
hb.. 8 bh
bhrm
rm si
siti
tich
chb
b ph
phsm
smik
ik

`mrhwht,phsmik `mohwhli_Q shchtmfh uktul `mchlulhk AP sahk.

1
 

^hsmik
^hsmik didmcmlm
didmcmlm rmwhyht Bmpirtiksm yhkf tm`hl tirlektrec.
tirlektrec. ^hsmik
^hsmik bhdpmr 
tm`hl pirkhb oirechbrhfh.
G. @M
@MHF
HFKE
KEQM
QMQ
Q QID
QIDI
IKPH_
KPH_H
H
@mhfkesms lcmkml 7 Licidhbhk hkffeth firhl lhkhk, omahrh pice,
aipchfmh, khusih, vedmtus
@mhfkesms tepms 7 Bidmspbiri `ixtrh
@mhfkesms itmecefm 7Qtreli Biderhfma

L. @MQL
@MQLYQ
YQMM ^I_P
^I_PHD
HDH
H
Bhsmc hkhdkisms phsmik `m`hphtlhk h`hkyh suhtu licidhbhk ph`h hkffeth
firhl ohfmhk lhkhk. Licidhbhk yhkf tirgh`m
tirgh`m ph`h phsmik
phsmik bhkyh shtu smsm yhkf

tirgh`m tmoh tmoh `hk dikithp. Lichmkhk tirsiout `msiout phrisms. ^h`h phsmik mkm
tirgh`m phrisms ph`h shtu smsm hkffeth firhl thkfhk `hk lhlm yhmtu sioichb lhkhk
sibmkffh
sibmkffh `msiout
`msiout bidmphrism
bidmphrismss `ixtrh.
`ixtrh. Bidmphrisi
Bidmphrisi yhkf tirgh`m
tirgh`m ph`h phsmik mkm
tmdouc
tmdouc `ikfhk
`ikfhk eksit
eksit dik`h`
dik`h`hl,
hl, `ikfhk
`ikfhk `msirt
`msirthm
hm thk`h
thk`h ‑ thk`h
thk`h pikmkfl
pikmkflhth
hthk
k
tilhkhk mktrhlrhkmhc sipirtm kyirm liphch, dukthb.
@ijmsmt kiurecefms yhkf tirgh`m dikfikhm shtu smsm hkffeth firhl tuoub phsmik,
bhc mkm dikfhrhblhk ph`h lidukflmkhk cism vhsluchr siriorhc yhkf tirgh`m h`hchb
 ph`h smsm lektrhchtirhckyh, yhmtu `m bidmsjir smkmstrh dikfmkfht h`hkyh
 pikymchkfhk shrhj determl `m ohthkf ethl.
e thl. @ijmsmt mkm tirgh`m oulhk hlmoht
h lmoht trhudh
hthupuk mkjilsm, `hk aik`irukf dikfhrhb hlmoht cism vhsluchr lhrikh streli `hrm
eksitkyh
eksitkyh yhkf dik`h`hl. Qichmk mtu, `mlithbum
`mlithbum ohbwh tir`hpht
tir`hpht `uh gikms jhlter 
jhlter 
rismle streli, yhkf `hpht `mde`mjmlhsm `hk tm`hl `hpht `mde`mjmlhsm. Jhlter yhkf
tm`h
tm`hl
l `hpht
`hpht `m de`m
de`mjm
jmlhs
lhsmm h`
h`hc
hchb
hb us
usmh
mh,, gi
gikm
kmss li
lich
chdm
dmk,
k, biri`m
biri`mti
tir,
r, `hk rh
rhs.
s.
Qidikthrh, jhlter yhkf `hpht `mde`mjmlhsm h`hchb bmpirtiksm, pikyhlmt ghktukf,
`mhoitis diccmtus, hclebec, bypircmpm`idmh, eoismths, lurhkf echbrhfh, striss, fhyh
bm`up,
bm`up, relel.
relel. ^hsmik
^hsmik mkm didmc
didmcmlm
mlm oioirh
oioirhph
ph jhlter
jhlter rms
rmsmle
mle yhkf dik`ulu
dik`ulukf
kf
tirbh`hp tirgh`mkyh streli, yhmtu usmh, fhyh bm`up `hrm lurhkf oirechbrhfh`hk

rmwhyht bmpirtiksm tm`hl tirlektrec.

0
 

Qimrmk
Qimrmkf
f `ikfhk
`ikfhk oirthd
oirthdohb
ohbkyh
kyh usmh,
usmh, duchm
duchm tir
tirgh`
gh`mm presis
presis `ifikir
`ifikirhsm
hsm hthu
hthu
 pikurukhk jukfsm sic ‑ sic tuoub yhkf `hpht `mhlmohtlhk ecib presis hpeptesms
sic. Lih`hhk bmpirtiksm didouht lih`hhk `msjukfsm ik`etic prefrismj sibmkffh
 pidoucub `hrhb `hpht dikfhchdm hkiurmsdh `hk rikthk ruptur gufh. Lih`hhk
bmpirtiksm gufh `hpht dikffhkffu pirjusm ghrmkfhk, tirdhsul ghrmkfhk `m ethl,
hlmoht
hlmoht h`hkyh
h`hkyh vhselek
vhselekstr
strmls
mlsm,
m, sibmkf
sibmkffh
fh du`hb
du`hb dikfhc
dikfhchdm
hdm mslidm
mslidm.@i
.@ijms
jmsmt
mt
ki
kiur
urec
ecefm
efmss ch
chmk
mkkyh
kyh ph`h
ph`h phsmi
phsmik
k h`
h`hc
hchb
hb om
omah
ahrh
rh pi
pice
ce yhkf
yhkf ti
tirg
rgh`
h`mm tm
tmoh
oh ‑ tm
tmoh
oh
 oirshdhhk `ikfhk licidhbhk hkffeth firhl, khduk dhsmb `hpht oirledukmlhsm
`ikfhk phsmik.
Fighch lcmkms `m`ulukf jhlter rmsmle yhkf h`h ph`h phsmik dikfhrhblhk ph`h
lih`hhk streli biderhfml. Khduk uktul dik`mhfkesms streli `ikfhk ciomb tipht

`mpirculhk pidirmlshhk ciomb chkgut, yhmtu AP Qahk.

QP_ELI
8. @ijm
@ijmkms
kmsmm Qtrel
Qtrelii
@ijmkmsm
@ijmkmsm Dikurut
Dikurut VBE (Verc`
(Verc` Bihctb
Bihctb Erfhkmzhtme
Erfhkmzhtmek)
k) streli
streli `m`ijmkmsm
`m`ijmkmsmlhk
lhk
suhtu fhkffuhk jukfsmekhc ethl yhkf tirgh`m siahrh dik`h`hl `ikfhk thk`h `hk
fighch lcmkml ohml jelhc dhupuk fceohc yhkf oirchkfsukf ciomb `hrm ?0 ghd hthu
`hpht dikmdouclhk lidhtmhk, `msioholhk ecib fhkffuhk piri`hrhk `hrhb ethl. 8
?. Ipm`id
Ipm`idmece
mecefm
fm Qtreli
Qtreli

Qtreli diruphlhk pikyioho uthdh lidhtmhk litmfh yhkf phcmkf sirmkf sitichb
 pikyhlmt lhr`mevhslucir `m Hdirmlh Qirmlht. Hkflh lidhtmhkkyh dikahphm
8:>.>>> pir thbuk `hk omhyh chkfsukf sioishr ?6 dmcyhr `echr YQ sithbuk. Mksm`ik
 oirvhrmhsm 8,9-0 pir 8>>> pepuchsm. Qichmk pikyioho uthdh lidhtmhk gufh
diruphlhk pikyioho uthdh liahahthk. @hbucu didhkf pikyhlmt mkm `m `irmth ecib
erhkf tuh tiruthdh
tiruthdh yhkf oirusmh
oirusmh :> thbuk lihths,
lihths, lhrikh usmh
usmh gufh diruphlhk
diruphlhk
shchb shtu jhlter rmsmle pikyhlmt ghktukf `hk streli. Khduk silhrhkf mkm h`h
liaik`irukfhk `m`irmth ecib phsmik `m ohwhb usmh 0> thbuk. Bhc mkm omsh tirgh`m
lhrikh
lhrikh h`hkyh
h`hkyh piruoh
piruohbhk
bhk fhyh
fhyh bm`up,
bm`up, tir
tiruth
uthdh
dh ph`h erhkf
erhkf du`
du`hh pirlet
pirlethhk
hhk

9
 

de`irk. Qilmthr ?2,9% pik`irmth streli `m Mk`ekismh dikmkffhc `ukmh. ^ikicmtmhk

dikukgullhk, streli dikyirhkf prmh 1>% ciomb tmkffm `hrmph`h whkmth `hk sitmhp
thbuk `m Hdirmlh Qirmlht h`h silmthr 89 rmou prmh `m ohwhb usmh 09 thbuk yhkf
tirlikh streli.8,?
1. Lc
Lchsm
hsmjm
jmlhs
lhs Qtrel
Qtrelii
Oir`hs
Oir`hshrl
hrlhk
hk pikyioh
pikyiohoky
okyhh str
streli
eli `mohfm
`mohfm dikgh`
dikgh`mm `uh gikms
gikms yhmtu
yhmtu str
streli
eli
mslidml dhupuk streli biderrhfml.1

h. Qt
Qtre
reli
li msli
mslid
dml 
Qtreli mlidml h`hchb lih`hhk pik`irmth `ikfhk fhkffuhk kiurecefml jelhc yhkf
dik`h`hl lhrikh eostrulsm hthu pikyidpmthk pidoucub `hrhb hrtirm ethl. Hcmrhk

`hrhb
`hrhb li ethl
ethl tirbik
tirbiktm
tm lhrikh
lhrikh htires
htireslci
lcires
resms
ms (pikud
(pikudpulh
pulhk
k lecist
lecistire
irecc ph`h
ph`h
`mk`m
`mk`mkf
kf pi
pido
douc
ucub
ub `h
`hrh
rhb)
b) ht
hthu
hu oi
oiluh
luhk
k `hrhb
`hrhb yhkf
yhkf ti
tich
chb
b diky
dikyud
udoh
ohtt su
suht
htu
u
 pidoucub `hrhb li ethl. Bhdpmr siohfmhk oishr phsmik hthu sioishr 21%
dikf
dikfhc
hchdm
hdm st
stre
reli
li gi
gikm
kmss mkm.
mkm. ^ikyu
^ikyudo
doht
hthk
hk om
omsh
sh ti
tirg
rgh`
h`mm `m si
siph
phkg
kghk
hkf
f gh
ghcu
cur 
r 
 pidoucub `hrhb hrtirm yhkf dikugu li ethl. @hrhb li ethl `msupchm ecib `uh
hrtirm
hrtirmhh lhretm
lhretmss mktirk
mktirkhh `hk `uh hrtirm
hrtirm virtio
virtiorhc
rhcms.
ms. Hrtirm
Hrtirm-hr
-hrtir
tirmm mkm diruph
diruphlhk
lhk
ahohkf `hrm cikflukf herth ghktukf.
^i
^ikyu
kyudo
doht
hthk
hk mkm
mkm `hph
`hphtt `msi
`msioh
oholh
olhk
k ecib
ecib 7

:
 

  Quhtu htiredh (ik`hphk cidhl) omsh tiroiktul `m `hchd pidoucub `hrhb hrtirm
lhretms sibmkffh dikyioholhk oirlurhkfkyh hcmrhk `hrhb.
 Idoecm hthu sudohthk oiluhk `hrhb yhkf oirhshc `hrm tidpht chmk yhkf phcmkf
sirmkf tirgh`m ph`h pik`irmth yhkf ohru dikghchkm pidoi`hbhk ghktukf `hk
 pik`irmth lichmkhk lhtup ghktukf hthu fhkffuhk mrhdh ghktukf (tiruthdh
jmormchsm htrmud).
 Eoht-eo
Eoht-eohth
hthk
k (dmshc
(dmshckyh
kyh lelhmk
lelhmk `hk hdjith
hdjithdmk
dmk)) gufh
gufh omsh
omsh didpir
didpirsid
sidpmt
pmt
 pidoucub `hrhb `m ethl `hk dikyioholhk streli.
Dhahd ‑ dhahd streli mslidml oir`hshrlhk pirghchkhk lcmkms 0 7
 PMH (Prhksmikt Msabidma Htthal)
H`hchb ipmse`i smkflht `msjukfsm kiurecefms yhkf `msioholhk fhkffuhk sitidpht
 ph`h ethl hthu mslidm ritmkh yhkf
ritmkh yhkf tirgh`m `hchd whltu lurhkf `hrm ?0 ghd,
thkph
thkph h`hkyh
h`hkyh mkjhrl
mkjhrl,, sirth
sirth dikmkf
dikmkflht
lhtlhk
lhk rismle
rismle tir
tirgh`
gh`mky
mkyhh str
streli
eli `m dhsh
dhsh
`iphk.
 _MK@ (_ivirsmoci Msabidma Kiurecefmahc @ijmamt)

 ^refrissmvi Qtreli/ Qtreli mk Ivecutmek

^irghc
^irghchkhk
hkhk st
strel
relii oirchk
oirchkfsuk
fsukf
f pirchb
pirchbhk
hk dislmp
dislmpuk
uk hlut.
hlut. Lek`ms
Lek`msmm str
streli
eli `m
dhkh `ijmsmt kiurecefmskyh tirus oirthdohb oirht.
 Aedpciti` Qtreli

Fhkffuhk kiurecefms dhlsmdhc sighl hwhc sirhkfhk `ikfhk si`mlmt pirohmlhk.

Lek`msm streli `m dhkh `ijmsmt kiurecefmskyh ph`h shht eksit ciomb oirht, `hk
lidu`mhkkyh `hpht didohml/dikithp.
o. Qt
Qtre
reli
li bid
bider
errh
rhfm
fml 
l 
Qtreli
Qtreli biderh
biderhfml
fml / pir`hr
pir`hrhbh
hbhk
k yhmtu
yhmtu suhtu
suhtu fhkffuh
fhkffuhk
k jukfsm
jukfsm shrhj
shrhj yhkf
`msi
`msioh
ohol
olhk
hk li
liru
rush
shlh
lhk
k pi
pido
douc
ucub
ub `h
`hrh
rhb
b et
ethl
hl si
sibm
bmkf
kffh
fh diky
dikyio
ioho
holh
lhk
k
 pik`hrhbhk ph`h hrih tirsiout.
 Biderhfml Mktrhsiriorhc7 pik`hrhbhk yhkf tirgh`m `m`hchd ghrmkfhk ethl.

6
 

 Bider
Biderhfml
hfml Quohrhlkem`7
Quohrhlkem`7 pik`hrhbhk
pik`hrhbhk yhkf tirgh`m ph`h ruhkf suohrhlkem`
suohrhlkem`
(ruhkf sidpmt hkthrh pirdulhhk ethl `hk chpmshk ghrmkfhk yhkf dikutupm
ethl).
^ikiktuhk tirhpm streli shht mkm oir`hshrlhk gikms phtecefm streli mslidml hthu
 pir`hrhbhk. @mhfkesms ohlu idhs ( fec` sthk`hr` ) `ikfhk dikffukhlhk
dikffukhlhk AP Qahk
hthu D_M yhkf gudchbkyh dhsmb shkfht tirohths `m Mk`ekismh.
H`hh oioir
H` oioirhph
hph sm
smst
stid
id sl
sler
ermk
mkf
f yh
yhkf
kf `h
`hph
phtt `m
`mph
phlh
lhmm uk
uktu
tul
l dido
didohk
hktu
tu `elti
`eltir 
r 
didoi`hlhk hkthrh streli mslidml hthu streli biderbhfml. ]hkf aulup ohkyhl 
`mphlhm h`hchb Qmrmrhg Qaeri yhkf pirthdh lhcm `mlidohkflhk `m Pbhmchk`. Lechpe,
`ll `m Kmfirmh didohk`mkflhk sler smrmrhg `fk AP-Qahk. Qiksmtmvmths (Qk) `hk
spismjmsmths (Qp) oirlmshr hkthrh 68-2?%.

0. Jhlter _msmle
Oirmlut h`hchb jhlter rmsmle streli yhkf `hpht `mruohb hthu `mlik`hcmlhk 97
 Pilhkhk `hrhb tmkffm
 @mhoitis diccmtus

 Lh`hr cidhl (lecistirec) `hrhb yhkf tmkffm

 Lifidulhk (eoismths)

 Lh`hr hshd urht yhkf tmkffm


Qtriss
 Direlel 

 Hclebec
 ^ech bm`up tm`hl sibht
Oirmlut h`hchb jhlter rmsmle tm`hl omsh `mruohb hthu `mlik`hcmlhk7
 Ysmh tuh

 Gikms lichdmk
 _hs

^irkhb dik`irmth streli

2
 

 Liaik`irukfhk streli ph`h licuhrfh (jhlter liturukhk/fikitml)

Hrtirm Zikh Dhcjerdhsm hthu hkiurmsdh oiruph lichmkhk pidoucub `hrhb ethl `m
dhkh streli tirgh`m ph`h usmh ciomb du`h (dmshckyh hkhl-hkhl `hk hthu ridhgh).

9. ^hte
^htejms
jmsme
mecef
cefmm
Qtreli mslidml `msioholhk ecib elcusm hrtirm `m ethl, yhkf `hpht `msioholhk
tredoesms dhupuk idoecm. Predoesms diruphlhk eostrulsm hcmrhk `hrhb hlmoht
 pikyidpmthk cudik pidoucub `hrhb hthu sudohthk. ^ikyioho tirsirmkf h`hchb
htireslcir
htireslciresms.
esms. Fighch
Fighch omhshkyh
omhshkyh didoirht
didoirht siahrh
siahrh oirthbhp.
oirthbhp. Idoecm
Idoecm `msioholhk
`msioholhk
sudoht
sudohthk
hk pidouc
pidoucub
ub `hrhb
`hrhb `hrm
`hrm tidpht
tidpht yhkf ciomb
ciomb prelsm
prelsmdhc
dhc.. Idoecm
Idoecm oulhk
oulhk
 omhshkyh oirsudoir `hrm hrtirm oishr hthu ghktukf sipirtm herth, hrtirm lhretms, hthu

hrtirm virtiorhcms. Fighchkyh omhshkyh chkfsukf didoirht hthu bhkyh sishht uktul 
lidu`mh dikfbmchkf chfm silitmlh shht idoecm tirciphs lihrhb `msthc ph`h PMH. :
Qtreli biderhfml `msioholhk ecib ruptur hrtirm, ohml mktrhsiriorhc dhupuk
suohrhabkem
suohrhabkem`.
`. ^ir`hrhbhk
^ir`hrhbhk mktrhsirio
mktrhsiriorhc
rhc diruphlhk
diruphlhk pikyioho
pikyioho tirsirmkf
tirsirmkf,, `mdhkh
`mk`mkf pidoucub `hrhb liamc yhkf su`hb rushl hlmoht bmpirtiksm lrekml reoil.
Bidh
Bidhte
tedh
dh yh
yhkf
kf ti
tiro
roik
iktu
tul
l hlhk
hlhk dikyi
dikyioh
oholh
olhk
k pi
pikm
kmkfl
kflht
hthk
hk mk
mktr
trhl
hlrh
rhkm
kmhc
hc /
PM
PML.
L.^i
^ir`
r`hr
hrhbh
hbhk
k su
suoh
ohrh
rhab
abkem
kem`
` `msi
`msioh
ohol
olhk
hk ec
ecib
ib piahb
piahbkyh
kyh hk
hkiu
iurm
rmsd
sdhh ht
hthu
hu
dhcjer
dhcjerdhs
dhsmm hrtirm
hrtirm vikh
vikh yhkf pir`hr
pir`hrhbh
hbhkkyh
kkyh dhsul
dhsul li suohrh
suohrhabke
abkem`
m` sibmkf
sibmkffh
fh
dikyioholhk ahmrhk airiorespmkhc (AQQ) tirmsm ecib `hrhb. @hrhb `m`hchd AQQ
hlhk dikyioholhk vhsesphsdi
vhsesphsdi `hk dikmdouclhk
dikmdouclhk fighch
fighch shlmt liphch bioht yhkf
dik`h`hl.:

:. Fighc
Fighch
h Lcm
Lcmkms
kms
Qiohfmh
Qiohfmhk
k oishr
oishr lhsus
lhsus st
strel
relii tirgh`
tirgh`mm siahrh
siahrh dik`h`
dik`h`hl,
hl, shkfht
shkfht aipht
aipht `hk
dikyi
dikyioh
ohol
olhk
hk li
liru
rush
shlhk
lhk ethl
ethl `h
`hch
chd
d oioir
oioirhph
hph dikm
dikmtt (a
(aed
edpc
pcit
iti`
i` st
stre
reli
li).
).
Lidu`mhk streli dikgh`m oirthdohb ourul `hchd oioirhph ghd shdphm 8-? bhrm
hl
hlmo
moht
ht oi
oirt
rthd
hdoh
ohb
b cuhs
cuhsky
kyhh gh
ghrm
rmkf
kfhk
hk ethl
ethl yh
yhkf
kf dhtm
dhtm (s
(str
trel
elii mk iv
ivec
ecut
utme
mek)
k)..

^irlidohkfhk
^irlidohkfhk pikyhlmt
pikyhlmt omhshkyh
omhshkyh (tithpm
(tithpm tm`hl sichcu) `msicmkfm `ikfhk pirme`i
pirme`i

=
 

sthom
sthomc,
c, `mdhkh
`mdhkh pircuh
pircuhshk
shk ghrmkf
ghrmkfhk
hk yhkf
yhkf dhtm
dhtm oirbikt
oirbiktmm sidikt
sidikthrh
hrh hthu
hthu tir
tirgh`
gh`mm
 oioirhph pirohmlhk. Fighch streli yhkf dukauc puk tirfhktukf `hrm ohfmhk ethl 
yhkf tirlikh.6
Fhkffuhk ph`h pidoucub `hrhb lhretms 7
8. Hr
Hrti
tirm
rmhh sir
sirio
iorm
rm di`m
di`mhh
 Fhkffuhk rhsh (bmpistismh) `m`hirhb dulh/ whghb lektrhchtirhc hthu `msirthm
bmpistismh `m cikfhk `hk tukflhm sismsm
 Licidhbhk lektrhchtirhc ciomb oishr ph`h tukflhm `hrm tmkflht rmkfhk shdphm
licudpubhk tethc.
 Fhkffuhk uktul oiromahrh ohml oiruoh sucmt dikficuhrlhk lhth-lhth (hjhsmh
determl) hthu sucmt dikfirtm pidomahrhhk erhkf chmk (hjhsmh sikserml)
 Fhkffuhk
Fhkffuhk pikfcmbhthk
pikfcmbhthk oiruph liouthh
liouthh shtu smsm, hthm siphrub
siphrub chphkf phk`hkf
(bidmhkepsmh bedekmd)
 Dhth sichcu dicmrml lihrhb shtu smsm (`ivmhtmek aekgufhi)
 Lish`hrhk dikuruk

 Pm`hl dikfikhc erhkf-erhkf yhkf sioicudkyh `mlikhc (presephfkesmh)

 Ducut piret

 ^ice (`mshrtrmh)

 Dirhsh hkffeth oh`hk sismsm tm`hl h`h

?. Hrtirmh
Hrtirmh sirior
siriormm hktirmer
hktirmer (ahohkf
(ahohkf dikugu
dikugu ethl
ethl ohfmhk
ohfmhk `iphk)
`iphk)
 Dekephrisi tukflhm lektrhchtirhc, lh`hkf-lh`hkf cikfhk ohfmhk prelsmdhc
`hpht tirlikh
 Mklektmkismh urmki

 ^ikurukhk lish`hrhk.

 Hprhlsmh `hk fhkffuhk lefkmtmj chmkkyh

1. Hr
Hrti
tirm
rmhh sirio
siriorm
rm pest
pestir
irme
mer 
r 
 Fhkffuhk pikfcmbhthk ph`h 8 hthu ? dhth oiruph sucmt didhbhdm ohrhkf

yhkf `mcmbht, khduk `hpht dikfirtm gmlh dirhoh hthu dik`ikfir suhrhkyh

8>
 

 Libmchkfhk lidhdpuhk dikfikhc whrkh

 Bidmbmpistismh, lh`hkf-lh`hkf h`hkyh kyirm spekthk hthu bmchkfkyh kyirm
`hk rhsh firht ph`h siphrub smsm tuoub
 Fhkffuhk pidoucub `hrhb virtioreohsmchrms
0. Hr
Hrti
tirm
rm Zirtio
Zirtiore
reoh
ohsm
smch
chrm
rmss
 Fhkf
Fhkffu
fuhk
hk fi
firh
rhl
l oech
oech dhth
dhth,, si
sibm
bmkf
kffh
fh ti
tirg
rgh`
h`mm `m
`mpc
pcep
epmh
mh gh
ghch
chk
k dikg
dikgh`
h`mm
sidpeyekfhk
 Libmchkfhk lisimdohkfhk

 Bidmphrisi lektrhchtirhc

 Licudpubhk kirvus lrhkmhcms mpsmchtirhc

 Zirtmfe

  Kmsthfdus

Phchdus `mpir`hrhbm ecib oioirhph hrtirm yhmtu hrtirm thchdm-pirjerhks hktirmer `hk
 pestirmer (ahohkf hrtirm ledukmlhks pestirmer), hrtirm thchdefikmluchtud (ahohkf
hrtirm siriorm pestirmer), hrtirm lberem`ih pestirmer chtirhcms `hk di`mhcms (ahohkf hrtirm
ledukmlhks pestirmer).
Fhkffuhk jukfsm cubur 7
 Hjhsmh yhmtu bmchkfkyh lidhdpuhk `hchd oirohbhsh. Hjhsmh tirohfm dikgh`m

`uh yhmtu
yhmtu hj
hjhs
hsmh
mh dete
determ
rmaa `h
`hk
k hj
hjhs
hsmh
mh si
siks
kser
erml
ml.. Hj
Hjhs
hsmh
mh dete
determ
rmaa h`
h`hc
hchb
hb
litm`hldhdpuhk uktul oiromahrh, dikficuhrlhk msm pmlmrhk dichcum pirlhthhk
sik`mrm, sidikthrh lidhdpuhkkyh uktul dikfirtm omahrh erhkf chmk tithp ohml 
(Hjhsm
(Hjhsmhh Oreah)
Oreah).. Hjhsmh
Hjhsmh sikser
sikserml
ml h`h
h`hchb
chb litm`h
litm`hldhd
ldhdpuhk
puhk uktul
uktul dik
dikfir
firtm
tm
 pidomahrhhk erhkf chmk khduk dhsmb omsh dikficuhrlhk pirlhthhk `ikfhk
chkair whchu siohfmhk `mhkthrhkyh tm`hl didmcmlm hrtm, tirfhktukf `hrm cuhskyh
lirushlhk ethl 
 Hcixmh h`hchb bmchkfkyh lidhdpuhk didohah `moi`hllhk dikgh`m @yscixmh
(yhk
(yhkf
f didh
didhkf
kf h`h
h`h si
siah
ahrh
rh lekfi
lekfikm
kmth
thc)
c),, yhmtu h`hchb
Zi
Ziro
rohc
hc hc
hcix
ixmh
mh

88
 

litm`
litm`hld
hldhd
hdpuh
puhk
k did
didoh
ohah
ah lhth,
lhth, ti
tith
thpm
pm `hpht
`hpht didohahburuj.
 Chtirhchcixmhh`hchblitm`hldhdpuhkdidohah
 Chtirhchcixmhh`hchblitm`hldhdpuhkdidohahburuj,
buruj,
tith
tithpm
pmdh
dhsm
smb`
b`hp
hpht
htdid
didoha
ohahlh
hlhth
th.. Gm
Gmlh
lh ti
tirg
rgh`m
h`mlit
litm`
m`hl
hldh
dhdp
dpuh
uhk
k li`uhkyh
Fceohc hcixmh.
`msioutFceohc 
`msiout hcixmh.

  Hfrhpbmhh`hchb
 Hfrhpbmh h`hchb bmchkfkyhlidhdpuhkdikucmshlmoht h`hkyhlirushlhk
h`hkyhlirushlhk ethl.

  Hahcaucmhh`
 Hahcaucmhh`hc
hchb
hb bmc
bmchk
hkfk
fkyh
yhli
lid
dhdpu
hdpuhk
hkoi
oirrbm
bmttukf`
ukf`hk
hkdi
dikf
kfik
ikhc
hchkflh
hkflh
sitichbtirgh`mkyhlirushlhkethl.
sitichbtirgh`mkyhlirushlhkethl.
  _mfbt-Cijt@msermikthtmek&Hfkesmhghrm(Oe`yMdhfi)
 _mfbt-Cijt@msermikthtmek&Hfkesmhghrm(Oe`yMdhfi)h`hchb
h`hchbsigudchb
sigudchb
tmkf
tmkflht
lhtlid
lidhdp
hdpuh
uhky
kyhkf
hkf sh
shkfh
kfhtl
tled
edpc
pcil
ils,
s,si
sipi
pirt
rtmp
mpikh
ikhdh
dhhk
hk,,dichlulhk
fir
firhlhk
hlhkyh
yhkf
kfsi
sissuhm
uhm`ikf
`ikfhk
hk pir
pirmk
mktthbht
hbhthu
hud
dik
ikmmru
rulh
lhk
kfirhlhk-firhlhk
tirt
tirtikt
iktu.
u.Lic
Lichm
hmkh
khkm
kmkm
kmsi
sirm
rmkfo
kfoir
irsh
shdh
dhhk`
hk`ikf
ikfhk
hkHf
Hfkes
kesmh
mhgh
ghrm
rm (`
(`hp
hpht
ht`mcmbht
`mcmbht
`hrm`msurubdikyioutlhkkhdhghrmyhkf`msiktubsidikthrh pik`irmth
tm`hloecibdicmbht ghrmkyh).
 ghrmkyh).
  Bidm sphtmhckifciat (Zmsesphtmhchfkesmh
Zmsesphtmhchfkesmh)h`hchbbmchkfkyh
)h`hchbbmchkfkyhlidhdpuhk
lidhdpuhk
dichlshkhlhkoirdhahdpirmkthbyhkfoirbuoukfhk`ikfhkruhkf.
dichlshkhlhkoirdhahdpirmkthbyhkfoirbuoukfhk`ikfhk ruhkf.

6. @m
@mhf
hfkes
kesms
ms Qtrel
Qtrelii
  Hkhdkisms
Oir`
Oir`hs
hshr
hrlh
lhk
k bh
bhsm
smcc hk
hkhd
hdkis
kisms
ms,, `h
`hph
phtt `m
`mti
tikt
ktul
ulhk
hk pi
piro
roi`
i`hh
hhk
k hk
hkth
thrh
rh

li`uhkyh, sipirtm tirtucms ph`h thoic `m ohwhb

o hwhb mkm.
Phoic 8. ^iroi`hhk streli biderhfml `hk streli mkjhrl oir`hshrlhk hkhdkisms
Fighch Qtreli biderbhfma Qtreli kek biderbhfma
Eksit/hwmthk Dik`h`hl Dik`h`hl  
Qhht eksit Qi`hkf hltmj Mstmrhbht
^irmkfhthk / whrkmkf - +
 Kyirm liphch +++ +-
Lighkf + -
Dukthb + -
^ikurukhk lish`hrhk +++ +-
  ^idirmlshhk lcmkms kiurecefms

8?
 

^h`h pidirm
pidirmlsh
lshhk
hk mkm `mahrm
`mahrm thk`h-
thk`h-thk
thk`h
`h (sm
(smfk)
fk) yhkf
yhkf dukauc
dukauc,, omc
omchh
`mohk`mkflhk hkthrh li`uhkyh hlhk `m`hphtlhk bhsmc siohfhm oirmlut 7

Phoic ?. ^iroi`hhk Qtreli Biderhfml `hk Qtreli Mkjhrl oir`hshrlhk

thk`h-thk`hkyh.
Phk`h (smfk) Qreli biderbhfma Qtreli Mkjhrl  
Orh`mlhr`m ++(`hrm hwhc) + - (bhrmli-0)
Y`id phpmc Qirmkf + -
Lhlu lu`ul + -
Phk`hlirkmf,Oru`zmksly ++ -
  Hcfermtdh `hk pikmchmhk `ikfhk sler streli.
Pir`hpht oioirhph hcfermtdh uktul didoi`hlhk streli hkthrh chmk `ikfhk 7
h. ^ikithphk
^ikithphk Gikms Qtreli
Qtreli oir`hshrl
oir`hshrlhk
hk Hcfermtdh
Hcfermtdh Qtreli
Qtreli Fh`ghb Dh`h
Dh`h

Fhdohr 8. Hcfermtdh Qtreli Fh`ghb Dh`h

 o.

 o. ^ikithphk gikms streli oir`hshrlhk Qmrmrhg streli saeri

81
 

Phoic 1. Qmrmrhg Qtreli Qaeri (QQQ)

( ?,9 x lish`hrhk ) + ( ? x dukthb ) + ( ? x shlmt liphch ) + ( >,8 x
tilhkhk `mhstecml ) - ( 1 x htiredh ) ‑ 8?

Litirhkfhk 7  Htiredh >7 tm`hl h`h

 Lish`hrhk >7 ledpesdiktms 8 7 h`h
8 7 sedkecik  Bhsmc 7
? 7 seper/ ledh  Ql
Qler
erii QQQ
QQQ ; 87 pir`pir`hr
hrhb
hbhk
hk
  Kyirm liphch > 7 tm`hl h`h suprh tiktermhc
8 7 h`h  Qleri QQQ 3 8 7 Mkjhrl Qiriorm
 Dukthb >7 tm`hl h`h  Qleri QQQ -8 s/` 8 7 dirhfulhk
87 h`h

  ^idirmlshhk ^ikukghkf2 7
 
Aedput
Aedp utirm
irmzi
zi`
` tedefr
tedefrhp
hpby
by (AP sahk)7 uk
(AP sahk) uktu
tul
l dido
didohkhktu
tu diki
dikikt
ktul
ulhk
hk
 pikyioho sierhkf tir`ufh streli, suhtu pidirmlshhk smkhr x lbusus yhkf
`msiout AP sahk ethl sirmkf `mchlulhk. Quhtu AP sahk `mfukhlhk uktul dikahrm
 pir`hrhbhk hthu dhssh `m `hchd ethl, smtuhsm yhkf shkfht oiroi`h `ikfhk streli
yhkf
yhkf didir
idircu
culh
lhk
k pikh
pikhkf
kfhk
hkhk
hk yhkf
yhkf oir
oiroi`h
oi`h puc
puch. AP Qahk
Qahk oir
oirfukh
fukh
uktul dikiktulhk7
   gikms phtecefm
  celhsm cism
  ulurhk cism

  dikymkflmrlhk cism kek vhslucir 

  sahk7 Dhfki
D_MM sahk
D_ Dhfkitm
tmaa ri
rise
sekhk
khkai
ai md
mdhf
hfmk
mkf
f (D_M
(D_M)) dikf
dikffuk
fukhl
hlhk
hk ficed
ficedoh
ohkf
kf
dhfkitml uktul didouht fhdohrhk ethl. Fhdohr yhkf `mbhsmclhk D_M ghub
ciomb `ithmc gmlh `mohk`mkflhk `ikfhk AP sahk, tithpm mkm oulhkchb pidirmlshhk
fhrms `iphk uktul streli. gmlh AP sahk `hpht sicishm `hchd oioirhph dikmt
dikmt,, D_M
 pircu whltu ciomb `hrm shtu ghd. D_M `hpht `mchlulhk lidu`mhk sichdh
 pirhwhthk phsmik gmlh `ithmc yhkf ciomb ohml `mpirculhk uktul pidouhthk
liputushk di`ms ciomb chkgut. Erhkf `ikfhk pirhchthk di`ms tirtiktu (sipirtm,

80
 

 phaidhlir) hthu dithc chmk `m `hchd tuoubkyh, tm`hl `hpht `mgh`mlhk suoyil ph`h
`hirhb dhfkitm luht suhtu D_M.

  ^idirmlshhk ^ukfsm Cudohc

^idirmlshhk mkm `mfukhlhk hphomch tm`hl h`hkyh AP sahk hthu D_M. ^h`h streli
^MQ `m`hphtlhk fhdohrhk CAQ sipirtm auamhk `hfmkf hthu oirwhrkh lilukmkfhk.
^h`hh ^QH `m`hpht
^h` `m`hphtlhk
lhk CAQ yhkf
yhkf fress
fress biderr
biderrhfm
hfml.
l. ^h`
^h`hh str
streli
eli mkjhrl
mkjhrl tm`hl 
tm`hl 
`m`hphtlhk pir`hrhbhk (girkmb).
  ^idirmlshhk ^ikukghkf Chmk.
^idirmlshhk uktul dikitulhk jhlter rismle sipirtm `hrhb rutmk, ledpekik lmdmh
`hrhb
`hrhb (uriud
(uriud,, lrihtm
lrihtmkmk
kmk,, hshd
hshd urht,
urht, prejmc
prejmc cmpm`,
cmpm`, fuc
fuchh `hrhb,
`hrhb, jukfsm
jukfsm biphr)
biphr),,
iciltrecmt `hrhb, tberhls jete, ILF, iabeahr`mefrhjm.

2. ^ikhthc
^ikhthchlsh
hlshkhhk
khhk Qtreli
Qtreli
Pirhpm `moi`hlhk ph`h jhsi hlut `hk phsah jhsi hlut. 6,=
Jhsi Hlut (bhrm li >-80 sisu`hb eksit pikyhlmt)
Qhshrhk pikfeohthk mhchb dikyichdhtlhk kiurek hfhr tm`hl shdphm kilresms,
`hk hfhr
hfhr presis
presis phtece
phtecefml
fml chmkkyh
chmkkyh yhkf dikyir
dikyirthm
thm thl dikffhk
dikffhkffu/
ffu/dik
dikfhk
fhkahd
ahd
jukfsm ethl. Pmk`hlhk `hk eoht yhkf `moirmlhk bhruschb dikghdmk pirjusm `hrhb li

ethl tithp aulup, tm`hl gustru oirlurhkf sibmkffh pircu `mpicmbhrh jukfsm eptmdhc `hrm
rispmrhsm, ghktukf, tilhkhk `hrhb `hrhb `mpirthbhklhk ph`h tmkflht eptmdhc, lektrec
lh`hr fuch `hrhb (lh`hr fuch `hrhb yhkf tmkffm tm`hl `mturuklhk `ikfhk `irhstms), omch
fhwht ohchks ahmrhk, iciltrecmt, `hk hshd ohsh bhrus tirus `mphkthu.
^ikfeohthk yhkf aipht `hk tipht `mbhrhplhk `hpht dikilhk derthcmths `hk
dikfurhkfm
dikfurhkfm liahahthk. Puguhk
Puguhk uthdh pikfeohthk h`hchb uktul didpirohmlm
didpirohmlm hcmrhk
hcmrhk
`hrhb li ethl siaipht dukflmk `hk dicmk`ukfm kiurek `ikfhk didetekf lhslh`i
mslidml. ^ikficechhk phsmik streli hlut ph`h `hshrkyh `hpht `m ohfm `hchd 7
^ikficechhk oir`hshrlhk pikyiohokyh

89
 

H. Qtre
Qtreli
li msl
slid
idmml 
• Didpirohmlm hcmrhk `hrhb li ethl (ripirjusm)
Yshbh dikfbmchkflhk sudohthk pikyioho streli diruphlhk uphyh yhkf phcmkf
m`ih
m`ihc,
c, eo
eoht
ht tred
tredoec
oecms
msms
ms yh
yhkf
kf su
su`hb
`hb `m si
situ
tugu
gumm ec
ecib
ib J@H
J@H h`hch
h`hchb
b rt
rt-^
-^H
H
(riaed
(riaedomk
omkhk
hk tmssu
tmssuii pchsdm
pchsdmkef
kefik
ik hatmvh
hatmvhter
ter)) `ikfhk
`ikfhk `esms
`esms >,= df/
df/lfO
lfOO
O
dhlsmdhc => df (8>% `moirmlhk oecus & smshkyh mkjus lektmkyu `hchd :>
dikmt).
dikmt). ^ikfeohthkmkm
^ikfeohthkmkm didpukyhm pirsyhrhthk
pirsyhrhthk yhmtu pidoirmhk bhruschb
bhruschb
lurhkf `hrm 1 ghd, sibmkffh bhkyh phsmik yhkf dhsul rudhb shlmt `ikfhk

eksit hwhc `hk `hpht pikyicishmhk pidirmlshhk `hrhb, AP Qahk liphch `hk
mkjerd aeksikt yhkf aipht shgh yhkf `hpht dikirmdh eoht mkm.
Ahrh
Ahrh ch
chmk
mk didp
didpir
iroh
ohmlm
mlm hc
hcmr
mrhk
hk `hrhb
`hrhb hk
hkth
thrh
rh ch
chmk
mk `i
`ikf
kfhk
hk didp
didpir
irohm
ohmlm
lm
bediriecefm sipirtm eoht piktexmjmccmk yhkf yhkf dikfurhkfm vmslesmths `hrhb
`i
`ikf
kfhk
hk dikm
dikmkfl
kflht
htlhk
lhk `i
`ije
jerd
rdho
homc
mcmt
mths
hs si
sicc `hrhb
`hrhb dirh
dirhb
b `ikfh
`ikfhk
k `e
`esm
smss 89
df/lfOO/bhrm. Eoht chmk yhkf gufh didpirohmlm smrluchsm h`hchb khjtm`rejurmc
`ikfhk
`ikfhk didpir
didpirohm
ohmlm
lm hcmrhk
hcmrhk `hrhb
`hrhb dichcu
dichcumm uksur
uksur sicuci
sicucirr `hrhb
`hrhb `esms
`esms :>>
df/bhrm sichdh 8> bhrm mv `mchkgutlhk erhc 1>> df/bhrm
  ^riviksm tirgh`mkyh tredoesms (hktmlehfuhcsm)
Eoht yhkf `hpht `moirmlhk h`hchb biphrmk `ikfhk `esms hwhc 8.>>> u/ghd ail 
H^PP : ghd lidu`mhk shdphm `mahphm 8,9 ‑ ?,9 lhcm lektrec bhrm li 1 `mfhktm
hktm lehfuchk erhc, Biphrmk oirht deciluc rik`hb (CVDB) `esms ? x >,0 aa
suoluthk dekmter tredoesmt bhrm li 8 & 1 (gmlh gudchb 3 8>>.>>> tm`hl 
`moirmlhk), Vhrjhrmk `ikfhk `esms bhrm M 4 2 df, bhrm MM 4 : df, bhrm MMM
 pikyisuhmhk `esms `ikfhk dicmbht MK_ phsmik.
• ^retilsm kiurekhc/smtepretilsm
Eoht-eohthk tirsiout hkthrh chmk 7

8:
 

e A@^-Ab
A@^-Abecm
ecmki
ki oilirgh
oilirgh `ikfhk
`ikfhk didpir
didpirohm
ohmlm
lm didorh
didorhk
k sic `ikfhk
`ikfhk ahrh
ahrh
dikhdohb smktish pbesphtm`ycabecmki, dikfbhdoht tiroiktulkyh rh`mlhc
 oiohs `hk gufh dikhmllhk smktisms hsitmclecmk suhtu kiuretrhksdmtir uktul 
jukfsm lefkmtmj 
e ^mrh
^mrhai
aith
thd,
d, ah
ahrh
rh li
lirg
rghh si
siah
ahrh
rh ph
phst
stmm `m
`m`h
`hl
l `m
`mli
lith
thbu
bum,
m, `mpi
`mpirl
rlmr
mrhl
hlhk
hk
didp
didpir
iroh
ohml
mlmm mkti
mktifr
frmt
mths
hs si
sic,
c, didp
didpir
iroh
ohml
mlmm jc
jcum
um`m
`mth
thss dido
didorh
rhk
k `h
`hk
k
dikerdhclhk jukfsm didorhk.
e Qthtmk,
Qthtmk, sirmkf
sirmkf `mfukhlhk
`mfukhlhk uktul hktm cmpm`,
cmpm`, didpukyhm
didpukyhm smjht
smjht kiurepretilt
kiurepretiltmj 
mj 
uk
uktu
tul
l mslid
mslidmh
mh ethl
ethl `hk
`hk strel
streli.
i. Didp
Didpuk
ukyh
yhmm ijil
ijil hktm
hktm elsm`
elsm`hk
hk
–`ewk
`ewksstr
trih
ihd
d `hk
`hk   upstrihd—
upstrihd—. Ijil `ewkstrihd
`ewkstrihd   h`hchb sthomcm
sthomcmshsm
shsm
htbireslciresms sibmkffh dikfurhkfm piciphshk pchqui tredoeidoecm `hrm
hrtirmm li
hrtir li hrtirm
hrtirm.. Ijil –upstrihd
upstrihd—— h`hchb didpirohmlm pikfhturhk iKEQ
(i
(ik`
k`et
etbi
bicm
cmhc
hc Km
Kmtr
trma
ma Exm`
Exm`ii Qy
Qykt
ktbi
bisi
si,, di
didp
dpuk
ukyh
yhmm sm
smjh
jhtt hk
hktm
tm tr
tred
edous
ous,,
vhse`mchthsm `hk hktm mkjchdhsm), dikfbhdoht mKEQ (mk`uamoci Kmtrma Exm`i
Qyktbis
Qyktbisi,
i, smj
smjhtk
htkyh
yh oirchw
oirchwhkh
hkhk
k `ikfhk
`ikfhk iKEQ),
iKEQ), hktm
hktm mkjchd
mkjchdhsm
hsm `hk hktm
hktm
elsm`hk.
e Airiorecmsmk, suhtu pretimk ethl oiohs cidhl `ikfhk lbhsmht hktm ahcphmk,
 pikfbhdoht ahsphsi `hk siohfhm kiuretrepml `esms 1> ‑ 9> aa sichdh ?8
bhrm dikukgullhk pirohmlhk jukfsm determl yhkf oirdhlkh.

O. Qtre
Qtreli
li Bid
Bider
erhf
hfmml 
 ^ir`hrhbhk Mktrhsiriorhc
^idoirmhk hktm pir`hrhbhk 7 Ipsmcek hdmkeahpreht 1> - 1: fr/bhrm, Hshd
Prhkilshdht : x 8 fr uktul dikaifhb cmsmskyh oiluhk `hrhb yhdf su`hb
tiroiktul ecib tmssui pchsdmkefik.Ivhcuhsm sthtus lehfuchsm sipirtm pidoirmhk
 prethdmk 8 df ph`h phsmik yhkf dik`hphtlhk biphrmk 8>> df & 8> df
vmt
vmthdm
hdmk L mktr
ktrhvik
hvikhh ph`h
ph`h phs
phsmi
mik
k yhkf
yhkf dik`h
ik`hph
phtt whr
whrjh
jhrrmk `ikf
`ikfhk
hk
 pretbredomki tmdi didhkghkf.
 ^ir`hrhbhk Quo Hrhabkem`

86
 

e Oi` rist
rist tethc
tethc si
sichd
chdhh 1 dmkffu
dmkffu `ikfhk
`ikfhk suhshk
suhshkhh yhkf tikhkf,
tikhkf, ph`h
ph`h
 phsmik yhkf sh`hr, pikffukhhk derpbmk 89 df MD ph`h ududkyh
`mpirculhk uktul dikfbmchkflhk kyirm liphch ph`h phsmik sh`hr.
e Zhsesphsdi tirgh`m ph`h 1>% phsmik, `hpht `moirmlhk Ahcamud Abhkkic
Ocealirs `ikfhk `esms :> ‑ => df erhc tmhp 0 ghd sichdh ?8 bhrm hthu 89
 ‑ 1> df/lf/ghd sichdh 6 bhrm, lidu`mhk `mchkgutlhk pir erhc 1:> df
/bhrm sichdh 80 bhrm,
 ^ikficechhk epirhtmj 
Jhsi ^hsah Hlut
Qitic
Qitichb
hb jh
jhsi
si hl
hlut
ut oi
oirc
rchc
hcu,
u, sh
shsh
shrh
rhk
k pi
pikfe
kfeoh
ohth
thk
k `m
`mtm
tmtm
tml
l oi
oirh
rhtl
tlhk
hk tm
tmk`
k`hlh
hlhk
k
ribhomcmthsm pik`irmth, `hk pikaifhbhk tiruchkfkyh streli.

Pirhpm ^riviktmj 
Puguhkkyh,
Puguhkkyh, uktul dikaifhb
dikaifhb tiruchkfkyh
tiruchkfkyh hthu tmdouckyh
tmdouckyh sirhkfhk ohru streli,
streli,
`ikfhk ghchk hkthrh chmk dikfeohtm
dikfeo htm `hk dikfbmk`hrm jhlter-jhlter rismle streli.
Yktul streli mkjhrl `moirmlhk 7
h Eoht
Eoht-e
-eoht
oht hk
hktm
tm pcht
pchtic
icit
it hf
hfri
rifh
fhsm
sm
 o Eoht-eoht uktul pirohmlhk jukfsm ghktukf `hrm hbcmkyh
a Jhlter
Jhlter rismle
rismle `mlurh
`mlurhkfm
kfm sidmkm
sidmkmdhc
dhc dukflm
dukflmk
k


Dikfbmk`hrm relel, eoismths, stris

 Oirechbrhfh tirhtur
_ibhomcmthsm
Qtreli diruphlhk pikyioho uthdh liahahthk ph`h usmh `m hths 09 thbuk, dhlh
yhkf phcmkf piktmkf ph`h dhsh mkm mhchb uphyh didohthsm sighub dukflmk liahahthk
 pik`irmth, jmsml `hk dikthc, `ikfhk jmsmetirhpm, –tirhpm wmahrh—, `hk psmletirhpm
^resis ribhomcmthsm `hpht dicmputm oioirhph hthu siduh bhc `m ohwhb mkm7
8. Pirhpm omahrh
omahrh uktul
uktul oichghr
oichghr lidohcm
lidohcm oiromahr
oiromahrhh `hk dikichk
dikichk
?. Pirhpm eluphsm
eluphsm uktul dik`hpht
dik`hphtlhk
lhk lidohcm
lidohcm lithkflhshk
lithkflhshk cikfhk
cikfhk `hk thkfhk
thkfhk

82
 

1. Pirhpm jmsml
jmsml uktul didpiro
didpirohmlm
hmlm liluhthk
liluhthk `hk
`hk lidhdpuhk
lidhdpuhk oirghchk
oirghchk,, `hk
0. I`ulhsm
I`ulhsm licuhrfh
licuhrfh uktul didoirm
didoirmlhk
lhk ermikthsm
ermikthsm liph`h
liph`h dirilh
dirilh `hchd
`hchd dirhwht
dirhwht
erhkf yhkf dirilh amkthm `m rudhb `hk thkthkfhk yhkf hlhk dirilh bh`hpm.

C. ^I
^IDI
DI_M
_MLQ
LQHH
HHK
K JMQM
JMQML 
L 
^idirmlshhk `mchlulhk ph`h thkffhc 18 dim ?>?>
h. Qthtu
Qthtuss fikir
fikirhc
hcms
ms 7
8. Lih`h
`hhhk udud 7 Phdphl cidhb
?. Li
Lish
sh`h
`hrh
rhk
k 7 Qe
Qedk
dkec
ecik
ik
1. FAQ 7 I1D:Z94 80
0. P@ 7 8=>/8>> ddBf
9.  Kh`m 7 2>x/dikmt,rifucir 
:. ^irkhp
^irkhphshk
hshk 7 ?> x/dikmt,
x/dikmt, thlmpkih
thlmpkih
6. Qubu 7 1:,?eA
2. QpE? 7 =2 %
=. Li
Liph
phcch 7 Kerd
erdesij
esijhc
hcmm, tm`h
tm`hl
l h`
h`hh lic
lichm
hmkh
khk
k
8>. Dhthh
Dht 7 EQ 7 pupmc
pupmc ouch
oucht,
t, ò 1dd,
1dd, rijci
rijcils
ls ahbhy
ahbhyhh chkfsuk
chkfsukf
f (+),
(+),
_ijcil lerkih (+), ^tesms (-), Ilsejthcdus (-)
E@ 7 pupmc oucht, ò 1dd, rijcils ahbhyh chkfsukf (+),
_ijcil lerkih (+), ^tesms (-),
(-), Ilsejthcdus (-)

88. PBP
PBP 7 _bmk
_bmker
erih
ih (-)
(-),, eter
eterbi
bihh (-)
(-)
8?. Ducut 7 Dulesh
Dulesh tm`hl thdphl
thdphl bmpiridm
bmpiridmss
81. Cibir 7 ^idoishrhk
^idoishrhk LFO (-),
(-), tmrem`
tmrem` tm`hl
tm`hl tirhoh
tirhoh didoishr,
didoishr, trhabih
trhabih
`mtikfhb, gighs hthu oikgechk `m cibir (-)
e. Pberhls 7 Aer 7
8) Mksp
Mkspil
ilsm
sm 7 ma
matu
tuss ae
aer`
r`ms
ms tm`h
tm`hl
l ttir
ircm
cmbht
bht
?) ^h
^hcp
cphs
hsmm 7 luht
luht hkf
hkflh
lht,
t, mat
matus
us aer
aer`m
`mss ttir
irho
hohh ? ad di`
di`mh
mhcc `m
MAQ 9 cmkih dm`achvmluch smkmstrh,
1) ^irlusm 7

8=
 

Lhkhk ghktukf 7 MAQ MZ cmkih stirkhcms `ixtrh

^mkffhkf ghktukf7 MAQ MMM cmkih phrhstirkhcms smkmstrh
Lmrm ghktukf 7 MAQ Z, ?ad di`mhc cmkih
dm`achvmauchsmkmstrh
0) Huslucthsm 7 OG M-MM rifuchr, durdur (-), fhccep (-)
^ucde 7
@iphk @ixtrh Qmkmstrh
M7Qmditrms, ritrhlsm `mk`mkf `h`h (-) M7Qmditrms, ritrhlsm `mk`mkf `h`h
^hc 7veahc jridmtus lhkhk 4 lmrm (-)
^ir7 seker ^hc 7veahc jridmtus lhkhk 4 lmrm
Hus77 suhrh
Hus suhrh `hshr
`hshr vismlu
vismlucir
cir,, suhrh
suhrh ^ir7 Qeker
thdohbhk 7 wbiizmkf (-), reklm (-) Hus7 suhrh `hshr vismlucir, suhrh
thdohbhk 7 wbiizmkf(-),reklm(-)

Oichlhkf Pm`hl `hpht `mkmchm Pm`hl `hpht `mkmchm

80. Ho`edik 7 @h
@hthr, ttmmdphkm, OY
OY (+
(+) ke
kerdhc, bi
biphr & cmik
tm`hl tirhoh, kyirm tilhk ipmfhstrml (-)
89. Lichdmk 7 Pm`hl `mchlulhk pidirmlshhk
8:. Ilstridmths 7 Hl
Hlrhc b
bhhkfht ((+
+/+), A_
A_P 3 ? `
`iitml, i`
i`idh (-
(-/-)

o. Qthtus
Qthtus ^smlmhtr
^smlmhtrlus
lus
Pmkflhb Ch
Chlu 7 wh
whghr
^irhshhk Bhtm 7 Kerdetmdml 
Ermikthsm 7 @hchd ohths kerdhc
Liair`hshk 7 @hchd ohths kerdhc
@hyh Mkfht 7 @hchd ohths kerdhc

a. Qthtu
Qthtuss Kiu
Kiurec
recef
efms
ms
h. Qmlh
Qmlhp
p Pu
Puoub
oub 7 Curus `hk smditrms
o. Firh
Firhlhk
lhk Hoke
Hokerd rdhc
hc 7 Pm`hl h`h
a. Ahrh
Ahrh oirg
oirghc
hchk
hk 7 Pm`hl `hpht `mkmchm
`. Ilst
Ilstir
irdm
dmth
thss 7 Chtirhcmshsm Qmkmstrh

?>
 

i. Jukf
Jukfsm
sm Det
Deter
erml 
ml 
Lhkhk Lmrm
Firhlhk Pirohths Omhsh
Pirohths Omhsh
Liluhthk 1 9
1 9
Peku
Pekuss Ker
Kerd
dhc Ker
Kerdhc
dhc
 Kerdhc Kerdhc

_ijcils Jmsmecefms
_ijcils Omaips Kerdhc Kerdhc
_ijcils Prmaips Kerdhc Kerdhc
_ijcils uckh `hk rh`mhcms Kerdhc Kerdhc
_ijcils ^hticch Kerdhc Kerdhc
_ijcils Habmccis Kerdhc Kerdhc
_ijcils ^htecefms
Ohomkslm + -
Abh``eal  - -
Eppikbimd - -
Fer`ek - -
Qabhijjir - -
Dik`ic Ohabtiriw - -
_eseccmde - -
Fek`h - -
Bejdhk Preddir - -

j. Jukf
Jukfsm
sm Q
Qik
ikse
serm
rml 
l 
Lhkhk Lmrm
Ilstiresiptmj Kerdhc Kerdhc
_hsh kyirm Kerdhc Kerdhc
_hsh rhoh Kerdhc Kerdhc
_hsh subu Kerdhc Kerdhc
^repmesiptmj Kerdhc Kerdhc
_hsh firhl `hk smlhp Kerdhc Kerdhc
_hsh fithr Kerdhc Kerdhc
@mslrmdmkhtmj Kerdhc Kerdhc
_hsh frhdistismh Kerdhc Kerdhc
_hsh ohrefkesmh Kerdhc Kerdhc

?8
 

_hsh tepefkesmh Kerdhc Kerdhc

f. ^idirmlshhk _hkfshkf
Dikmkfihc
Lhlu lu`ul +
Lirkmf smfk -
^idirmlshhk Oru`zmkslm 7
Oru`zmkslm M +
Oru`zmkslm MM +
Oru`zmkslm MMM -
Oru`zmkslm MZ -

b. ^idirmlshhk
^idirmlshhk Zifithtmj
Zifithtmj `hk
`hk Jukfsm
Jukfsm Cubur
Jukfsm Cubur 7 Hjhsmh tm`hl h`h, diderm ohml 
Jukfsm Zifithtmj
Zifithtmj 7 OHL `hkOHO chkahr 

m. Qleri
Qleri Qtrel
Qtrelii Qmrmr
Qmrmrhg
hg

( ?,9 x lish`hrhk ) + ( ? x dukthb ) + ( ? x shlmt liphch ) + ( >,8 x

Litirhkfhk 7  Htiredh >7 tm`hl h`h
tilhkhk `mhstecml ) - ( 1>7xledpesdiktms
 Lish`hrhk htiredh ) ‑ 8? 8 7 h`h
8 7 sedkecik  Bhsmc 7
? 7 seper/ ledh  QlQler
erii QQQ
QQQ ; 87 pir` pir`hr
hrhb
hbhk
hk
Bhsmc ^irbmtukfhk QM_M_HG
  Kyirm liphch > 7 tm`hl h`h suprh tiktermhc
( ?,9 x 8 ) + ( ? x 8 ) + ( ? x 8 ) + ( >,8 x 8>> ) - ( 1x 8Qleri
8 7 h`h
) ‑ 8?QQQ 3 8 7 Mkjhrl Qiriorm
4 8,9
 Dukthb >7 tm`hl h`h  Qleri QQQ -8 s/` 8 7 dirhfulhk
Bhsmc `hrm Qmrmrhg ; 8 yhkf oirhrtm tir`hpht pir`hrhbhk suprhtiktermhc
87 h`h

 g. Hcfermtdh
Hcfermtdh Fhghb Dh`h
Dh`h

??
 

@hchd lhsus mkm `m`hphtlhk pidirmlshhk 7 pikurukhk lish`hrhk (+), kyirm

li
liph
phch
ch (+),
(+), ri
rijc
jcil
ilss oh
ohom
omks
kslm
lm (+)
(+) dhlh
dhlh ti
tird
rdhs
hsul
ul st
stre
reli
li pi
pir`
r`hr
hrhb
hbhk
hk
mktrhairiorhc.

D. ^IDI_M
^IDI_MLQH
LQHHK
HK ^IKYKG
^IKYKGHKF
HKF
8. Choer
hoerht
hter
ermu
mud
d
?. ^IDI_MLQHHK BHQMC KMCHM _YGYLHK
@H_HB _YPMK
Bidefceomk 80,9 88.6 ‑ 89.9 fr/`c
Ciulesmt =,9 1.:>> ‑ 88.>>>/uc
 Cmdjesmt 8,89 8.> ‑ 0.9 x 8> 1/ dmlre

 Dekesmt >,:8 >.? ‑ 8.> x 8> 1/ dmlre

 Cmdjesmt % 8?,> ?9 - 0> %

 Dekesmt % :,0 ?-2%

Irmtresmt 9,88 1.2 ‑ 9.? guth
Bidhtelrmt 00,: 19-06 %
Predoesmt ?61.>>> 89>.>>> ‑ 0>>.>>>/uc
 DA
 DAZ 26,1 2? - =: jc
DAB ?2,1 ?6 - 1? pf

DABA 1?,9 1? - 16 f/`c

?1
 

^AP >.?11 >.?->.: %

BosHf Kek rihltmj Kek rihltmj  
Fculesh ^uhsh 8>? 60-8>2 df/`c
QFEP ?0 >-19 Y/C
QF^P 82 >-19 MY/C
Yriud ?:,2 8>-9> df/`c
Lrihtmkmk >,:9 >,09->,69 df/`c
B@C `mriat 62 16-=? df/`c
C@C abecistirec 8?6,> 3 89> df/`c
Hshd Yrht 1,1= ?-6 df/`c
Abecistirec ?8: 3 ?>> df/`c
Prmfcmsirm`h 99 6>-80> df/`c

K. @MHF
@MHFKE
KEQH
QH HLB
HLBM_ 
@m
@mhf
hfkes
keshh lcmk
lcmkml
ml 7 ^i
^ikur
kuruk
ukhk
hk Lish
Lish`h
`hrh
rhk,
k, Bidm
Bidmph
phri
rism
smss @ixt
@ixtrh
rh,, ^h
^hri
risi
si K. ZM
ZMMM
`hk RMM @ixtrh YDK
@mhf
@mhfke
kessms tepm
epml 7 Bid
Bidmsmspb
pbir
irii @ixt
@ixtrrh
@mhfkesms itmecefm 7 Qtreli Biderhfma

E. @MQLYQM
@MQLYQM LI@YH
LI@YH
^h`h pidirm
pidirmlsh
lshhk
hk jmsml
jmsml `m`hpht
`m`hphtlhk
lhk FAQ I1Z9D:yhk
yhkf
f dikukg
dikukgullh
ullhk
k ohbwh
ohbwh
tmkflht
tmkflht lish`hrhk
lish`hrhk phsmik sithrh `ikfhk sedkecik.
sedkecik. Pilhkhk `hrhb phsmik
phsmik 8=>/ 8>>

ddBfdhsul ph`h lhtiferm

ddBfdhsul lhtiferm bmpirtiksm
bmpirtiksm frh`i ?, kh`m 2> x/ dikmt, mrhdh
mrhdh rifucir,
rifucir, msm
`hk tifhkfhk aulup, pirkhjhshk ?> x/ dikmt, subu 1:,? eA siahrh hlsmcir, `hk shturhsm
elsmfik =2%.Bmpirtiksm sik`mrm diruphlhk jhlter yhkf dik`ulukf tirgh`mkyh streli
 pir`hrhbhk. Qichkgutkyh pidirmlshhk sthtus psmlmhtrm tm`hl `mtidulhk h`hkyh lichmkhk
sipirt
sipirtmm pirmc
pirmchlu
hlu yhkf tm`hl
tm`hl kerdhc
kerdhc hthu
hthu bmchkfk
bmchkfkyh
yh mkfhth
mkfhthk.
k. ^h`h pidirm
pidirmlsh
lshhk
hk
fikirhcmshth tm`hl `m`hphtlhk reklm ph`h phru lhkhk `hk lmrm.^h`h pidirmlshhk jukfsm
determl `m`hphtlhk h`hkyh litirohthshk firhl, licidhbhk liluhthk etet. Bhc mkm
`msioholhk lhrikh h`hkyh cism ph`h lertils determl yhkf dikfhtur pirfirhlhk etet.
@m`hphtlhk h`hkyh rijcils phtecefm yhkf pesmtmj ph`h ilstridmths yhkf dikfhchdm

?0
 

licidhbhk `mhkthrhkyh rijcils Ohomkslm (+). Piduhk-tiduhk `mhths diruphlhk thk`h

lbhs ph`h cism
cism susukhk
susukhk shrhj
shrhj pusht hthu
hthu cism uppir determa kiurek.Qichkgutkyh
kiurek.Qichkgutkyh tm`hl 
`mtidu
`mtidullh
llhk
k h`hkyh
h`hkyh lichmk
lichmkhk
hk sikser
sikserms
ms sipirt
sipirtmm oirlur
oirlurhkfk
hkfkyh
yh lipilh
lipilhhk
hk tir
tirbh`h
bh`hp
p
rhkfshkf yhkf `moirmlhk. Bhc mkm lidukflmkhk lertils sedhtesikserms tm`hl mlut
tircmoht
tircmoht `hchd presis cism.^h`h
cism.^h`h pidirmlshhk
pidirmlshhk kiurecefms shrhj lrhkmhcms
lrhkmhcms `mtidulhk
`mtidulhk
h`hkyh `ivmhsm su`ut omomr lihrhb cism, bhc mkm dikukgullhk h`hkyh licidhbhk kirvus
ZMM smkmstrh. @mtidulhk h`hkyh phrisi kirvus RMM yhkf didpirshrhjm cm`hb `ikfhk
h`hkyh `ivmhsm cm`hb lihrhb lmrm.
Hpcmlhsmlh
Hpcmlhsmlhk
k ph`h Qler Qmrmrhg `m`hphtlhk
`m`hphtlhk sler ph`h phsmik
phsmik mkm h`hchb +8,9,
yh
yhkf
kf mkti
mktirp
rpri
rith
thsm
smky
kyhh h`
h`hc
hchb
hb gmlh
gmlh sl
sler
er ;8dik
;8dikhk`
hk`hl
hlhk
hk h`
h`hky
hkyhh pi
pir`
r`hr
hrhb
hbhk
hk
suprhtiktermhc sibmkffh `mpirculhk pidirmlshhk pikukghkf chmkkyh uktul didhstmlhk

mktirprithsm sler mkm. Qmstid slermkf chmk yhkf omhsh `mfukhlhk h`hchb hcfermtdh fhghb
dh`h `ikfhk dikmchm 1 fighch `hk thk`h ph`h streli yhmtu pikurukhk lish`hrhk, kyirm
liphch
liphch,, rijcil
rijcilss Ohomks
Ohomkslm.
lm. ^h`h phsmik
phsmik mkm `m`hpht
`m`hphtlhk
lhk tm
tmfh
fh thk`h
thk`h yhmtu
yhmtu pikuru
pikurukhk
khk
lish`hrhk yhkf sipirtm dikfhktul, kyirm liphch, `hk rijcils ohomkslm (+)sibmkffh
 phsmik gufh `hpht `mfecekflhk li `hchd licedpel streli pir`hrhbhk mktrhsiriorhc.
^h`h pidirmlshh
pidirmlshhk
k pirkukghkf
pirkukghkf pidirmlshhk
pidirmlshhk `hrhb rutmk
rutmk `m`hphtlhk
`m`hphtlhk abecistirec
abecistirec
?8: oirhrtm
oirhrtm tir`hpht
tir`hpht pikmkflhthk.Bh
pikmkflhthk.Bhcc mkm diruphlhk jhlter
jhlter rismle
rismle chmkkyh
chmkkyh tirgh`mkyh
tirgh`mkyh
streli
streli ph`h phsmik mkm, yhmtu `mscmpm`i
`mscmpm`idmh.
dmh. ^h`h pidirmlshhk
pidirmlshhk AP Qahkt `m`hphtlhk
`m`hphtlhk
lishk Mktrhairiorhc biderrbhfi `m Pbhchdus `ixtrh `ikfhk pirmjeahc i`idh `hk cism
dhsul mktrhviktrmluc
mktrhviktrmlucus
us chtirhcms
chtirhcms omchtirhc,
omchtirhc, viktrmlic MMM `hk MZ, MZB phkviktrmluc
phkviktrmlucmm
`ikfhk vecudi pir`hrhbhk lurhkf ciomb 80,= aa `m sirthm fhdohrhk Orhmk i`idh `hk
Dm`chm
Dm`chmki
ki sbmjt
sbmjt (dmkmd
(dmkmdhc).
hc).Cis
Cismm ph`h bidmsj
bidmsjir
ir `ilstrh
`ilstrh mkm
mkmchb
chb yhkf dikyio
dikyioholh
holhk
k
bi
bidm
dmph
phri
rism
smss sm
smkm
kmst
strh
rh lhrik
lhrikhh gh
ghcu
curr sh
shrh
rhjj dete
determ
rml
l yh
yhkf
kf oirhs
oirhshc
hc `h
`hrm
rm lerti
lertils
ls mk
mkmm
 oirsmchkfhk `m `ilushsme pmrhdm`hcms sibmkffh didpirshrhjm ilstridmths
lektrhchtirhckyh.

^. ^CHK
^CHKKM
KMKF
KF
^h`h pik`irmth mkm `moirmlhk tirhpm 7

?9
 

 Kek Di`mlhdiktesh 7
 Pmrhb ohrmkf, khshc lhkuc 1 C pir dikmt

I`ulhsm licuhrfh dikfikhm pikyhlmtkyh

 _ibhomcmthsm di`ml 
Di`mlhdiktesh 7
 Mkjus Hsirmkf ?> tpd

 Mkjus Dhkmtec0x8?9 df ( thpirmkf ejj)

Mkg. ^mrhaithd 0 x 1 fr 
Mkg. Amtmaecmk ?x 9>> df
Mkg. _hkmtm`mk ?x8 hdp
Mkg. Hshd trhkixhdht
trhkixhdht 1x 8fr
Mkg. Ditmaeohchdmk 8 x 8
Mkg. Literecha 8 hdpuc (ilstrh)
^E 7
Hdce`mpmki 8 x 9 df
Mroishrthk 8 x 1>> df
Mroishrthk 8
^hrhsithdec ?x :9> df
BAC 8
@mctmhzid BAC 8 x ?>>
Jcukhrmzmki ? x 8

@MQLYQM MMM
Phthchlshkh ph`hphsmik mkm dicmputm ththchlshkh kek di`mlhdiktesh `hk
di`mlhdiktesh. Phthchlshkh kekdi`mlhdiktesh dicmputm tmrhb ohrmkf, i`ulhsm `hk
ribhomcmthsm di`ml. ^idoirmhk di`mhlhdiktesh ph`h phsmik streli tirohfm hths jhsi
hlut `hk jhsi phsah hlut `mcmbht`hrm bhrm eksit pikyhlmtkyh. ^h`h phsmik mkm lhrikh
eksitky bhrm-> dhlh `moirmlhk tirhpm jhsi hlut.
8. Mkjus Hsirmkf ?> tpd
Qthomcmshsm bide`mkhdml `hk dikfurhkfm rismle i`idh ethl.@ibm`rhsm `hk

?:
 

fhkffuhk bide`mkhdml `hpht tirgh`m ph`h streli islidml/biderhfml hlut, sibmkffh

ududky
ududkyhh phrh
phrh `eltir
`eltir spism
spismhcm
hcmss shrhj
shrhj dikfbm
dikfbmk`hr
k`hrmm pikffuk
pikffukhhk
hhk ahmrhk
ahmrhk bmpete
bmpetekml 
kml 
lh
lhri
rikh
kh li
lilb
lbhw
hwht
htmr
mrhk
hk hl
hlhk
hk i`
i`id
idhh ethl
ethl.. Khdu
Khduk,
k, Bhbk
Bhbk `h
`hk
k @r
@reo
eomk
mk (?
(?>>
>>1)
1)
didpir
didpircmb
cmbhtl
htlhk
hk pidoir
pidoirmhk
mhk _H tm`hl
tm`hl dik`er
dik`erekf
ekf tir
tirgh`
gh`mky
mkyhh pidoikf
pidoikflhl
lhlhk
hk sic,
sic,
lhrikh mtu `hpht `moirmlhk ph`h streli hlut, tiruthdh omch h`h `ufhhk i`idh ethl.
?.Mkg. Amtmaecmk ?x9>>df
Amtmaecmk oirpirhk uktul pirohmlhk didorhk sic shrhj dichcum pikmkflhthk
smktisms pbespbhtm`ycabecmki
smktisms pbespbhtm`ycabecmki  `hk pirohm
pirohmlhk
lhk kiurek
kiurek lecmki
lecmkirfm
rfml
l yhkf
yhkf rushl
rushl dichcu
dichcumm
 petiksmhsm `hrm pre`ulsm hsitmclecmk. Amtmaecmki
Amtmaecmki gufh
 gufh dikukgullhk lidhdpuhk uktul 
dikm
dikmkfl
kflht
htlhk
lhk lidhd
lidhdpu
puhk
hk lefkm
lefkmtm
tmj,
j, Amtmaecmki
Amtmaecmki`m
`mbh
bhrh
rhpl
plhk
hk dhdp
dhdpu
u dido
didohk
hktu
tu
ribhomcmthsm diderm ph`h phsmik `ikfhk culh ph`h liphch `ikfhk ahrh didohktu

`hchd piducmbhk `hrhb li ethl.

1. Mkg. Dhkmtec 0x8?9 aa (thppirmkf ejj)
Dhkmte
Dhkmtecc h`hchb
h`hchb chruth
chruthk
k Bmpire
Bmpiresde
sdechr
chr yhkf
yhkf `mfukhl
`mfukhlhk
hk uktul
uktul tir
tirhpm
hpm
dikmkflhtlhk esdechcmths sirud. @ikfhk hchshk jmsmecefms mkm, Ahrh lirgh @muritma
Esdetm
Esdetml
l (Dhkmt
(Dhkmtec)
ec) mhchb
mhchb dikmkf
dikmkflht
lhtlhk
lhk Esdech
Esdechcmt
cmths
hs ^chsdh
^chsdh `hk dikhrm
dikhrml
l ahmrhk
ahmrhk
kerdhcc `hrm `hchd sic ethl yhkf esdechrkyh
kerdh esdechrkyh rik`hb
rik`hb li mktrhvhslucir
mktrhvhslucir yhkf esdechr 
tmkffm, uktul dikuruklhk ei`idh Ethl.
1. Mkg. ^mrhaithd 0 x 1 fr 
^mrhaithd oirpirhkhk dikmkflhtlhk ikirfm (HP^) ethl, dikmkflhtlhk hltmjmths
h`ikycht
h`ikycht lmkhsi
lmkhsi (HL) yhkf diruphlhk
diruphlhk lukam dithoecmsdi
dithoecmsdi ikirfm `mdhkh dikfuohb
H@^ dikgh`m HP^ `hk HD^, dikmkflhtlhk
dikmkflhtlhk smktisms
smktisms `hk pirtulhrhk
pirtulhrhk ayteabredi
ayteabredi o9
yhkf diruphlhk ledpekik lukam `hchd rhkthm trhkspert iciltrek `mdhkh ikirfm HP^
`mpre`ulsm `m dmtelek`rmh (Ghdis, ?>>0). ^mrhaithd gufh `mfukhlhk uktul pirohmlhk
`ijmsmt
`ijmsmt kiurecefm lbususkyh licidhbhk determl `hk lidhdpuhk
lidhdpuhk omahrh ph`h lhsus-
lhsus airiorhc mslidmh.
0. Mkg. _hkmtm`mk ? x 8 hdp

?6
 

^idoir
^idoirmhk
mhk _hkmtm
_hkmtm`mk
`mkii `mtugu
`mtugulhk
lhk siohfh
siohfhmm fhstre
fhstrepre
pretil
tilter
ter uktul
uktul dikaifh
dikaifhb
b
tirgh`
tirgh`mkyh
mkyh st
stris
risss ucair
ucair tiruth
tiruthdh
dh ph`h
ph`h phsmik
phsmik yhkf
yhkf dik`hph
dik`hphtt kutrm
kutrmsm
sm bhkyh
bhkyh ciwht
ciwht
 phriktirhc shgh `hpht dikmkflhtlhk rismle tirgh`mkyh pikmkflhthk hshd chdoukf.
9. Mkg.
Mkg. Diae
Diaeohc
ohchd
hdmk
mk 8 x 8
Ditmcleohchdmk h`hchb dithoecmt `hrm vmthdmk O8? yhkf oirpirhk siohfhm
leikzm
leikzmd
d `hchd
`hchd presis
presis pidoik
pidoiktul
tulhk
hk ditbme
ditbmekmk
kmk `hrm
`hrm bedesy
bedesysti
stimk.
mk. _ihlsm
_ihlsm mkm
 oirfukh `hchd pidoiktulhk @KH, sirth pidicmbhrhhk jukfsm shrhj.
Ditmcleohchdmk oirpirhk ph`h kiurek susukhk shrhj dichcum hlsmkyh tirbh`hp
risipt
risipter
er KD@H
KD@H `ikfhk
`ikfhk 1? pirhkt
pirhkthrh
hrhhk
hk Q-h`ike
Q-h`ikesmc
smcdit
ditbme
bmeki
ki (QHD)
(QHD) `hchd
`hchd
dikaifhb hpeptesms hlmoht fcuthdhtimk`uai` kiuretexmamty. Bhc mkm dikukgullhk
h`hkyh lidukflmkhk
lidukflmkhk pirhkhk
pirhkhk ditmcleohc
ditmcleohchdmk
hdmk ph`h tirhpm
tirhpm streli,
streli, ai`irh ethl,

 pikyhlmt Hczbimdir, ^hrlmksek, tirdhsul gufh `hpht `mphlhm uktul dicmk`ukfm

ethl `hrm lirushlhk ph`h lek`msm bmpefcmlidmh `hk sthtus ipmciptmlus (Dicmhch &
Ohrus, ?>>2).
:. ^e. Hdce
Hdce`m
`mpm
pmk
k 8x
8x8>d
8>df
f
Hdce`mpmk
Hdce`mpmk h`hchb
h`hchb eoht hktmbmpir
hktmbmpirtiksm
tiksm fecekfhk
fecekfhk AAO (ahkhc
(ahkhc ahcamud
ahcamud
 ocealir) `mbm`repmrm`mk, eoht mkm oilirgh `ikfhk dikfbhdoht dhsulkyh mek
lhcsmu
lhcsmud
d dichcu
dichcumm didorh
didorhk
k sic li `hchd
`hchd sic etet peces vhsluchr
vhsluchr `hk sic etet
 ghktukf sibmkffh didpikfhrubm lektrhlsm etet peces vhsluchr `hk etet ghktukf.
6. Mkg.
Mkg. H
Hshd
shd trhkils
trhkilshdh
hdht1x
t1x8
8 hdpu
hdpucc
Hshd trhkilshdht
trhkilshdht siohfhm
siohfhm pmcmbhk
pmcmbhk tirhpm
tirhpm pir`hrhbhk.
pir`hrhbhk. Eoht mkm oilirgh
ledpitmtmj
ledpitmtmj dikfbhdoht
dikfbhdoht hltmvhsm
hltmvhsm pchsdmkefik
pchsdmkefik sibmkffh dikfur
dikfurhkfm
hkfm lekvirsm
lekvirsm
 pchsdmkefik dikgh`m pchsdmk (jmormkecmsmk), ikzmd yhkf dik`ifrh`hsm fudphchk
fu dphchk
jmormkefik `hk pretimk pchsdh chmkkyh.
2. Mkgils
Mkgilsmm lite
literec
recha1
ha1>
> df (iltrh
(iltrh))
Literecha treditbhdmki diruphlhk hkhcfisml petik `ikfhk ijil hktm-
mkjchdhsm si`hkf. Literecha diruphlhk shtu `hrm si`mlmt HMKQ yhkf tirsi`mh
uktul pidoirmhk phriktirhc. @esms MZ sioishr 89-1> df. Ijil shdpmkf pidoirmhk

literecha oiruph fhkffuhk shcurhk airkh, lhktul, pusmkf, `hk shlmt liphch.

?2
 

=. ^e. ^h
^hrh
rhai
aith
thdec
dec ?x
?x:9>
:9>df
df
^hrhsithdec dikfbhdoht omesmktisms presthfchk`mk `ikfhk dikfbhdoht
ikzmd smlceelsmfikhsi sibmkffh lekvirsm hshd hrhlbm`ekht dikgh`m presthfchk`mk
p resthfchk`mk
tirfhkffu, `hk dikmdouclhk ijil siohfhm hktm kyirm. Qichmk mtu gufh siohfhm
hktmpmritml yhkf `moirmlhk ph`h phsmik streli ;12.9—A.
8>. Mroishrthk
Mroishrthk8
8 x 1>> df
Mrvh
Mrvhsl
sl dikfh
dikfhk`
k`ukf
ukf Mroi
Mroish
shrt
rthk
hk 1>
1>>d
>df,
f, Mroishrthk diruph
diruphlhk
lhk hkthfekms
hkthfekms
risipter HP8 yhkf ledpitmtmj `hk siciltmj, yhkf didmcmlm hjmkmths ciomb oishr (;
29>> lhcm ) tirbh`hp risipter HP8 `mohk`mkflhk `ikfhk risipter HP?. Mroishrthk
`mpi
`mpirl
rlmr
mrhl
hlhk
hk oilir
oilirgh
gh `ikfh
`ikfhk
k dikf
dikfbhd
bhdoht
oht si
sidu
duhh hl
hlsm
sm hkfme
hkfmeti
tiks
ksm-
m-MM
MM yhkf
yhkf
`mpirhkthrhm dichcum risipter HP8, thkph didpirbhtmlhk sudoir `hk dilhkmsdi

 pidoiktulhk hkfmetiksm-MM. Hkthfekmsdi siciltmj tirbh`hp risipter hkfmetiksm-MM

(HP8)
(HP8) mkm dikfbhs
dikfbhsmcl
mclhk
hk pikmkflh
pikmkflhthk
thk rikmk
rikmk pchsdh
pchsdh `hk hkfmet
hkfmetiks
iksm-M
m-MMM sirth
sirth
 pikurukhk leksiktrhsm hc`estirek pchsdh. Lh`hr pethsmud sirud tm`hl 
`mpikfhrubm ecib Mroishrthk siahrh oirdhlkh ph`h `esms yhkf `mriledik`hsmlhk.
Mrois
Mroishrt
hrthk
hk tm`hl
tm`hl dikfbhd
dikfbhdoht
oht HAI (Lbmkh
(Lbmkhsi-
si-MM)
MM),, ikzmd
ikzmd yhkf
yhkf oir
oirpir
pirhk
hk `hchd
`hchd
 pidoiktulhk hkfmetiksm-MM `hk gufh dikfuohb orh`mlmkmk dikgh`m dithoecmt tm`hl 
hltmj. Hltmjmths Mroishrthk tm`hl didirculhk hltmjmths dithoecml.
88. Kmde`m
Kmde`mpmk
pmki0
i0 x 8
^rejmchlsmss `hk pikfeoh
^rejmchlsm pikfeohthk
thk `ijms
`ijmsmt
mt kiurec
kiurecefml
efml mslid
mslidml
ml lhrikh vhsesphsdi
vhsesphsdi
siriorhc yhkf dikyirthm pir`hrhbhk suohrhlkem` lhrikh hkiurmsdh. Jhrdelecefm
Qiohfhm
Qiohfhm piky
pikyilh
ilhtt shc
shcurh
urhk
k lhc
lhcsmu
smud.
d. Dil
Dilhkm
hkmsdi
sdi lir
lirgh
gh phs
phstm
tm oic
oicud
ud `ml
`mlith
ithbum
bum..
Dikfbhdoht lektrhlsm etet peces vhsluchr, tiruthdh ph`h hrtirm siriorhc. ^h`h
stu`m lcmkms Kmde`mpmki dikukgulhk ijil yhkf dikfuktukflhk tirbh`hp `ijmsmt
kiur
kiurec
ecef
efms
ms yhk
yhkf
f `m
`msi
sioho
oholh
lhk
k ec
ecib
ib vhs
vhses
esph
phsd
sdii si
siri
rior
orhc
hc hl
hlmo
moht
ht QH
QHB.
B. ^h`
^h`hh
 pidoirmhk erhc, lh`hr pukahl tirahphm `hchd whltu 8 ghd, t8/? 8-? ghd (ph`h
hwhc pidoirmhk, t8/? 4 8-? ghd, si`hkflhk t8/? hlbmr 4 2-= ghd). =9% tirmlht
`ikfhk
`ikfhk pre
pretim
timk
k pch
pchsdh
sdh.. Ome
Omehvh
hvhomc
omcmth
mthss dic
dichcu
hcumm pid
pidoir
oirmhk
mhk erh
erhcc 4 81% (-:
(-:2%
2%

?=
 

leksiktrhsm pchsdh ph`h pidoirmhk sitichb dhlhk phfm `hk -12% omehvhomcmths,
 gmlh `mohk`mkflhk `ikfhk pidoirmhk thkph dhlhkhk) P´ 7 8? - 89 ghd
8?. @mctmhzid
@mctmhzid BAC
BAC 8 x ?>>
Dikfhk`ukf @mctmhzid by`reabcerm`i ?>> df.Eoht
df. Eoht hktmbmpirt
hktmbmpirtiksm
iksm fecekfhk
fecekfhk
AAO (ahkhc ahcamud
ahcamud ocealir)
ocealir) kek-`mbm`rep
kek-`mbm`repmrm`
mrm`mk.
mk.   @mc
@mctm
tmhzi
hzid
d oili
oilirgh
rgh `ik
`ikfhk
fhk
dikfbhd
dikfbhdoht
oht mkj
mkjcux
cux trh
trhksd
ksdido
idorhk
rhk mek lhc
lhcsmu
smud
d ils
ilstrh
trhsic
sicuch
uchrr li did
didorh
orhk
k sic
dmelhr`mhc `hk sic etet peces vhsluchr, thkph diruohb leksiktrhsm lhcsmud `hchd
sirud.
sirud. @ik
@ikfhk
fhk dik
dikfbh
fbhdoh
dohtt mkj
mkjcux
cux lhc
lhcsmu
smud,
d, `mc
`mctm
tmhzid
hzid dik
dikfbhd
fbhdoht
oht pre
presis
sis
lektrh
lektrhlsm
lsm ete
etett ghk
ghktuk
tukf
f `hk ete
etett pec
peces
es vhs
vhsluc
luchr<
hr< sib
sibmkf
mkffh
fh dic
dicioh
iohrlh
rlhk
k hrt
hrtirm
irm
lerekir `hk hrtirm smstidml uthdh `hk dikuruklhk lektrhltmcmths dmelhr`mhc. ^h`h
 phsmik `ikfhk ^rmkzdithc vhrmhkt hkfmkh (vhsesphstma hkfmkh), `ikfhk

dikfbhdoht sphsdi, `mctmhzid dikmkflhtlhk pikfmrmdhk elsmfik li dmelhr`mhc.

81. Jcukhrmzmki
Jcukhrmzmki ? x 9 df
df
Jcukhr
Jcukhrmzm
mzmk
k diruphl
diruphlhk
hk turukhk
turukhk smkhrm
smkhrmzmk
zmk tir
tirjcu
jcuere
erekms
kmshsm
hsm yhkf
yhkf didmc
didmcmlm
mlm
hltmvmths siohfhm ahcamud abhkkic ocealir kek-spismjml. Eoht km `mm`mlhsmlhk ph`h
 phsmik `ikfhk kyirm liphch dmfrhmki, virtmfe, `hk thdohbhk tirhpm ipmcipsy
X. JECCEV
JECCEV Y^ ( Duchm thkffhc 18 dim ?>?>)
Phkffhc Q E H ^
18 dim ^ikurukhk FAQ7 Qtreli Mkjus Hsirmkf ?> tpd
?>?> Lish`hrhk, I1D:Z9 Biderhfma Mkjus Dhkmtec 1x8?9 df
licidhbhk P@7 8=>/ ( thpirmkf ejj)
hkffeth 8>> ddBf Mkg. ^mrhaithd 0 x 1 fr 
firhl lmrm. B_ 7 2= x/d Mkg. Amtmaecmk ?x 9>> df
__7 89 x/d Mkg. _hkmtm`mk ?x8 hdp
QpE?7 =6% Mkg. Hshd trhkixhdht
P< 1:,9eA 1x 8fr
Chtirhcmshsm Mkg. Ditmaeohchdmk 8 x
(+) lilhkhk 8

_ijcil  ^e 7

1>
 

ahbhyh (+) Hdce`mpmki 8 x 9 df

^upmc mseler 
1dd/1 dd
^idirmlshhk
 pikukghkf 7
At-sahk 7
Fhdohrhk
MAB `m
Pbhchdus
`ixtrh
`ikfhk
 pirmjeahc
i`idh
8 gukm ^ikurukhk FAQ7 Qtreli Mkjus Hsirmkf ?> tpd
?>?> Lish`hrhk, I1D:Z9 Biderhfma Mkjus Dhkmtec ?x8?9 df
licidhbhk P@7 86>/ ( thpirmkf ejj)
hkffeth 8>> ddBf Mkg. ^mrhaithd 0 x 1 fr 
firhl lmrm. B_ 7 => x/d Mkg. Amtmaecmk ?x 9>> df
__7 ?> x/d Mkg. _hkmtm`mk ?x8 hdp
QpE?7 =6% Mkg. Hshd trhkixhdht
P< 1:,9eA 1x 8fr
Chtirhcmshsm Mkg. Ditmaeohchdmk 8 x
(+) li lhkhk 8
_ijcil  Mkg. Literecha ? x8
ahbhyh (+) ^e 7
^upmc mseler  Hdce`mpmki 8 x 9 df
1dd/1 dd  Kmde`mpmki 0 x 8
^hrhaithdec ? x :9> df
? gukm licidhbhk FAQ7 Qtreli Mkjus Hsirmkf ?> tpd

18
 

?>?> hkffeth I0D:Z9 Bide

Biderh
rhfm
fmaa Mkj
kjus
us Dhkm
Dhkmttec ? x 8?9
8?9
firhl lmrm. P@7 86>/ df ( thpirmkf ejj)
8>> ddBf Mkg. ^mrhaithd 0 x 1 fr 
B_ 7 => x/d Mkg. Amtmaecmk ?x 9>> df
__7 ?? x/d Mkg. _hkmtm`mk ?x8 hdp
QpE?7 =6% Mkg. Hshd trhkixhdht
P< 1:,0eA 1x 8fr
Chtirhcmshsm Mkg. Ditmaeohchdmk 8 x
(+) li lhkhk 8
_ijcil  ^e 7
ahbhyh (+) Hdce`mpmki 8 x 8> df
^upmc mseler   Kmde`mpmki 0 x 8
1dd/1 dd ^hrhaithdec ? x :9> df
Mroishrthk 8 x 1>>

@HJPH_ ^YQPHLH

8. Aerwmk
Aerwmk,, IG.
IG. ?>>=.
?>>=. Oulu Qhlu ^htejmsmecefm, 1 I`msm _ivmsm.
_ivmsm. Ghlhrth7 IFA

?. Qdictz
Qdictzir,
ir, `ll.
`ll. ?>>?.
?>>?. Oulu
 Oulu Hghr Lipirhwhthk Di`mlhc Oi`hb Orukkir & Qu``hrtb
 I`msm 2 Zec ?.?. hcmb
 hcmb ohbhsh B. ]. Lukahrh, Hk`ry Bhrteke,
Bhrteke, Dekmah Istir,
Istir, ]hsdmk
hsmb. Ghlhrth7 IFA.

1. Lice
Licedp
dpel
el st
stu`m
u`m si
siri
rior
orev
evhs
hslu
luci
cirr & Kiur
Kiurefefir
irmh
mhtr
trm,
m, ^I_@
^I_@EQ
EQQM
QM 7 Leks
Leksik
iksu
suss
 Khsmekhc ^ikficechhk Qtreli `m Mk`ekismh, Ghlhrth, 8===.(1)

0. ^usmkiccm
^usmkiccm V.7 ^htbepbysme
^htbepbysmecefy
cefy ej hauti msabidma
msabidma streli. Chkait 8==?, 11=7 911-:.

1?
 

9. Vm`ghg
`ghghh @. Bmfb
Bmfbccmfbt
mfbt ej Qtr
Qtreli
eli Dhkh
Dhkhfi
fidi
dikt
kt.. ^ik`
^ik`m`
m`mmlhk
lhk Li
Li`e
`elt
ltir
irhk
hk
Oirlichkguthk, Qurhohyh ?>>?.

:. Bhkliy G.?>>?.
G.?>>?. ]eur Xuistmek
Xuistmek hkswiri` Qtreli.
Qtreli. Hustrhcmh
Hustrhcmh 7 Bhraeurt ^uocmsbir 
^uocmsbir 
Cmdmti`, p7

6. _m`bhrth,
_m`bhrth, ^rmfukh<
^rmfukh< Dhr`geke,
Dhr`geke, Dhbhr. ?>8>. Kiurecefm
Kiurecefm Lcmkms @hshr.
@hshr. Ghlhrth
Ghlhrth 7 @mhk
_hlyht.

2. Phkte, Abrms.
Abrms. it. hcc. Lhpmth Qicilth Li`eltirhk. Ghlhrth
Ghlhrth 7 Di`mh Hisauchpmus.
Hisauchpmus. gmcm`
gmcm`
?. ?>80. bhc 7 =69-2>.

=. ^rmai Qycvmh.
Qycvmh. ^htejmsmec
^htejmsmecefm.
efm. I`msm
I`msm :. Zecudi 8. IFA7 Ghlhrth.
Ghlhrth. ?>>:. bhc 7 ?18- ?1:
& 029-=>.

11